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2018-05-31 Thu

#3321. Ѹθε [proverb][literature]

ε#3320. Ѹθʬ ([2018-05-30-1]) ˰³ꡥѸθε͡Ǥ롥ѸȼݤƤΤ⤢С¾ǤǤ˻ȤƤΤڤƤ⤢롥㤨СѸȼθɽȤƤ It never rains but it pours ʹߤɬɤߤˤ󤲤롥θʤѰ۷ˤνϡThe Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs ˤ1726ǯ It cannot rain but it pours Ǥ롥
¿ϥꥷƥʤɤθŵ졤뤤ϥե󥹸ʤɤѤƤäƤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤŪפȤѸθ⡤¿񻺤Ȥ櫓There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip ʥåפ˻äƤ֤ˤ¿Τ꤬롨Ũˤ1539ǯ˽ФƤ뤬ꥷƥθڤꤿΤǤ롥ޤNothing succeeds like success ʰˤϡ1867ǯ˥ե󥹸줫äΤǤ롥ܸΡְγ糤Τ餺פ1918ǯ˱ѸäThe frog in the well knows nothing of the sea ⤢롥
嵭㤫ʬ̤ꡤ٤ƤθŤˤäƤ뤫ȤСƳǤʤѸθǤ⥢ꥫޤʻȤƤΤ⤢ꡤ϶ḽλʪǤ롥Ȥơ1948ǯ˽Ф The family that prays together stays together ʤȤ˵򤹤²η«ϸǤˤ䡤1978ǯ˽Ф The opera isn't over till the fat lady sings äΤޤǥڥϽʤϺǸκǸޤǤ狼ʤˤ󤲤Ƥ
ΥڥθϺǿθ1Ĥԥ塼̿ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ηä1 Garbage in, garbage out ɾϤСɾ󤬽ϤˤФ1957ǯȼ㤤There's no such thing as a free lunch ̵Ӥʤɤʤˤ1967ǯνФǤ˹ȤƤ롥
Τ褦˸ϳƻ塤ϰǿΤ졤ǸŤΤ˺ƤΤ⤢ꡤ˿դƤ롥ΰ̣Ǥϡ̻ŪʿϸäʤɤȰۤʤȤʤ

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2018-05-27-1]

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2018-05-30 Wed

#3320. Ѹθʬ [proverb][literature][rhetoric]

ѸθʬˤϡƤˤΡˤΡˤΤʤɤ뤬The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs νʸ˷ǤƤƤˤ3ʬˡҲ𤷤褦 (xi)

Proverbs fall readily into three main categories. Those of the first type take the form of abstract statements expressing general truths, such as Absence makes the heart grow fonder and Nature abhors a vacuum. Proverbs of the second type, which include many of the more colourful examples, use specific observations from everyday experience to make a point which is general; for instance, You can take a horse to water, but you can't make him drink and Don't put all your eggs in one basket. The third type of proverb comprises sayings from particular areas of traditional wisdom and folklore. In this category are found, for example, the health proverbs After dinner rest a while, after supper walk a mile and Feed a cold and starve a fever. These are frequently classical maxims rendered into the vernacular. In addition, there are traditional country proverbs which relate to husbandry, the seasons, and the weather, such as Red sky at night, shepherd's delight; red sky in the morning, shepherd's warning and When the wind is in the east, 'tis neither good for man nor beast.


ʬब̯ʥϤ㤨кε ([2018-05-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Handsome is as handsome does Ȥϡ2Υפ°
ʤƱˤϡ"A proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and pithy manner." (xi) Ǥ롥

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2018-05-31-1]

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2018-05-29 Tue

#3319. Handsome is as handsome does [proverb][flat_adverb][relative_pronoun]

θϡΩɤʹԤοͤסָܤ꿴פۤɤ̣Ƥ롤Ūˤ Handsome is he who does handsomely ۤɤ˲ᤵ롥handsome ϡ̤ˤϸܤɽ魯ƻȤȤ館Ƥ뤬ˤϵƻŪ鵷ŤĤޤ̤Ƥä1ܤ handsome ϳ̤2ܤϿ̤̣ΤȤƲǤ롥ʤ2ܤ does ˤñǤ롥ꥫѸǤ Pretty is as pretty does ȤѰ۷褯ˤ롥
ŤϤФ as ǤϤʤ that ѤƤ that he who ۤɤԻߤδط̾Ǥ롥that ΤˡϡѸǤ̤ˤߤ (cf. MED that (rel. pron.) 3a; Mustanoja 190) as ˤƱˡäɤϳǧǤƤʤʤȤ OED MED ˤϸȤƵ󤲤Ƥʤΰ̣ǤϤޤʤΤ̤ that Ʊͤ˲ᤷƤۤʤ
The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (6th ed.) ꡤθʤȤѰ۷ˤŪƤߤ褦

c 1580 A. MUNDAY View of sundry Examples in J. P. Collier John A Kent (1851) 78 As the ancient adage is, goodly is he that goodly dooth.
1659 N. R. Proverbs 49 He is handsome that handsome doth.
1766 GOLDSMITH Vicar of Wakefield i. They are as heaven made them, handsome enough if they be good enough; for handsome is that handsome does.
1845 Spirit of Times 23 Aug. 297 Handsome is as handsome does.
1873 C. M. YONGE Pillars of House II. xvii. 'Don't you think her much better looking than Alda?' 'If handsome is that handsome does.'
1979 A. WILLIAMSON Funeral March for Siegfried xxiv. 'But he's such a handsome, chivalrous, man.' Handsome is as handsome does, thought York grimly.

ˤ褯̤ꡤ夬֤ trochee ΥꥺबϤ褤

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2018-05-30-1]

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2018-05-28 Mon

#3318. Ѳκˤ뿷Ѱ۷ä [language_change][variation][subjunctive][purism][register][language_change]

ʸˡǤ be ưβˡȤơ1;ñ3;ñ was ʤ were Ѥ롥If I were you . . . as it were ǡǤ롥Τ褦ʷʸŪʸΤǤλѤΥСǤľˡ˰ĥ was Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȸ㤨СI wouldn't do that, if I was you. I wish I was dead! ʤɡˡ
ŪʲʹѤԤǤСΤ褦 was ˡָѡפȴλѼԤüԤȤߤʤ⤷ʤѲȤߤԤϡwas λѤäˤäơ̯ʿ񤤤򤹤벾ˡʲˤƤȤ֤⤷ʤۤˤϡʪήžסֹԤϤή䤨ơפãѤƸѲįͤ⤢ȤơѲκˤʤȤܤ˿Ѱ۷ϡߤ˰ۤʤỤ̄ (connotation) ˥奢󥹤͡ʼҲŪʸŪʲͤӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΰ򡤤⤦ǫ褦A B ȤѲƤˤϡʤ A B Ѥ֤롥ξǤСˡ If I were . . . (= A) If I was . . . (= B) ξѤ֤롥ζѴ֤ˤϤʤĹꡤʤɤζ̤̤뤬̤˱ A B ΤˤϼҲŪʸŪͤѰˤƳƼκۤ뤳Ȥ¿̤ǤϡA ˤμB ˤϿʪȤƤηʶ뤫⤷ʤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϶ܤB ̵ܤɸ뤫⤷ʤޤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϵʷϵޤȤäſ뤪भB Ͽͽ㡹򴭵뤫⤷ʤǽŪ A äB ΤߤǽȤʤäȤޤǤγƶ̤ǤξԤΥ饤ХطϡʻפФв˲ΥɥޤȤʤäƤꡤǤϴλƤΤǤ롥
If I were/was . . . ˤ餺ѲȤϤΤ褦ʤΤѲΤʤǶŪƤüԤˤȤäƤϡξΩϸ߿ʹΥꥢʥɥޤʤΤǤꡤݼ顤׿¾Ω줬ΤޤʤΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-03-1]

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2018-05-27 Sun

#3317. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˤߤ Hengest Horsa [anglo-saxon][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text][jute][history]

449ǯHengest Horsa Ȥ塼ȿͤη郎֥ȥͤ뤿˥󥰥ɤϤꡤθष󥰥ɤƤޤȤ郎äΤϡThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˾ܤʲǤϸűѸؼԸ˲Ԥ줿 Smith (158--59) ꡤϢűѸ[2018-05-31-1]ʸսѤ롥ǯ嵭449ǯ455ǯ457ǯεҤȴ褷ΤǤ롥ѸդƤΤǡűѸɲγؽˤɤ̤δϢ뵭Ҥϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1]) ӡ#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Anno 449. Hēr Martiānus and Valentīnus onfēngon rice, and rīcsodon seofon winter. And on hiera dagum Hengest and Horsa, fram Wyrtgeorne gelaþode, Bretta cyninge, gesōton Bretene on þǣm stede þe is genemned Ypwinesflēot, ǣrest Brettum tō fultume, ac hīe eft on hīe fuhton. Se cyning hēt hīe feohtan ongēan Peohtas; and hīe swā dydon, and sīge hæfdon swā hwǣr swā hīe cōmon. Hīe þā sendon tō Angle, and hēton him sendan māran fultum. Þā sendon hīe him māran fultum. Þā cōmon þā menn of þrim mǣgþum Germānie: of Ealdseaxum, of Englum, of Iotum.

455. Hēr Hengest and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtgeorne þǣm cyninge in þǣre stōwe þe is genemned Æglesþrep; and his brōþor Horsan man ofslōg. And æfter þǣm Hengest fēng tō rīce, and Æsc his sunu.

