αѸܸǤ⡤ (Roman numerals) Ȥ뵡롥㤨Сֹ桤ǯ桤ܤΥڡפʸפʤɤ˸ǻѤƤ롥Ѹ줫Ĥ褦
It was built in the time of Henry V.
For details, see Introduction page ix.
Do question (vi) or question (vii), but not both.
a fine XVIII-century' English walnut chest of drawers
ϡۤοʸȤ߹碌ñʸФС礭ʿʤɽ魯ȤǤȤĹ衼åѤ2000ǯʾˤ錄ؤäƤ10ˡΤʤ5ˡߤƤꡤԤˤϥꥷΥåƥαƶ롥IV = 4, IX = 9 ʤɸˡѤðۤʵˡǤ롥ʲǤ褦
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
| 10 | X |
| 11 | XI |
| 12 | XII |
| 13 | XII |
| 14 | XIV |
| 19 | XIX |
| 20 | XX |
| 21 | XXI |
| 30 | XXX |
| 40 | XL |
| 45 | XLV |
| 50 | L |
| 60 | LX |
| 90 | XC |
| 100 | C |
| 500 | D |
| 1000 | M |
| 1998 | MCMXCVIII |
ѸΡեФѸˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ reestablishment_of_english γƵˤƤƱ٤ΥեǤϡƥФեäƤĤޤꡤɤȥեξʤΤߤʤ餺ºݤˤϥ衼åѳƹˤǡˤ줳ۤʤ졤罰θ (vernacular) ƬƤΤǤ롥
Υեǡե줬˻̱ƤˡѤȤ鳵⤷褦եǤϡˡθȤƥƥ줬ŪǤäȤϴְ㤤ʤ13椫եλѤϤޤäƤä Charles IV μ (1322--28) ˤƹˡˤեλѤϡꤷΤȤϤʤʤäΤΡŸθ14ϡեΥǥƥƥȷӤĤȤơե¸ߴΤǧ褦ˤʤäƤ椯ơĤ1539ǯ815ˡˤեˡŪʤդͿ뤳ȤȤʤäե˾̾⤤졦ȥļ (l'ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts) Ǥ롥#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡޤˡ⳦ϥƥȥե2DzäƤե1 (Francis I; 1494--1547) ˡǤΥƥѤѻߤΤǤ롥Perret (47) ꡤļδطս
L'ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539) Articles 110 et 111
«Et afain qu'il n'y ait cause de douter sur l'intelligence desdits arrests, nous voulons et ordonnons qu'ils soient faits et escrits si clairement, qu'il n'y ait ne puisse avoir aucune ambiguïté ou incertitude, ne lieu à demander interprétation.
Et pour ce que de telles choses sont souvent advenues sur l'intelligence des mots latins contenus esdits arrests, ensemble toutes autres procédures, [...] soient prononcez, enregistrez et delivrez aux parties en langaige maternel françois et non autrement.»
ļϡƥʤζ̳ô餹ȤºŪŪ⤢äեեιȤꤹȤ̣礤äθˤˤơե¾ɸऱɸեڤȳͤʤǤ椯κǽηŪʰ⤬1539ǯͿ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ºݤˡ17ˤļƤϳ礷ե̿줿ȤϤޤǤʤ
ɤˤѸϡ#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1]) #706. 14ѸϽˡ ([2011-04-03-1]) Ǽ褦ˡޤǽ˿ʤǤäΤˡ#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1]) Ǥ1362ǯΤ褦ʡѸħϤˤϤ뤬졦ȥļΤ褦1ĤηŪʽΤϤʤ
ǤϥɡեȤɸꡤϤε夬äؤнˡξ֤礭ۤʤäƤκۤεϡǤˤλΤΤˤä褦˻פ롥
Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.
츻ֻ֤ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤơ#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1]) #192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1]) ϤȤ¿εǼ夲ƤѸѸˤơ¿αñֻȤƥƥͳֻαƶơľäƤƥؤοˤȤŤηϡФбѹͥ16ȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤĴ٤16ĺޤ봶Ϥ뤬ºݤˤѸ黶ȯŪ㤬뤳ȤդƤ٤Ǥ롥ޤƱϤ٤Υեǡ餯ɤ¿ȯƤȤõƤΤȤˤĤƤϡ#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1]) εǾ줿
եǤϡ13Ⱦդˡƥθ츻ŪֻδĤϤ褦֥å (77) ˤСΥԡϤϤ16Ȥ
եñθ츻ޤϤμθ츻˶Ť褦Ȥؿ16ĺã롥㤨СΥեñˤˤơr a e ꡤλϡºݤˤϡ1517ˤޤdzȤäƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥첻줿ΤϸŤեηˤäƤǤϤʤ츻ǤƥˤäƤǤ뤳Ȥǧ롥armes ͤϤ a arma ˡsemon ⶵͤϤ e sermo гʤǤsermonem äƤ롥ˤϡ16ƬˤƼƤͣηǤ erres ôݡݾڡͤϥκʤˤƤ arres ֤夨졤Τˤʤä arrhes ˤȤä뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬꼡Ĥ֤夨Ϥޤ˸츻Ǥ arrha ˴ŤƤʤ줿
եˤȱѸˤȤǡƥˤȤŤ츻ֻ֤ήԤʿԤƤ뤳ȤϡۤɶäȤǤϤʤ⤷ʤѸ˸Ǹ츻ֻ֤Ȥˤϡʤ츻ȤʤäƥֻΤۤ˶ؿ졤եǤʿŪʸݤˤդ뤳ȤʤξηΤˤɤ٤ľܡܤδطΤ̤ĴɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ졤饢ץ뤳ȤǡαѸ˾ζ̣꤬ޤޤ̣ΤˤʤǽΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
롦֥å ⳤ ϯ ظ츻ء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1997ǯ
ǯɸֻŪ˴ؤ
߷˧ͺ ԡرѸ츻ŵʽ̺ǡˡ١ʸҡ1999ǯp.731ˤˤޤȡinterpreterȤˤơ -er Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤ16ȤƤޤ-er ͥˤʤäطʤˤϤɤʻ𤬤äΤǤ礦鹬Ǥ
줫龯Ĵ٤Ƥߤ interpreter Ȥ1ǤϤʤư -er, -or 롤ŪΤ褦ǤꡤŪʣȤߤ롥ܳŪ˲ˤϾĴ٤ʤФʤʤȻפΤǡϼޤΤΤ
-or -er ִ줿ΡޤεִϡѸ˾夷Фи롥ˤĤƤС -er ϱѸΤΡ -or ϥƥͳ褹ΤǤ뤬Ѹ衤ξԤѤ뤤ʻѤ㤬롥Ѹˤƥƥ -or ıñδŪįȡUpward and Davidson (143--44) ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥
-OR, -OUR: The ending -OR was originally Lat, and many of the words with that ending in ModE are exact Lat forms: actor, doctor, professor, poerator, error, horror, senior, superior, etc.
Many other words with -OR may have it modelled on the Lat ending, but derive more directly from Fr forms with other endings which were often used in ME or EModE:
* Ambassador, author, emperor, governor, tailor were often written with -OUR in EModE.
