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3֤ε ([2013-05-22-1], [2013-05-23-1], [2013-05-24-1]) ǡFerguson diglossia 夲Ƥdiglossia ȤҲŪɾˤĤ¿褬깭ƤεΤȤơɤΥʥߥåʸͤǡνפʴͿƤ줿ΤǤϤʤ
εǿ줿̤ꡤFerguson ȤϤβŪʸ diglossia Ʊ2ѼʻѾȶۤʤ2ˤĤƤϰʤȡʲΤ褦Ƥ롥
. . . no attempt is made in this paper to examine the analogous situation where two distinct (related or unrelated) languages are used side by side throughout a speech community, each with a clearly defined role. (325, fn. 2)
2ʤ뤤Ϥʾθˤδ֤ˤ "the analogous situation" ϳΤ˸졤Ferguson ¿ƤϤޤ롥ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡɤˤѸ졤ե졤ƥ triglossia Ǥ롥ʲǤϡFerguson diglossia ʸ˰͵ɤ triglossia 褦Ȥݤ˹θ٤2ĤŦ1Ĥϡ#1486. diglossia ФȽ ([2013-05-23-1]) Ǥ줿 diglossia Ťưꡤ⤦1ĤϡѼ (H) Ѽ (L) ήѸǤ롥
Ferguson ϡ§Ȥ diglossia ŪʡꤷȤȤ館
It might be supposed that diglossia is highly unstable, tending to change into a more stable language situation. This is not so. Diglossia typically persists at least several centuries, and evidence in some cases seems to show that it can last well over a thousand years. (332)
ŪǧȽΤȤȤʤäΤFerguson diglossia ɤΤ褦ɤΤ褦˲Τ줦뤫ȤưŪ¦̵̤뤷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤϻŦƤɬפ롥
Diglossia is likely to come into being when the following three conditions hold in a given speech community: (1) There is a sizable body of literature in a language closely related to (or even identical with) the natural language of the community, and this literature embodies, whether as source (e.g. divine revelation) or reinforcement, some of the fundamental values of the community. (2) Literacy in the community is limited to a small elite. (3) A suitable period of time, on the order of several centuries, passes from the establishment of (1) and (2). (338)
Diglossia seems to be accepted and not regarded as a "problem" by the community in which it is in force, until certain trends appear in the community. These include trends toward (a) more widespread literacy (whether for economic, ideological or other reasons), (b) broader communication among different regional and social segments of the community (e.g. for economic, administrative, military, or ideological reasons), (c) desire for a full-fledged standard "national" language as an attribute of autonomy or of sovereignty. (338)
. . . we must remind ourselves that the situation may remain stable for long periods of time. But if the trends mentioned above do appear and become strong, change may take place. (339)
1ΰѤ3ϡɤˤơ˥ƥե줬Ѹ̤ѼȤ夷Ȥ triglossia ˤĤƤȲ뤳ȤǤ롥2ΰѤ3ϡѸˤơʥƥ̤Ȥơ˱Ѹȥե diglossia ˲ΤƤ椯Ⱦ˸ڤƤɤ롥
ˡѸˤѸȤδϢǤϡFerguson ʸ鼨ŪʰѤ2ĵ褦
. . . a striking feature of diglossia is the existence of many paired items, one H one L, referring to fairly common concepts frequently used in both H and L, where the range of meaning of the two items is roughly the same, and the use of one or the other immediately stamps the utterance or written sequence as H or L. (334)
. . . the formal-informal dimension in languages like English is a continuum in which the boundary between the two items in different pairs may not come at the same point, e.g. illumination, purchase, and children are not fully parallel in their formal-informal range of use. (334)
2ĤΰѤ碌ɤȡѡʸˤ˴ؤ붽̣꤬롥diglossia ˤСѼʥեˤȲѼʱѸˤϡҲŪˤĬܤΤ褦Τ˶̤롥ϡ§ȤơĬܤϢ³ܤȤưȤǤȤȤǤ롥Ȥdiglossia ȤҲŪüѤȤʤͳƱѸäΤʤⲽȡillumination ? light purchase ? buy ʤɤ register ˤ岼طϳΤ˻ۤ줳뤬ĬܤιϸġΩڥˤäưۤʤ롥ʩΩڥʤäΤ¤٤Ȥregister ξ岼طɽ魯ĬܤϡҲŪ diglossia ĬܤۤΤ˰ܤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤϡdiglossia monoglossia ؤȲΤƤ椯Ȥdiglossia ¸ߤҲŪʾ岼طmonoglossia θäˤäѤŪⲽ¸ȤȤ̣ΤǤϤʤ
Ferguson, C. A. "Diglossia." Word 15 (1959): 325--40.
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