457. Hēr Hengest and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þǣre stōwe þe is genemned Crecganford, and þǣr ofslōgon fēower þūsend wera. Þā forlēton þā Brettas Centland, and mid micle ege flugon tō Lundenbyrig.


Anno 449. In this year [lit. here] Martianus and Valentinus succeeded to [lit. received] kingship, and ruled seven years. And in their days Hengest and Horsa, invited by Vortigern, king of [the] Britons, came to Britain at the place which is called Ebbsfeet, first as a help to [the] Britons, but they afterwards fought against them. The king commanded them to fight against [the] Picts; and they did so, and had victory wherever they came. Then they sent to Angeln, and told them to send more help. They then sent to them more help. Then the men came from three tribes in Germany: from [the] Old Saxons, from [the] Angles, from [the] Jutes.

455. In this year Hengest and Horsa fought against Vortigern the king in the place which is called Aylesford; and his brother Horsa was slain [lit. one slew his brother Horsa]. And after that Hengest and Æsc his son succeeded to kingship [lit. Hengest succeeded to kingship, and Æsc his son].

457. In this year Hengest and Æsc fought against [the] Britons in the place which is called Crayford, and there slew four thousand men [lit. of men]. The Britons then abandoned Kent, and with great fear fled to London.


Hengest Horsa Υ֥ƥ翯ˤĤƤϡanglo-saxon εΤۤȤ櫓ʲ򻲾ȡ

#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])
#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])
#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])
#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1])
#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])
#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1])
#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1])
#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ ([2017-10-16-1])
#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-06-1]

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2018-05-26 Sat

#3316. ѲװŪ˼ҲŪǤ [sound_change][phonetics][sociolinguistics][drift][gvs][language_change]

Prins (267--68) αѸ첻˳κǸˡѲˤĤƤͤĤƤ롥äȤȤ٤ΤʤΤ¤ˤ줿ƤʸϤ첻 (gvs) ƤꡤβѲȤʤäƤ롥Ū¤Ūװˤ벻Ѳ⤢뤳ȤǧĤġŪװϼҲŪʤΤǤȳˤƤ롥ͤΰǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓̣ɤͤΤʬȴФ

Though it may be difficult to account for a given change, it is possible to account for the possibility of change as such. Language is a social phenomenon and apart from the psychological causes operative in linguistic phenomena, it is obvious that social causes must have been largely responsible for or instrumental in sound-changes like the Great Vowel Shift in English, to which I shall confine my attention. The fundamental condition which makes sound-changes of this kind possible is the fact that phonemes are not always realized in the same manner by all people and in all circumstances, but that there are generally several allophones. If the phoneme had the unalterable rigidity of the signals, say, of the Morse code, evolution in language would be impossible. Since this is not the case and a certain latitude in the phonetic realization of phonemes is found, a certain allophone in a certain number of words may become the normal phonetic realization, which may then spread to other words and subsequently to all words containing that phoneme. Hence after a lapse of time the phoneme /i:/ may come to be realized as [əɪ] and later as [aɪ] and this may even --- though not necessarily --- affect the organically related back-vowel /u:/, which will then be realized as [əʊ], subsequently [ɑʊ]. Similarly the phoneme /e:/ may come to be realized as [i:], and the corresponding back-vowel /o:/ may --- but need not necessarily --- come to be realized as [u:].
This drift, then, to diphthongization of the high vowels can also be observed in Present Day English, though there is no evidence of the tendency to raise the mid-vowels /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ in PDE. Why the drift or tendency takes that particular direction is difficult to say, but that the change is socially conditioned is obvious. Such a tendency is often held in check or prevented by a strong formal tradition as observed in schools or universities or influential educated sections of the population, but when such traditions are weakened owing to social upheavals like domestic wars or internal migration or the mixing of population groups or the rise into power of other classes, such tendencies may spread and what was at one time a vulgar, regional or dialectal pronunciation may become the standard. This would also account for the fact that though linguistic change is a continuous process, there are periods when it is definitely accelerated. These will be found to coalesce with periods of social change, when standards of pronunciation break down. The result is a so-called independent sound-change. These few remarks must suffice here. A full discussion of the problem would require a book in itself.


203ȾȤŪᤤʳǡҲŪʴ鲻ѲȤ館ƤȤ˶äҲŪѤȼ춦ƱΤɤθήˤꡤͭϤʲηϡˤƬƤȤʥߥåªϡǤˤȤɤޤ餺˲Ǥ餢롥

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2018-05-25 Fri

#3315. ֥ϥ󡦥ɸ [linguistic_imperialism][india]

ѸȽФŵŪʺȽȤơΤ褦ʤΤ롥ꥹʤɤν񤬡̱ϤθȤƱѸ򲡤ĤȤΤǤϤʤष̱¦ΤĹ⤤Ѥʸ뤿ˡѶŪ˱Ѹ褦Ȥ򤹤٤Ǥ롤ȡ1820ǯΥɤǡѸΰ֤Ť˴ؤ褬äƤȤΤʸ黿ƤޤʤɿͤξĤäαƶϤΤ뽸ĤΤʤˡ٥󥬥пȤΥϥ󡦥 (Ram Mohan Roy; 1772--1833) ˤäƽ񤫤줿1823ǯ1211μϡѸȽؤκȽκȤ졤ФаѤƤʿ (142) ˤ򼨤

Ρʥ륫åΡ˳عƤС󥰥ܤʻĤǡǯɿ̱ζ˹׸Ǥ礦λϡ衼åѤκǽȶܤĥȥޥۤäơɤθ̱ˡءʪءءŷʸء¾ͭפʽʳؤ򶵤뤿˰տޤ줿Τȿ˴ԤޤʳؤĤ餳衼åѤο͡¾ο͡ⴰʤޤǤͥ줿̱ȤʤäΤǤġĤϡܤΤ򶵰餹ϥ󥹥åȸعΩơޤ䥤ɤˤήۤƤ뤳μ򶵤ƤΤȹͤޤ


󥹥åȸعȤ뤬ͥŪ˶Τ˻Ѥ٤ϱѸȥϥ󡦥ϼĥƤΤǤ롥顤¦ѶŪ˱Ѹμɽ٤ϡ֥ϥ󡦥ɸפȸƤФ褦ˤʤä
200ǯۤΥɤǤΰͳ褹֥ϥ󡦥ɸפϡ21θߡǤƤդ줿ɸȤʤäƤ褦˻פ롥ܤ㳰ǤϤʤɤܤˤ¿Υϥ󡦥ɸä͡ơܤαѸ춵ѸѤη礭ʱƶϤäƤΤǤ롥

ʿ رѸ񡡡θ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ

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2018-05-24 Thu

#3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױư [japanese][terminology][medium][writing][emode][latin][style][genbunicchi]

դϡΤδ礭äաפȡֽ񤭸աפʬ롥񤭸դϤˡեޥƥδָΡפȡʸΡפʬ롥¼ (5) 򻲾Ȥƿ޼ȼ̤ꡥ

          ä
ա                    
          񤭸ա
                                ʸ

ˤͻˤϡФиԤζʬˤĤưռŪ򤷤ƤȤοǤ롥ߤܸǤС񤭸դȤС̾ϸΤΤȤؤεʸϤ⤦ʹǤⶵʽǤ⾮Ǥ⡤ŪɤǤΤΤۤȤɤäդȤˤΤǤ롥ޤǤϴʸŵܸ˴ŤʸΤ̤äʸױưϡʸΤΤؤΰܹԤưä櫓
ѸˤˤƤ⡤ΤʸΤζ̤ռƤΤ褤ˤơ󥰥ɤˤ礿񤭸դȤХƥʤӥե󥹸ˤäŪˤäդDZѸȤäƤʤ顤ɮݤˤϤ˴ŤΤǤϤʤǤƥѤƤΤǤ롥ѸˤˤʸΤȤϡʤƥΤȤǤ롥
ѸˤʸΤΰ㤤ϡܸǤϸŵܸ˴ŤΤǤꡤѸǤϳ˴ŤΤǤȤŪѤƤäդЪΥǤϰפƤ롥ˤƤΥ󥰥ɤǤϡ񤭸դƥ줫ѸؤڤؤäưϤθʸױưɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤ̩ɽܻؤֻ (spelling_reform) ʸױưΰȤߤʤȤǤ뤬Ǥϸŵ줿ƥ줬¯줿Ѹ˥ʥߥå֤äƤʤ񤭸դ vernacularisation ؤơָʸױưפȸƤǤ
αѸˤˤָʸױưפˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])#2611. 17˽񤭸դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-30-1] [2018-08-29-1]

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2018-05-23 Wed

#3313. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƺƹ [speed_of_change][prescriptivism][causation][sociolinguistics][japanese][link][monitoring]

ε#3312. ˤؤɽء ([2018-05-22-1]) ǡΡִءפǤȤơʸˡøä󤲤Ѳ®٤ͻݤˡͻоݤؤˤѲ˸ꤹʤС̤˻夬ۤ®٤ߤʤȤȤϤ뤫⤷ʤܸˤλ𤫤ާơ¼ (14--15) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