* Bachelor, chancellor were often written with -ER in ME and EModE.
* Councillor was formerly not distinguished from counsellor. Both derive from Fr counseiller and were often written counseller in ME.
* Warrior (OFr werreor, ModFr guerrier) was in ME generally spelt -IOUR.
* Ancestor, anchor, traitor have ModFr equivalents ending in -RE (ancêtre, etc.) and were often spelt with -RE in ME.
* Mayor was adopted in EModE as a more Latinate form (compare major) in preference to ME mair(e) from Fr maire.
ƥȤ -or ĸ줬ѸäƤȡ-or ݤΤϳΤ¿DZѸեδ˽ä -(i)our -er æƥ⤢äȤ狼롥
Τ褦ʺޤδΤʤ顤٤ηϤ㤬ˤǤäƤ#1349. procrastination ([2013-01-05-1]) #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ǥˤ褦ˡƥ줫μѤ˴ƤˤäơƥñѸȤƼݤδˤ䤫ʡֱѸ첽§פŬѤ褦ˤʤäƤȤȤο㡦§1Ĥˡƥ -ator ư̾ -er ȤƼʤ뤤ϼʤˤȤΤäΤǤϤʤ㡦§ȤϸäΤΡºݤˤϤٳΩޤǤˤϻ֤⤫ä櫓Ǥꡤδ֡ŪѰ̻ۤŪѲäΤȻפ롥ƥ -ator ϡޤ -eur, -or, -our ʤɤΥեŪʷ֤ФơǽŪˤϱѸ -er ˼äΤǤϤʤ̤ȤƤߤСƥ -ator ȱѸ -er бΩȤˤʤ롥ˤĤơUpward and Davidson (110) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The -ER may have developed from Lat -ATOR through MFr/ME -OUR to ModE -ER: e.g. Lat portator > OFr porteour > ME porteour > ME portour > ModE porter. Similar histories underlie controller, counter, recorder, turner, and partially also waiter (< OFr waitour).
ơΰѤκǸˤ⤦1դä٤ȤơˤƤ LL interpretātor (explainer) ΤǤϤʤ顤OF interpreteur AF interpretour ͳơ ME interpretour interpretor Ԥʤ졤ModE interpreter ؤȻäȹͤ롥
ʾСƥ -ator ˵İ췲θ줬Ѹ -or ¾η֤ФΤѸ -er ػ㤬¿äȤȤǤϤʤ16 interpretor > interpreter ϡλ1ĤȤߤʤȤǤǤ롥
ˤĤƤϡ⤤Ĵ٤ƤͽǤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε#1667. եαƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1]) ³ԡѸˤˤơƻθֽϸűѸ줫鸫줿ֽѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤʤäѸδֽ֤ͥȤʤä (Rissanen 209) Fischer (214) ˤȡLightfoot (205--09) ϡŪаޤƧޤ Greenberg ήθ˴Ťްռ (implicational scale) δ顤ƻ (Noun-Adjective) θοϡSOV (Subject-Object-Verb) θοϢưƤĤޤꡤSVO 夷ĤĤäѸǤƱ˷ƻ֤ȯãƤΤȤΤǤ롥SVOθȯãˤĤƤϡ#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1]) ȡ
ѸηƻθεҸߤ¤ꡤLightfoot ٤¤Ϥʤ㤨СSir Gawain and the Green Knight Ǥϡ8䤬ƻ֤Ǥꡤ֤Ĥ2Τ2/3㤬ΧˤȤޤͽۤȤꡤʸ걤ʸΤۤŪ¿ֽˡֽηƻϡե "learned adjectives" (Fischer 214) Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿ä (ex. oure othere goodes temporels, the service dyvyne) Ĥޤꡤ̾Ȥ碌ơɽ¿ϥեδɽäȹͤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥
Ѹˤ뤳ηϡѸˤ³Rissanen (208) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The order of the elements of the noun phrase is freer in the sixteenth century than in late Modern English. The adjective is placed after the nominal head more readily than today . . . . This is probably largely due to French or Latin influence: most noun + adjective combinations contain a borrowed adjective and the whole expression is often a term going back to French or Latin.
λȤƤϡa tonge vulgare and barbarous, the next heire male, life eternall ʤɤƤ롥Ѹδ֤ˤθ礬षƤȤ礭ήϤĤθ (Rissanen 209 ȡˤǻŦƤ뤬ƥȥפġ̤˾ܺ٤ĴƤ椯ɬפ뤫⤷ʤεǤ줿褦ˡե줬θͿƶϡ¤줿ϰϤˤƤǤϤ뤬ѸǤŪǤ롥ƻ֤ϡѸ˾塤̣ơޤȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Fischer, Olga. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 207--408.
Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
Lightfoot, D. W. Principles of Diachronic Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 1979.
եѤȯϡ#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) Ǹ褦14Ǥ롥ΥߥˤĤƤϡ#1205. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1]) #1209. 1250ǯȤեѸζʬ ([2012-08-18-1]) εˤ褦ˡɤˤƱѸ줬ƤȽŤʤ롥ޤǥե줬ôäƤҲŪʵǽѸ줬ꤹ뤳ȤˤʤꡤǡȤ̤θäɬפȤʤäȤ롥եäƤɤβ²ˤȤäƤϡѸؤθ (language shift) äƤȤ⤤ʡ#1540. Ѹˤء ([2013-07-15-1]) ȡˡ
ƥѤȯϡ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) #1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ16Ⱦ濴ȤǤ롥Υߥϡޤǥƥ줬ôäƤҲŪʵǽȤ櫓⾰ʽʪθˤդ路ȤƤϰ̤Ѹ줬˸ꤷϤȽŤʤ롥ͥˤ뿷μȯΤǡȤ̤θäɬפˤʤꡤѸɤĤɤۤɸǤƥ줫餽ΤޤäѤΤäΤ褦˥ƥǮޤ˹ޤä֤СΤȤޤǤ˿͡ΰŪʥƥѤǤȤ롥μͤδ֤ˡ̣ǥƥ줫ѸؤθؤäƤȤͤ롥
Ĥޤꡤեȥƥ줫̸üѤκϰۤʤäƤϤΤΡ̹ȤơֱѸؤθءפ褦˻פ롥ǤΡָءפʸ̤ξ괹ǤϤʤޤ줬äƤҲŪʵǽѸ줬ꤹ褦ˤʤäȤۤɤΰ̣ѤƤ롥Ŧ Fennell (148) ƶαԤɾ
As is often the case when use of a language ceases (as French did at the end of the Middle English period), the demise of Latin coincides with the borrowing of huge numbers of Latin words into English in order to fill perceived gaps in the language.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
6˥ꥹȶ֥ƥˤ⤿餵줿θ塤űѸˤϿɴΥƥñ줬Ѹή¿ϥꥹȶطѸǤ롥ϡ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) #1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ˤ̤Ǥ롥
ꥹȶطƥñήȤߤƤƤϡλΥꥹȶθŪ¦̤ʬ뤳ȤϤǤʤBaugh and Cable (90) Ѥ褦
The words that Old English borrowed in this period are only a partial indication of the extent to which the introduction of Christianity affected the lives and thoughts of the English people. The English did not always adopt a foreign word to express a new concept. Often an old word was applied to a new thing and by a slight adaptation made to express a new meaning. The Anglo-Saxons, for example, did not borrow the Latin word deus, because their own word God was a satisfactory equivalent. Likewise heaven and hell express conceptions not unknown to Anglo-Saxon paganism and are consequently English words.
