hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

academy - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-10-10 Tue

#5279. Z ο䤷 [notice][z][alphabet][ame_bre][greek][latin][french][academy][shakespeare][consonant][youtube][grapheme][link][spelling][helsta]

ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ



z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷󤷤ޤ



hellog

#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼ס ([2023-02-15-1])

heldio (Voicy)

#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)

[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]

#3. ư -ize ΢á (2023/10/08)




Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-26 Mon

#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][verb][oed][academy][orthography]

ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ

17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>

The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
   Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.


⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե󥹸켰ֻ򿿻Τ򤷤Ƥ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡե󥹸ǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡե󥹸ǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥե󥹸Ǥ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 򹥤褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥

          The suffix -IZE/-ISE

There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.

Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
   - The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
   - The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
   - Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.


Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡե󥻡ƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-02-08 Tue

#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκ [frisian][ethnic_group][germanic][sociolinguistics][language_death][academy]

ӸؤǤϡѸȺǤƤθϲȤХեꥸ (Frisian) ȤȤˤʤäƤ롥ܥ֥ǤϱѸˤμդ͡˰äƤեꥸˤĤƤϡ#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1]) #3169. űѸ⳰ˤեꥸͤγ ([2017-12-30-1]) Ǽ夲٤ǡޤܤƤʤä
ǶḽΥեꥸξˤĤ󶡤٤֥եꥸκפꤹ̥Ū1Ѥ (262--63) ̱²߽Ф1Ȥƥեꥸ줬夲Ƥս

줬ϤζΰϤˤäƾǤδˤ餵Ƥ⡤̱²ŪޥΥƥǥƥƥ׵᤹뤳Ȥǡθϰ̤θˤĤʤ뤳Ȥ롥եꥸξ礬Ǥ롥եꥸϡѸƱޥ췲γθ췲̥󥰥եꥸ췲ͤ°Ѹ¿ζäƤ롥θ˸ŤˤäƤꡤޤȴطäƤ衼åѤ̱²θǤ롥ĤƥեꥸüԤϡγȤ襤򼨤ȴαĤߤ򤵤ơؤ⤯äƤDeus mare, Friso litora fecitաֿĤꡤեꥸͤߤĤäפȡȤեꥸäҤȤӤȤϡʥե꡼Ƚȥե˥󥲥󽣤˻͡ˤȥɥġʥǥޡȹ񶭤ܤ륷쥹ҡۥ륷奿󽣡ˡ󽣤Τॹȥإॹϡեδ֤ˤϰ衤ߤȤޤäƤΦȤϤʤۤʤƿ͡ˤΤʬƤޤΤʤǥեꥸˤϿषƤ
ưϽȾФ餹Ǥ˻ϤޤäƤΤǤϡեꥸ¼ǤäƤʤä줬ˡΧʸˤƥեꥸˤȤäϤ᤿ɤ⡤ˤʤäơΰĹΤȤƥե꡼Ȥ¸ߤȤϡǥƥƥγä¥ȤϡŪʵϤαդĤġθˤޤȤޤäˡ򤢤褦Ȥˤˤϥեꥸǥߡꡤ¤Ƥ롥եꥸ϶ˡΧΰˤϤޤۤȤƳƤʤɤ⡤廰ǯʹ߾عܤȤƳ졤޻ǯȽǿѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤ򸫤ȡθ򿩤ߤ᤿ŪʹưΤǡեꥸϥ˶Ϥ˰褯ƤȤ̸ά͡


֥եꥸǥߡפʤȿ뤳ȤΤʤäΤǶä졤Ѹ졤ɥĸ졤̲ȤŪˤŪˤҲŪˤ⶯ʽζ֤ˤäơޤӤƤȤΤϴפΤ褦ˤפ롥

ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-08-1] [2022-02-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-08 Fri

#3602. ȱѸ [monarch][academy][swift][history]

Dz The Favorite ˮؽŲΤ١ˤѤ˹Ԥäƥ奢ȲīǸη祢 (Queen Anne (1665--1714); ߰ 1702--14) εȤϤ븢ŽѿʪǤ롥å礦2ͤν Sarah Jennings Churchill Abigail Masham Υɥɥޤվ޸⤷Ф餯ݤ³ۤɤä餸 Olivia Colman ϡ91󥢥ǥߡޤǼͥޤƤ롥
λˤϡ˾礭ʽ2Ĥä1Ĥϡ1701ǯ˻ϤޤäڥѾƿ̱ϤǤϡ֥פȸƤФˤǤ롥ǥޡХ󡦥㡼Ψ륤ꥹᡤ1713ǯΥȥҥȹ¾Ǥϡ˥塼եɥɡΥϥɥե󥹤å褷˥֥륿ȥߥΥ륫Ȥ泤׾פ˻ä (cf. #2920. Gibraltar English ([2017-04-25-1])) ˡꥹϡĹ18פ̤ƥ衼åѶؤζˤΤ夬äƤȤˤʤäʥ쳤ߤ泤˱Ѹμ򼬤ȤȤˡαѸΤʤƻ򳫤äȤäƤ褤
Τ⤦1Ĥνפʽϡ1707ǯϢˡ (The Act of Union) Ǥ롥ˤꡤǤ1ƱϢȤʤäƤ󥰥ɲȥåȥɲϢ礷쥤ȡ֥ƥȤΩ
äŪˤСDzǤե㡼Ƥ褦ˡλ˥ȡȥۥåˤǤ߽Ф뤳ȤˤʤäȤפǤ롥󼫿ȤϥȡٻƤΤˤϻ¾Ϳ³ϥΡīˤȯŸƤϤʤ餷򤷤Ȥ롥
(474) ˤȡοϼΤ褦󤵤Ƥ롥

ľܴͿ򰦤ȤƵޤޤϡ켷ǯȬǾзΤᡤ󥸥ȥ¤ǻͶФΰ򽪤ꡤƥ奢ȲȤĤФDz̤˽ȤΤ˲äԤưפǤʤ״ǤϡôػҤ˺¤äޤޤǤäҶͿͤ⼡ȼäᤷߤ򡤼ˤޤ碌Ȥᤫ٤Ǿݤ뤳ȤͽۤƤȤǤä


ʻˤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤ2Ƥ1ĤϡҤΤȤꡤꥹؤƻ߽ФŪ˱ѸƤ­äȤȡ
2Ĥϡξ»ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩβǽ٤ȤǤ롥 Swift ˤ1712ǯαѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˹ŪäΤλȤȤ˴ܺä뱿̿Ȥʤäʡ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡҶ¡ᤷߤʶ餹˽˽ˤࡥΤ褦ʥο餺Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩˤȴؤäƤΤǤ롥

رѹ񲦼á16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-04 Mon

#3598. 1664ǯDryden ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤؤλ [academy][dryden][restoration][history]

ε#3597. 1660ǯR. H. Squire ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩơ ([2019-03-03-1]) ȴϢơ1664ǯ Dryden Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩƤؤλդˤĤơDryden ϡ1664ǯ6 Rival Ladies θμˤơե󥹤 Academie française ռʤ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥 (Freeman 294)

I am sorry that, speaking so noble a language as we do, we have not a more certain Measure of it, as they have in France: when they have an 'Academy' erected for that purpose, and endowed with large privileges by the present King.


ơȾǯ127ˡRoyal Society ϱѸ쥢ǥߡΩưĤФɼԤʤäƤ롥ɼˤĤƤϡBirch History of the Royal Society (I, p. 499) ˤưʲεϿĤƤ (Freeman 294)

It being suggested that there were persons of the Society whose genius was very proper and inclined to improve the English tongue, particularly for philosophic purposes, it was voted that there should be a committee for improving the English language; and that they meet at Sir Peter Wyche's lodgings in Gray's-Inn once or twice a month, and give an account of their proceedings, when called upon.


ΰѤκǽΤۤˤ genius ȤǰƬ֤Ƥʪ1ͤ Dryden äȤϵ褦ʤ
εǼ夲褦ˡDryden 17ȾФαѸ쥢ǥߡΩαưβդǤϤʤäαưѶŪ˴ͿơΩäƯ򤷤ȤϳΤ碌ơ#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Freeman, Edmund. "A Proposal for an English Academy in 1660." The Modern Language Review (1924): 291--300.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-03 Sun

#3597. 1660ǯR. H. Squire ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩ [academy][dryden][restoration][history]

ѸˤˤơѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤܺäη֤ɮ٤Ǥ롥1582ǯ˥ꥢΩ줿 Accademia della Crusca1635ǯ˥ե󥹤Ω줿 Academie française ܤˡꥹ16ȾƱͤȿΩܻؤƤ17λѲ˿󤵤졤¸ˤޤƤ
ǽΩεޤäΤϡŴǤ롥1662ǯ Charles II ǧˤ Royal Society of London Ω졤1664ǯˤϱѸȿ֤줿Ǥϡ#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡJohn Dryden (1631--1700) ⤵ȯ
ǥߡΩȯۤϡ⤦᤯1650ǯ夫顤ե󥹤αƶƤ֤Ƥ褦ǡ1660ǯˤ R. H. Squire ʤʪNew Atlantis . . . Continued ꤹܤΤʤǶŪƤ򼨤Ƥ (Baugh and Cable 258--59) Freeman ˤСR. H. Squire Ȥϡ쥴꡼˾ƺäʪؼԡؼ Robert Hooke (1635--1703) ΤȤȤϡե󥹤ΥǥߡΩηаޤ褯ΤäƤ褦Freeman (296) ꤽƤѤ褦

   We have besides these in the Imperial City one Emminent Academy of selected wits: whose endeavours are to reform all errors in books, and then to licence them; to purifie our Native language from Barbarism or Solecism, to the height of Eloquence, by regulating the termes and phrases therof into constant use of the most significant words, proverbs, and phrases, and justly appropriating them either to the Lofty, mean, or Comic stile. These likewise translate the best Authors, and render them in their genuine sense to us very perspicuous: and make Dictionaries in all languages, wherein the proper terms of art for every notion and thing in every trade, manufacture and science is genuinely rendered and with its derivation very perspicuous.
   We have also in each of the provinciall Cities (which have Universities) Free Schools for the attaining of the Languages, Singing, Dancing, Fencing, Riding, and writing, either by Brachugraphy, Hieroglyphic, or an Instrument we have made to write two copies at once, at one and the same motion, for dispatch. For all which we have public Governours and masters sit for each place respectively; chosen by the representative body of that Academie every three years. (pp. 42--44)


17ȾФ褷ǥߡΩΥǥθήˡ Dryden ֤ʬʤǤʤºݤˤ Dryden ΩĿʪȤΤ Freeman ʸμĥǤ롥Dryden ȯ1660ǯޤǤˤϡǤ˥ǥߡΩؤδؿϰŪʤΤȤʤäƤȤȤ
Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩŪȤƤϡʲޤ academy γƵ򻲾ȡ

#2760. ꥢȥե󥹤Υǥߡȡ Johnson ϡ ([2016-11-16-1])
#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1])
#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1])
#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1])
#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1])
#3395. 20ƬΩ줿Ѹ쥢ǥߡɤ ([2018-08-13-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Freeman, Edmund. "A Proposal for an English Academy in 1660." The Modern Language Review (1924): 291--300.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-08-13 Mon

#3395. 20ƬΩ줿Ѹ쥢ǥߡɤ [academy][purism]