̤˶岽οʤҲǤϡ̤ʳŪװʤ¤ꡤѲϡ䤽˶ᤤˤߤɮԤϹͤƤ롥ʤǤϽ񤭸դΡʸΡڤʤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
Ǥ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡäդäִ֤˾äƤޤդȤɤʤʤäդμҲǤϡؤʤɤΰ֤Ǥʤ¤ꡤθդĤʤդ򿶤֤뤳ȤԲǽʤΤǤ롥Фơ񤭸դĹˤ錄äƻ¸롥򿿻³뤳ȤˤäƼʸΤΤΤǤäƤ֤ⷫɮԤʤСäդѲ򤪤ȤɤϤȤƯܼҲǤ⡤϶϶ɤ߽ǽϤڤƤ˰㤤ʤǡ˶ᤤҲδؤˤѲ˳ΤǤ롥٤ʸѲϤ˶ᤤˤƤ⤿Ƥ뤷ޤϤդĤ񤭤Ȥɤʤ顤ϰϰ礭ѰۤȤȤ⡤礤ˤꤦ롥


夬ˤĤơؤˤѲ˳ʤȤϡ֤2ʳ餤ΥåȤ狼䤹Ĥޤꡤ̤˻夬ˤĤƼΨ夬롤Ψ夬ˤĤƸεϰռġεϰռĤˤĤäդѲ롤ȤȤȤʸѤǤ⼨ƤȤꡤɸѼˤĤƤǤ롥ɸѼˤƱΩĤΤϤ狼ʤͻоݤؤǤʤɽؤޤǹȤɤʤΤ⸡ƤƤߤɬפ롥
Ѳ® (speed_of_change) 䵬ϼ (prescriptivism) Ѳ٤餻ȤˤĤƤϡʲޤ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡȤmonitoring γƵ⻲ȡ

#386. Ѹ˵äƤѲ礭 ([2010-05-18-1])
#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1])
#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪ ([2011-01-09-1])
#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])
#795. 󥿡ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ® ([2011-07-01-1])
#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1])
#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])
#2641. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2016-07-20-1])
#2670. 񤭸դݼˤĤơ ([2016-08-18-1])
#2756. ɤ߽ǽϤϸѲ®٤ˤ뤫 ([2016-11-12-1])
#3002. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (3) ([2017-07-16-1])

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

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2018-05-22 Tue

#3312. ˤؤɽ [linguistics][language_acquisition][media][writing][borrowing][terminology]

ɸʸˡȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ礭2Ĥؤʬȡ줾ִءסɽءפ̾դȤۤɤΤΤؾ塤2ʬȵڸ̤礭¼ (12) Ǥ롥

ǹͤƤäƤ褤ˤΤޤޤǤϡͤθδؤɽؤ˿ʬ롥ʸˡ䲻Ūʸäϡؤ°롥ʸŪʡʡֹʡס˸á󤷡ɽˡʹΥȥåˡʸΤʤɤϡɽؤ°롥λȤϡؤ°ʬҶ̵ռŪ˽Ƥޤɽؤ°ʬϡȳؽˤäƽ˿ȤˤĤ롥ϤȤʤСʤϤɬפǤ롥


ؤɽؤζ̤콬ˤʳϢưƤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤޤζ̤ϡäդȽ񤭸դζ̡뤤Ͻ񤭸դΤʤǤθΤʸΤζ̤ȤϢư뤳Ȥ³¼ʸϤǿƤ (12)

񤭸ոΤϡʸá󤷡ɽˡʸΤʤɤɽʬǤϡɬäդˤϽäƤʤؤ°ʸˡ䲻øäʤɤ̤ǡäդΤ˽äƤ롥ʸΡסʸŵȤˤʸΡˤϡʸˡøäʤɤ̤ǡŵΤ˽äƤΤǤ롥


ؤɽؤζ̤Ϥޤ¾줫μѤФƳƤ٤ˤطؤ¾줫δĤŪˤɽؤǤϼ䤹ȤȤϤꤽˤĤƤϡ#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1]) ε䡤#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-29-1] [2018-05-23-1]

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2018-05-21 Mon

#3311. 񤭸դ3ħȤͳ [media][writing]

äդȽ񤭸դΩˤĤơ#3274. äդȽ񤭸 (5) ([2018-04-14-1]) ˷Ǥε͡˼夲Ƥ񤭸դħȡħʤΤˤĤơƹͤƤߤ
¼ (8) ˤСäդӤ񤭸դħȤơʲ3Ȥ

(1) Ƥ졤ʸΤ롥
(2) ʤˤʤ롥ѥ֥åʾɽǤ롥
(3) Сʹɽ롥


(1) ˤϡιθޤäɽäñĴ򤱤빩פʤɤޤޤ롥(2) ϡոեޥˤʤȤȤǤ롥(3) ϡ̿ᡦꡦ䤤ݤʤɤȤȤǤ롥٤ǤϤ뤬Τ˽񤭸դܼŪħȤäƤ褤
Ǥϡʤħźν񤭸դˤƶ̤ƸΤʤ餬񤭸դܼŪħʤΤ¼ (10) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥

ޤäդǤʹꡤθ䶦̤λʤɡդȯ˶ͭƤμαԤǤ롥ˤ⤿줫Сä (1) ɬ礤˸롥񤭸դϡäդȰۤʤäʸ夹롥ο͡ܤˤ餵ǽ롥ᤫ͡ռɽ⤢롥äդǤäƤ⡤ο͡äȤʤȲޤ꤬롥͡ܤˤ餵뤳ȤؤΰռϡפǤ롥ʸؤȤȤκǤڤϡ줬񤭼꼫Ȥܤˤ餵Ȥˤ롥
ιѤϤΤơפȤդ롥äդȤΤϤäȤҤɤϡ뤽ФäƤޤǤ롥иοήǤ롥񤭸դǤϤϤʤʸϤ񤤤ƤߤȤ狼뤳Ȥ褽褽оݲ줿줬ˤȤˤʤ롥ϡפԤ䤹⤹뤬ƱʤȤФΤǤ롥


񤭸դɬŪ˽񤭼꼫Ȥܤ˿뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ椨˽񤭼ΤʤΤȤϡ˱ԤƶǤ롥ͤ˸ĥ⡤ɬʬܤäƤޤݴΤۤȤȤ#1065. 軰ŪʵΤȤƤβħ ([2012-03-27-1]) εǡ軰ŪʵΡפȤȤ館ͤƤߤС񤭸դϽ񤫤ƤޤФˤäȤȤɤޤΤ顤;פ軰ŪʵΤǤȹͤ롥񤭸մѤ줿롥

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

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2018-05-20 Sun

#3310. ʪǴȸǴ [language_death][world_languages][hel_education]

319˥˥ǥΥκǸĤ֥פȤ˥塼ɤ1960ǯˤϥ2300Ƭ©ƤѤ̩ĤԤʤ졤2000ǯˤθΤǤƤߡĤ2Ƭϥ᥹ΤߤʤΤ˿ǤμǤꤷ
ݼݸϢ (IUCN) δˤС2017ǯ9ɽΥåɥꥹȤζʬȼοϰʲ̤517 KoDoMo ʹˡ֤ǼʬǴפǤꡤ25062郎ζʬ°롥

ʬο
859
68
ǴIA5403
ǴIB8152
ǴII11507
Ǵ5691
¾3ʬ56287
87967


򺣡ʪǴˤĤƤϡΡ֥פΤ褦ˤФйŪȤʤ뤬Ǵָλ (language_death) ˤĤƤϥ˥塼ʤɤ礭夲뵡ϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ƱǡʴˤǤʤ顤ǧ٤κϲͳ褹Τλ͡ʳ٤ǽǤꡤҲؤΥǥåιơޤȤʤ롥ѤäȻפĤȤǤϡΤ褦ʵ䤬󤲤롥

⤽λȤϲ
ʤλϵΤ
λ¾
ޤǤɤθ줬Τ
ߡǤɤθ줬ǤΤ
줬ޤȤȤϤΤ
ɤ餻뤳ȤϤǤΤ
λθͰŪ˵ߤȤϤǤΤϤɤΤ褦ˤ
λͫ٤ȤʤʤΤ뤤ϤǤϤʤΤ
λȹ碌ơλˤĤƤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤ٤
ʪȸǤǤϡƱǡۤʤ뤫
ǤѸϡλȤɤؤäƤ뤫
ĤѸܸˤʤΤ

¿ˤĤơ#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1])#276. ˤǴδ٥ ([2010-01-28-1])#277. ʤξǤ򵤤ˤΤ ([2010-01-29-1])#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵ȡ ([2010-02-01-1])#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1]) Ϥ language_death γƵǹͤƤȤʤɤDzƵƤߤȹͤƤ롥

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2018-05-19 Sat

#3309. ʤ input *imput ֤ʤΤ [spelling][pronunciation][prefix][assimilation][morpheme][consonant][sobokunagimon]

