18ΥեˤѸαƶˤĤƤϡ#1026. 18Ѹ줫եäѸ ([2012-02-17-1]) ǤߤǤ⻲Ȥۡॺå (167--68ˤ19αѸθŪƶˤĤ1䤤Ƥ롥
94. Ѹαƶ
19̤ƱѸϥեǡ礭ʱƶȡ㡼ʥä˥ݡĤͿä줿ΤĤϼºݤΡեǤäε͢ǡǻȤƤ뤦˿ʤȤˤĤեǤäե bougette ξʳޡϤϥꥹϤä budget ͽϤȤʤꡤιä褿ե desport, disport ƱͤǡѸ sport ȤʤääƤentrevue > interview, étiquette > ticket¿θϡ¤ʬѤޤǤϥեڤƧȤΤʤǤ롥եΤͤӤȤϿѸޥ˥ӷߥå Alfred de Musset (1810--1857) ϼε Il ne faut jurer de rien Van Buck ȤоʪθڤȯñˤĤʬ˸äƤ롥줿ɾȤǺȤǤ⤢äߡɡ Rémy de Gourmont (1958--1915) ϼʬФƶҤȤʤȿαѸοˤĤƼ Esthétique de la langue française ¿ΥڡƤ롥ˤСñѤ٤ȤΤȥѥꥹ Gaston Paris (1839--1903) ƬˤظˤߤƤ⤽ϲȤϥȥѥꥹդȤ뤳Ȥ˸ؤƤ롥Ѹϥե줬ñڤ뼫ǤϤʤȤѸϤФмԲǤ롥ä¿γŪȤΤ écoliet limousin ̡֥ѥ奨οʪάͤ͡Ǥ롥ˤϱѸ줫μѸϳΤǤ롥Ȥ Harry Cower Ȥ̾ΥХϡޤ haricot vert Τ䱣ϤȽƤ褦ȯˤʤǤϤʤ̸𡧤 R. de Gourmont Τ褦ʼ̣˭ʿͤǤȿĤȤΤ褦ʶüʤȤ˻Ȥ褤Ǥ͡ɾȤѸοȤ뤳ȤϽʤä
ѤκǸΤۤθʬ̣ո˴ؤήԤ䤽ΥȤΤϾ¸ߤˤäƤϡ˵ҴŪɾȤˤʤ뤳ȤȤƤ롥
դˤСɽɾȤǤαѸαƶϤԤä뤳ȤǤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤ
U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إեˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ
3ε#5691. ӾӰˡؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ʴȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯˤܼ ([2024-11-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ҥꡤޥ̱²ɥĸθˤĤơԤβѤܽκǸ7ϤΡȷӤĤפꤹ1 (206--07) ꡥ
ɥĿͤǯˤ錄äơŪʼѤΩƤǤʤ꿼ŪŪʸήäƤޤ줬Ūꡦ̤ߤ֤¤ߤ¿ؤ̾δФͿƤΤǤ
ѥɥΤ褦濴ʤе٤ꥷ㡦ޤ䥭ꥹȶʤ⤪ӤˮʬǤ줿ɥĿͤʤϤȤǧΤϡۣŪʼʤǤäơ̿ȥưƤ롼ΤȤƤοʹ֤Ȥκ롼ͭἫǤ
ǤˤʤäơɥĤ˥ʥʥꥺब來äƤȤȤȤȶȤĹȤȤϱʤɤȤΡդӤĤ˿ʤʤΥץѥ깭ޤޤ˥åȤʥʥʥꥺʤΤǤ縵ˤϡɥĿͤˤȤäƤϡּפֲȶפǤꡤΥƤϥɥͤΥɥĿͤ¸ͳʤʤ롤ȤפäΤǤ
äʼѤͻλ۲ȤˤȡΡּפˤϡָפȤ̩ܤϢؤޤơ֥ɥĿͤϡ¾Υޥ̱²Ȥϰۤʤ̱²εサϤˤäȻߤޤꡤĤȤθΤޤްݻס֤ɥ̱²ΤߤȤĤʤäƤꡤ˿˸ͭʸĤΤפȼĥޤ
ǤϡָפҤȤĤΡ̱²פδäʤΤǤꡤ줬⡤ʪưʪǤ뤫Τ褦ʬĹƤȤȤ館Ƥޤ֥ɥĿͤϸ⼫κˤĤʤäƤΤˡ¾ν̱²;θƤ줿ꡤϤ̤ϰ˰ưʸڤƤޤäפȤΤǤ
Τ褦ʹͤΩƤС֥ɥĸ줬äƤ뤹٤Ƥϰ褬ɥĤȤ줵٤פȤȤˤʤꡤΥɥ̱²濴ȷӤĤƤȤɤʶ̤뤫ϡʥɥĤ硹˼ȤǤ
ɥĸ줬֤ȤθΤޤްݻפȹͤ줿ݤˡоȤ줿ޥɮƬϤ餯ѸȹͤƤ褤ŪˤߤƤ⡤ѸۤɽǤʤޥϤʤޤĤѸϰ̤ĤĤ̾ʸǤ⤢롥ѸʤˡˤΤΤ˺ϤʤѸ줬ޥ̱²ɥĸθΤ˰礤˽Ф줿ȤȤϽʬˤꤽ

Ӿ Ӱ졡ؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯ
2֤ε ([2023-01-16-1], [2023-01-17-1]) ɸθˤĤƹͤƤ Speake θŵ OED ꡤŪʥꥨФƤߤ褦
c 1340 R. Rolle in G. G. perry Religious Pieces (EETS) 88 When Adam dalfe [dug] and Eue spane ... Whare was than the pride of man?
1381 in Brown & Robbins Index Middle English Verse (1943) 628 Whan adam delffid and eve span, Who was than a gentilman?
a1450 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 96 When adam delf & eue span, spir, if þou wil spede, Whare was þan þe pride of man þat now merres his mede.
a1450 T. Walsingham Historia Anglicana (1864) II. 32 Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span, Wo was thanne a gentilman?
c1525 J. Rastell Of Gentylnes & Nobylyte sig. Aviv For when adam dolf and eue span who was then a gentylman.