ꥹǤϡ1712ǯ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ƥ Academy ߤλߤܺäΤŪ˸褦ȤưΩʤʤä181920Ƹߤ˻ޤǡȤϸ鷺Ȥⲿ餫ΰ̣Ǹ褦Ȥߵ᤬˾ä櫓ǤϤʤˤĤݼŪŪʿ͡Ͼ˰¸ߤϤ뤤ϻŪʥ٥Τ夲뤳ȤϤä1ĤȤơ1913ǯΩ줿 Society for Pure English (S.P.E) 󤲤褦
S.P.E 1913ǯΩ줿ºݤ˳ưϤ᤿Τ1εΤȤǤ롥ΰѰϡСä꡼餸˴ Robert Bridges̾ʸؼ Henry Bradleyåեرʸض Sir Walter Raleighʸؼ Logan Pearsall Smith Ǥ롥Ūϡ͡θʻѡˤ˲뤳ȤǤϤʤޤ "to agree upon a modest and practical scheme for informing popular taste on sound principles, for guiding educational authorities, and for introducing into practice certain slight modifications and advantageous changes" (qtd. in Baugh and Cable, p. 328) ȤȤä͡θѤषºŤƤȤȤĴξΩäƼ㴳ԤʤȤȤä
Ǥ⤽˥ǥߡݤ̣򤫤äΤ⤤㤨СRobert Graves ȤԤ1926ǯ Impenetrability, or The Proper Habit of English ˤơΤ褦 S.P.E ȽƤ롥ˤȤäƤϡSociety for Pure English Ȥ̾餷Ƹջפ줿

The 'Society for Pure English,' recently formed by the Poet Laureate, is getting a great deal of support at this moment, and is the literary equivalent of political Fascism. But at no period have the cultured classes been able to force the habit of tidiness on the nation as a whole. . . . The imaginative genius of the uneducated and half-educated masses will not be denied expression. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable, p. 328)


ɤλˤ⡤˷ȶȼͳʤȶ롥ǥߡʤɤΩεϡ褷1712ǯäƱʵפĤ櫓ǤϤʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-19 Mon

#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ [academy][double_comparative][preposition_stranding][dryden][complaint_tradition]

ǤϡǥߡΩƹ٤ȤͤޤꡤΦǤϤ᤯ǥߡΩ줿1582ǯ˥ꥢ Accademia della Crusca ߤ졤1612ǯˤϤԻ줿ꥢ켭νǤߤե󥹤Ǥϡ1635ǯ Richelieu ˤ Académie Française ꡤ1660ǯˤ Grammaire de Port-Royal 1694ǯˤϥե󥹸켭񤬽Ǥ줿ɥĤǤ17˥ǥߡμݤ˶ᤤĤθ˴ؤ붨Ω夬äƤ
󥰥ɤǤϡ1712ǯ Jonathan Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤʤ졤줬ȾŪͳʤäаޤˤĤơ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) Ǥߤ̤Φ٤ư٤ä褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ󥰥ɤǤѸ륢ǥߡΩȯۤ˨ϥꥶ٥ī1570ǯ夫ߤ줿θ塤1617ǯ Edmund Bolton ΩǥߡΩƤʸؤؤδĤޤȤƤλߤܺäϤΤΡ󥰥ɤǤΦƱͤ16Ⱦʹߤ˥ǥߡΩ˾äȤõ٤Ǥ롥
ơ1660ǯ˲Ťȡθ塤ܳŪʱѸǥߡθȤʤ٤ (The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) Ω줿22̾βʤꡤʤˤ John Dryden, John Evelyn, Thomas Sprat, Edmund Waller, John Aubrey ̾ϢʤäƤۤȤɤβϱѸ줽ΤΤľܴؿȤϡŪΩΤˡ̾ΤˡѸ򡤤ƥǥߡѤ褦ȤΤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓 Dryden ϡʸȤƤ̾٤ñѤ񤷤ꡤ2ӵֻ (preposition_stranding) ι¤Ǻᤷꤷ (Knowles 113--14) Knowles (114) ϡDryden αѸˡ˴ؤŪʸФäפ˼Τ褦ŪɾͿƤ롥

In making these attacks Dryden is possibly the first person to select examples of the language usage of others and arbitrarily assert that they are intrinsically incorrect. To prove his points, Dryden attempted to find observable evidence in his opponents' texts. The problem was that he did not know enough about language to do this properly, and consequently from a linguistic point of view his remarks are ill founded. Nevertheless he did successfully establish the convention whereby people without any special knowledge of language feel entitled to assert that some other people have failed in the acquisition of their mother tongue.


Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-08 Sun

#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ [ame][witherspoon][academy][webster][american_revolution][history]

ꥫΩ夫顤ꥫͤˤ֥ꥫפιռƤʬαѸϥꥹαѸȤϰۤʤΤǤꡤȼɸĤ٤ͳ롤Ȥ¿ʬ˰ŪʰոǤ롥εǤѤ John Witherspoon ϡꥫΩ˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Being entirely separated from Britain, we shall find some centre or standard of our own, and not be subject to the inhabitants of that island, either in receiving new ways of speaking or rejecting the old. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable 354)


Ȥơ1774ǯ1 Royal American Magazine ˷Ǻܤ줿ƿ̾Ρ֥ꥫ͡פˤ륢ꥫѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ󤲤褦

   I beg leave to propose a plan for perfecting the English language in America, thro' every future period of its existence; viz. That a society, for this purpose should be formed, consisting of members in each university and seminary, who shall be stiled, Fellows of the American Society of Language: That the society, when established, from time to time elect new members, & thereby be made perpetual. And that the society annually publish some observations upon the language and from year to year, correct, enrich and refine it, until perfection stops their progress and ends their labour.
   I conceive that such a society might easily be established, and that great advantages would thereby accrue to science, and consequently America would make swifter advances to the summit of learning. It is perhaps impossible for us to form an idea of the perfection, the beauty, the grandeur, & sublimity, to which our language may arrive in the progress of time, passing through the improving tongues of our rising posterity; whose aspiring minds, fired by our example, and ardour for glory, may far surpass all the sons of science who have shone in past ages, & may light up the world with new ideas bright as the sun. (qtd. in Baugh and Cable 354)


#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ԡ ([2016-12-17-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥꥫ2 John Adams 1780ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ʸϤ Adams ΤΤǤϤʤȵ롥
ơռȤ Noah Webster 󤲤ʤ櫓ˤϤʤ#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) ͭ̾1̤βս򤤤ĤѤ褦