Ƭ in- ϡ§ȤƸ³ΤɤΤ褦ʲǻϤޤ뤫ˤäơǥեȤ in- Ǥʤ, im b, m, p , il- l , ir- r , i- g ˤʤɤΰ۷֤Ȥ롥̣ȤƤϡƬ in- ˤϡפȡˡפ2Ĥ̤뤬۷֤ˤĤƤξȤƱͤ˿񤦡줾󤲤Сinactive, inconclusive, inspirit; imbalance, immature, immoral, imperil, implode, impossible; illegal, illicit, illogical; irreducible, irregular, irruptive; ignoble, ignominy, ignorant ʤɤǤ롥
in- λҲ³벻ˤäĴĴͼ㴳Ѱۤ븽ݤϡҲƱ (assimilation) Ȥ뤬ҲƱȤΤϡۤȤɤξ硤ѸΥƥʤե󥹸ˤˤƤǤꡤѸäƤݤˤϡǤˤΤ褦ʰ۷֤ȤäƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥षѸ¦Ω줫ϡμѸ夫ʬϤơƬ in- ڤФȤߤΤǤ롥ä󤽤Τ褦ʬϤʤ夹ȡʹ in- ϤѸͭƬǤ뤫Τ褦˿񤤽Ф۷֤μ⥪ꥸʥΥƥʤɤƱͤ˵§ŪʤΤȤȤ館褦ˤʤä
ƥͳΡפȡˡפ̣Ƭ in- Ͼ嵭Τ褦˿񤦤դ٤ϱѸˤˡפ̣Ʊ֤ in ¸ߤ뤳Ȥֻ졦ȤƤαѸ in ƬȤѤˤϡ嵭ΥƥƬ in- Τ褦˰۷֤Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤĤޤꡤin- ѲǤ롥ɸñ input in- ϡȿи output out- ٤ʬȤꡤޤƬ in- Ǥ롥äơ*imput ȤϤʤʤʤʤߤ˥ƥ out- бΤ ex- Ǥˡδ in-between, in-place, inmate ʤɤƱͤǤ롥
ȯϼºݤΤȤҲƱ򵯤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿input ֤ƤƤ⡤/ˈɪnpʊt/ ˲ä /ˈɪmpʊt/ ԤʤƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-08-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2018-05-18 Fri

#3308. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ȤɽˤĤ [pde_characteristic][loan_word][terminology]

Baugh and Cable ηǤ븽Ѹħ1ܤɸ Cosmopolitan VocabularyʤäǤ롥Ԥϡ "an undoubted asset" Ȥơʤְ㤤ʤѸζߤǤǤȤƹŪɾƤ롥ϡ#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1])#390. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset (2) ([2010-05-22-1])#2359. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (3) ([2015-10-12-1]) Ƥ褦ˡθ˲ŪǤ롥ʤȤ "undoubted" ȶĴۤɤ "asset" ɤϡϤʤϤ路ȹͤƤ롥ǵ򷫤֤ȤϤʤ1ĵŤȤäΤǿƤ⤽ Baugh and Cable cosmopolitan ȤɽѤƤ뤳ȼΤθѸħŪ˸Ƥ뤳ȤξڤȤǤ롥
cosmopolitan ϡŪʡŪʡݷиǡԲŪʡ줿ʤʡפۤɤθȤŪʴްդͭƻǤ롥Ĥޤꡤcosmopolitan vocabulary Ȥħ򤳤θǼ夲ǡBaugh and Cable ϸѸ줬줿ä줿Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨺ƤΤǤ롥ؽѤμŵ򤤤ĤäƤߤȡOALD8 ǤϼΤ褦ˤä

1 containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by their culture
2 having or showing a wide experience of people and things from many different countries


ǤϡΤʤǹŪʴްդäƤʤ2ˤ wide ϥץ饹᡼Ǥ롥LDOCE5 Ǥϡ1ˤĤƤǤϤ뤬"use this to show approval" ȹŪʥȤդƤ롥

1. a cosmopolitan place has people from many different parts of the world --- use this to show approval
2. a cosmopolitan person, belief, opinion etc shows a wide experience of different people and places


COBUILD Thesaurus Ǥϡcosmopolitan Ȥ "sophisticated, broad-minded, catholic, open-minded, universal, urbane, well-travelled, worldly-wise" 󤲤Ƥ롥ץ饹ɾȤäƤ
ħɬ asset ȤϤߤʤʤȤΩ줫餹ȡ⤽ "cosmopolitan vocabulary" ȸƤ֤ȼΤŬڤΤ褦˻פƤΩŪʸ򤹤ȡ"vocabulary of various (linguistic) origins" դΤˤ⤷ⲿȤʤ͡ߥ󥰤ɤ⡥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-10-26-1]

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2018-05-17 Thu

#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬ [terminology][grammar][etymology][sobokunagimon][loan_translation][participle]

ʬ (present participle) Ȳʬ (past participle) ϡѸư줬֤Τ2Ϳ줿̾Ǥ롥ʬ participle Ȥ͡ߥ󥰤ϲʤΤʬפƤȤΤ part ȤΤϡʸˡѸäƤߤ
θľܤˤϥե󥹸줫μѸǤꡤѸǤ a1398 Trevisa ˤơƥ participii ʼñ participiumˤбե󥹸첽 participles ȤƽФƤ롥ǽ餫ʸˡѸȤѤƤ롥
Ǥϡƥ participium ȤϤɤΤ褦ʸ츻ʤΤñ pars "part" + capere "to take" Ȥ2Ĥθ캬鹽ƤꡤʬפǤ롥ư participate ƱǤꡤֻäפΰ̣ϡʬסʬ礦ס֤νĤ˲ääƤפȤȯۤȯŸpartake take partparticipate ΤʤǤ롥ˤСƥ participium Τ⡤ƱΥꥷ metokhḗ ΤʤäΤǤ롥
ơʸˡѸˤơʬסʬ礦סֻäפȤϲΤȤؤΤȤСưȷƻεǽʬ礦פȤȤ餷1ĤñǤʤ顤­ưˡ­ƻͤùǤ뤳Ȥ participle ʬפɽ櫓ʤߤǤѵparticiple ˤϡİʾΰۤʤä碌Ŀ͡ưʪΡϡפȤ⤢ä2ĤʻƱ˻ä2Ĥ碌ĸ졤줬ʬפäΤǤ롥
ʤ嵭ϡűѸǥƥʸˡ路 Ælfric ˤǤ˸Ƥ롥OED participle, n. and adj. ˺ܤƤѤƷǤ褦ʤƥξˤ̾ȷƻƱʤΤǡÆlfric βǤϡ碌ĤΤư̾ȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥա

OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 9 [sic]PARTICIPIVM ys dæl nimend. He nymð anne dæl of naman and oðerne of worde. Of naman he nymð CASVS, þæt is, declinunge, and of worde he nymð tide and getacnunge. Of him bam he nymð getel and hiw. Amans lufiende cymð of ðam worde amo ic lufige.


¾ʸˡѸˤĤƤϡ#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2018-05-16 Wed

#3306. we two, you three ʤɤνͭ [genitive][inflection][numeral][syntax][personal_pronoun]

;̾˿줬³ we two ֻ䤿2͡סyou three֤ʤ3͡פʤɤ̾礬뤬̾ͭʤȤˤϤɤʤΤJespersen (17.15) 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦
ޤѸǤϡ;̾ͭʤ˶ޤ̵ޤΤޤޤȤ㤬롥㤨СShakespeare Ǥ your three motiues, your two helpes, their two estates, our two histories ʤɤߤ롥ξˤϡϰ̣Ū˸̾ˤäƤȤǤ
ˡ줬ͭʥޡȼäƸ⤢롥㤨С Bullokar ʤɤˡour twooz chanc' Ȥɽߤ롥
ơ󱪸ˡѤ of us two, of you three ȤˡϾ˻ĤƤ롥
ǤϤʤall, both ʤɤѤ we all you both Τ褦ɽξˤ⡤ŪˤϾ嵭3郎ǽäθϡ;̾θǤϤʤ֤ all our . . . both your . . . ʤɤѤΤξȤϰۤʤǤ롥ޤall ˤĤƤϡűѸθǤŪ٤ޤ aller alder ʤɤ°ʷ¸ƤᡤѸ Chaucer Ǥ hir aller cappe, our alder dede ʤɤɽǽäȤյƤ
ѸǤϡŪƨ롤뤤Ϥ¾ɽפƲ򤹤ʤɤǤ⥹ޡȤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2018-05-15 Tue

#3305. ʤ can cannot 1֤Τ [sobokunagimon][negative][spelling][auxiliary_verb][clitic][punctuation][pronunciation]

ɸε䤬󤻤줿ºݤˤϡư can ȤƤɸ cannot Τۤcan't can not 3ब롥̤ˤ1Ǥ뤫Τ褦֤ can't cannot Ū¿ʬ񤭤줿 can not ⤢ˤϤ롥ԤѤΤϡŪʸϤ뤤϶ĴоȡտޤƤΤߤǤ롥
ޤ Fowler's 򻲾Ȥcan't cannot ˤĤƸѸǤλ¤ǧƤcan't ȯϡꥹѸ /kɑːnt/, ꥫѸ /kænt/ Ȥʤ뤬ä˻ҲǤϤФи t ơ/kɑːn/, /kæn/ Τ褦ˤʤ롥 can ȤϰۤʤꡤǤϼ¸ߤʤcannot ϱƲǤ줾 /ˈkæn ɒt/, /ˈkæn ɑːt/ Ȥʤ뤬ºݤˤ can't Ȥȯ⤢롥
can't cannot λȤʬäˤʤ줫Ѥ뤫ϸĿͤνˤȤ礭Ȥ롥§Ȥ cannot Ȥ륱Ȥơ?ʤפ̣ cannot but do cannot help doing ιʸ롥դˡǡϤƤϤߤ?뤳ȤǤʤ褦פ̣ can't seem to do ǤϡäѤ can't Ѥ롥
Ūˤ cannot ΤۤŤѸ줫㤬OED Ǥ a1425 Сˡcan't ѸǻȤƤǽϻĤ뤬ޤȤ˽иƤΤ17Τ褦can't Shakespeare ǤȤƤʤ
ơɸεºݤΤȤ褯ʬʤΤ1Ĺͤ줽ʤȤҤ٤Ƥcan't ϻҲ t 뷹ȾҤȤ櫓³ t, d, n Τ褦ʻԲξˤϡηȿ¬롥ȡƱȤʤäƤޤȤˤ̤ޤѲǽ⤷ʤ򾷤䤹Ǥϡcannot 2ȯϡʤȤ2ܤ첻¸ߤǤ뤳ȤݾڤƤ뤿ˡͭǤ롥ޤ can not ȤϷŪˤⵡǽŪˤ̤٤άˤϰ㤤ʤᡤֻάˤդ路1Ǥ뤫Τ褦˽񤫤롤ȤȤǤϤʤ¾νưβ֤ȤˤӤƤߤɬפꤽ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2018-05-14 Mon