#865. ѸƤˤΰϲ ([2011-09-09-1]) ˤ̤ꡤʤ deus ɮƬˡ̣ǺǤ⥭ꥹȶŪȤ뤤Ĥθ줬ѤʤäΤפʻͿ2顤ˤĤƤθڤ褦ޤϡKastovsky (310) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Substitutive semantic borrowing is particularly frequent in the religious vocabulary, since in using a native ('heathen') word for a Christian concept, the pagan interpretation had to be replaced by the Christian concept and all its theological associations. A good example is the word God as used for Deus (cf. Strang 1970: 368). Originally it seemed to have meant 'that which is invoked', 'that to which libation is poured', was a neuter noun and could form a plural, since the Germanic peoples had a polytheistic religion. The missionaries, however, had to convey the notion of a single Deity, a Person or One of the persons of the Trinity. Instead of adopting the lexical item Deus, its meaning was substituted for the old meaning of god, which, in this case, even produced a grammatical change: God as a singular noun became masculine; if it occurred in the plural, it only referred to pagan gods and remained neuter.
ˡΰʸǸڤƤ Strang (368) äƤߤ롥Strang ϡűѸ (loan_translation) ̣ (semantic loan) ˤĤƿƤսǡgod ΰ̣ѲʲΤ褦Ƥ롥
The best term to start with is the word god. This is an old neuter noun, the meaning of whose stem has been disputed. It may mean 'that which is invoked' or 'that to which libation is poured' (in which case, it represents the same stem as we find in the name of the Goths and the Geats . . .); OE shares the form with other Germanic languages, which have formations from the same stem with the same meaning. In its inherited form the noun has a plural, since the monotheistic idea was unfamiliar to the Germanic peoples. The missionaries need to convey to the English the conception of a single Deity, a Person, One of the Persons of the Trinity, the Father, the Creator of the Universe, etc. They have a choice of explaining all this, and adding that the word for it is Deus; or of saying that the English have hitherto misunderstood the nature of god --- not it, but He, not many but One, etc. They choose the latter course, and their usage, as well as their belief, prevails. The noun acquires a new meaning, or rather, the whole complex of Christian meanings, though it is still the term for the old gods. From this development follows a curious grammatical change, akin to the modern use of the capital letter. When singular the word becomes masculine; when plural (therefore pagan in reference) it remains neuter. Thus, even syntax enters into the pattern of adaptation.
ɸϡߤ˴Ϣ2ĤǶ̣1ĤϡľܼѤ̣Τۤ露﷿Ǥꡤꥹȶ۶ˤäơȤͭäǽ뤳ȡ⤦1Ĥϡ̤ˡ¾줫θäؤαƶͤݤˤϡʷ֡ˤǤʤ̣ʰ̣ˤŻ뤷ʤФʤʤȤȤ Baugh and Cable (91) äơѤƤ
It is important to recognize that the significance of a foreign influence is not to be measured simply by the foreign words introduced but is revealed also by the extent to which it stimulates the language to independent creative effort and causes it to make full use of its native resources.
ϢơѤ importation substitution ζ̤ˤĤơ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) ȡ
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.
ѸˤɸΤ褦ʡƬ e ̵ͭˤ2Ÿ (doublet) 롥ȤƤ special -- especial, spirit -- esprit, spouse -- espouse, spy -- espy, squire -- esquire ʤɤꡤstable -- establish Ϣ줾ФǤȯΤ̣ۤˡζ̤Ƥ뤬ե졤˥ƥƱ̤뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤƬ e ΩƬǤäϤ狼䤹Τ櫓Ǥʤ
ޤѸȸեб٤Ƥ⡤Ƭ e ˴ؤƶ̣бѻ롥sponge (E) -- éponge (F), stage -- étage, establish -- établir ʤɤǤ롥Ѹ2ŸˤĤƤ⡤ʩбˤĤƤ⡤e /sk, sp, st/ λҲȤδطˤǤ餷Ȥ狼δطϡŪ˹ͻȤ褯Ǥ롥
e ̵ͭˤ餺餹٤ƤθθƬϡƥˤƬҲ /sk-, sp-, st-/ ̤롥¯ƥˤϡθƬҲȯˤäΤľ i e 첻źä줿ϰβ (euphony) Ǥꡤ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǤߤƬź (prosthesis) ŵȤ롥㤨Хƥ spiritus ϡťե ispirtu(s) ʤɤȯŸʥۡॺp. 52ˡ̤Ȥƥƥ˵ĸťեñǤϡ¤ esc-, esp-, est- ʤɤθƬŪȤʤäΤǤꡤλ˸ťե줫Ѹ˼Ѥ줿⡤ƱθƬϡѸ estate, especial, esprit, espouse, espy, esquire, establish ʤɤȤäƤ롥e ĸťեη֤¤ǡe ΤʤƥθȤ֤Ѹ˺Ѥ졤state, special, spirit, spouse, spy, squire, stable ʤɤäƤ롥
ºݡѸѸǤϡξ֤礭ʰ̣ˡʤʻѤ뤳Ȥ⤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ㤨 establish stablish ΥڥǤϡѸǤϸԤΤ̤ۤäʤThe Authorised Version Ǥξ֤Ѥ졤Shakespeare ǤϤǤ establish ͥȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ʥڥϡˡstablish Τ褦ˡ줿뤤Ϥ줾줬̣ˡζ̤ȯãơ2ŸȤӤΤǤ롥
ơեˤ¦ǤΡesc-, esp-, est- ΤθƤߤ褦ťեˤƲؤη̤ȤθƬǤϡˡs æ³̵ȤλҲϢ³줿 s æκפϡľ e 첻եǤϥĤ <é> ֤뤳Ȥ餦 (ex. éponge, étage, établir)
äȤ⡤ե e ʤ /sk-, sp-, st-/ ǻϤޤ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ15˥ե˼ޤ줿ƥñϾҤΤ褦 e Ƭźä뤳Ȥ¿ää16ʹߤ˥ƥ줫ѤǤϡѸˤ¿ξƱͤˡƥ e ʤη֤Ȥ졤Ѥ줿
Ȥơstate -- estate ˤ衤stage (E) -- étage (F) ˤ衤η֤Ʊƥ /st-, sk-/ θƬҲ̤ΤΡťեǤβءθβȯãե줫ѸؤμѡƥλȡѸǤ2ŸȯŸȲäȤä⳰μŪˤꡤߤȤƤߤʣʴطȤʤäȤȤǤ롥
U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إեˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ
ε#1492. ֥ǥפѸ줫 ([2013-05-28-1]) ǡѸȸƤФˤĤ̻ŪŪξͻ¤ΤȤιͻϱѸäˤۤȤɤΤޤƤϤޤ롥ܸȱѸδطϱѸȥƥδط
ѸˤˤơǤĹؤäƤϥƥǤ롥Φˤäޥλƥ줫äѤƤűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƥƥѸäΰӤ뤲ʹߤϥꥷȤȤ˼Ȥ neo-classical compounding Ȥ̤ơѸä˱ƶڤܤ³Ƥ (##1437,32,120,1211,478γƵ) ơѸϤĹܿˤΤʤǡƥθ§η˼Ǥ[2013-02-08-1]ε#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§סˡ
ơε (1) Ǥϡ˥ǥȤʤ signe ¸ߤĤ줬Ȥ줿ɤǡѸ줫Ѹ줫̤ȽҤ٤ƱȤϡѸȥƥˤĤƤ롥Ѹ줬ηϤⲽƥ쵬§˴Ťȼ˥ƥñ夲硤ϱǤ[2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ첽פȡˡƥ˴¸ΥǥȤƼϡƥѸǤ롥ξüδ֤Ūʥ졼äƤΤܸξƱͤǤ롥ܸξϡεǡֱѸ첣ʸʥʡ˸פȤ٥¨ʤѸξ "Latinate word" ʥƥñˤȤѸ줬ѰդƤ롥ϱޤषƥѸޤषΤ狼ʤƥγäޤࡥ
ε (2) Ǥϡ֤¦̤顤ѸδĤƷ줿ܸñ4ĤʬषƱͤˡƥδĤƷ줿ñ4Ĥʬष褦
(a) ƥб signe ¸ߤ륿סʼѸŵŪ
(b) ƥб signifié ¸ߤ뤬 signifiant ϰۤʤ륿סѸŵŪ
(c) ƥб signifiant ¸ߤ뤬 signifié ϰۤʤ륿ס"false friends" 뤤 "faux amis" ŵŪ
(d) ƥб signe ¸ߤʤסʱŵŪ
ѸʤƥüԤꤹȡüԤϱѸüԤˤäȯ줿 (c) (d) Τ褦ʸʹȡƬξ˥ϥƥʤ⤫֤ȤϡѸüԤѸʹȤƱȿǤ롥ѸˤƤ⡤Ѹ˰̣㤨Ƥ (c) Ǥ tradition ([2011-11-27-1]ε#944. ration reasonפȡˤ䡤(d) Ǥ antidisestablishmentarianism [2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ첽פȡˤΤ褦ʸä䤷Ƥ椯Ȥˤäơ˭ɽϤ˻äΤǤ롥
ܸꡥ¾줫θüѤŪǤˤäƤϡ(a)--(d) Τ٤ƤΥפ¿쾯ʤ츫ΤʤΤǤϤʤѸϡ̣ȥԥåȤƤФм夲뤬̸ŪˤϷ褷ðۤʸݤǤϤʤΤ
3֤ε ([2013-05-22-1], [2013-05-23-1], [2013-05-24-1]) ǡFerguson diglossia 夲Ƥdiglossia ȤҲŪɾˤĤ¿褬깭ƤεΤȤơɤΥʥߥåʸͤǡνפʴͿƤ줿ΤǤϤʤ
εǿ줿̤ꡤFerguson ȤϤβŪʸ diglossia Ʊ2ѼʻѾȶۤʤ2ˤĤƤϰʤȡʲΤ褦Ƥ롥
. . . no attempt is made in this paper to examine the analogous situation where two distinct (related or unrelated) languages are used side by side throughout a speech community, each with a clearly defined role. (325, fn. 2)
2ʤ뤤Ϥʾθˤδ֤ˤ "the analogous situation" ϳΤ˸졤Ferguson ¿ƤϤޤ롥ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡɤˤѸ졤ե졤ƥ triglossia Ǥ롥ʲǤϡFerguson diglossia ʸ˰͵ɤ triglossia 褦Ȥݤ˹θ٤2ĤŦ1Ĥϡ#1486. diglossia ФȽ ([2013-05-23-1]) Ǥ줿 diglossia Ťưꡤ⤦1ĤϡѼ (H) Ѽ (L) ήѸǤ롥
Ferguson ϡ§Ȥ diglossia ŪʡꤷȤȤ館
It might be supposed that diglossia is highly unstable, tending to change into a more stable language situation. This is not so. Diglossia typically persists at least several centuries, and evidence in some cases seems to show that it can last well over a thousand years. (332)
ŪǧȽΤȤȤʤäΤFerguson diglossia ɤΤ褦ɤΤ褦˲Τ줦뤫ȤưŪ¦̵̤뤷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤϻŦƤɬפ롥
Diglossia is likely to come into being when the following three conditions hold in a given speech community: (1) There is a sizable body of literature in a language closely related to (or even identical with) the natural language of the community, and this literature embodies, whether as source (e.g. divine revelation) or reinforcement, some of the fundamental values of the community. (2) Literacy in the community is limited to a small elite. (3) A suitable period of time, on the order of several centuries, passes from the establishment of (1) and (2). (338)
Diglossia seems to be accepted and not regarded as a "problem" by the community in which it is in force, until certain trends appear in the community. These include trends toward (a) more widespread literacy (whether for economic, ideological or other reasons), (b) broader communication among different regional and social segments of the community (e.g. for economic, administrative, military, or ideological reasons), (c) desire for a full-fledged standard "national" language as an attribute of autonomy or of sovereignty. (338)
. . . we must remind ourselves that the situation may remain stable for long periods of time. But if the trends mentioned above do appear and become strong, change may take place. (339)
1ΰѤ3ϡɤˤơ˥ƥե줬Ѹ̤ѼȤ夷Ȥ triglossia ˤĤƤȲ뤳ȤǤ롥2ΰѤ3ϡѸˤơʥƥ̤Ȥơ˱Ѹȥե diglossia ˲ΤƤ椯Ⱦ˸ڤƤɤ롥
ˡѸˤѸȤδϢǤϡFerguson ʸ鼨ŪʰѤ2ĵ褦
. . . a striking feature of diglossia is the existence of many paired items, one H one L, referring to fairly common concepts frequently used in both H and L, where the range of meaning of the two items is roughly the same, and the use of one or the other immediately stamps the utterance or written sequence as H or L. (334)
. . . the formal-informal dimension in languages like English is a continuum in which the boundary between the two items in different pairs may not come at the same point, e.g. illumination, purchase, and children are not fully parallel in their formal-informal range of use. (334)
2ĤΰѤ碌ɤȡѡʸˤ˴ؤ붽̣꤬롥diglossia ˤСѼʥեˤȲѼʱѸˤϡҲŪˤĬܤΤ褦Τ˶̤롥ϡ§ȤơĬܤϢ³ܤȤưȤǤȤȤǤ롥Ȥdiglossia ȤҲŪüѤȤʤͳƱѸäΤʤⲽȡillumination ? light purchase ? buy ʤɤ register ˤ岼طϳΤ˻ۤ줳뤬ĬܤιϸġΩڥˤäưۤʤ롥ʩΩڥʤäΤ¤٤Ȥregister ξ岼طɽ魯ĬܤϡҲŪ diglossia ĬܤۤΤ˰ܤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤϡdiglossia monoglossia ؤȲΤƤ椯Ȥdiglossia ¸ߤҲŪʾ岼طmonoglossia θäˤäѤŪⲽ¸ȤȤ̣ΤǤϤʤ
Ferguson, C. A. "Diglossia." Word 15 (1959): 325--40.