The author wishes to promote the honour and prosperity of the confederated republics of America; and cheerfully throws his mite into the common treasure of patriotic exertions. This country must in some future time, be as distinguished by the superiority of her literary improvements, as she is already by the liberality of her civil and ecclesiastical constitutions. Europe is grown old in folly, corruption and tyranny....For America in her infancy to adopt the present maxims of the old world, would be to stamp the wrinkles of decrepid age upon the bloom of youth and to plant the seeds of decay in a vigorous constitution. (Webster, Preface to A Grammatical Institute of the English Language: Part I (1783) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 357)


As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government. Great Britain, whose children we are, should no longer be our standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline. But if it were not so, she is at too great a distance to be our model, and to instruct us in the principles of our own tongue. (Webster, Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes Historical and Critical (1789) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 357)


It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English Language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, and it is desirable to perpetuate that sameness, yet some difference must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of our country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. Now an identity of ideas depends materially upon a sameness of things or objects with which the people of the two countries are conversant. But in no two portions of the earth, remote from each other, can such identity be found. Even physical objects must be different. But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs...the institutions in this country which are new and peculiar, give rise to new terms, unknown to the people of England...No person in this country will be satisfied with the English definitions of the words congress, senate and assembly, court, &c. for although these are words used in England, yet they are applied in this country to express ideas which they do not express in that country. (Webster, Preface to An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) as qtd. in Baugh and Cable 358)


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-06-09 Fri

#2965. Swift Ƚ󥰥ؼ Elizabeth Elstob [swift][academy]

#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ǡSwift ΥǥߡΩƤ˰յ򾧤 John Oldmixon ˤĤƿ줿ǤϡOldmixon Swift ؤͣȿмԤǤȤ Baugh and Cable μĥѤºݤˤ Swift αѸλ˶ᤤѸѤԲ򼨤Ʊͤ¾ˤΤˤSwift ϡѸñʤɤŦĤġѸ¯ȷڤ󤸤Ƥ16ӤѤǤ󥰥ؤϡΤ褦 Swift αѸѤФȿȯ夬äƤɽԤ1ͤ John Oldmixon (1673--1742) ä⤦1ܤ٤ԡԡȤ Elizabeth Elstob (1683--1756) ̾󤲤ʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
Swift αѸλκϡˤҤ٤褦ˡñȤ褦ɽŪħˤäʡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ餫иǤꡤSwift ΤʤǤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ޥ̤ؤλȥޥ󥹽ξȤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤ¸ߤƤפˡФи̵򤬤äΤǤ롥󥰥ؼԤФƤǽǶ١פȤŪɾͿƤꡤؼԤܤ㤦Ȥʤä
Elstob ϡܤ륢󥰥ؼԤ1ͤäͽۤ褦ˡΥ󥰥󸦵ԤȤΤϵǤ롥ƱαѸɤ߽񤭤ǤнʬȤˡűѸʸɤߤʤФ꤫ԽǤƤޤۤɤǤ뤫顤κ͵ȯ֤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥1715ǯˤϸűѸܳŪʸˡ The Rudiments of Grammar for the English Saxon Tongue Ǥνʸ󥰥ؤڻ뤹 Swift ؤȿȤκۤȤäƤΤǤ롥
Elstob ϡνʸǡSwift θĿ̾󤲤ƤʤֶܤͤפȤɽǰŤ Swift ؤ̵椵ȽñˤĤƤϡƥñ¿ñǤ֤ĤĤ⡤ñϤषǤȿElstob ϡSwift äƥ󥰥سλפۤȤ⤤롥
Elstob ȽŪȤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ΥǥߡΩƤϡElstob θűѸʸˡνǻޤǤˤϡ¾塤θߤ򼺤äƤ1714ǯˡƤԤǤä Anne ˴ʤäƤǤ롥Elstob Oldmixon Τ褦ʡŨפʤСSwift ϽĴˤȤʤ뤳ȤǤȤǽϤ롥ޤ˱Ѹ˱Ѹ륢ǥߡɤⰭ¸ߤʤΤϡ18Ƭ Elstob Τ褦ʥ󥰥ؼԤ̣ʤƻʸ³ƤȤ餫ؤäƤΤ⤷ʤ
ʾ塤13ϡֹ衧ե vs. 륹ȥå֡פ򻲾ȤƼɮ

졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-22 Thu

#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) [lowth][priestley][webster][prescriptive_grammar][academy]

#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1]) 2ơεǽҤ٤褦ˡRudiments of English Grammar νǤ1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿1 Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ졤1762ǯˤ James Buchanan The British Grammar 1763ǯˤ John Ash Grammatical Institutes 줾Ω³˽ǤƤ롥ޤ¿λ֤Фơ1784ǯˤ Noah Webster A Grammatical Institute of the English Language ˽ФƤ롥Τ褦ˡ18ȾϼפʵʸˡνǹλǤäʤʤΩ1755ǯˤ Johnson Dictionary of the English Language ǤƤˡ
Priestley Rudiments ϡνǹ˯ȤʤäǽפʸˡˤĤƤʾ˸ħϡִѤμפʴȤŪѤǤǤФפˤʻp. 279ˡPriestley δѽŻλϡθδѼϤȤơۤʤϤȤƻȵȤˤʤä
(287) ɾˤȡʲ̤Ǥ롥