#3304. ϼ18Ĺطʡ2 [language_myth][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics][johnson][latin]

18Υꥹ˵ϼĹطʤˤĤơ#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1]) ϤȤ prescriptive_grammar εǼ夲Ƥ Aitchison ϡ2ĤζϤʼҲŪװطʤˤꡤϼνŪʶˤޤǻ夲줿ΤȹͤƤ롥2ĤȤϡ"The first was a long-standing admiration for Latin, and the second was powerful class snobbery" (10) Ǥ롥
ޤƥؤƴݤˤĤơΤˤƥƥΰҿ֤⤫äΤϡˤƥꥹȶθǤäȡƶΥͥ󥹰ʹߤ˳θȤʤäȤˤ롥Ǥ˥ƥïǤʤäˤ⤫餺Τ褦񤯤ȤۤȤ졤ƥ춵餬˹ԤʤƤBen Jonson 򤷤 "queen of tongues" ȸ路᤿ۤɤǤꡤºݡ¯ʸˡҤݤˤϡ˥ƥʸˡǥȤ줿
ΥƥΰŪʰҿ椨ˡ¯Ф3Ĥ٤뤳Ȥˤʤä1Ĥϡˤϸꤵ줿ˡΤȤͤǤ롥⤦1Ĥˤϡƥ줬񤭸դäˡäդФ񤭸դͥۤȤǸˡƥ줬˭٤ʶޤ򼨤Ǥ뤿ˡޤ˼äѸΤ褦ʸǤȤäޤ줿
ϼ18Ĺ2ܤװϡήҤǤ롥Samuel Johnson ŵǤ롥Johnson Dictionary ԻݤˡήɤԤ񤭸դѤˡˤǺѤդ˲ؤο͡äդˤĤƤϤ
Τ褦ʻطʤΤʤȯŸϼȵʸˡϡθ192021ˤѤ졤ޤʤߤǤ롥ĤοäĹȤäƤ褤

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2018-05-13 Sun

#3303. 󥰥ɽפιȤ򤯤̤륺 [reformation][celtic][linguistic_imperialism][emode][welsh][wales][history][bible][book_of_common_prayer]

#3100. 󥰥ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) ǡ16Υ󥰥ɽפˤꡤɡ륺󥦥ǤϱѸθҤϹޤäȽϰ̤ȽҤ٤륺˴ؤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȵ񤬥륺줿ᡤ륺줬ݻ̤ȤʤäȤҤ٤륺ˤĤƤϡפαƶˤϰ̤ʤ줿Τݻ줿ΤɤʤΤʣʥ륺ξˤĤơʿ (27) ˲⤷Ƥ롥

طǤϡɥܤϰϻǯˡ񤪤ӵ򥦥륺ˡΧפ̲ᤵơȵ򥦥륺ϡ줫鸫ȽϤηȤʤäʤǤϡ륺ݻ˹׸Ⱦ̤ǡ륺ϽθȸʤơФ뤳ȤˤʤäϽʤȤơ¼ξͤ˻¸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ĤޤꡤϻΥ륺ˤơ륺ȵˤꡤ륺ͤ򥤥󥰥ɹ񶵲ˤȤɤƤֹ񶵲ءפѸ򹭤ֱѸءפͥ褷ƤΤǤ롥η̡Ǥϥ륺줬Ѥ졤θ¸³Ĺ줿䵧󥰥ɹ񶵲ȤƤⶵϸⶵǤһդɸݻ뤳ȤˤäơʤȤˡްĤäϸΰҿݤ줿ϥ󥰥¦ϡŪ֡פȸƤФ롥륺λ¸ϤΡŪ֡פ˰ͤäƤפˡפϡ륺򥦥륺ͤͿλ֡륺Ͻΰǰݻ줿


Ĥޤꡤפ̤ơ륺ɤФ줿ΤΡǤ̮̿ݤäȤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤפʬƹͤ뤳Ȥǡ츫̷⤷פΥ륺ؤαƶꥢǤ褦ˤʤä
420ˡ륺ˤ륦륺ϰ̤Ϥᤶޤ褷ƤȤˤʤ뤬֤äƤߤС16˾嵭ηаޤǥ륺βФ䤵˺ѤʤΤ󥰥¦ˤȤäơŪ֡פȤߤ̣狼롥

ʿ رѸ񡡡θ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-26-1]

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2018-05-12 Sat

#3302.ֱѸפΤɤä3ʳΡ [history][linguistic_imperialism][periodisation][anglo-saxon]

5ȾФ˥󥰥֥ͤƥ轻θ˷ƤȤڤϡ󥰥ɤ˻Ϥޤꡤ֥ƥ硤֥ƥؤȳĥǽŪˤơֳʿΡեꥫʤ˳Ȥäγĥήϡ礭3Ĥʳʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥󥰥ͤ轻ηаޤüŪˤޤȤ᤿ʿ (10--11) ʸϤѤ롥

ˤơ󥰥ɤϡ֥ƥٿͤǤ륹åȥɡ륺ۤάۤ󥰥ɤۤΥ֥ƥϡ֥󥰥פȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥ѸĹ֤򤫤ơΥ󥰥ڤ
ˤʤꡤȤˡ󥰥ɤȥåȥɤϢ礷켷ǯΡ֥졼ȡ֥ƥΩʹߤ˳˳̱Ϥޤ֥֥ƥפޤϡפȸƤ֥֡ƥϡƤȥֳڤ򹭤ꥫΩȥɤ濴ˤڤۤˤƤϡѸϥ֥ƥۤƤΥ֥ƥˤ⹭äƤä
塤Ȥ˰ʸ塤֥ƥϡָפȶ̤פˤۤ򹭤פȤϡָפˡΧʤΤФơкŪʸŪ˻ۤ줿¾ؤˤ֥ƥΡפϥƥ󥢥ꥫ졤ʤɤޤࡥѸϡָפĶƤΡפȸƤФϰˤ⹭äܤ⤳ΡפΰĤȤ뤳ȤꡤܽϺǸܤˤɤĤ


ȤȤˡ֥󥰥סָ֥ƥס֥ƥפ̾ѤƤΤΡ줹붦̹ǤֱѸפ򤯤ơ٤Ƥפ̾դСֱѸפȤʤ롤ȤΤԤμĥǤ롥ѸˤȴϢŤꥹˤ˴ѤȤ
֥󥰥סָ֥ƥס֥ƥפΤ줾ϡ˴ˤǤϤ뤬 Kachru Τ Inner Circle, Outer Circle, Expanding Circle бȹͤʡ#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]ˤ򻲾ȡˡ
Ϣơ#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1]) ⡤褦ȯۤ˴ŤѸ˴ѤȤƻȤ줿

ʿ رѸ񡡡θ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1]

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2018-05-11 Fri

#3301. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (4) [sobokunagimon][genitive][plural][consonant][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][inflection][paradigm][clitic]

3֤ˤ錄ɸȯŸƤ ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1], [2018-05-10-1]) 4ơʺǽˤȤơˤ⤦Ҥͤä
wolves ʤӴŪ wivesˤطʤˤϡűѸѲ̾ζޥѥˤơʣʡʡгʡ˷Ȥ -as ղäȤ𤬤äˤűѸ wulf wulfas Ȥʤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤿ͭΤƤwīf ˤĤƤ⡤ѲȤ̤Υ롼פ°Ƥꡤˤ wives ؤȯãʤ wulf/wulfas פ˱ƶ졤 (analogy) ˤ wives ؤȵ夷СʤǼ
Τ褦ˡ-ves ʣˤĤƤϤΤŪǽϻѤñ°ʷܤƤߤǽŪˤϸѸνͭʤ -'s ϢʤޤǤ롥ʲñ°ʷĴʤ顤űѸ wulf wīf ζɽ򤢤餿ƷǤ褦

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wulfwulfas
гwulfwulfas
°wulfeswulfa
Ϳwulfewulfum
Ѳ̾ñʣ
wīfwīf
гwīfwīf
°wīfeswīfa
Ϳwīfewīfum