Ѹνˤϡ"macaronic lyric" ȸƤФΤ롥macaronic ȤϡOALD7 ڤ "(technical) relating to language, especially in poetry, that includes words and expressions from another language" ȤꡤֳƼκä¯ΤΡפʤɤ̣롥macaronic lyric ϡΥɤˤŪˤϱѸ줬Ǥϥե줬Ǥϥƥ줬ʿŪ˹ԤʤƤ¿ѤξߤȤ˱ǤФʸغʤǤ롥ȤơGreentree (396) ˰ѤƤޥꥢؤλΤ1ʹ Brown 26--27 ˴ŤˡϡѸȥƥ줬ؤ13 macaronic lyric Ǥ롥
Of on that is so fayr and bright
velud maris stella
Brighter than the day-is light
parens & puella
Ic crie to the, thou se to me,
Leuedy, preye thi sone for me
tam pia,
that ic mote come to the
maria
츫ñʤѺߤΤؤܻˤ⸫뤬Greentree Ϥޥꥢؤο̩ʰʱѸˤˤȸʤʿġʥƥˤˤȤ̯ΥХȿǤΤȤɾ롥ʤѸȵŪʥƥθؤϡΤޤ13쿮ĤħŪʿ̩ȷɰդκɽ魯ȤҲؤ bilingual code-switching ʸؤؤαѤȤ
2ϡGreentree (395--96) ˰ѤƤ De amico ad amicam ̾դ줿֥쥿αȡResponcio ̾դ줿ؤǤ롥Ѹ졤ե졤ƥ줬ܤޤ뤷ؤ롥
A celuy que pluys eyme en mounde
Of alle tho that I have found
Carissima
Saluz ottreye amour,
With grace and joye alle honoure
Dulcissima
A soun treschere et special
Fer and her and overal
In mundo,
Que soy ou saltz et gré
With mouth, word and herte free
Jocundo
ǤϡѸDZΤʤɽ졤եǴŪǵŪʰҤ٤졤ƥǷٶδʷˤƹߤʥե졼ޤƤ롥
伫Ȥˤϡ macaronic lyric äʸ̤Ŭڤ̣臘ȤǤʤդȾʬθͷӤȹ⤤ʸȤζ̤Ĥ뤳ȤǤʤbilingual ǤϤʤԤ code-switching εˤΤƱ褦ʤΤ⤷ʤ㤨ܸǤҤ餬ʡʡʤɤ뤳Ȥʷϵΰ㤤ɽ魯ƤߤȡѸ macaronic lyric ˾ܶǤʵ⤹롥Greentree (396) ϼΤ褦ɾäƤ롥
Fluent harmony is an enjoyable and consistent characteristic of the macaronic lyrics. They seem paradoxically unforced, moving easily between languages in common use, to exploit particular characteristics for effect.
ʤȯŸ뤳Ȥˤʤ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ϡ̣Ǥ macaronic lyric Ʊ褦ѺΤषƥ줫֤ʸΤɽۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
Greentree, Rosemary. "Lyric." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 387--405.
Brown, Carleton, ed. English Lyrics of the XIIIth Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 1832.
²θɲ⥷ (see indo-european_sub-family) 5ƤȤơBaugh and Cable (28--30) Fennell (28--29) ˤꡤʥå (Italic Albanian) 夲롥
θɤ˾äȤפʸϡޤǤʤƥ (Latin) ƥ줬˾ƬƤΥꥢˤʬۤäƤ600ǯޤǤϡ² EtruscanԾܤ Ligurian ʤ줬ԤʤƤǤ VeneticǤ Messapian äƤꡤϡ#1457. Х˥ɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-23-1]) ǿ줿 Illyrian ο̤Ȥ⤤롥ȥꥢϥꥷ㿢̱Ϥǥꥷ줬äƤΤ褦ʰ졦ΤΤĤܤΤʤǡLatium ˤƥƥ줬ϤФƤ
ƥϸ̩ˤ Latin-Feliscan 췲ʬɤǤ롥θ췲ȻطˤΤOscan-Umbrian 췲ǡԤ Samnium ȾǡԤ Latium θ¤줿ϰǹԤʤƤƥοĥˤꡤο̽ϱƤᡤ䤬֤ƤäγȤȤ˥ƥϥꥢȾˤȤɤޤ餺Corsica Sardinia 231ǯˡSpain 197ǯˡProvence 121ǯˡDacia 107ǯ˿̱ϤȤƥơ֥ƥإƥ줬ƱͤˤäΤ1ΤȤä
衼åѳϤسȻƥϡۤʤΰۤʤѼȤƻޤ줿Ȥ˲äϤδظαƶ⤢äơȼθŪȯã뤲뤳ȤȤʤäΥƥ줫췲 Romance ȸƤǤ롥ꥢ˺դȯŸե (French) ϡˤ Norman, Picard, Burgundian, Ile-de-France (Paris) ʬƤڡī (987--1328) γΩˤꡤIle-de-France (Paris) Ѹ졤ʸظȤͥȤʤꡤ13ʹߤϤɸեƱˤʤäեǤ langue d'oïl ΥեȤϰ褹 langue d'oc Provançal äƤ롥Provançal ϡ11ʸڤ뤬Ȥ櫓12--13˥ȥХɥθȤƱɤʹߡProvançal ̤Υե˲졤ߤǤϰ̤˴ŤƤ롥
٥ꥢȾǤϡڥ (Spanish) ȥݥȥ (Portuguese) Ūᤤطݤʤ鸽ߤޤǹԤʤƤ롥2ϸꥫؿʽФˤ礭̤Ƥ롥ä˥ڥϡ11ʸڤƤ뤬ߡѸΤ2̤üԿͭĶǤ[2010-05-29-1]ε#397. üԿˤȥå25פȡˡꥢȾǹԤʤƤꥢ (Italian) ϡäդȤƤΥƥ줬ľܤ˼ѤƤȤäơ¾ΥޥĹˤݤäƤ롥ꥢ10ʸڤ졤ɸѼȤʤä Florentine Italian ˤ Dante (1265--1321), Petrarch (1304--74), Boccaccio (1313--75) ʸؤ路ͥˤϥ衼å˰ҿؤä롼ޥ˥ (Romanian) ϥޥΤʤǤϺǤ˰֤뤬ϤȤĹ֡ޤȴطݤäǸŤʸ16ȿ
2ǽҤ٤ޥϼ6Τۤˤ⡤٤졦¸ߤ롥٥ꥢ Corsica ˤʬۤ Catalan ¿ʸؤġ¾ϡ٥ꥢ Galician Tyrol ˹Ԥʤ Rhaeto-Romanic 췲 Romansch٥륮ä Walloon ʤɤƤ
ʤ˵ޥϡCicero (106--43 B. C.) Virgil (70--19 B. C.) ɽ路 Classical Latin ǤϤʤ̱θѼ Vulgar Latin ΤǤ롥
åɤʬۿޤϡDistribution of Romance languages in Europe ȡ *
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
OED2, MED Ȥ˴Ť츻ŵˤȡưʪפ̣ƥ졤եͳ̾ animal νФϡ14 The Auchinleck Manuscript ˽ Breton lay ޥ Sir Orfeo (l. 364) ȤƤ롥MED animal (n.) Ƥߤȡ"Þe vousour was anow[rn]ed al Of ich maner diuers animal." ȰѤƤ롥
OED Online ϡβս animal ȤɤߤϸǤꡤ amel (enamel) ΰ۷ǤȤΩȤäƤ롥
Middle Eng. Dict. at animāl n. records an earlier example from the Auchinleck manuscript copy of Sir Orfeo, but more recent editors read this as aumal, hence showing AMEL n., an interpretation which is supported by the context and by the equivalent passage in other manuscripts.