Rudiments Ҥȷ٤ A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ Robert Lowth 䡤ʸˡůŪǤä Hermes (1751) James Harris ʸˡȽؤɤ°ȤʤСJoseph Priestley 18ˤʳɤɽؼԤǤäPriestley ϶ϱʸˡƥʸˡΤ勞ĶæΤޤޤαѸ¤˴ѻơ§٤ϤФؤ᤿ΤᡤѸ֤˿ͰŪäơ򤽤¦鵬ꤷ褦ȤεؤǤػα (Academy) ΩˤȿФƤ롥Τ褦ʼͳǿŪ٤ϡ§ȤƤʸˡǤΧڤʤδ (Usage) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥդ٤ˤĤʤäƤ롥Priestley ˤȤäƤϡPreface ǽҤ٤ƤդڤƤʤСäդδ (the custom of speaking)פθܸŪͣʤΤǤ롥׼¤ˡPriestley 18ˤƽƱѸδѤǧؼԤǤȤ뤬 Priestley βʳؼŪܤȤ˴ŤȽϤ˵ΤǤäPriestley δѤŻ뤹٤ϡΤ1776ǯ The Philosophy of Rhetoric 路 George Campbell ˰Ѥ졤ˤä usage Ť줿 Campbell ⡤good usage ǧ줿ɽ⡤ϰ̤ݻ뤿˰͵򤷤ʤФʤʤ (canons) ꤷƤꡤusage Ф븫˰礯Ȥäǯᤤ Priestley Τۤ٤ӤƤꡤPriestley Ǥ᤯Ū츦ƻƳߤ⤽ԤǤȤ롥Priestley Υƥ켰ʸˡ§ˤ餺줿Ȥˤ˾Ȥ餷ƴܤʿʲ򲼤Ƥ뤳ȤϡRudiments Ǥ⡤Ȥ 'Notes and Observations' ΩħǤ롥ϸߤ˻ޤǸԤĤоݤȤʤꡤʹ2֤ˤʸˡͻüȤʤäƤ뤳ȤɼԤ˵Ť褦


ΥꥹȷӤĤ륳󡦥󥹤ȤǰϡѽŻλȤ⤤롥Priestley ϡѸػ˾̾ȤƤ Lowth Murray ٤бƤ⤷ʤ̣ǥꥹǤ褯ɽʸˡȤäȤ롥

Priestley, Joseph. The Rudiments of English Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa and A Course of lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa. Reprint. Tokyo: Naun'un-Do, 1971.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-17 Sat

#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ [ame][webster][standardisation][academy][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][elf][popular_passage]

Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤ򼨤ƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯񤤤Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦

   The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
   . . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
   It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."


Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥󥰥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 򤹤۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥ򤷤ƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäब󤲤Ƥ͸ס󥰥ɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-04 Sun

#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ [lowth][priestley][prescriptive_grammar][academy]

18ˤ͡ʸˡȤָɾȡפȤ٤͡о줷Samuel Johnson (1709--84), Robert Lowth (1710--87), John Walker (1732--1807), Lindley Murray (1745--1826) Ȥ櫓ͭ̾⤦1ͤνפоʪȤ Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) ̾󤲤ʤ櫓ˤϤʤŻ뤷 Lowth ФPriestley ϴѤŻ뤷ʸˡ路Ƥ롥Priestley ϤλδɤɽŪҤȤäƤ褤
㤨С1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Rudiments of English Grammar ȤʸˡǡPriestley ϡǤä夲Ūʸˡ§ǤϤʤ˰ޤƤѤ˴Ťʸˡ§ǤΩƤ٤Ƥ롥

It must be allowed, that the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language. We see, in all grammars, that this is sufficient to establish a rule, even contrary to the strongest analogies of the language with itself. Must not this custom, therefore, be allowed to have some weight, in favour of those forms of speech, to which our best writers and speakers seem evidently prone . . . ?" (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)


The best and the most numerous authorities have been carefully followed. Where they have been contradictory, recourse hath been had to analogy, as the last resource. If this should decide for neither of two contrary practices, the thing must remain undecided, till all-governing custom shall declare in favour of the one or the other. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)


ޤPriestley Ʊ Rudiments ΤʤǡǥߡˤĤƤȯƤꡤΤ褦ʵؤߤϴѤ˽ۤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

As to a public Academy, invested with authority to ascertain the use of words, which is a project that some persons are very sanguine in their expectations from, I think it not only unsuitable to the genius of a free nation, but in itself ill calculated to reform and fix a language. We need make no doubt but that the best forms of speech will, in time, establish themselves by their own superior excellence: and, in all controversies, it is better to wait the decisions of time, which are slow and sure, than to take those of synods, which are often hasty and injudicious. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 264)


1762ǯ Theory of Language Ǥ⡤Ʊݤ֤롥

In modern and living languages, it is absurd to pretend to set up the compositions of any person or persons whatsoever as the standard of writing, or their conversation as the invariable rule of speaking. With respect to custom, laws, and every thing that is changeable, the body of a people, who, in this respect, cannot but be free, will certainly assert their liberty, in making what innovations they judge to be expedient and useful. The general prevailing custom, whatever it happen to be, can be the only standard for the time that it prevails. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)


Priestley θѤˤϡ¤ŪǸŪʶ롥θѤϡǤȯؼԤȤƤ Priestley ̾1ġ֤ҤȤĤȯʤȤȡɬޤǹͤĤ⤷ʤä̤Դμ뤳ȤˤʤġġסʤʤμϾȯŸˤȤⶦĤƤ褦˻פ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-10-1] [2016-12-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-16 Wed

#2760. ꥢȥե󥹤Υǥߡȡ Johnson [prescriptivism][academy][johnson][italian][french][dictionary][lexicography][popular_passage]