ξޥѥϡʣʡгʤǤۤʤȤäƤñ°ʤǤ϶̤ -es ȤäƤ롥ơñ° -es ղäȡ촴 f ξɤͭ˶ޤ뤿ᡤȯ /v/ ȤʤäϤȤʤСѸǤñͭʤϡ줾 *wolve's, *wive's ȤʤäƤƤ褫äϤǤϤʤȤºݤˤ wolf's, wife's ʤΤǤ롥ʣñ°ʷϡűѸ衤ۤƱŪΤȤȯŸƤϤȹͤˤ⤫餺ʤ̤Ȥ wolves Ф wolf'swives Ф wife's Ȥ̤ƤޤäΤʤʤѸǤϽͭʷ ' (apostrophe) դ϶ˤʤäƤδǤꡤܾβѤˤʤΤǡεˤϤޤäͿʤȹͤƤ褤ʡ#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
1Ĥˤϡ°ɸʣɸ٤ƴΤȤδط¤ȤʤäƤäȤ롥Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ°ɸ -es ϶޸Ȥܸ (clitic) ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäƤcf. #1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])ˡС-es ϷŪñ̤ȤŪñ̤ȤʤꡤΤڤΥƤȤ館褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥ˤꡤҲ̵ͭؤưŤ夯ʤäƤäΤ°ɽˤƴҲϸꤵ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤѸ줫Ѹˤơޤ -ves η֤ⴰ˼ƤϤ餺Фˤ̵Ѱ۷ȤȤ¸ƤJespersen (16.51, pp. 264--65) ˤСChaucer Ϥ Shakespeare ˻äƤ wiues ʤɤ§Ūä18ޤ¸³Τcalues Shakespeare ̤ˤߤ줿äʣ1Ǥ°ʤѤƤˤ -ves ŪĤ䤹wive's-jointure, staves-end, knives-point, calves-head ʤɤ϶ǤѤ줿
ȤƸѸޤǤϻĤʤä°ʤ -ves ϡɸǤϤĤƤޤäΤǤ롥ޤʣ wolves ʤɾθΤߤűѸβ§ǸĤȤƻƤ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2018-05-10 Thu

#3300. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (3) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][inflection]

2֤ε ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1]) ǡɸѤʵˡѸˤαäƤ3ơ
űѸ wulf (nom.acc.sg.)/wulfas (nom.acc.pl) 򸶷Ȥ wolf (sg.)/wolves (pl.) ȤñʣڥΥǥ뤬 (analogy) ˤäơŪˤ wulf Ȱۤʤޥ饹°롤 -f ¾̾ˤȤäȤ򸫤leaf/leaves life/lives Ϥˤ롥
Ѹθ¤įȡ -f ̾Τ٤Ƥʣˤ -ves 򼨤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨Сroof/roofs, belief/beliefs ʤɤפ⤫֤ϴˡֵ§ŪפʣäƤ롥Ȥ櫓 roof ʤɤϡűѸǤ hrōf Ȥ֤ǡޤ wulf ƱѲ롼פ°ƤΤǤꡤˤϸűѸǼºݤѤƤ hrōfas Ѿ졤ߤ *rooves ȤʤäƤ٤ʤΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤʤʤrooves ˤĤƤϰʲɽ⻲ȡˡ
ǵäȤϡ˵󤲤ΤȤ̼ѤǤ롥wife ʤɤξˤϡΥǥȤʤäΤ wolf/wolves ΥפäΤ roof 򴬤ΥǥϡäȰŪʡ㤨 stone/stones, king/kings ȤäפǤꡤ -s ĤкѤȤȤñʥפäΤǤ롥Ʊͤ˥ե󥹼Ѹ grief, proof ʤɤ⡤ȤȤΥե󥹸Ǥʣηˡñ -s ղääȤ⤢ꡤԤΥǥ岡ĸ岡줿Ȥˤꡤߤʣ griefs, proofs ȤʤäƤǤ롥
-f ̾췲ǥȤ wolf/wolves פѤ뤤 stone/stones פѤŪʴϤʤġ̾ˤäơ񤤤ϤޤޤǤ롥Ūξפδ֤ɤ򼨤Ƥ̾⾯ʤʤߤǤ -fs -ves ξʣꤦȤ⤢롥ѤȤϡ줯餤˸ġ̡˺ѤΤǤꡤΰ̣ǤȤ館ɤΤʤΤǤ롥
ε ([2018-05-08-1]) Ǥϡwolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤͳʹƥåꤷ⤷ʤˤơۤñǤϤʤȤФƤΤǤϤʤѸθݤѸŪ˹ͤƤȡˤ꤬Τ褦˿ޤäƤ
ʲȤ Jespersen (Modern, 16.21--16.25 (pp. 258--621)) ˴Ť -f 򼨤ĤθΡḽˤʣ󤲡ɬפ˱ƥȤ褦ʤ¿㡤ƤܤϡJespersen (Linguistic, 374--75) 򻲾ȡˡϡĨꤺ4ơ

ñʣ
beefbeefs/beeves 
beliefbeliefsŤ believe (sg.)/believes (pl.) ̾ϡOE ġelēafa ȴϢ뤬첻æơf ̵16ˤ believe (v.) belief (n.) ־̤褦ˤʤꡤ̾ -f Ω grieve (v.)/grief (n.), prove (v.)/proof (n.) ʤɤ⤢ä⤷ʤ
bluffbluffs 
briefbriefs 
calfcalves 
chiefchiefs 
cliffcliffsŤ cleves (pl.) ⡥
cuffcuffs 
delfdelvesȤ delfs (pl.) ⡥ޤɸѸ delve (sg.) ⡥
elfelvesޤ elfs (pl.) elve (sg.) ⡥
fieffiefs 
fifefifes 
gulfgulfs 
halfhalvesȾʳشˡפΰ̣Ǥ halfs (pl.) ⡥
hoofhoofsŤ hooves (pl.)
knifeknives 
leafleavesash-leafs (pl.) "ash-leaf potatoes"
lifelivesŤ lyffes (pl.) ʤɡ
loafloaves 
looflooves/loofsloove (sg.) ⡥
mastiffmastiffsŤ mastives (pl.) ⡥
mischiefmischiefsŤ mischieves (pl.) ⡥
oafoaves/oafs 
rebuffrebuffs 
reefreefs 
roofroofs󥰥ɤ䥢ꥫ rooves (pl.) ⡥
safesafes 
scarfscarfs18Ϥᤫ scarves (pl.) ⡥
selfselvesůѸּʡפΰ̣Ǥ selfs (pl.) ⡥
sheafsheaves 
shelfshelves 
sheriffsheriffs Ť sherives (pl.) ⡥
staffstaves/staffsפΰ̣Ǥ staves (pl.) ֿ͡פΰ̣Ǥ staffs (pl.) stave (sg.) ⡥
strifestrifes 
thiefthieves 
turfturfsŤ turves (pl.) ⡥
waifwaifsŤ waives (pl.) ⡥
wharfwarfsŤ wharves (pl.)
wifewivesŤ wyffes (pl.) ʤɡhousewife "hussy" Ǥ housewifes (pl.) Austen ǤϤΰ̣ huswifes
wolfwolves 


Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
Jespersen, Otto. Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933.

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2018-05-09 Wed

#3299. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (2) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ε ([2018-05-08-1]) ǡwolf (sg.) Ф wolves (pl.) ȤʤͳűѸβ§˾Ȥ餷ˤꡤϢ¾ -f (sg.)/ -ves (pl.) 㡤ʤ calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤ⤭줤ǤȻפ⤷ʤѸˤϤۤɥȥ졼ȤΤǤϤʤȤʣʥƥबɤˤϡʤʤ⤢ΤǤ롥
㤨Сwife (sg.)/wives (pl.) λ夲褦̾ϡűѸǤ wīf ȤñʡʸФ˷äƤθϡֺʡפȤֽפäˡf ϡ¦ͭ첻챦¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ơȤͽۤΤϡ֤Ȥʣʡʡгʡ˷Ǥ wīf -as ζ޸դϤǤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤/v/ ͭΤפȤȤ
ϴñˤʤȤΤϡwulf ξϤޤѲȤ롼פ°ƤꡤεǷǤɽ˽ȤˤʤäƤΤwīf ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǤꡤűѸǤϰۤʤޥѥ򼨤ƤʲˡζɽǤ褦

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wīfwīf
гwīfwīf
°wīfeswīfa
Ϳwīfewīfum


ѲζޥѥϾ嵭̤ǤꡤΥפ̾Ǥʣʡʡгʡ˷ñʡʡгʡ˷ƱˤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˻ĤñʣƱ̾ΰ (ex. sheep) ϡűѸǤΥפ̾äȤˤǤʡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˡȤȡwīf ˤơñ /f/ ʣ /v/ Ѳڹ礤ϡʤʤȤˤʤ롥/f/ /v/ Ȥˡ⤽ʣ s ʤդʤäΤ顤Ѹ wives Ȥ֤ϡ嵭θűѸΡľܤΡȯãȤ򤹤櫓ˤϤʤʤ롥¤ϡƱȤ leaf/leaves life/lives ˤƤϤޤ롥줾θűѸ lēaf līf ϡwīf Ʊ͡Ѳ̾Ǥꡤʣʡʡгʡ˷Ϥ̵ѲʣפäΤ
Ǥϡʤ̾ʣߤǤ wolves leaves, lives ȤʤäƤΤϡwīf, lēaf, līf Ȥ wulf ƱѲ̾ζޥѥˡ־괹פȤˤ롥wulf ΥѥϳΤ˸űѸˤƺǤͥʥѥǤꡤ¾¿̾ϤӤäŪޥʡʸबƶϤΤǥˤäѲѤ򡤸ؤǤ (analogy) ȸƤǤ뤬ŵǤʡ#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡѤˤꡤŪʣʸ̩ˤʣʡгʷˤǤ wīf, lēaf, līf ϡwīfas, lēafas, līfas Υפؤȡ־괹פΤäθȯŸϡwulfas ƱǤ롥
ݥȤϡѸʣ wives, leaves, lives Ū褦Ȥ硤wolves ξۤñǤϤʤȤȤ⤦󡦥åɲäɬפʤΤǤ롥ǤϡűѸΡ໤ͭפȤ§ϡޤä̵طȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡޤطŪȤ٥ؤԤ롥ܲ򤤤СȺεɸˤϡȤΤʤ wolf (sg.)/wolves wife (sg.)/wives (pl.) ȤȤǤϤ롥wife/wives Τۤ٤⤤ξɤͭ첻Ȥʬ䤹ʤΤǡΤζȤƤϱǤ뤫嵭ͳǡ໤ͭŵȤ̤˽ФƻȤ櫓ˤϤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˾塤äȡֻǰʻפȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤϤwives ϡѤȤ⤦1ĤΤƶ̣Ūݤդ򴭵Ƥ줿DZѸˤα1ʿޤäϤϡϢǤʤ뿼ߤء