1562 J. Pilkington Aggeus & Abadias I. ii. When Adam dalve, and Eve span, Who was than a gentleman? Up start the carle, and gathered good, And thereof came the gentle blood.
1777 T. Campbell Philos. Surv. S. Ireland xxxii. 308 England..had its Levellers, who, aggrieved by the monopoly of farms, rebelliously asked, When Adam delved, and Eve span, Where was then your Gentleman?
1979 C. E. Schorske Fin-de Siécle Vienna vi. When Adam delved and Eve span Who was then the gentleman? The question had ironic relevance for the arrivé.
2013 New Statesman May (online) An oral peasant culture, such as still survives in the Balkan countryside, is a fertile context for the transmission of history and ideas through ballad and song. This is not so different from 'When Adam Delved and Eve Span', which we've inherited from our 14th-century Peasants' Revolt.
delve βȤƤϡѸʳ齾ζѲ˲äƿѲ⸽ƤȤʬ롥ξڵϰǤϡ span ѤǤꡤɸŪ spun ֤줿ϤʤޤȤ who where ѤƤΡa gentleman your gentleman Τ褦 the ʳѤƤΤ⤢ägentleman pride of man ȤΤ⤪⤷
Ǹˡ뤤ϤۤȤɻȤʤ̾ delve ˤĤưƤϸűѸ gedelf (> PDE delf) ̤ΰ۷ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤФ1590ǯ Spenser Faerie Queene Ǥ뤳ȤͤȡSpenser ήβŪŪʸոȿǤ줿ư delve ʻž (conversion) λȤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤcf. #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])ˡहΤȤ롥
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
ε#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ餤 (cf. #3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])ˡϱѸ˵Ҥ˴ؤ뾮ȹͤƤ뤬ʤäΤ
Hendriks (1660) ˤСᾮɾƤͳ1ĤȤơɽȤϽ줬ѸȶǤꡤġñθ츻꤬ǤŦƤ롥ѶŪ˥ͳǤȽǤʤ¤ꡤѸǤȤݼŪȽǤͥ褵Τ̵̤ȤѸˤϤޤäƱѸ¸ߤȤǤʾ塤ˤƶεŸ뤳Ȥ餫˱ѸȤϰۼθ츻ǤȽ䤹եʤơ٤ǤťΥɸˤ٤СϳΤǤ롥
[C]ontributions from the Scandinavian and French languages to the lexicon of English, for example, are discussed in terms of certainty, whereas contributions from the closely related varieties of "Low Dutch" or "Low German" are couched in terms of "probably" or "possibly" or are simply not discussed.
ʾ Hendriks ĴƤΤϡαѸˤɸŪͽطʤ˲ "purist language ideologies" (1659) Ǥ롥Hendriks ϤۤɲʪƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ̤ȤƤŪʱѸ˵ҤФ붯ǿȽȤʤäƤȤäƤ褤ܤ٤ͤȻפ
Hendriks ϵ2˹ʤäƤ롥1ĤϡOED ʸإƥнŤؤȽǤ롥OED ŪˡѸˤʣκ "macaronic" ʥƥȤȤƽƤºݤˤϡΤ褦ʼŪǸŪʥƥȤޤ˥ʤɤοƳηƤ⤷ʤȤOED ˤǧʤäȤȤǤʤܲԻ3ǤˤƤϤDzȤȤ Hendriks (1669) ȤڤƤˡ
⤦1ĤϾ嵭ȤϢ뤬OED ϸɸѸϢʤѸѼˤƤƤʤäȤŦ줫μѸϡषɸѸ줫æ쥸㤨оʬ̾ʬ "macaronic" ʥ쥸ǤƤꤵ뤬OED ʤѸˤɸŪͽǤϡΤ褦ɸŪʥ쥸ϤޤȤ˰ƤʤäHendriks (1662) ۩
Non-literary sources such as macaronic business writings, however, may be more likely to reflect the vernacular of London than the more pure literary texts selected to compile the atlas. Given the literary emphasis in the OED and the LALME, the range of topics which appear in these sources may be considerably restricted. The consequence of this is that entire semantic fields --- such as those pertaining to industrial or commercial relations, that is, fields where the significant contribution of Low Dutch to the English lexicon would be observed --- remain undocumented.
ˡѸʹߤ˸¤СOED "Standard English" ʳΥڻ뤷ƤȤ¤Ŧʤ
פˡѸ줬¸ߴƤϤΥ쥸OED ɮƬȤɸŪեΥˤϴޤޤƤʤäȤȤʤΤϡѸˤ historiography ˤܼŪȸ虜ʤ
Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
ջȤ˴ؤơסʤפɾ뤳ȤӤǤ롥ȴդʤʷϵȯϡ֤դפǤϤʤ֤դפˤ֤פǤϤʤˤ֤ϡפν̤˸ջȤˤϵŪȿƤꡤ˾Ȥ餷ȽǤ櫓
Ūˤ --- ҼŪˤ --- ջȤˡפ¸ߤʤʤפȤܤäȤƤ⡤ϡʤפȤϡष̤ʤפ֤դ路ʤפ˶ᤤȤ¿
Hughes et al. (16) ϸջȤ "correctness" ˤĤơ3̤Ƥ롥
The first type is elements which are new to the language. Resistance to these by many speakers seems inevitable, but almost as inevitable, as long as these elements prove useful, is their eventual acceptance into the language. The learner needs to recognize these and understand them. It is interesting to note that resistance seems weakest to change in pronunciation. There are linguistic reasons for this but, in the case of the RP accent, the fact that innovation is introduced by the social elite must play a part.
The second type is features of informal speech. This, we have argued, is a matter of style, not correctness. It is like wearing clothes. Most people reading this book will see nothing wrong in wearing a bikini, but such an outfit would seem a little out of place in an office (no more out of place, however, than a business suit would be for lying on the beach). In the same way, there are words one would not normally use when making a speech at a conference which would be perfectly acceptable in bed, and vice versa.