ε#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ȴϢơѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˥󥹥ԥ졼Ϳꥢȥե󥹤ȡɤŨ Johnson μβͤˤĤ
ꥹѸ쥢ǥߡΩ褦ȲΤϡǤ˥ꥢȥե󥹤˥ǥߡ㤬ä顤Ȥͳ礭衼åѽϹֹפ (cf. #2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1])) ǤꡤǥߡȤؤ̤Ƥ¸褦ȹͤƤܤĤΤϥꥢǤ롥ꥢˤ͡ʥǥߡäǤ褯ΤƤΤ1582ǯΩ줿 Accademia della Crusca Ǥ롥εؤϡ1612ǯ Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca ȤǤʪĤθŤͤơ1691ǯˤ3ʬ1729--38ǯǤǤ6ʬˤޤĹ (Baugh and Cable 257)
ե󥹤Ǥϡ1635ǯ˿ Richelieu ʸإõͿνġʺ40̾ˤ l'Académie française ȤΤ褦ˤʤäεؤϡʸˡԽ뤳ȤŪ1ĤȤƷǤƤꡤȤ١ȤƤΤΡ1694ǯˤϼ񤬽Ǥ˻ä (Baugh and Cable 257)
Τ褦ˡꥢե󥹤Ǥ17˥ǥߡϤˤӤѤ߾夲ƤƱꥹǤϥǥߡΩƤʤƤʤäΤǤ롥θ塤1712ǯ Swift ˤƤʤ줿̤Ȥή줿аޤˤĤƤϺεǽҤ٤˸1755ǯˤϡǥߡˤ餺Johnson ĿͤϤǡꥢե󥹸μɤŨѸμ񤬽Ǥ˻äJohnson ο David Garrick ϡΥԥĤƤ (Baugh and Cable 267)

And Johnson, well arm'd like a hero of yore,
Has beat forty French, and will beat forty more.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-15 Tue

#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ [swift][prescriptivism][academy][lowth][johnson]

Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) ϡѸΥǥߡ (academy) Ω˸ƺǤᤤȤޤߤäǤ17ȾˤϱѸ쥢ǥߡϾ夬äƤꡤ18Ƭ Swift Ƥˤƥԡޤˤ衤θ18⥢ǥߡΩ׵ϤñˤϾǤʤäˤ򿶤֤äƤߤСSwift Ƥ̤ʤäȤˤꡤǥߡΩƤʱ٤뤳ȤˤʤäȤϸäƤ褤Ǥϡʤ Swift Ƥή줿Τ
ˤϡĿŪŪ Anne λȤ𤬤äBaugh and Cable (262) ˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

   Apparently the only dissenting voice was that of John Oldmixon, who, in the same year that Swift's Proposal appeared, published Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to the Earl of Oxford, about the English Tongue. It was a violent Whig attack inspired by purely political motives. He says, "I do here in the Name of all the Whigs, protest against all and everything done or to be done in it, by him or in his Name." Much in the thirty-five pages is a personal attack on Swift, in which he quotes passages from the Tale of a Tub as examples of vulgar English, to show that Swift was no fit person to suggest standards for the language. And he ridicules the idea that anything can be done to prevent languages from changing. "I should rejoice with him, if a way could be found out to fix our Language for ever, that like the Spanish cloak, it might always be in Fashion." But such a thing is impossible.
   Oldmixon's attack was not directed against the idea of an academy. He approves of the design, "which must be own'd to be very good in itself." Yet nothing came of Swift's Proposal. The explanation of its failure in the Dublin edition is probably correct; at least it represented contemporary opinion. "It is well known," it says, "that if the Queen had lived a year or two longer, this proposal would, in all probability, have taken effect. For the Lord Treasurer had already nominated several persons without distinction of quality or party, who were to compose a society for the purposes mentioned by the author; and resolved to use his credit with her majesty, that a fund should be applied to support the expense of a large room, where the society should meet, and for other incidents. But this scheme fell to the ground, partly by the dissensions among the great men at court; but chiefly by the lamented death of that glorious princess."


ĤޤꡤSwift ƤƤ켫ΤäȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ǥߡΩ¿ο͡δꤤǤ⤢ä塹ȿʤǤŪˤ Swift ȿФʪ˶ӡո԰פޤ줿ȤȡƲ⡤ǥߡΩ˸ưФƤ Anne 1714ǯ˴ʤäȤSwift αοԤä
־夫פαѸ쥢ǥߡĤ˺ʤäȤˤꡤ18ϡֲפθ쵬Ϥκ꤬ʤǤȤˤʤ (see #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]), #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]), #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])) ꥹϡǥߡջ֤ʤä櫓ǤϤʤȾˤζǺ˻ʤäɾΤŬڤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-28 Fri

#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][standardisation][swift][johnson][language_myth][academy]

Ѹ˾ͭ̾ Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾3Ĥΰۤʤư correct, improve, ascertain ѤƤ롥ѸפֲפֳꤹפȤäΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ֱѸθո򤭤äפȤǤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ưδ֤ˤϤɤΤ褦ʴްդκΤcorrect ˤϡָŦΤľפȤްդꡤimprove ˤϡ֤ɤס ascertain ˤϸŤȤơֳꤵפۤɤΰ̣롥
3ĤưȤԤäŤʤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ϼλˡֱѸθո򤭤äפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ褯Ѥ줿⤦1·3ư줬롥ascertain, refine, fix 3ĤBaugh and Cable (251) ˤС줾ϼΤ褦ʰ̣Ѥ롥

ascertain: "to reduce the language to rule and set up a standard of correct usage"
refine: "to refine it--- that is, to remove supposed defects and introduce certain improvements"
fix: "to fix it permanently in the desired form"

ֱѸθո򤭤äǶ̤Ƥ褦˸뤬ܤƤ¦̤ϰۤʤ롥ascertain ϤŪɸκäΤǡJohnson ascertainment "a settled rule; an established standard" ŤƤ롥ŪˤСǤȤʤ뼭ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥؤ
ˡrefine ϤФոܻؤΤǤ롥μͤδ֤ˤ Chaucer λ䥨ꥶ٥īαѸ줳ͥǸҤѸǤȤΥ른åʱѸѤꡤαѸϿʬƤޤäȤФäΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1]) ޤޤ
Ǹˡfix ϰٳꤷոʱ뤷褦ȤΡȤȤ館ƤФ褤Swift ϤȤ18Ⱦν񤭼ꤿϡν񤤤ʸϤʱ뤵뤳ȤܵǴäƤΤǤ롥ͤСޤạ̈ΤʤꤤǤϤ (cf. #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]))
18εϼԤδ֤ˤϡɤ¦̤֤ƻŸƤΤˤĤư㤤ΤǡưȤΰ̣϶̤Ƥɬפ롥
Ƕܸפ˶ФƤ뤬ܸˤĤ ascertain, refine, fix Τ¦̤бΤʤΤ뤤ϡ3ĤΤǤʤ¾¦̤ʤΤ褯ʬʤȤǤϤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-30 Thu