Sir Orfeo ɤǤƤ˽Ф路Bliss ǤǤ ll. 363--64 ϼ̤ꡥ
Þe vousour was auowed al Of ich maner diuers aumal.
͡ʵޤȤȡȤ OED Online θȹͤ롥ޤܤǤθ2Ĥ a δ֤ minim 5ܤʤˡ152ܤǤбȡAshmole Ǥ amellHarley Ǥ metalle ȤʤäƤ롥Ԥϰ̣äưۤʤѤƤ뤬ưʪפɤߤǤʤȤ餫ޤBliss Ǥɾ D'Ardenne (58) ⡤aumal θʩθ amail, ēmail Ȥʤ顤ʬˤȹͤƤ롥
⤦1ĴϢϡanimal θŪʬۤǤ롥D'Ardenne (58) ϡβս animal αѸǤν16ǤꡤѸȹͤեˤƤ12ϤΤ16ޤǤϵǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥 D'Ardenne εϺǤɬϤϤʤȤΤϡOED Online Ǥ MED Ǥ⡤animal ϡβսȤƤ⡤14꤫餤ĤƤ뤫ޤǤεˤꡤSir Orfeo (l. 364) animal νвսǤϤʤȤȤϸ
νǯϡθθˤˤߥȻפ줬Ū˸äΰƤ¤ˤƸûˤǤ⤢롥㤨Сϡ#127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1]) Ǽ夲̣ξȤˤ㴳δŪʱƶ뤫⤷ʤ
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Wrenn, C. L. "The Value of Spelling as Evidence." TPS 42 (1943): 14--39.
D'Ardenne, S. R. T. O. "Sir Orfeo by A. Bliss." RES NS 8 (1957): 57--59.
εǡ#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1]) ˾ƤϢơˡΧѸˤե¸ߴˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])#433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1])#1240. ΥޥȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) ǰäƤƸƤȡˡΧѸμ礿ħϥեѸ¿ѤˤꡤȤȤ褯狼롥ˡΧѸħϤˤȤɤޤʤ⤦ܤĴ٤ȡˡʡѤηƤ롥Crystal (101) ˤäơĤħ롥
(1) դˤƤäդˤƤ⡤ŪŪɽѤ롥
Signed, sealed and delivered
You may approach the bench
Your Honour
May it please the court
. . . the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth
(2) ̤θ줬Фüʰ̣Ѥ롥
action (law suit)
hand (signature)
presents (this legal document)
said (mentioned before) (cf. [2011-02-21-1]ε#665. Chaucer ˤߤ3;̾εؼŪˡ)
(3) ߤǤϰ̤ˤѤʤűѸ졤Ѹͳñ줬ݤƤ롥
aforesaid, forthwith, heretofore, thenceforth, thereby, witnesseth cf. [2012-10-24-1]ε#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc.ס
(4) ƥɽ¿
corpus delictiʺΡ, ejusdem generisƱΡ, nolle prosequiʤμ겼, res gestaeӾ, sui jurisˡΧǽϤä, vis majorԲĹϡ
(5) եѸ줬¿̲Τ¿
demurrerԽʬιۡ, easement, estoppelʶȿ, fee simpleñڸ, lienαָ, tortʻȡ
(6) ΤǸ̩ʰ̣äѸ졥
appealʾʡ, bailݼʶˡ, contributoryлԡ, defendant, felonyʽź, negligenceʲἺ, injunctionʺ̿
(7) ۣʰ̣äŪˤȤ줦 "argot"
allegedʵ路, issue of lawˡΧ, objectionʰ۵, order to show causeͳ̿, superior courtʾ̺Ƚ, without prejudiceʤȤμ³鹴«뤳Ȥʤ
(8) ⤿뤿˰տŪۣʰ̣ѤѸ졥
adequate causeͳ, as soon as possibleʲĵŪ®䤫ˡ, improperŬڤʡ, maliceȰա, nominal sum̾ܳۡ, reasonable careʤա
Ρ֡ʾ̡ʣ, ФǿͤˤʡˡΧȡʸäθפؤơѸ legalese ȤƤ̾뤬ܸǤ¾θǤѤʤȤ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
ѸˡΧ˴ؤѰ (register) ˥եθ礬Ƥ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])#433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1])#1240. ΥޥȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) γƵǼ夲ƤɤˤˡΧʬθؤγάС13ˤϥƥäƥե줬ˡΧطɽˤͥȤʤäƤ椯եˡʸˤƤƥȶ礤14ˤͥȤʤ롥15ˤϡLaw French Law English ˽˼äƤ椯˻ޤǥեΰ仺ϼѤ줿
ˡΧʬǥե줫ѸؤθؤʤǤ椯ȡˡΧѸˤեñ줫ñؤθؤȤƤ롥ȤɤθѸѤ뤫Ȥϡ¿ξ硤ɤѤȤߤĤޤꡤξ and ʤɤ³ǤĤʤơ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ˤƤޤȤǤʴϢ[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפ⻲ȡˡ2Ԥδ֤̯ʰ̣ζ̤⤢Сƶ̤Ϥʤñ˰̣ζĴǤȤ⤢ä֤ȤȤˤΤ褦ˡΧʬθħŤʸΤؤȯŸȤΤȤΤϡñʩñΤߤʤ餺ʩñ2Ĥñ2Ĥʤɤ⸫褦ˤʤꡤ츻ȤʸΤȤȤ館ۤŬڤǤȹͤ뤫ʸΤȯŸˡ2।ǥħǤ뱤ΧˤϤΤ褵 (euphony) ѤƤȤʤ
ʲˡCrystal (152--53) ˼Ƥ褦3İʾ⤢롥
acknowledge and confess (English/French)
aid and abet (French/French)
breaking and entering (English/French)
cease and desist (French/French)
each and every (English/English)
final and conclusive (French/Latin)
fit and proper (English/French)
give and grant (English/French)
give, devise, and bequeath (English/French/English)
goods and chattels (English/French)
had and received (English/French)
have and hold (English/English)
heirs and assigns (French/French)
in lieu, in place, instead, and in substitution of (French/French/English/French or Latin)
keep and maintain (English/French)
lands and tenements (English/French)
let or hindrance (English/English)
made and provided (English/Latin)
new and novel (English/French)
null and void (French/French)
pardon and forgive (French/English)
peace and quiet (French/Latin)
right, title, and interest (English/English/French)
shun and avoid (English/Latin)
will and testament (English/Latin)
wrack and ruin (English/French)
ˡΧʬ᤹ΤȸʤŪ˰ޤƤѸäع¤ΧȸϤº2।ǥΤ褦ʽװ蘆äơʹߡˡΧѸȤäѼ郎ȯãƤΤȹͤ롥
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
ѸˤˤƥѤˤĤƤϡlatin loan_word δ¿εǼ夲ƤűѸΥƥѤˤĤƤϡ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) Ǵñʻ̤ʬ˿졤ĤˤʤΤǡϤ⤦Ƥߤ
Crystal (59--65) ǤϡűѸΥƥѤSerjeantson (Appendix A) ˤä (1) Φ塤(2) c. 450--c. 650, (3) c. 650--c. 1100 Ȼ̤3ʬƤ롥ʲˡ줾λɽĤ褦
(1) Φ
belt (belt) < L balteus
butere (butter) < L butyrum
camp (field, battle) < L campus
candel (candle) < L candela
catt (cat) < L cattus
ceaster (city) < L castra
cetel (kettle) < L catillus
cupp (cup) < L cuppa
cycene (kitchen) < L coquina
cyse (cheese) < L caseus
draca (dragon) < L draco
mæsse (mass) < L missa
mil (mile) < L mille
minte (mint) < L menta
munuc (monk) < L monachus
mynster (minster) < L monasterium
panne (pan) < L panna
piper (pepper) < L piper
pise (pea) < L pisum
plante (plant) < L planta
port (door, gate) < L porta
port (harbour, town) < L portus
pund (pound) < L pondo
sacc (sack, bag) < L saccus
sinoð (council, synod) < L synodus
stræt (road) < L strata
tigle (tile) < L tegula
weall (wall) < L vallum
win (wine) < L vinum
ynce (inch) < L uncia
(2) c. 450--c. 650
cocc (cock) < L coccus
cugle (cowl) < L cuculla
cyrtan (to shorten, curtail) < L curtus
forca (fork) < L furca
fossere (spade) < L fossorium
græf (stylus) < L graphium
læden (Latin) < L ladinus (Vulgar Latin)
leahtric (lettuce) < L lactuca
mægester (master) < L magister
nunne (nun) < L nonna
pere (pear) < L pirum
pinsian (to reflect, consider) < L pensare
punt (punt, flat boat) < L ponto
relic (relic) < L reliquia
renge (spider) < L aranea
seglian (to seal) < L sigillare
segn (mark, sign) < L signum
stropp (strap) < L stroppus
torr (tower) < L turris
turl (ladle, trowel) < L trulla
(3) c. 650--c. 1100
alter (altar) < L altar
biblioþece (library) < L bibliotheca
cancer (crab) < L cancer
creda (creed, belief) < L credo
cucumer (cucumber) < L cucumer
culpe (guilt, fault) < L culpa
diacon (deacon) < L diaconus
fenester (window) < L fenestra
fers (verse) < L versus
grammatic (grammar) < L grammatica
mamma (breast) < L mamma
notere (notary) < L notarius
offrian (sacrifice, offer) < L offere
orgel (organ) < L organum
papa (pope) < L papa
philosoph (philosopher) < L philosophus
predician (preach) < L praedicare
regol (religious rule) < L regula
sabbat (sabbath) < L sabbatum
scol (school) < L scola
Serjeantson ΥꥹȤˤС(1) ˤ183졤(2) ˤ114졤(3) ˤ244줬äƤ뤬ƸλʬɬݾڤƤ餺̤˼ˤդפ롥ñΰ̣ΰˤĤưŪˤС(1) ޤ̣ΰʤäƤ뤬(2) ǤϽŪʿ̤Ϥᡤ(3) ǤϽ˲äؼñ줬¿ꥹȶˡƥѸμѲȤƼ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѥ˴ؤƤ⡤(1) (2) ϼȤäդä(3) ϼȤƽդ̤ήꤵ롥
嵭ΥꥹȤǤϡ˸ѸޤǻĤäƥѸƤ뤬ºݤˤϸѸˤޤĤʤäΤ¿ɸѸ˻ĤäƤΤϡ100줯餤ΤΤǤ롥¿˻ȤʤäطʤˤϡѸƱΥեѸ줬ήȤ𤬤롥ƳʹΤ褤ե줬Ťᤫƥ˼ääΤǤ롥ޤǻĤäƤƥѸ¿ϡäƱ餤Ф˱Ѹä˺դƤ롥
ʤűѸƱΥƥñ줬2ټѤ줿⤢ΤǡƤL calicem "cup" ΰ̣Ǻǽ celc Ȥơ calic ȤƸűѸ˼Ѥ줿Ʊͤ롥
cliroc, cleric (cleric, clergyman) < L clericus
læden, latin (Latin) < L latinus
leahtric, lactuca (lettuce) < L lactuca
minte, menta (mint) < L menta
spynge, sponge (sponge) < L spongea
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Serjeantson, Mary S. A History of Foreign Words in English. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1935.
ϡ#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) Фɲäε5ȾФ˥ (Angles) (Saxons) 塼ȿ (Jutes) 濴Ȥޥν²֥ƥذܽƤƤ顤²礷ƸƤ̾Τ䡤餬ϤƤ̾ΤϡïɤθǸƤ֤ΤˤäƤѰۤäȤȤѲ⤷Ƥ̤ȤƤϡAngle ӤΤФ졤ƻ̾ English ̾ England ̲ʤ Saxon Jute ֤ Angle ͥȤʤäΤˤĤƤΤʤ¬Ǥ뤳ȤϤ롥
ʤȤ8顤ƥ Angli Saxones ȤɽѤƤǤ Angli Ϸƻ졤Saxones ʣ̾ǡ֥ϥͤפۤɤΰ̣äϡΦ˻ĤäƤͤ (Old Saxons) ȶ̤뤿θƾΤǤꡤƻ Angli ˤ줿̣ϡ֥ͤȰ˥֥ƥϤäפۤɤΰ̣äȻפ롥䤬ơΩƻ Angli ܤꡤ줬ͭ̾ȲΩȤȤϡꤽʤȤǤ롥⤷Τ褦ʷаޤ8 Angli ֥ƥ˽夤ޥ̱²Τ̾ȤƺƲᤵƤäȹͤС9 Bede θűѸ줬Ф줿ݤˡAngelcynn (gens Anglorum ˤŪѤƤ¤äԻĤǤϤʤʤ롥ޤƱ880ǯˤϡAlfred 粦 Guthrum Ȥδ֤Ǽ蘆줿Τʤ "Danish" Ф "English" ѤƤ롥ˡ̾ȤƤ Englisc ⡤ϤƱˡBede űѸ Alfred ΥƥȤ˸Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡEnglisc 9˷ƻ줢뤤ϸ̾Ȥ夷̾ȤƤ Angelcynn Engla land ֤Τϡ11 Chronicle ԤͤФʤʤäEngla land ΤۤEngle land, Englene londe, Engle lond, Engelond, Ingland ʤɤԤʤ줿夹 England Τ14ΤȤǤ롥
ʾ塤Crystal (26--27) ˵ä
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
ε#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǡѸ̤ήŵͳξѸäƤ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) ǵ褦ˡϡ֥פ餵ʤ⡤ˤޤĤäͭѤʸ¿ǡˤޤʤä⾯ʤʤϡBaugh and Cable (223--24, 226) 顤ĤääȤܻۤ䤨äɲä
ޤĤääΥץ̾졤ƻ졤ưν˵롥ȾϥƥͳֻǼ褦˥ꥷͳΤΡʥƥͳΤޤˤ¿
acme, allurement, allusion, anachronism, antipathy, antithesis, atmosphere, autograph, capsule, catastrophe, chaos, chronology, climax, crisis, criterion, democracy, denunciation, dexterity, disability, disrespect, dogma, emanation, emphasis, encyclopedia, enthusiasm, epitome, excrescence, excursion, expectation, halo, idiosyncrasy, inclemency, jurisprudence, lexicon, misanthrope, parasite, parenthesis, pathetic, pneumonia, scheme, skeleton, system, tactics, thermometer
abject, agile, anonymous, appropriate, caustic, conspicuous, critic, dexterous, ephemeral, expensive, external, habitual, hereditary, heterodox, impersonal, insane, jocular, malignant, polemic, tonic
adapt, alienate, assassinate, benefit, consolidate, disregard, emancipate, eradicate, erupt, excavate, exert, exhilarate, exist, extinguish, harass, meditate, ostrasize, tantalize
ˡ줢뤤ϻ¾ѤȤʤäΤΥץ̾졤ƻ졤ưνˡȤȤ˵롥
adminiculation (aid), appendance (appendage), assation (roasting), discongruity (incongruity), mansuetude (mildness)
aspectable (visible), eximious (excellent, distinguished), exolete (faded), illecebrous (delicate, alluring), temulent (drunk)
approbate (to approve), assate (to roast), attemptate (to attempt), cautionate (to caution), cohibit (to restrain), consolate (to console), consternate (to dismay), demit (to send away), denunciate (to denounce), deruncinate (to weed), disaccustom (to render unaccustomed), disacquaint (to make acquainted), disadorn (to deprive of adornment), disquantity (to diminish), emacerate (to emaciate), exorbitate (to stray from the ordinary course), expede (to accomplish, expedite), exsiccate (to desiccate), suppeditate (to furnish, supply)
ǡѤϼ¸ŪʼѤȤ⤤ȤǤ롥¸ŪʤϡߤѤƤ effective, effectual ˲äơeffectful, effectuating, effectuous ʤɤĤƻȤƤ¤Τ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
16 (inkhorn term) ΰüˤĤƤϡε#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ˤ⡤#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) #576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǿƤȽ˯ȤƤϡ[2010-11-24-1]ǰѤ The Arte of Rhetorique (1553) Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) 뤬⤦1͵Ȥʤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57) դ路Cheke ϼ餬ꥷؼԤǤʤ顤ŵ줫Τߤ䤿ʼѤƱꥷؼԤǤ Roger Ascham (1515?--68) 褦٤Ƥ̣Cheke Sir Thomas Hoby ˰Ƥ (1561) ΤʤǡμĥԤʤäBaugh and Cable, pp. 217--18 ѡˡ
I am of this opinion that our own tung shold be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borowing of other tunges, wherin if we take not heed by tijm, ever borowing and never payeng, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt. For then doth our tung naturallie and praisablie utter her meaning, when she bouroweth no counterfeitness of other tunges to attire her self withall, but useth plainlie her own, with such shift, as nature, craft, experiens and folowing of other excellent doth lead her unto, and if she want at ani tijm (as being unperfight she must) yet let her borow with suche bashfulnes, that it mai appeer, that if either the mould of our own tung could serve us to fascion a woord of our own, or if the old denisoned wordes could content and ease this neede, we wold not boldly venture of unknowen wordes.
Erasmus Praise of Folly 1549ǯ˱ Sir Thomas Chaloner ⡤ʳؤ뤳Ȥ餷Baugh and Cable, p. 218 ѡˡ
Such men therfore, that in deede are archdoltes, and woulde be taken yet for sages and philosophers, maie I not aptelie calle theim foolelosophers? For as in this behalfe I have thought good to borowe a littell of the Rethoriciens of these daies, who plainely thynke theim selfes demygods, if lyke horsleches thei can shew two tongues, I meane to mingle their writings with words sought out of strange langages, as if it were alonely thyng for theim to poudre theyr bokes with ynkehorne termes, although perchaunce as unaptly applied as a gold rynge in a sowes nose. That and if they want suche farre fetched vocables, than serche they out of some rotten Pamphlet foure or fyve disused woords of antiquitee, therewith to darken the sence unto the reader, to the ende that who so understandeth theim maie repute hym selfe for more cunnyng and litterate: and who so dooeth not, shall so muche the rather yet esteeme it to be some high mattier, because it passeth his learnyng.
"foolelosophers" Ȥϸ
Τ褦˥ȽϤäοѤ뤳ȤϤʤäʸȤϸ鷺Ȥ˲ǧ Sir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546) Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ʤɤμ礿ʸԤμ٤Ĭή˥ޥåƤΤǤ롥
ʤOED ˤȡink-horn term ȤɽνФ1543ǯ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Ѹä16ˤϱѸ礭꤬3ĤäBaugh and Cable (203) ɽڤС"(1) recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries been supreme, (2) the establishment of a more uniform orthography, and (3) the enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demands that would be made upon it in its wiser use" Ǥ롥
(1) 16ϡvernacular ǤѸ줬ƥƤʬؤȡεǽȲͤƤäǤ롥ȾФޤǤϡSir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Thomas Wilson (1525?--81) , George Puttenham (1530?--90) ɽѸνꤿϡѸǽȤˤĤƤ "apologetic" äȾˤʤȤΤ褦ͤӤΩʤʤäƤ롥Ѹؤοϡä Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) "I love Rome, but London better, I favor Italie, but England more, I honor the Latin, but I worship the English." Ƥ롥
(2) ֻɸಽưϡSir John Cheke (1514--57), Sir Thomas Smith (1513--77; De Recta et Emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione Dialogus [1568]), John Hart (d. 1574; An Orthographie [1569]), William Bullokar (fl. 1586; Book at Large [1582], Bref Grammar for English [1586]) ʤɤˤŪɽŪʽƤͳơRichard Mulcaster (The First Part of the Elementarie [1582]), E. Coot (English Schoole-master [1596]), P. Gr. (Paulo Graves?; Grammatica Anglicana [1594]) ʤɤˤ벺ʴϩؤȸ줬ȤƼ˰Ȥλٻ夷
(3) #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤεǷ֤Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ16ϼȤƥƥ줫餪ӤμѸ줬ήͥʸͤ¿Sir Thomas Elyot Τ褦 "augment our Englysshe tongue" ܻؤΤǤ롥
vernacular ȤƤνѸ嵭3ĤطʤˤϡؤεʼҲѲäƤ Baugh and Cable (200) ȤСװ5Ĥä
1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language
ޤˡʸβ褦[2012-03-29-1]ε#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡפ⻲ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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