The third type is features of regional speech. We have said little about correctness in relation to these, because we think that once they are recognized for what they are, and not thought debased or deviant forms of the prestige dialect or accent, the irrelevance of the notion of correctness will be obvious.
1ΤΤϡѲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ɽतǤ롥ԤޤˤĤݼŪʿرĤ顤ФСʤפȥåƥŽˡʤɤǤ롥¿ϻ֤ȤȤ˸춦ƱΤΤʤǹ졤ˡؤȳʾ夲Ƥ
2ΤΤϡˡΤΤȤϡѤְ̤㤨ƤޤȤregister δΡ֤դ路פȤʬ䤹ӥˤ뤳Ȥ켫ΤʤҤΤȤȤȤƤʬ䤹
3ΤΤϡϰ˴ؤǤ롥ɸѤͽʸ̮ϰθˡѤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ñϰθˡäʬꡤСջȤȤϤߤʤʤʤ
ǤջȤʤפȻפäȤ줬ҼŪΩ줫ɤΤ褦˲Ǥ뤫Ť˹ͤƤߤȤ⤷
Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.
ε#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 ([2020-09-01-1]) ơܸλ¸Ǥޤޤʤȳ줫ʤ뺮ͤƤߤ褦֥饤ȡס֥ʲҡסŻҥס֥ƥáסֵӡסڥġפʤɤפ⤫֡ѤWաסIT̿סPCֽפʤɤ롥
ؿܸ춵ŵ٤˶̣Ŧä
ǶǤϡ֤ɤʤС˥ʥˡס֥ǥѡʡȡϲˤᤰפΤ褦ˡĹʤ꤬ʺǤϡά줬Ǥ롥ά¦̤¿ͤʺμ֤ªƤȤϡܸ춵ˤȤäƤפʲǤ롥 (262)
ʤۤɺϴŪʣǤ뤫顤Ĺʤ꤬Ǥ롥ȤȤϡά첽䤹ϵŤʤäݥȤǤ롥ѸǤ¿쾯ʤƤϤޤϤºݡѸˤѸǤɤˤ뺮ɽǤ television 4ûʤ TV άΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ܸǤϡѸǤɤˤ뺮˸¤餺̤˺ؤϤۤɶʤ褦˻פ롥ؿܸ춵ŵ٤Ǥ⡤ɤ餫ȤȹŪ˰Ƥ롥
¸ߤϡܸ줬θͭǤǤ¸פˤơǤǤ졤ѶŪ˼ߤʤ顤ˤȤ߹碌뤳Ȥˤä¤Ԥʤä˭٤ˤƤаޤʪäƤ롥 (262)
ѸǤϡ#4149. Խ뤵븽κ ([2020-09-05-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡȤ˺ФŪ٤뤬ܸǤϤηŪ夤Ȥ
ؿܸ춵ŵ١ܸ춵ز ԡ罤۽Ź2005ǯ
#4145. ѸǤɤˤ뺮 ([2020-09-01-1]) ǡ (hybrid) 1פˤĤƤߤΥפ˸¤餺ϰ̤˸ʸ̤꺮ʤᡤԽפʸǤȤΥåƥŽ䤹ȤϤäƤ⡤ե졦ƥǤȱѸǤ礷Ť¸ߤ륿 (ex. bemuse, besiege, genuineness, nobleness, readable, breakage, fishery, disbelieve) Ͻʬ˱ѸäƱƤ뤿ᡤˤ
Խ뤵䤹Τϡ1920˷줿ŪʺǤ롥Ȥ amoral, automation, bi-weekly, bureaucracy, coastal, coloration, dandiacal, flotation, funniment, gullible, impedance, pacifist, speedometer ʤɤԤˤä̤˵뤳Ȥ롥μθϤȤ櫓20˳礷genocide, hydrofoil, hypermarket, megastar, microwave, photo-journalism, Rototiller, Strip-a-gram, volcanology ʤˤȤޤʤ (McArthur 490)
Fowler hybrid formations ι (369) Ǥϡ̤˵뤳Ȥ¿줬ĤƤ뤬θ³ĴҤϤϤ֤봲ƤǤꡤʤʤɤޤɾȤʤäƤ롥
If such words had been submitted for approval to an absolute monarch of etymology, some perhaps would not have been admitted to the language. But our language is governed not by an absolute monarch, nor by an academy, far less by a European Court of Human Rights, but by a stern reception committee, the users of the language themselves. Homogeneity of language origin comes low in their ranking of priorities; euphony, analogy, a sense of appropriateness, an instinctive belief that a word will settle in if there is a need for it and will disappear if there is not---these are the factors that operate when hybrids (like any other new words) are brought into the language. If the coupling of mixed-language elements seems too gross, some standard speakers write (now fax) severe letters to the newspapers. Attitudes are struck. This is all as it should be in a democratic country. But amoral, bureaucracy, and the other mixed-blood formations persist, and the language has suffered only invisible dents.
ʤϡǤʤȤ߹碌ȤǤϡѸ (waseieigo) ϤȤ֡פ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Խ뤵ɽʤǤǤ⡤ξԤϻƤ롥ơŪĹܿˤĸˤƤϡˤƼ̤ʸǤǤ⡤ϤξԤϻƤȻפǸˤĤƤϡ#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1]) ȡ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ꥹǤϡ1712ǯ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ƥ Academy ߤλߤܺäΤŪ˸褦ȤưΩʤʤä181920Ƹߤ˻ޤǡȤϸ鷺Ȥⲿ餫ΰ̣Ǹ褦Ȥߵ˾ä櫓ǤϤʤˤĤݼŪŪʿ͡Ͼ˰¸ߤϤ뤤ϻŪʥ٥Τ夲뤳ȤϤä1ĤȤơ1913ǯΩ줿 Society for Pure English (S.P.E) 褦
S.P.E 1913ǯΩ줿ºݤ˳ưϤΤ1εΤȤǤ롥ΰѰϡСä餸˴ Robert Bridges̾ʸؼ Henry Bradleyåեرʸض Sir Walter Raleighʸؼ Logan Pearsall Smith Ǥ롥Ūϡ͡θʻѡˤ˲뤳ȤǤϤʤޤ "to agree upon a modest and practical scheme for informing popular taste on sound principles, for guiding educational authorities, and for introducing into practice certain slight modifications and advantageous changes" (qtd. in Baugh and Cable, p. 328) ȤȤä͡θѤषºŤƤȤȤĴξΩäƼ㴳ԤʤȤȤä
Ǥ⤽˥ǥߡݤ̣äΤ⤤㤨СRobert Graves ȤԤ1926ǯ Impenetrability, or The Proper Habit of English ˤơΤ褦 S.P.E ȽƤ롥ˤȤäƤϡSociety for Pure English Ȥ̾餷Ƹջפ줿
The 'Society for Pure English,' recently formed by the Poet Laureate, is getting a great deal of support at this moment, and is the literary equivalent of political Fascism. But at no period have the cultured classes been able to force the habit of tidiness on the nation as a whole. . . . The imaginative genius of the uneducated and half-educated masses will not be denied expression. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable, p. 328)
ɤλˤ⡤˷ȶȼͳʤȶ롥ǥߡʤɤΩεϡ褷1712ǯäƱʵפĤ櫓ǤϤʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ʸˡǤ be ưβˡȤơ1;ñ3;ñ was ʤ were Ѥ롥If I were you . . . as it were ǡǤ롥Τ褦ʷʸŪʸΤǤλѤΥСǤľˡ˰ĥ was Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤȸ㤨СI wouldn't do that, if I was you. I wish I was dead! ʤɡˡ
ŪʲʹѤԤǤСΤ褦 was ˡָѡפȴλѼԤüԤȤߤʤ⤷ʤѲȤߤԤϡwas λѤäˤäơ̯ʿ벾ˡʲˤƤȤ֤⤷ʤۤˤϡʪήžסֹԤϤή䤨ơפãѤƸѲįͤ⤢ȤơѲκˤʤȤܤ˿Ѱ۷ϡߤ˰ۤʤỤ̄ (connotation) ˥奢͡ʼҲŪʸŪʲͤӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΰ⤦ǫ褦A B ȤѲƤˤϡʤ A B Ѥ֤롥ξǤСˡ If I were . . . (= A) If I was . . . (= B) ξѤ֤롥ζѴ֤ˤϤʤĹꡤʤɤζ̤̤뤬̤˱ A B ΤˤϼҲŪʸŪͤѰˤƳƼκۤ뤳Ȥ¿̤ǤϡA ˤμB ˤϿʪȤƤηʶ뤫⤷ʤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϶ܤB ̵ܤɸ뤫⤷ʤޤ̤ζ̤ǤϡA ϵʷϵޤȤäſ뤪भB Ͽͽ㡹뤫⤷ʤǽŪ A äB ΤߤǽȤʤäȤޤǤγƶ̤ǤξԤΥ饤ХطϡʻפФв˲ΥɥޤȤʤäƤꡤǤϴλƤΤǤ롥
If I were/was . . . ˤ餺ѲȤϤΤ褦ʤΤѲΤʤǶŪƤüԤˤȤäƤϡξΩϸ߿ʹΥꥢʥɥޤʤΤǤꡤݼ顤¾Ω줬ΤޤʤΤǤϤʤ
Sir John Cheke (1514--57) ϥ֥åؤζꥮꥷֺ¤ν嶵äα͡˻ߤ줿ǤꡤCheke 1550ǯˡ֥ޥפӡ֥ޥ륳פκǽΰκݡ#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) ǸȤꡤCheke ϸŪ (purism) Ωꡤˤ괶ΤʤФʣˤѤCheke ϡThe Authorised Version (1611) ٤ƽŪȤФи Tyndale (1525) ⤵˽ŪǤꡤ̤ä14Ⱦ Wycliffe ӤƤʼ롥ʲˡ֥ޥפꤤĤˤĤӤ褦p. 239ˡ
| Cheke | Wycliffe (1380) | Tyndale (1525) | Authorized Version (1611) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʥХӥء˰ܤ | outpeopling | transmygracioun | captivate | carrying away | chap. i. 17 |
| ͽ | wiseards | astromyens | wyse men | wise men | chap. ii. 16 |
| Ƥ | mooned | lunatik | lunatyke | lunaticke | chap. iv. 24 |
| ߤĤ | tollers | pupplicans | publicans | publicans | chap. v. 46 |
| ɴĹ | hundreder | centurien | centurion | centurion | chap. viii. 5 |
| frosent | apostlis | apostles | apostles | chap. x. 2 | |
| Ȥ | biwordes | parablis | similitudes | parables | chap. xiii. 3 |
| freschman | prosilite | ư칽ʸ | proselyte | chap. xxiii. 15 | |
| ͤˤ줿 | crossed | crucified | crucified | crucified | chap. xxvii. 22 |
17Ⱦ18ˤƸääŪ¤롥λ¤ϡ#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ΥդꡤѹˤǤϡ̤1700ǯ夹ݼŪǽ¹ߤοŵAugustan Age) ȾΤƤꡤη˿Ƴ¤ȤȿǤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤʴϢơ#2650. 17μǹߤ18ȾФβߤء ([2016-07-29-1])#2782. 18ΥեѸؤΡȿס ([2016-12-08-1]) ȡˡ
λθŪݼˤŪطʤ롥1ĤϡΩĻ塤ä16Ⱦ17Ⱦˡƥ䥮ꥷȤäŵ줫̤θäήȤ¤롥֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term) 餵ۤɤΡɡˤĤ褦ʳιħŤ줿Ǥ롥Τ褦̼ѤϡΤʬŪˤɬפäʳءءůؤʤɤ줬ƥ줫ѸؤȵڤؤˤäơѸ¿θäΤɬפȤûǸäѤ̡ȱѸΡָäɬספ졤³ˤϤʾѤΤʤʤäƤAugustan Age Ū˸üѤäΤϡΩĻΡּѤפˤȤ礭äȻפ롥ûˤ⡤ԡФǤƤޤȤȤ
⤦1ĤŪطʤȤƤϡAugustan Age ϡΡּѤפƤ⡤ϤݼŪʸѤ˻ۤƤäȤ¤롥㤨СJonathan Swift (1667--1745) Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ɽݼɤҤǤꡤѸòβ경ܻؤ˳ȯʼɮưԤʤäƤ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ˸褦ˡʷϵϡ¹ݼäΤǤ롥
Augustan Age ŪʸŪȤƤϾ嵭̤ġǯǤС㳰Ū˿ƳΩǯ⤢ä㤨С1740ǯ夫50ǯˤƤϡΤȤƸäǤĴʻǤϤ뤬1753ǯˤ Chambers' Cyclopaedia ǤƤꡤ¿βʳѸ줬ޤޤƤˡ㳰Ū˸äϤޤäǯȤƵϿƤ (Beal 21) Сƥ줪ӥꥷ줫 adarticulation, aeronautics, azalea, ballistics, hydrangea, primula, sphagnum, trifoliate; anthropomorphism, eczema, mnemonic, urology ǯ˵ϿƤ롥
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
Ѹ˺ѤῴϤȱϤcf. #2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])ˤݤˤϡѸˤμΩġѸˤˤơѸϾʣ Englishes äΤǤꡤñ English ȯۤޤ줿Τϡʹߤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤҲŪʥץƤΤȤǤ롥ơζʹߤǤ顤ºݤˤϽѼ¸ߤ³षѸ줬˳ȻˤĤѼ郎äƤΰ̣ˤơEnglish ȤϤεǤꡤѸμ֤ϲ⸽ߤ Englishes äΤǤ롥
Ǥϡ21αѸ졤̤αѸˤĤƤϤɤῴϤȱϤȤƯƤȤܤ21ˤơ䤿 English ٤ʤΤEnglishes ٤ʤΤˤäơGooden (230--31) ʸϤ
After undergoing many changes at the hands of the Angles and Saxons, the Norman French, and a host of other important but lesser influences, English itself has now spread to become the world's first super-language. While this is a process that may be gratifying to native speakers in Britain, North America, Australia and elsewhere, it is also one that raises certain anxieties. The language is no longer 'ours' but everybody's. The centre of gravity has shifted. Until well into the 19th century it was firmly in Britain. Then, as foreseen by the second US president John Adams ('English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries [ . . . ] the language of the world'), the centre shifted to America. Now there is no centre, or at least not one that is readily acknowledged as such.
English is emerging in pidgin forms such as Singlish which may be scarcely recognizable to non-users. Even the abbreviated, technical and idiosyncratic forms of the language employed in, say, air-traffic control or texting may be perceived as a threat to some idea of linguistic purity.
If these new forms of non-standard English are a threat, then they are merely the latest in a centuries-long line of threats to linguistic integrity. What were the feelings of the successive inhabitants of the British Isles as armies, marauders and settlers arrived in the thousand years that followed the first landing by Julius Caesar? History does not often record them, although we know that, say, the Anglo-Saxons were deeply troubled by the Viking incursions which began in the north towards the end of the eighth century. Among their responses would surely have been a fear of 'foreign' tongues, and a later resistance to having to learn the vocabulary and constructions of outsiders. Yet many new words and structures were absorbed, just as the outsiders, whether Viking or Norman French, assimilated much of the language already used by the occupants of the country they had overrun or settled.
With hindsight we can see what those who lived through each upheaval could not see, that each fresh wave of arrivals has helped to develop the English language as it is today. Similarly, the language will develop in the future in ways that cannot be foreseen, let alone controlled. It will change both internally, as it were, among native speakers, and externally at the hands of the millions in Asia and elsewhere who are already adopting it for their own use.
ǤϸŪ (linguistic purity; purism) ˤĤƤƤ뤬äʱѸȤΤϡñɽ English ȤΤϡ¸ߤΤ¸ߤȤСŪ˲ؤΤ뤤ϡ¸ߤʤȤСֱѸפȤϽѼνΤˤĤ줿Ū̾ˤ̣ Englishes 뽸̾Τ
ϱѸθߤ̤ˤäơ¤˥ƥǤ롥#2986. ˤѸѤΥޡ ([2017-06-30-1]) ȹ碌ơǥåѤˡ
Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.