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2018-05-08 Tue

#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][number][v][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ɸϡ#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǽ夲#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ǤŪ󤲤Ρ⤦1ĤαǤ롥wolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤʤɡñ /-f/ ʣ /-vz/ ؤȰ츫Ե§Ѳ㤬Ĥ̾˸롥㤨Сcalf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤǤ롥Ϥɤäͳ
űѸǤϡ̵໤ /f, θ, s/ ϡξ¦ͭ˶ޤȼͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ벻§ΩƤε§ϡŬѤ벻Ķξ郎Ѳ뤳Ȥ⤢СˤäƤޤޤѸʹߤǤ⤷ФФܤˤ롼Ǥ롥ɬݤäŬѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̣DZѸˤ̤Ƹư³Ƥ§Ȥ롥໤ͭ (fricative_voicing) ʤɤȤ̾ͿƤ롥
ɸ˾Ȥ餷ʲǤ /f/ ξʤwolf ϵˤϸűѸǤ wulf Ȥ֤ä̾ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǡʤȿ˱ưʲΤ褦˶ޤ

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wulfwulfas
гwulfwulfas
°wulfeswulfa
Ϳwulfewulfum


ñʡʡгʡˤη֡븫ФǤ wulf ˤ϶޸Ĥf Ω줫ߤȡΤ˺¦ͭ l ϤΤα¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤ״ĶǤϤʤäơ f ϤΤޤޥǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ɽΤ¾6ޥǤϡ첻ǻϤޤ벿餫ζ޸ղäƤꡤ f ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥໤ͭ§ȯưf ȯ /f/ /v/ ؤѲ롥űѸǤֻ <f> <v> Ȥʬ봷ϤʤʤȤ <v> ʸ¸ߤʤˤΤǡʸ̵ǤͭǤ <f> ΤޤޤǤʸ <v> ȯãˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡζɽʣʡʡгʡˤ wulfas θĤäƸѸˤʣפȤä櫓ʣǤϡֻ wolves Ƚ񤭲줿ȯϸűѸ /f/ ʤ /v/ äĤäƤ롥
Τ褦ˡűѸβ§ǰƬˤС wolf/wolves δطϤ줤Ǥ롥ѸȤƤߤȳΤˡԵ§פȸƤӤʤطѸˤ򻲾ȤСषֵ§ŪפʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʵŤѸˤؤ̥ϤǤꡤѸˤαȤ롥
ѸˤαϤǻߤޤʤǼƽꡤǤϤʤȯŸƤäȤ⤷ԲĻ׵ĤŸƤΤѸˤǤ롥ŸˤĤƤʹߤεǡ

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2018-05-07 Mon

#3297. chivalry θƬҲ (2) [pronunciation][french][loan_word][consonant][digraph][doublet]

#3285. chivalry θƬҲ ([2018-04-25-1]) ؤ­Ťե󥹼ѸǤʤ chivalry ˤƤϡ<ch> /ʧ/ ǤϤʤ /ʃ/ бΤϤʤȤJespersen (14.74; pp. 407--08) ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Though chivalry is an old loan (Chaucer, etc.), it is now generally pronounced [ʃivəlri] instead of [ʧ]: when the institution itself became obsolete, the word disappeared from actual speech, and when revived, was made to conform with chevalier.


chivalry Ȥ켫ΤϡˤƤ񤭸դˤƻ䤨뤳ȤϤʤäؼоݤǤ뵳٤ΤΤह뤳ȤˤäơŪʸϰ̤æȤΤϤäȤʸˤʤäƤ顤ֶ岽פȯȥ᡼ȼäơ¾褷äȤȤǤ롥
<ch> = /ʃ/ 򼨤ե󥹸줫μѸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥchagrin, chaise (᤯˼Ѥ줿 chair Ʊ), chamade, champagne, chandelier, chaperon, charade, charlatan, Charlemagne, Charlotte (ᤤ Charles ; cf. #2201. ǤȤ Princess Charlotte ([2015-05-07-1])), chamois, château, chauvinism, chef (ᤤ chief ), chemise, chmisette, chenille, chevalier, chic, chicane, chiffon, machine, marchioness, moustache, douche, cartouche ʤɤ롥
ʤCharlie ϥڥå̾ȤƤϡͺξ /ʧ/ ǡξ /ʃ/ ȯȤޤchampaign, champignon, debauch ǤξλҲȯ褦
<ch> ˤޤĤȤƤϡ#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1]), #1893. إܥ󼰥޻ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1]) ε򻲾ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

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2018-05-06 Sun

#3296. state estate (2) [french][latin][phonetics][euphony][loan_word][doublet]

ĤƤε#1571. state estate ([2013-08-15-1]) ­ε#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 ([2018-05-05-1]) Ǽ夲 study ϡƥ studiāre üȯťե󥹸 estudie ФƱѸ˼Ѥ줿Ǥcf. ե󥹸 étudier) ϡUpward and Davidson (114--15) ˰͵򤷡ťե󥹸˸ e- ܤ
ƥˤ sc-, sp-, st- ǻϤޤϡΤޤޤη֤DZѸ˼Ѥ줿⤢뤬¿ϥե󥹸䥹ڥʤɤͳ esc-, esp-, est- η֤DZѸäƤե󥹸䥹ڥǤϡƥ2ŻҲ˲ (euphony) Ȥ e ΤäŵŪʸƬź (prosthesis) 㡨#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ĤǤˡƥ exc-, exp-, ext- ⤽줾 esc-, esp-, est- ؤȴά줿ᡤˤϤȤȤ sc-, sp-, st- Ʊϩ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤˤʤäʰʲǤϡexc-, exp-, ext- ͳ褹Τ + դˡ
ƬˤΤ褦ʷ֤ĸ췲ʤ餺Ѹ˼Ѥ졤̤ȤƱѸǤϼ3ĤΥǧ롥

(1) ޤʥǤϤ뤬Ƭ e- ĸΤߤä (ex. eschew, +escord, esplanade)
(2) ФСƬ e- ĸȻʤ줬2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥƶ¸Ƥ (ex. +escape/scapegoad, escalope/scallop, escarpment/scarp, especial/special, espy/spy, espouse/spouse, estate/state, +estranged/strange)
(3) Ǥ¿ΤϡƬ e- 򼨤ʤǤ (ex. +scaffold (< OFr eschafalt), +scald (< OFr eschalder), spine (< OFr espine), stage (< OFr estage), stew (< OFr estuve), study (< OFr estudie))

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2018-05-05 Sat

#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][loan_word][french]

ε#3294. occupy ϡ֥ԡפȯʤ ([2018-05-04-1]) ǡstudy ֻȯδطˤĤƾ줿<u> ֻϡ˻Ҳʸ <d> 1Ĥ첻 <y> ³Τǡ§˾Ȥ餻 /juː/ бϤǤ롥ºݡƱ student studious Ǥ /juː/ 롥study Ǥϡषû첻 /ʌ/ 롥 *studdy ֻǤСΤ褦ȯȤǤΤʤ study /ˈstʌdi/ ȤʤΤ
Upward and Davidson (161--62) ˤм̤Ǥ롥̾ƥե󥹸ͳ褹ˤû첻ȤƤ <u> ϤۤȤ /ʌ/ б롥ξ硤2İʾλҲ뤤 <x> ³ΤŵǤ롥㤨Сultimate, usher, abundance, discuss, button, public, muscle, luxury, product, adult, result, judge; subject, success, suggest, supplement ǡñǤϡdrug, sum ʤɤϤˡ
ޤ <u> θ1ĤλҲΤߡʤˤθ첻ˤ³Τ⤢롥Τ褦㳰1Ĥ study Ȥ櫓ۤˡbunion, pumice, punish ⤢ꡤǤֻͽ¬줽 /juː/ ʤΤդפ롥 Ǹ˵󤲤 punish ȴϢơvanish, finish, abolish ʤɤΥե󥹸ͳ -ish ưcf. ե󥹸 -ir ưˤǤ⡤ľβ첻û첻ɤळȤˤʤäƤ롥ե󥹸 -ir ưαѸؤμƤΤˤĤƤϡ#346. ե󥹸 -ir ư ([2010-04-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ
첻ʻˤĹûˤĤƤΰϡ#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1]) ɤ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-09-15-1] [2018-05-06-1]

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2018-05-04 Fri

#3294. occupy ϡ֥ԡפȯʤ [pronunciation][stress][spelling]

ѸˤμȤγ󶡤Ƥ줿ꡥstudy occupy ֻιƤ뤿ˡԤ֥ԡפȯƤؽԤʡˤȤäǤ롥פäƤߤʤäȯǡѸֻȯδطˤĤƿͤǤ롥/ˈɒkjuˌpaɪ/ ɤۤѤǤϤʤȤۤˤ롥
ޤȥݥȤȤʤä study /ˈstʌdi/ 餷ơֻȯδطԵ§Ǥ롥ֻǤ <d> 1ĤΤߤʤΤǵ§Ūˤ */ˈst(j)uːdi/ ȤʤϤΤȤ *studdy ֤äΤ褦ȯˤʤäƤ (cf. student /ˈst(j)uːdənt/ˡº <dd> ȻҲŤֻͤѸ줫鸫뤬ɸȤʤäΤ <d> 1Ĥֻääơoccupy ˤĤƤ⡤*/əˈkjuːpi/ ͽۤʤСϤŬäƤ롥Ȥºݤˤ /ˈɒkjuˌpaɪ/ Ǥ롥ʤΤ
occupy ֻ򸫤Ǵȯͽۤ뤳ȤǤʤΤϡ줾ʸб벻ͽۤǤʤȤˡ֤ͽۤǤʤǤ롥ֻǤϡ1ᡤ2ᡤ3Τˤ1롥⤷1˶ʤС /ˈɒkjuˌpaɪ/ ͽۤǤǽޤ뤬32벻ȤƤǤϤʤ岻ȤƤȤ館Сष */ˈɒkjupi/ Ȥʤ (cf. apocope /əˈpɒkəpi/) 2˶ʤ */əˈkjuːpi/ Ȥʤꡤ31ʤ */ˌɒkjuˈpaɪ/ Ȥʤ
Ĥޤꡤɤ˶1ˤ2ˤˤΤʬäƤʤꡤѸˤʰΤȤ¸ߤֻ§ƤϤ褦ȤƤ⡤ʣȯβǽΤʤΤǤ롥ϡǰʤ顤ѸֻηϤϡɤβ˶Τ򼨤Ƥ褦ʻȤߤˤϡɬʤäƤʤȤȤ
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1]) 褦ˡѸֻ첻ɽ魯ΤǤ롥̩ܤ˴ؤäƤꡤ̣ǤκäˤȤΤߤ֤ɸΤȤ⤦1ĤμǤ롥֤ɸޤäǤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤϤäƤ褤
Ǥܸβ̾Ѥʤ֤ϤסʶüȤˤ֤סʱˤϡ֤ɸ벿ηޤǤʤˤƤ⡤ɽ路Ƥˤ֤˴ؤľŪʾϤϤޤޤƤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-05-1]

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2018-05-03 Thu

#3293. űѸ̾ [oe][gender][noun][hel_education]

ѸˤμȤʤɤǡűѸˤʸˡ (grammatical gender) äΤȶä¿Ѹϰ²νΤʤǤʸˡ礤Ƥꡤष㳰ŪʸʤΤդѸΤߤˤƤȡλ¤˵Ťʤ²¿θ줬ʸˡäƤ뤳Ȥϡ#487. ʰʸˡ ([2010-08-27-1]) 餫Ǥ롥ơűѸ⤽Τ褦ʡ̤Ρװ1Ĥä
űѸ̾ˤϡ (masculine) (feminine) (neuter) 3ĤäˤȽǤդΤˤ뤬§ȤƶŪˤͽ¬ǽϹ⤯ʤ̣δ¿Ωľ礬ꡤ㳰wīf "woman" ̾ǡwīfmann "woman" ̾ʤɡˤϤΤΡ̾ɽ魯̾̾ɽ魯̾Ͻ̾Ǥ롥ɤ١űѸ̾ͽ¬ǤΤǤʤΤϡ˷Ǥʲ򻲾Ȥ줿

MasculineFeminineNeuter
ǣsc "ash tree"bōc "book"ǣġ "egg"
brōðor "brother"beadu "battle"ċild "child"
cyning "king"benċ "bench"corn "grain"
dōm "doom"clǣnness "cleanness"ēage "eye"
enġel "angel"cwēn "queen"ġeat "gate"
feoh "money"dǣd "deed"hēafod "head"
hæle(þ) "warrior"dohtor "daughter"hūs "house"
here "army"ġiefu "gift"lamb "lamb"
hrōf "roof"hand "hand"land "land"
mann "man"hnutu "nut"mæġþ "maiden"
nama "name"lenġu "length"scēap "sheep"
stān "stone"sāwol "soul"scip "ship"
sunu "sun"sorg "sorrow"searu "skill"
wealh "foreigner"strengþ "strength"þing "thing"
wīfmann "woman"tunge "tongue"wīf "woman"


Ϣơ#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä ([2009-05-26-1])#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])#1135. ĸʸˡε ([2012-06-05-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-05-1] [2020-05-18-1]

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2018-05-02 Wed

#3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke [wales][history][linguistic_imperialism][map]

#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸ줬륺Ϥ˽Ƥ餿줿ΤϡHenry I μ12ƬΤȤä1108ǯˡ륺 Pembrokeshire ˡѸä󥰥ɿ͡եɥͤȤƤ롥

Map of Wales

رѸ٤路ʿ (21) ˤСαѸΰܿϡ֥ƥˤѸΡָ쿢̱ϼפλ˾ǽȤȤ館Ȥ

륺ˤ饤󥰥ɲƤϰ褬äޤΥڥ֥ˤϡƬѸä̱ͳϤ褯ΤƤʤ졻ȬǯΥإˤ륤󥰥ɿͤȥեɥͤԡ̱ӶȼԡͤʤɤǡȯΥեɥͤ󥰥ɿͤѸؤ餷ˤϻϤȼΤȤŪǤ롥ԤϤȤ˥󥰥ɲΥץơƯ䤬ƥեɥͤ⥤󥰥ɿͤͥ褦ˤʤäޤΥ󥸡¦ΥȾˤ⥤󥰥ɿͰ̱ơ˼¼Ū˥󥰥ɿͤϤȤʤäƤ
Ȥ餤륺ͤϤξϰ褫ɤΩƤ졤ϺޤDZѸ첽줿ϰǤ뤿ˡ֥ƥˤäȤΡָ쿢̱ϼפλȸԤ⤤롥ζͤȤä붭ǤϤʤȤоŪˡۤľǤˤͰŪǤ롥ξϰϡ٤Υ륺ϰ褫ŪΩкŪΩݤäƤꡤ饦륺¦˸αƶͿȤڵ⡤դ˥륺¦ϰ˱ƶͿȤڵʤ


ǤϡѸüԤΥڥ֥ؤ֥֥ƥˤäȤΡظ쿢̱ϼ٤λפȸʤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬θ塤Ѹ줬ḽˤơ쿢̱ϼˤϸĤس礷ƤˤǰƬˤʤС֥֥ƥˤפȤפ̲ơѸθ쿢̱ϼκǤλȤߤʤȤǤ

ʿ رѸ񡡡θ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-26-1] [2018-09-23-1]

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2018-05-01 Tue

#3291. 11θѸեꥫ¹ [south_africa][official_language][afrikaans][language_planning][linguistic_right]

#407. եꥫ¹ Afrikaans ([2010-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡˤ11θѸ줬¸ߤ롥衼åѿͿ̱Ԥ English, Afrikaans Τۤ Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu ȤäեꥫϽ줬ޤޤ롥1994ǯ˥ޥǥˤꤵ줿ˡ6ǵꤵƤ롥̾ˡǸѸˤϡ1Ĥ2Ĥ˸¤뤳Ȥ¿11θ̾󤵤ȤΤϿҾǤϤʤ졤̱²ºŤȤȤ򤹤뤳ȤǤ뤬ºݤˤϤ줫ʤҲθ¤ȿǤ줷ȤȤ館٤
Ҳθ¤طʤˤϡ2ĤǤ롥1ĤϡŪ˱ƶϤݤäƤݼŪϤȤƤ Afrikaans ϰ̤̱²ζϤȤƤαѸ˲졤ɤۤƤȤϿޤѲǤ롥ˡǤϱѸ Afrikaans ʿѸ§Ƥ줬űѤ줿Ȥˤꡤ2֤Ǥμͳ褬ޤ졤̤ȤƱѸ줬ȴǤƤĤޤꡤθȤŪͥä Afrikaans ֻݾ򼺤äסʻܡp. 233ˤȤˤ롤ҲŪκεǤ롥̤Ȥҥ륭ϡѸ줬ȥåפΩβ Afrikaans ³β¾9줬Ω¤֤ȤޤǤ롥ˡˤѸǤ11줬եåȤ󤵤Ƥꡤҥ륭ʤդˤСޤˤθᤰǺ롥
⤦1ĤǤϡˡ11եåȤ¤٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⼨̤ꡤŪʸ줿ȤǤ롥̡̱ͰͤμŪʸºŤ褦ˤʤäƤ (235) ۩

ܤˤζʤʤäˡܤϴˤ򼨤ǡϰع˶˴ؤȽǤͤƤ롥ΤᡤDz (home language) Ѥ뤫ɤȤʤ鲿ǯֻѤ뤫줫Ѹʤ⤷ϥեꥫ󥹸ˤؤڤؤϲǯܤˤ뤫ʤɤˤĤơü˸СعˤۤʤäƤꡤγع?פȤդˤҤȤ뤳ȤǤʤޤŪեꥫ󥹸Ϥγعˤͤؤ褦ˤʤꡤѸˤ붵ơʸŪˤ륢եꥫʡȥȥ֥ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥¿졦¿ʸҲΰĤλѤǤ롥


11θѸפϹ̱θ츢ΤǤ⤢뤬ҲʣħΤǤ⤢롥뤿ˤϡŪطʤޤơ褯򤷤Ƥɬפ롥
եꥫ¹αѸˤĤƤϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1]) ȡ#1703. եꥫο̱ˤȹ ([2013-12-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

ԡ10ϡեꥫ󥹸ȱѸΤ᤮礤סϸӾˡθ¿Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ225--45ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-13-1] [2021-11-29-1]

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