#2194. ե󥹸쵬ϼѸŨ롤̱Ūե󥹸 [french][prescriptive_grammar][standardisation][academy][linguistic_imperialism][language_planning][language_myth][world_englishes]

ե󥹸˵ŪʸǤȤ롥ϼϱѸˤ⤢뤬ե󥹸ˤϱѸ붯Ϥ롥⤷쵬ϼŪʸȤ뤫⤷ʤΥե󥹸εϼγΩȡȼο (language_myth) ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ

#626. ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤá ([2011-01-13-1])
#1077. Rivarol Υե󥹸ͥº (1) ([2012-04-08-1])
#1078. Rivarol Υե󥹸ͥº (2) ([2012-04-09-1])
#1079. Rivarol Υե󥹸ͥº (3) ([2012-04-10-1])

Perret (70--71) ˽äƥե󥹸쵬ϼȯŸˤ⤹ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥15--16ե󥹲ϥƥäƥե󥹸θȤƽѤϥե󥹸ɸಽή¥ʤ17ˤ Academie française Ω1635ǯ˵ڤӵŪʸˡ伭νǤ꼡18Υե󥹸ݲνפФȤʤä18γ̿ˤե󥹸ϿȤΥܥ˻Ωƾ夲졤ե󥹸ʳθɸŪʥե󥹸ѼˡŪӽ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤɸե󥹸м20ޤ³20ʹߤϡѸŨĬήǻ1994ǯ Toubon ˡǤϡѸɽθŪʻѤ¤褦Ȥаޤ롥ˤ La Francophonie ([2015-04-28-1], [2015-04-29-1]) 20ȾˤȯŸϡΤ褦ʱѸŨδ֤Ť뤳ȤǤե󥹸ŪȻȼɸŪŪʥե󥹸줬θҤɬݻǤʤʤäƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ϰ褴Ȥι̱Ūե󥹸Ѽ (français nationaux) ¸ߴ򶯤ƤƤ롥 (World) Englishes (world_englishes) Υե󥹸ǤȤ
ե󥹸εϼβȥե󥹳̿δطˤĤƤϡ4ϡ֥ե󥹳̿ȸפɤߤ䤹٤ࡥ

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹ1981ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-02-1] [2015-05-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-05-16 Fri

#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) [academy][linguistic_imperialism][sociolinguistics]

#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) ȡ#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ
[2009-09-08-1]εǤϡե󥹤ǥǥߡΩƸ줬塹ȿޤ줿ΤФꥹǤϥǥߡΩλߤԤ˽äȤŪаޤˤꡤѸ줬̱Ūʡ׸ɾΤȵMillar (81) ϤΤ褦ˤϹͤƤʤ

. . . the academy was not founded. Johnson's triumphant celebration of English 'liberty' a generation or so later must be interpreted as an explanation of this failure. Yet when we look deeper into the ideologies framing English 'liberty', it quickly becomes apparent that the similarities between French-language and English-language ideologies during this era are greater than their differences. The language was in the hands of a Latinate and generally leisured elite.


̤βսǡMillar (107--08) ϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

While the English-speaking world does not have the overt linguistic ideologies which the French-speaking world has, ideology has played and plays a significant part in the ways the English language is perceived by native speakers. These perceptions have changed over the years, due to social changes, but a centralised, non-dialectal, variety lies at its heart. Although ideological differences exist between those countries following the American model and those essentially following the British (or 'Commonwealth'), equivalent at the heart of both lies the social and linguistic power of the lower middle class, expressed through the maintenance of 'uniformity'. Again, the difference between these views and those found in France is not great.


¿ζȤˤơɸಽޤƤȡƤ΢¦ɸŪѼ¾줬ްƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥ɸָ륤ǥȤǤϡΤ˥ե󥹤⥤ꥹѤʤäƳԤϰۤʤäƤե󥹤ǤϥǥߡȤŪʵؤƳꥹǤϼԻȤʸˡȤʤɤμ͡ٻ徺ָİ罰ƳȤ㤤Ǥ롥μƳԤ⡤ȤιȤɸ˴ؤ¾Ūǥ϶ͭƤΥǥϡϹŪʤΤä˥ե󥹸Ѹ줬ݲƤ椯ˤĤơƸŪʿ̡Ūʰ̣礤ӤӤ褦ˤʤä
˾ޤݤˤ餺˽󤬤ȤȤϸ¤Ǥꡤ򤱤ѸۤŪ˶ʸ줬̱ŪǤȤȤ񤷤

Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-11-28 Wed

#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ [spelling][standardisation][me_dialect][writing][medium][spelling_reform][academy][johnson]

ѸֻȤθؤαƶˤĤƤϡ##53,219,193,562ϤȤ뵭ǤȰäƤѸؽԤˤȤäơ[2009-06-20-1]ε#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤פǤߤ֤ϡȤʾˡפ碌Ʊ˶òǰŤֻȤΤ⡤Τ褦˴֤Ƥʤꡤݸ¤ʤƤ椯ΤȤȤ򼨤Ǥ롥ºݤѸΥƥȤɤǤȡ֤ȤΤ˾ĴƤ椯Τ¤ǡɸबʤȤ񤭸դϲȤʤΤȤФˤʤäƤ롥ʹƤ뤦˼ƤΤƱǡ֤ϤܤǸǤ뤫顤ܤФϤǰƳȵǽΤ
ȤϤäƤ⡤ؤ礭㤨СѸΥƥȤɤ฽ͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
ֻɸಽ˾ޤͳɬפȤͳϡͤԹʳˤ⤢롥Schmitt and Marsden (156--57) 3󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) 񤭸դϡ֤ȶ̵֤ۤ˾뤿μʤǤ롥μʤ¤Ѥ褦ȤС٤ʰ׵ᤵϤǤ롥
(2) 񤭸դˤϡäդäƤȿȤʤɤξã˴ؤ¿μʤ礱Ƥ롥äơ񤭸դˤ򤵤ݤ뤿ˤϡ졤ʸˡֻʤɤΤ׵ᤵ롥
(3) 񤭸դϡäդȤϰۤʤꡤտŪʶˤΤǤ롥ΤˡӤֻηϤ뤳ȤϽפǤ롥