֥ʸפȾΤ볰ϡФܸȤȤʤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#1617. ܸˤ볰 ([2013-09-30-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
#1617εǿ줿褦ˡȤ櫓ֹԤβʡ˴ؤ빭εϡɤǤ뤪ǯθɽѤ뤳Ȥ貿ڤˤʤФʤʤϤפˤ⤫餺줬¿ѤƤ븽¤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿֤ǯθɽפȤϡ䤹¸ǤθɽǤȤ뤤ϾʤȤ̤դʤɤεΤȤİƤҲŪʴä solidarity Ϣӡˤδȡ⤦ο꤬ꤽȤȤʬ롥 (190) ϡϢӡפ֤ȤƤΡӽפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ܤΤꤳȤФ˥ʸѤΤϤ줬狼ʤԤʤɤӽ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸ줬ʤΤϡ̣狼ʤȤǤϤʤϢӤӽι¤Ҳ˺ФƤޤȤǤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ¿Τǯ꤬ʸΰ̣ǤʤȤ쥳ߥ˥ʾˡǯ꤬ΰ̣ǯĤȼҲŪˡϢӡפǤʤȤꡤäȸСӽפƤޤȤ꤬Ȥ
μҲŪϡǯȥʸ˸¤餺˼Ѹ줬ȤˤФ륢ѸθŪ (purism) ˤäơŪͭʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥㤨СѸΡ֥(inkhorn_term) ˤƤ⡤ƥѸϡ̱̽ĶȤǸ쥳ߥ˥ª뤳ȤǤ뤬ʾˡƥμؤʤ̱̽δ֤ȤҲŪʴްդäªۤ⤷ʤ
ʼإХ륳ߥ˥ΤαѸس١ؽDz2015ǯ
#2147. ѸΥեѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡPolychronicon 15˱ Osbern Bokenham (1393?--1447?) Ȥʪ롥Υޥ衤Ѹ줬ե䤽¾θȺ礷줿ˤʤäƤޤäȡѸüԤǤʤѸȤ褦ˤʤäƤޤäȤò (purism) ̤Ǥ롥Bokenham Ƚľܤоݤϡեƥˤ֤줿ɼҲĬǤꡤ̤Ȥƿ͡ɤθѤˤڤʸոǤʤʤäƤ븽äBokenham Τܤ䤭Gramley (110) ΰѤǼ
And þis corrupcioun of Englysshe men yn þer modre-tounge, begunne as I seyde with famylyar commixtion of Danys firste and of Normannys aftir, toke grete augmentacioun and encrees aftir þe commyng of William conquerour by two thyngis. The firste was: by decre and ordynaunce of þe seide William conqueror children in gramer-scolis ageyns þe consuetude and þe custom of all oþer nacyons, here owne modre-tonge lafte and forsakyn, lernyd here Donet on Frenssh and to construyn yn Frenssh and to maken here Latyns on þe same wyse. The secounde cause was þat by the same decre lordis sonys and all nobyll and worthy mennys children were fyrste set to lyrnyn and speken Frensshe, or þan þey cowde spekyn Ynglyssh and þat all wrytyngis and endentyngis and all maner plees and contravercyes in courtis of þe lawe, and all maner reknyngnis and countis yn howsoolde schulle be doon yn the same. And þis seeyinge, þe rurales, þat þey myghte semyn þe more worschipfull and honorable and þe redliere comyn to þe famyliarite of þe worthy and þe grete, leftyn hure modre tounge and labouryd to kunne spekyn Frenssh: and thus by processe of tyme barbariȝid thei in bothyn and spokyn neythyr good Frenssh nor good Englyssh.
ºݤˤ15ˤϥɿͤΥեƥǽϤϤƤϤǤꡤɤγؤο͡Ū˱ѸѤˤʤäƵפäΤ顤γ줿ѸФܳŪʶҤȤƸƤ櫓ǤϤʤʴϢơ#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])#2622. 15˥ɿͤեؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1]) ȡˡθ줫μѸʤɤΡְ仺פϱѸˤߡѤ߽ŤͤƤꡤ줬 Bokenham θŪɷ㤷ƤΤȻפ롥षѸ¾ã줿λˤ뤤Ϥޤեƥˤ֤Ƥ뵮²濴Ȥ륤ɿͤؤȤ褦ʹ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
18ϡ衼åѤˤեΰҿޤäǤ롥ꥹˤƤ⤳ηϳΤˤߤ졤ºݤˡ18ˤϾʤ̥եѸ줬ѸήǤʡ#594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18ΥեѸ ([2011-03-06-1])#1792. 18--20ΥեѸ ([2014-03-24-1]) ȡˡ
Ѹ̼ѤȤ٤٤ʤѸˤˤƥե줬ƤӰҿᤷ1ĤλǤϤäŪݼŪǽ¹ߤοŵAugustan Period) ˤƤꡤȤ櫓ȾˤϳؤΡȿפϳƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥̤ˡΤΤ繥Ȥ¿ˤϡȤɬΤǤ롥äμѤʤ͡Сäν褵 (purism) ݤȤȱưݼŪҤ⸽ȤΤźǤ롥ʲλξBaugh and Cable (281--82) ˰ѤƤθʸˤ
18˳ʼȤƥեѸˤή˶褷ʸͤȤơ㤨 Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) 롥1708ǯ1010դ Review Ǥϡ"I cannot but think that the using and introducing foreign terms of art or foreign words into speech while our language labours under no penury or scarcity of words is an intolerable grievance." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
⾯1672ǯΤȤJohn Dryden (1631--1700) Dramatic Poetry of the Last Age ΤʤDZѸˤեѤƤ롥
I cannot approve of their way of refining, who corrupt our English idiom by mixing it too much with French: that is a sophistication of language, not an improvement of it; a turning English into French, rather than a refining of English by French. We meet daily with those fops who value themselves on their travelling, and pretend they cannot express their meaning in English, because they would put off on us some French phrase of the last edition; without considering that, for aught they know, we have a better of our own. But these are not the men who are to refine us; their talent is to prescribe fashions, not words.
Addison (1672--1719) ⡤1711ǯ Spectator (no. 165) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
I have often wished, that as in our constitution there are several persons whose business is to watch over our laws, our liberties, and commerce, certain men might be set apart as superintendents of our language, to hinder any words of a foreign coin, from passing among us; and in particular to prohibit any French phrases from becoming current in this kingdom, when those of our own stamp are altogether as valuable.
äν褵ξȤơѸѤȽҤ͡θѤ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤϡۤȤɤʤ18ξ㳰ǤϤʤ϶褷ܸۤܤϤʤäΤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ǰѤˤȡݼθήϥޤαѹۥåޤ Edmund Burke (1729--97) ̤롥ݼפȤѸ Burke Ѥ̣ѤʤСʲΤȤƧޤɬפȤʱp. 13ˡ
(1) ݼ餹٤϶Ū٤䴷Ǥꡤ
(2) Τ褦٤䴷ˤΤʤݤ줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤ餺
(3) ڤʤΤϼͳݻ뤳ȤǤꡤ
(4) ̱粽ˤĤġŪפܻؤ
Burke ˤݼפΤȤäƤ櫓ˤݼפ˱ѤʤСɤΤ褦ʤȤˤʤȤΤϡ#1318. ˤݼŪȤϲ ([2012-12-05-1])#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) 褦ˡˤݼȤǰϡ͡ޤǤ뤫
äȤ⡤ѸˤΤޤƤϤ褦ȤƤ̵ȤͽۤǤ롥(1) Ρ٤䴷פȤΤϡǤʸˡȯˡʤɤζŪʸܤȤäƤ褵Ǥꡤ(2) Ρˤݤ줿פȤɽ⤽ΤޤƤϤ뤳ȤǤ롥(3) ּͳݻפȤϡˤƲΤѼԤˤġɽμͳΤȤ뤤ŪʵϼδȤ褦ʤȤ̣Τ(4) Ρ̱粽פ⡤ƤϤȡΰ̣ʬʤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡӡ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1])#2359. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (3) ([2015-10-12-1]) ǹͤƤ̤Ǥ롥(4) Ρפֲספ⡤ξˤϲΤȽȤʤ
餯ָŪݼפȤϡŪݼθŪ¦̡פƤΤ褤ΤĤޤꡤηϤΤΤ˴ؤǤϤʤˤĤƤŪ˴ؤʤΤΰ̣ǡָŪݼפȤϡ⤦1Ĥθ쥤ǥ (linguistic_ideology) ˤʤΤ⤷ʤ (see #2163. 쥤ǥ ([2015-03-30-1]))
ŵݼȤϲȿե̿鸽ܤޤǡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ
ε ([2016-08-11-1]) Ƴ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡפΩϡHaugen ѸǤ importation substitution Ω˴롥#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡimportation ȤϼѸη褽Τޤ˼ळȤǤꡤsubstitution ȤϼѸηб뼫ηѤ뤳ȤǤ롥 (borrowing) ȸƤФ뤫ˤϡɬεΰ̣Ƥ롥ǤϡץѤäĤѤۤʤȤʤ
ơ2μˡΩǰƬˡüѤŪ¿ȤѸܸʤɤθȡŪʤȤ륢ɸʤɤθκˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦θθäӤȡʤۤɡ㤨бѸˤϷŪ¾ͳ褹Τ¿ɸˤϤΤ褦ʤΤʤȤϳΤǤ롥ץѤ¿ɤȤ˸¤СѸϼѤ¿ɸϼѤʤȤˤʤ롥äĤѤĴȤɤ⤷ȡɸϰƳ¿ʤäĤ˼ѤƤǽΤǤϤʤäĤѤϡɽ̾塤ѤǤ뤳ȤʬˤȤħ뤿ᡤܤ츻ĴƤߤʤȤϤäꤷȤʤβǽϽʬˤ롥#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ㤨мѤ¿ȸѸȾʤȸ륢ɸκϡ¤ΤȤѤ¿ɤΤΤκǤϤʤ2ĤμѤˡ (importation and substitution) ΨκǤǽ뤳ȤˤʡפꡤξˡˤѤä碌ΤθμѤ̤ȹͤΤǤС̤˸Ƥۤɽ֤Ѥ¿ɤϤʤΤ⤷ʤפȤ뤫⤷ʤҤäȤȡ줬٤μळۤʤ졤ɤΤȤ빽١ʼѹˤʤΤǤϤʤ֤˥١ʼѹˤ٤κޤäʤȤޤǤϸʤ
ˡ2μˡȤ顤¾줫μѤŪ (purism) ˤĤƹͤƤߤѸˤˤܸˤˤ⡤Ԥ¾줫θüѤȽ夬äָŤɤѸסܸ褵פʤɤȶӤʤ顤ˤ褦볰뤳ȤˤΤʤ1٤Ȥʤ֤줿Τ褦ʽԤƤΤϥץѤФƤǤꡤ¤鼫ȤˤƤäĤѤƤܸξȤСΩ줫֥롼ספȸ鷺ˡֺפȸ٤ȤͤȤȡοͤϱѸ working group Ȥ signifiant μڤˤƤΤΡsignifié ˤĤƤ̵Ƚ˼Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ʊ٤ʤܤ˸륹٤褤Ȥո⤢СƱ٤Ǥ٤ݤäΩʤΩפǤȤո⤢μѤȥ٤ȤϤĤŤƤȻפ
ȸüѤˤĤƤϡ#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])#1545. "lexical cleansing" ([2013-07-20-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])ˡ#2068. ؤ ([2014-12-25-1])#2069. ؤءˡ ([2014-12-26-1])#2147. ѸΥեѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1]) ʤɤȡ
Haugen, Einar. "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing." Language 26 (1950): 210--31.
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) ʤɤεǡѸ̸üѤȿưȤƤθ (purism) ˿줿Τ˽ԤȤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Sir Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) ʤɤθ̾뤬Görlach (163--64) ϡѹͥˤȿưŪˤĤƤϲɾƤȤƤ롥ȤɬפʸäϼѤºݤ˼ѤΤǤꡤޤǥƥ䥮ꥷθä̵̤ʼѤѤΤǤ롤ȡĹ⤷ʤΤǡΤޤްѤ褦
Purism, understood as resistance to foreign words and as awareness of the possibilities of the vernacular, presupposes a certain level of standardization of, and confidence in, the native tongue. It is no surprise that puristic tendencies are unrecorded before the end of the Middle Ages --- wherever native expressions were coined to replace foreign terms, they served a different purpose to help the uneducated understand better, especially sermons and biblical paraphrase. Tyndale's striving for the proper English expression was still motivated by the desire to enable the ploughboy to understand more of the Bible than the learned bishops.
A puristic reaction was, then, provoked by fashionable eloquence, as is evident from aspects of fifteenth-century aureate diction and sixteenth-century inkhornism . . . . The humanists had rediscovered a classical form of Latin instituted by Roman writers who fought against Greek technical terms as well as fashionable Hellenization, but who could not do without terminologies for the disciplines dominated by Greek traditions. Ascham, Wilson and Cheke (all counted among the 'purists' in a loose application of the term) behaved exactly as Cicero had done: they wrote in the vernacular (no obvious choice around 1530--50), avoided fashionable loanwords and fanciful, rare expressions, but did not object to the borrowing of necessary terms.
Cheke was as inconsistent a 'purist' as he was a reformer of EModE spelling . . . . On the one hand, he went further than most of his contemporaries in his efforts to preserve the English language "vnmixt and vnmangeled" . . ., but on the other hand he also borrowed beyond what was necessary and what his own tenets seemed to allow. (The problem of untranslatable terms, as in his renderings of biblical antiquities, was solved by marginal explanations.) The practice (and historical ineffectiveness) of other 'purists', too, who attempted translations of Latin terminologies --- Golding for medicine, Lever for philosophy and Puttenham for rhetoric . . . --- demonstrates that there was no such rigorous puristic movement in sixteenth-century England as there was in many other countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purists' position and their influence on EModE has often been exaggerated; it is more to the point to speak of "different degrees of Latinity" . . . .
Görlach θϡȤϰۤʤȼλŦǤꡤ¿ѸΥեѸȽ䡤ܸˤΥץڤΥʸήȤδطǻŦ⡤λ鸫ľƤߤΤ⤪⤷ (see #2147. ѸΥեѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])ˡ
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
ɸȴϢơ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) ͡ʸҲ𤷤ƤϡȤƱѸ줬Ū¾줫¿θäѤƤ¤˾Ȥ餷ơѸ̱̱ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Ѹ줬¿θ줫餪ӤäѤƤȤϡŪ (purism) Ω줫Ƚ̵ǤϤʤˤ衤̤ϹŪ˸롥ѸθüѹϡۤȤɤ٤ƤαѸ˵ҤǤĴħǤꡤؤ "cosmopolitan vocabulary" ʤɤȻ夲뤳Ȥ¿³ơѸ졤ƱѸ̱ϡˤȡФƳƤꡤ¿ŤͭȲᤵ뤳Ȥ¿Ū˱ѸǤϸ륢ǥߡΩˤäȤ⤳ιŪʵ˰äƤޤ⤦1ĤιݸǤե줬嵭DZѸȿФħȤ⡤Ū˱ѸΡ̱פ⤭Ħˤʤ롥
Ѹ̱˴ؤŪʥϤ켫Τ줿ǤꡤüѤΤ¦̤ȿǤƤʤȤBailey (91) ˤС̱αѹͤϡοͼŪͥ۴椨ˡ줫θäߤ˼줿櫓ǤϤʤषǤ¾Υ衼åѿͤƤäˤĤƤΤθؼ뤳ȤȤ줬¤ȤСѸʹ̱ˤϤष̱ŪǤȸ뤫⤷ʤ
Far from its conventional image as a language congenial to borrowing from remote languages, English displays a tendency to accept exotic loanwords mainly when they have first been adopted by other European languages or when presented with marginal social practices or trivial objects. Anglophones who have ventured abroad have done so confident of the superiority of their culture and persuaded of their capacity for adaptation, usually without accepting the obligations of adapting. Extensive linguistic borrowing and language mixing arise only when there is some degree of equality between or among languages (and their speakers) in a multilingual setting. For the English abroad, this sense of equality was rare. Whether it is a language more "friendly to change than other languages" has hardly been questioned; those who embrace the language are convinced that English is a capacious, cosmopolitan language superior to all others.
Bailey ˤСֳ줿̱ŪʱѸפΥϡ켫Τ̱ϼλʪǤꡤ̱ϼθüѤλ¤ȿȤȤˤʤ롥
Bailey ο̱ϼȸüѤεϡȤƶʹߤˤ˴ؤǤꡤѸ줬Ʊ餤ˤ˸üѤԤäƤλεˤľܿƤʤȤդ٤ѸϡѸϥƥե줫¿θäڤʤФʤʤҲŪ˲̤θäΤǤꡤ̱Ū̱ŪޤǤʤäΤ顥
Bailey, R. Images of English. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1991.
16ˤϡƥѸϤȤƥޥʤɤμѸ줬ӤѸήʡ#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) #1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1]) ȡˡܸǤʹߡ̤δ줬졤°ʹߤ̵Υʸ줬ήʡ#1617. ܸˤ볰 ([2013-09-30-1]) ڤӡ#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1]) ȡˡλγơˤơ (purism) Ω줫μѸȽʹ줿Ѹߤ䤿˻ѤΤϹơä¿Ȥ٤ȤǤ롥
ѸˤˤƤޤʹʤΤϡѸΤ褦˲եѸФȽǤ롥#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) ǸȤꡤѸϥΥޥȸο֤ǡ˾ƿȤϤǤ̸üѤиƤΥեѸؤȽϤʤäΤ
Τ˥ͥΥȽۤɤΩʤѸˤեѸȽޤäʤä櫓ǤϤʤRanulph Higden (c. 1280--1364) ˤƥ Polychronicon 1387ǯ˱ John of Trevisa (1326--1402) ϡǡťΥɸȤȤ˥ե줫μѸ̵ʬ̤ʻѤˤĤƶ褷Ƥ롥Crystal (186) ΰѤƸ褦
by commyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys apeyred, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbittyng.
ƱͤˡRichard Rolle of Hampole (1290?--1349.) ˤ Psalter (a1350) Ǥ⡤"seke no strange Inglis" ʸΤ̱ѸϻȤʤˤȥեѸФưŤԲƤ뤷15 Polychronicon Osbern Bokenham (1393?--1447?) ⡤ե줬ѸڤˤƤ (Crystal 186) ȤơΤʤǡ줿եѸѤƤȤϤޤǤʤ
Τ褦ѸΥեѸؤνŪϤĤǧ뤬η㤷Ƚ٤ñȯŪǤꡤä礭Ĭήʤä褦Ѹ켫ΤޤθȤƤܤĤʤϰ̤ˤäơѸؤλѸηȤŪ٤ܤӤˤϡޤ夬ᤫäΤȻפ롥Ǥ⡤ѸϤʽŪȽϡβȽʳȤơΤ˱Ѹ˾˰֤ŤΤǤϤ
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
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