(1) (2) ˤĤƤ writing medium γƵ򻲾ȡ̣Τϡ(1) (3) ֻɸಽɬפǤͳǤƱˡֻפߤͳǤ⤢ꡤޤ줬ܾۤ˼ԤͳȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥspelling_reform) γƵ򻲾ȡˡ٤ηϤǤˤ硤Ѥ褦Ȥ뤳Ȥϰ񿨤붲줬뤫
ºݤˡֻɸಽ϶ȤνפʻȤǤä㤨СȤľܤ˻Ȥ˻Ϳ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ㳰ʤλȤФꥢե󥹡ڥϤ줾1582ǯ1634ǯ1713ǯ˥ǥߡꡤɸŪֻɥĤǤ1901ǯˡǤ1883ǯ1947ǯˡ줾ܤˤäꥹǤϡJonathan Swift (1667--1745) 1712ǯƤǥߡΩ¸ʤäJohnson μν (1755) ĺȤ뼭ԻưϤˤꡤֻɸಽζȤ⡤嵭ͳǡֻɸಽ򶯤᤿ΤǤ롥äơȤΰҿ᤿Ȥͳ1Ĥä

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-01-13 Thu

#626. ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤ [french][history][academy][language_myth][standardisation]

ե󥹸ϱѸ˾äȤפʳǤȤäƤǤϤʤѸΤߤʤ餺Ѹʹߤˤե󥹸ϱѸФ礭ʱƶڤܤƤ ( see [2009-08-22-1], [2009-08-19-1] ) ե󥹸αƶϤϸäμѤȤäľܤθŪƶФǤʤѸɸಽȤȤʤäѸˤƤϡ衼åѤˤե󥹸¸ߴϥꥹǤαѸɸಽε˾ʤ̻ɷͿ㤨СJonathan Swift 1712ǯ󼨤륢ǥߡΩȤ ( see [2010-12-02-1] ) ϡ˥ե󥹤Υǥߡ ( l'Academie française ) ΩˤʤäȯۤǤʴϢ뵭Ȥ[2009-09-15-1],[2009-09-08-1]򻲾ȡˡ
ե󥹸줬ѸüԤˤäƤɤΤ褦˸ƤȤϱѸˤνפʥȥԥåѸüԤ˸¤餺ս񡤤ƥե󥹸üԼȤˤäƥե󥹸줬ɤΤ褦˸ƤΤȤޤפǤ롥ϡ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤ͸դ---ؤΩ줫ϡֿáפȤ٤---ɤΤ褦ޤ졤ɤΤ褦˸ߤޤĤäƤΤLodge ˰͵򤷤Ƴ⤷
οäߤοƤȤ٤ϥե󥹤ʸɮ Count Antoine de Rivarol (1753--1801) Discours sur l'universalité de la langue française (1784) ˡͭ̾ "Ce qui n'est pas clair n'est pas franais" ʤ餶Υե󥹸ˤ餺פĤʹߡ19, 20Υե󥹿ͤ Rivarol ȤۤƱݤθ򷫤֤ƤƤꡤե󥹸ŪǤŪǤȤä⳰˳ΩƤä
óΩطʤˤϤĤμҲŪʻ𤬤äοä줿Ǥʤ񳰤ؤ⹭äƤäطʤȤƤϡФ륹ƥ쥪Ϳ1ۤ˹äȤ롥ꥢϥڥ椨ˡֲŪʸסڥƮե󥳤ȷӤĤ֥ޥåʸסɥĤϷפ碌̵ǼʸפȤäΥƥ쥪פǤ롥ե󥹸ϤǤˡŪʸפȤɾäˡΥƥ쥪פʹߤޤޤ夹뤳ȤȤʤä
Υƥ쥪פ̱²Υƥ쥪פƱͤ̾ϳͿΤե󥹸ϤǤ夷ƤǤϡοäϥե󥹹ǤɤΤ褦ޤ졤դΤ16Υե󥹤ˤե󥹸ɸಽưüȯ롥ե󥹸ɸ뤿˲ǥˤ뤫ȤϤۤ񤷤ǤϤʤä²äե󥹸줳äȤȤ졤줳ɸˤդ路ΤȤͤƤΤǤ롥1718ˤʤλפ褹ȡե󥹸򲦸²θϤ˵ȤϤŪǤϤʤȤ졤˥ե󥹸ߤŪʤȤάإեȤƤ椯18ե󥹳̿ˤäƶߤȡե󥹤ϡȤ̤Ρ̱礹뿷ħ᤿줬ɸե󥹸äΤǤ롥ȥǥƥƥΤˡɸե󥹸줬Ѥ줿ȤäƤ褤
ʾˤ顤ɸե󥹸줬ե󥹿ͤˤäơֹ̱ξħפȤǧƤȡñʤ⥳ߥ˥θǤʾդƤȤʬ롥椬Ρֹ̱ξħפפ⤫٤ʤͤȡե󥹿ͤΥե󥹸ؤλפʤƿäؤλפˤޤ˶ͳ褯ʬΤǤϤʤ
Ҥ뤬äƱѸɸಽβߤȥե󥹸ΤȤϤޤäۤʤäƤ롥ꥹǤϡֱѸᥤꥹ̱ξħפȤռϤäȼ夤
֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤäؤΩ줫Τ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤʾ˿äޤ칭ޤäƤŪΤ뤳Ȥ̣줬¾ɤΤ褦˸뤫ȤϡطʤȴˤƤʤΤǤ롥

Lodge, Anthony. "French is a Logical Language." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 23--31.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow