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z - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-10-10 Tue

#5279. Z ο䤷 [notice][z][alphabet][ame_bre][greek][latin][french][academy][shakespeare][consonant][youtube][grapheme][link][spelling][helsta]

ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ



z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷󤷤ޤ



hellog

#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼ס ([2023-02-15-1])

heldio (Voicy)

#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)

[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]

#3. ư -ize ΢á (2023/10/08)




Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡

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2023-02-15 Wed

#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][z][ame_bre][alphabet][voicy][heldio]

δñѸ in English٤3椬ȯȤʤޤǴ2ǯ³Ϣܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ24ǡǽȤʤޤ夲ϡǽˤդ路֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼פǤм˼äƤФȻפޤ

δñѸ in English2023ǯ3



ƬZ ϤäȤ֤ξʤʸפǤϡZ ѸΥե٥å26ʸǤ٤㤤ʸǤ뤳ȤҤ٤ޤ³Z ޤñ󤲤ƤߤȡפǤϡZ ޤñ줬󤵤ƤޤѥäȤʤΤФǤS Z μϰϤˤĤƤ⿨ޤΡԤοפǤϡ褤 Z ᰥˤ餫ˤޤǽȯϡ֥פ֥åɡפפǤϡʸɤƤ֤˴ؤ뺮ȶˤ졤ѸαƺäڤӤޤ
24³ϢܤϺ Z ĤޤɼԤ󤻤줿ˤ⤢ꡤɮԤȤƤڤߤʤɮ򼹤뤳ȤǤޤԽԤǫʤŻ˽졤ƥ饹ȥ졼γΩõ她ˤ⸵Ť졤24Ǥޤطγͤ˴פޤ2ǯ֤Τɡ꤬Ȥޤ
֤ΰ̣ᡤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǻǯ1022Ǹ#509. Τ˱ѸϢܤ񤤤Ƥޤ⤪İФȤȻפޤ



Ϣܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפϤˤƽλȤʤޤѸˤ򤭼Τϡ hellog Ǥ⡤¾ΤǤ⡤³Ƥޤ³ꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1]

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2022-12-26 Mon

#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][verb][oed][academy][orthography]

ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ

17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>

The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
   Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.


⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե󥹸켰ֻ򿿻Τ򤷤Ƥ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡե󥹸ǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡե󥹸ǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥե󥹸Ǥ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 򹥤褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥

          The suffix -IZE/-ISE

There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.

Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
   - The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
   - The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
   - Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.


Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡե󥻡ƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1]

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2022-12-25 Sun

#4990. ư -ize/-ise [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][consonant][diphthong][verb][oed][ame_bre]

ư -ize/-ise ˤĤơΥڥ󥰤Ѥ뤫Ȥ顤#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) ˤƤ OED εҤ󤷤ʤ顤ˤ⤹롥
-ize/-ise ϥꥷư -ƦŦɦ ̤롥̱ͤ²ɽ魯̾ˤĤơ~̱͡²ˤȤơʤΤ褦ˡ˿񤦡פΰ̣ư뤳Ȥ¿äѸбǤ barbarianize, tyrannize, Atticize, Hellenize Τ褦
34ˤϥƥ -izāre ȤƼޤ졤Ϥ夷ƤäꥹȶůؤѸȤ baptizāre, euangelizāre, catechiizāre, canōnizāre, daemonizāre ʤɤ߽Ф줿䤬ơꥷưѤꡤ路ư¤줹ݤΰŪʷȤ夷
ϡƥʥ顼ˤơ䤬ưŪ˥ƥηƻ̾줫ư뵡ǽȯãεǽΰ̲Ϥ餯ե󥹸ˤƺǽǤ -iser ֤褦ˤʤäciviliser, cicatriser, humaniser ʤɤǤ롥
ѸѸե󥹸줫 -iser ưѤݤˡե󥹸켰˴Ť -ise ֤뤳Ȥ¿äϡ˱ѸǤȼ᤿κݤ˥ƥե󥹸ǤΤȤưˤ -ise 򡤥ꥷǤ˴Ťˤϥꥷ츻ºŤ -ize Ѥʤɤη⸽줿ηϤޤȾüʤΤäˡ-ize -ise Τ䤳꤬˻롥OED ˤȤƤϡ츻ŪǤꡤ /z/ ʸ̤ɽ魯ڥ󥰤Ȥ -ize 줷ƤȤ
ʤѸΤ2첻뤳ȤˤĤơOED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In the Greek -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /-idz/ became īz, whence English /-aɪz/.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1] [2022-12-26-1]

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2017-04-30 Sun

#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee [ame_bre][z]

#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ϢܵǡäαƺɽȤ autumn vs fallɲŪ zed vs zee Υڥ夲εޤȤˤäơĤʸ򻲾ȤΤǡ˺ϿŪ˵Ƥ
ޤBurchfield (282) fall ιܤˤϡautumn ȤλȤʬڤӤάˤüŪ󤵤Ƥ

fall. The third season for the year was called the autumn from the 14c. onwards, and also, in the British Isles, the fall of the leaf or simply the fall from the 16c. until about 1800. As time passed, autumn settled down as the regular term in Britain, whereas the fall of the leaf (less frequently the fall of the year) and then fall by itself gradually became standard in America from the late 17c. onwards. Autumn and fall are familiar names to everyone in each of the two countries, but in day-to-day speech autumn is the only standard from in BrE and fall is equally standard in AmE.


(486) ǤϡꥫѸǤ autumn ˡˤĤơΤ褦˵ҤƤ롥

fall ΡֽפȤ̣ǤˡϡƹѸˡDZѹѸǤ autumn Ѥ롥ʤƹǤ autumn ϤޤȤƤ뤬ʸṲ̄ӤӤƤġġ


ơ񤯾Ǥ˥󥹥ԥ졼뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡCassidy and Hall (190) English redistributed ꤹǤ롥

These four chief migrations [Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Appalachia] shared English as their common language, but it was never homogeneous. Even the members of leading classes differed in geographical origin and the "commons" spoke their various home dialects. The London type of English accepted and required in education was probably "more [often] honored in the breach than the observance." Especially in the rural areas of America, old terms continued in use after they had fallen out of use in Britain; later English visitors heard them first in America and took them to be "Americanisms." By our definition they are indeed synchronic Americanisms, though historically survivals rather than innovations.
   For example, in England autumn --- a French word based on Latin --- had been introduced by at least the fourteenth century for what was popularly the fall of the leaf (recorded from the sixteenth century but probably much older). That English popular form became established in America --- characteristically abbreviated to simple fall --- and is now the regular spoken form throughout the United States though autumn has some formal written use. Thus a split developed: since autumn grew to be the term favored in England, fall, though British in origin, can be taken as a synchronic Americanism.
   The same kind of development may be seen in the name for the last letter of the alphabet, z. Though zed is now the regular English form, z had also been pronounced zee from the seventeenth century in England. Both forms were taken to America, but evidently New Englanders favored zee. When, in his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Noah Webster wrote flatly, "It is pronounced zee," he was not merely flouting English preference for zed but accepting an American fait accompli. The split had already come about and continues today.


ϢܵѤʣŪ׹͡פȤե졼ϡ "English redistributed" Ȥɽ̤θˤʤѸ¿¿ͤʥ꥽Τξ¦ǶͭƤΤǤꡤۤʤäƤΤϡɤȤɤ줬Ȥ߹蘆ꡤäˤɤ줬ͥäΤȤ褦ʺ٤ʡʬۡפˤʤΤǤ롥

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Joan Houston Hall. "Americanisms." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 184--218.

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2017-04-21 Fri

#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤ [notice][link][ame_bre][history][calendar][z][rensai][sobokunagimon]

420դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλ֥ͤꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤޤ
ϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ6.1֤ʤꥫѸǤ r 򤽤ȯΤפ6.2֥ꥫѸϥꥹѸֿפΤפǰäѸαƺˤĤơŪñΥڥ autumn vs fall 夲ơŪ˿⤷ޤñŪ׹ͤǤϤʤʣŪ׹ͤǸľȤΤݤǤ
ѸαƺϡѸˤΤʤǤȤ櫓͵ΤʤΤǡܥ֥Ǥ ame_bre ¿夲ƤޤϢܵǼ夲Ƥġ˴ؤܥ֥⵭ȤƤϡʲ򤴻Ȥ

#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])
#1730. AmE-BrE 2006 Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-21-1])
#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1])
#428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])
#964 z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1])

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2014-07-24 Thu

#1914. <g> ֤ [grammatology][grapheme][alphabet][consonant][g][yogh][z]

Ѹˤˤ <g> Ȥ֤ʸδطϡȤ櫓ѸˤơʣǤ롥űѸꡤ<g> Ȥʸ (grapheme) ˤϡʸ (allograph) ȤơʿƬ <<Ӡ>> Ȥ (insular <g>) ȴݤĤƬ <<g>> Ȥ (Carolingian <g>) äűѸǤϡԤ̤ǤꡤԤϼȤƥƥ̤Τ˻Ȥ줿ˤʤ <g> ϡ첻ʻˤǤĺ /g/첻ʻˤǤϹŸ໤ /j/ б<god> (God), <gear> (year) ǡǤ롥̻ˤ2ĤβκѤ/j/ <i> ƤꡤŻ <ge> ѤԤ⤤yoke <ioc>, <geoc> ʤɤ֤ä㤬롥
Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȤѸȡ<<g>> (Carolingian <g>) ̲§ȤƤβ /g/ ä#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) Ǹ褦 /ʤ/ ˤб뤳Ȥä<<Ӡ>> (insular <g>) ϡ̤Ÿ໤ /j/ ɽ路³ƻĤä໤ /x/ ɽ魯褦ˤʤä顤ξ˴ޤ yogh θƤ̾Ȥʤäyogh λ <<Ӡ>> (insular <g>) 顤 <3> ե󥹸켰 <z> ˶ᤤǤ <<ȝ>> ؤȯŸѸ̤ƹԤ줿15˳ơβ <y> <gh> ʸˤ֤줿<ȝet> (yet), <ȝou> (you), <niȝt> (night), <liȝt> (light) 򻲾ȡ
<<ȝ>> ϡ15Ⱦ˰ѤƳ줿ȤˡScotland ǤäȤҤͤä줿˽Ҥ٤褦ˡλϥե󥹸켰 <z> λƤᡤåȥɤΰȤϸʤ <<ȝ>> <<z>> ȺƱƤޤäǡ<<ȝ>> ֤٤Ȥ˸ä <<z>> ֤㤬褦ˤʤ롥<zeir> (year), <ze> (ye), <capercailzie> (capercailye) ǡǤ롥ͭ̾ˤ⤽κƱκפĤƤꡤ#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡinsular <g> yogh ϡűѸ衤˻ޤǡ¾ʣʸʣ˴ؤ礤˺ʤʸȤơѸʸˤΰäΤǤ롥ʾ塤Horobin (86, 91) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2011-12-18 Sun

#965. z ʸȯ (2) [z][alphabet][ame_bre][alphabet][new_zealand_english][americanism]

ε#964 z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1]) ˤĤơ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤΤǡ
ꥫѸǤ zee ȤƤȯˤĤơMencken (445) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The name of the last letter of the alphabet, which is always zed in England and Canada, is zee in the United States. Thornton shows that this Americanism arose in the Eighteenth Century.


εҤȡzee ȯϥꥫѸȼκȤȤˤʤ뤬⿨줿褦ˡzee ȯϼŪǤϤäѸΥꥹѸˤäȤ¸ߤƤΤ顤äҡʤȤ򾷤ҤǤ롥ϡCassidy and Hall (191) εҤ򻲹ͤˤ٤

Though zed is now the regular English form, z had also been pronounced zee from the seventeenth century in England. Both forms were taken to America, but evidently New Englanders favored zee. When, in his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Noah Webster wrote flatly, "It is pronounced zee," he was not merely flouting English preference for zed but accepting an American fait accompli. The split had already come about and continues today.


⵭̤ꡤŪˤ z ȯ variation ϱƤѼˤ¸ߤʹߤˤǡѼɸŪȯȤƤޤ̤ȯ򤵤줿ȤȤǤ롥ꥫѸȼ뤤ϥꥹѸȼȤܤϿƤۤ¿ʤषĤƤ variation ˺ݤȤߤ٤㤬¿Ȥդ
ʤ˥塼ɱѸǤϡǯǯؤ濴ˡŪʥꥹȯ zed äơꥫȯ zee äƤƤȤBailey (492) Ѥ褦

In data compiled in the 1980s, children younger than eleven offered zee as the name of the last letter of the alphabet while all those older than thirty responded with zed.


Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963.
Cassidy Frederic G. and Joan Houston Hall. "Americanisms." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 184--252.
Bailey, Richard W. "American English Abroad." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 456--96.

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2011-12-17 Sat

#964. z ʸȯ (1) [z][alphabet][ame_bre][spelling][alphabet]

z ˴ؤƤϡz γƵǼ夲Ƥ⡤z
z ϥե٥åȺǸʸˤͳ롥 z ϡ䥮ꥷ6ܤʸ "zeta" ȤơˤǤ̤ѤƤƥˤɬפȤʤäΤǡ޿ͤϼƤʤäȤ˥ꥷμѸɽΤѤ褦ˤʤäΤäǡե٥åȤʸκǸ˲ä졤䤬ƻ̱뤳ȤȤʤä (Crystal 2003) Ǥϡz ϸˤä͡ʲ͡ѤƤ롥
ѸˤƤϡ-ize -ise Ω褯ΤƤ롥Ωϡ绨ĤˤäƱѼ̤ΤȤΤƤ뤬[2010-02-26-1], [2010-03-07-1] ε򻲾ȡˡz ˤޤĤ⤦1ĤνפΩϡz ȤʸȤƤȯ˸롥̤ˡBrE Ǥ /zɛd/, AmE Ǥ /ziː/ ȯ롥ΰ㤤ϲˤΤ
OED ˤȡΥޥ衤ꥹǤ zed ȯڤ뤳ȤʤԤʤƤȹͤ롥17ˤϡzad, zard, izzard, ezod, uzzard ʤɤΰ۷ԤʤƤΤʤǡ2ϥꥷ "zeta" ȯãˡޥ󥹽첻Ƭź (prosthesis) 줿Τͳ褹롥
Ȥͥä zed йơѸ˲ؼԤȯȯפAlexander Gill Logonomia Anglica (1619) Ǥ ez ȯCharles Butler The English Grammar (1633) Ǥ ze ȯ󼨤줿ΤǤ롥ϡy ʸȯȤƤĤ ya yi Ƥ줿ΤƱ褦ˡե٥åȤ¾ʸȯȤʿ¸뤿ΡտŪʺ餯϶Ūθäȹͤ롥㤨Сze ȯˤꡤz b, c, d, e, g, p, t, v Τ줾ɸŪȯȵӱƧळȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦ήǡzee ȯ zed ¤ǥꥹǤʬŪˤϹԤʤ褦ˤʤä褦ˤϿष2Ĥȯϥꥫؤޤ졤ΥꥫǤ zee ˷ۤ夬äz ȯˤޤĤƺϡ¿αѸαƺƱ͡ƱΤʤǤΰۤʤ˵ΤȤ狼롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2011-07-05 Tue

#799. ±ʣ <z> [plural][netspeak][suffix][corpus][z][alphabet]

ʣå㡼Ȥơˤʤʣ롥ȯ -s ξƱֻͤ <z> Ȥʤz ʣפǤ롥Crystal (137) ʲΤ褦˻ŦƤ

New spelling conventions have emerged, such as the replacement of plural -s by -z to refer to pirated versions of software, as in warez, tunez, gamez, serialz, pornz, downloadz, and filez. (137)


줾ȯκۤȼʤֻΰ۷֤路̤ȴǤ롥Τ路ͳ褹ΤȤС<z> ʸΤΤİͤ[2010-07-17-1]ε֤֤ȤĤäƤ <z>פǼꤢ褦ˡ<z> ϤƱƤʸ<s> 餫˴ԤȤ <z> ʲȤ䤱Ωġ
ֳ±ʣ ( plural of piracy ) ȤǤƤӤʤ뤳 <z> ʻˤλѤϡߤǤ NetSpeak ǤαȤƤλѤ˸ꤵƤ褦COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) θˤȡwarez 4㤬ҥåȤ warez ʳξǤθϥҥåȤʤˡʲϤΤ1ǡ2004ǯ Houston Chronicle εǤ롥

CW Shredder - www.spyware info.com/merijn/ Developed by the same author as Hijack This!, CW Shredder removes a very common piece of spyware known as the Coolwebsearch Trojan. It takes advantage of a flaw in a key component of Windows - Microsoft's version of the Java Virtual Machine - to install itself via pop-ups often found on porn and illegal software (a.k.a. "warez") sites.


¾ BNCweb "*z_NN2" ȤƸƤߤȡBOYZ ¿ҥåȤϥꥫο͵롼 Boyz II Men 䥢ꥫѸ Boyz n the Hood ؤθڤˤΤǡ±ʣȤϼ񤬰ۤʤ롥ȤϤͭ̾侦̾ʤˤɸŪֻѤ뤳ȤϾȹǤϹ븽ݤǤ㤨 Heinz Ҥ "Heinz Buildz Kidz" ˡΩ̤äƤǤ϶롥
ʤߤˡKirg(h)iz ֥륮͡פҥåȤϥֻ˽सΤñʣƱǤˤʤʰ۷Ȥ Kirg(h)izes ⤢ˡ

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2010-07-18 Sun

#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> [alphabet][g][yogh][spelling_pronunciation][personal_name][z]

ε[2010-07-17-1]DZƤʸ <z> ꤢåȥɷϤο̾ˤĤƱѸ˾ <z> ˤޤĤ붽̣ä ( Scragg, p. 23 ) ɸλĤο̾Ϥ <z> ޤǤꡤȯϤ줾 /ˈdælziəl/, /məˈkɛnzi/, /ˈmɛnziz/ /z/ ȼäȯΤ/z/ ȼʤṲ̄ȯ⤢ΤǤ롥ԤϤ줾 /diˈɛl/, /məˈkɛni/ ʸߤǤϤۤѡ, /ˈmɪŋɪs/ ȯ롥
礦ɾ󤬡֤פʤΤ֤פʤΤȽ̤Ĥʤ褦ˡMenzies ֻǤ /ˈmɛnziz/ ʤΤ /ˈmɪŋɪs/ ʤΤʬʤȤʼºݤ˥åȥɤǤϳعƱ饹ˡĤΰۤʤȯ Menzies 󤬤뤳ȤȤˡ
ʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤ뤫򤹤뤿ˤϡѸֻΤɬפ롥űѸ衤"yogh" /joʊk, joʊx/ ȸƤФʸ <ʒ> Ÿ໤໤ɽΤѤƤŪˤ [j], [x] ʤɤβб˲˱ <y> <gh> ִ뤳ȤȤʤä¿ӤʸǤ롥ѸǤδؤä <ʒ> ѸΰѤȯŸȼäƿष¾ʸִ뤳ȤȤʤää˥åȥɤǤϡȯб뤫ȤͳǤϤʤΤƤ뤫Ȥͳǡ<z> ФִȤʤä<z> ξʸɮΤפ⤫٤СΤ餫̾ʤɤ <ʒ> <z> ν񤭴ä̡ߤ <Dalziel>, <MacKenzie>, <Menzies> Ȥֻޤ줿
դˤФȤȤ <Dalʒel>, <MacKenʒie>, <Menʒes> ʤɤ֤ƤȤȤǤꡤ <ʒ> ɽϤ줾ͭŸ໤ [j] ͭ໤ [ɣ] ˶ᤤäȹͤ롥ȯΤޤ޸ߤޤǤȯŸƤΤ嵭ŪȽҤ٤ȯǤꡤ<z> ȼŪȯֻ <z> ڤؤäƤֻȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ȤȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡBBC ε Why is Menzies pronounced Mingis? ˤ⤷
ΤƤ뤬椨˺ѤκѤ̾ĤߤˤޤǻĤäƤƱͤȤƤϡ[2009-05-11-2]εǼꤢ "thorn" <y> 롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2010-07-17 Sat

#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> [alphabet][phoneme][phonemicisation][minimal_pair][mulcaster][z]

[2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]ǥե٥åȤ <u> <v> ˤĤƽҤ٤ϱѸǺǤ֤ξʤ¸ߴʸ <z> ˤ롥
<z> ٤ʸǤ뤳Ȥϡ[2010-03-01-1]Ƿڤ줿BNC Word Frequency Lists lemma.num ˤ6318ñꥹȤ <z> ޤñȴФƤߤȡʲ36ΤߤǤ롥ʸΥޥʡ褯狼롥ʽɽϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡ

size, organization, recognize, realize, magazine, citizen, prize, organize, zone, seize, gaze, freeze, emphasize, squeeze, gaze, amazing, crazy, criticize, horizon, hazard, breeze, characterize, ozone, horizontal, enzyme, bronze, jazz, bizarre, frozen, organizational, citizenship, dozen, privatization, puzzle, civilization, lazy



<z> ĸΤǺѤ size Ǥ716̤Ȥ㤵ǡ1000̰äƤΤϤθǤ롥ƮƤΤ<z> ĤäƤ jazz puzzle Ǥ롥
<z> ʬۤˤĤƵŤȤϡꥷͳμѸ줬¿ȡ-ize / -ization(al) Ĥ뤳 ([2010-02-26-1], [2010-03-07-1]) ñ˸뤳Ȥ󤲤<z> Ѹ졤ä˥ꥷ줫μѸȴϢŤƤȤȤϡʸθǤ learned ʥ᡼۵롥<z> ΤĶ꤬䡤ޤ٤㤵ȤطƤǡνɽˤϿ㤷Ƥʤñ <z> 褯и뤳Ȥ craze, daze, laze, maze, doze, assize, freeze, wheeze ʤɤڤ롥֤ɽ줬¿褦Ǥ롥
<z> ϸűѸˤ⤢ˤϤäElizabeth ʤɤθͭ̾ʤɤ˸¤졤ϤޥʡäűѸǤ /z/ ϲǤȤƤ¸ߤƤ/s/ ΰ۲Ȥ¸ߤƤ˲᤮ʤΤǡбʸ <z> ѤɬפʤäȤȤͳΰĤǤ롥Ѹˤʤ <z> ¿Ѥե󥹸줫̤μѸ줬ήˤĤ <z> Ѥ뵡<v> ξȰۤʤꡤۤɰ̲ʤäǤ price prize ʤɤ minimal pair ֻǤ̤Ǥ褦ˤʤäΤϡ<z> ξʹ׸Τ褦ϤޤǡǤ <s> /s/ /z/ ξɽʸȤƳƤꡤ㤨̾ȤƤ house ưȤƤ house ֻ̤Ĥ뤳ȤǤʤʤɤȤؤˤ⤫餺<z> ФФ뤳ȤϤʤ<z> Կ͵ϡShakespeare ǤڤƤ ( Scragg, p. 8 )

Thou whoreson zed! thou unnecessary letter! ( Shakespeare, King Lear, Act II, Scene 2 )


Shakespeare Ʊֻͤ˴ؿ Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ϡ<z> Կ͵ϻΤ񤭤ˤȤˤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Z, is a consonant much heard amongst vs, and seldom sene. I think by reason it is not so redie to the pen as s, is, which is becom lieutenant generall to z, as gase, amase, rasur, where z, is heard, but s, sene. It is not lightlie expressed in English, sauing in foren enfranchisments, as azur, treasur. ( The First Part of the Elementarie, p. 123 )


Ѹˤ̤ơ<z> ӸӤȤϤʤ¸߰յǤʤ顤֤Ȥե٥åȤæĤäƤΤꥷѸ졤ä -ize / -izationư찮ñȤ¤줿ꥢ˻ٻפľޤΤ褦¸ߴ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Mulcaster, Richard. The First Part of the Elementarie. Menston: Scolar Reprint 219, 1582. (downloadable here from OTA)

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2010-03-07 Sun

#314. -ise -ize (2) [spelling][bre][bnc][lob][flob][corpus][suffix][z]

[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲ򸫤Ƥͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ᤿٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ

itemLOB: rate (freq)FLOB: rate (freq)
-ise-ize-ise-ize
recognise59.6% (99)40.4% (67)71.8% (127)28.2% (50)
realise63.2% (134)36.8% (78)68.7% (125)31.3% (57)
organise65.6% (42)34.4% (22)67.2% (43)32.8% (21)
emphasise37.7% (20)62.3% (33)62.9% (39)37.1% (23)
criticise52.0% (13)48.0% (12)80.0% (24)20.0% (6)
characterise0.0% (0)100.0% (4)56.3% (18)43.8% (14)
summarise35.3% (6)64.7% (11)64.7% (11)35.3% (6)
specialise56.3% (18)43.8% (14)81.8% (27)18.2% (6)
apologise68.8% (11)31.3% (5)70.6% (12)29.4% (5)
advertise100.0% (41)0.0% (0)100.0% (55)0.0% (0)
authorise77.4% (24)22.6% (7)68.2% (15)31.8% (7)
minimise90.0% (9)10.0% (1)80.0% (16)20.0% (4)
surprise100.0% (182)0.0% (0)100.0% (173)0.0% (0)
supervise100.0% (10)0.0% (0)100.0% (9)0.0% (0)
utilise70.0% (7)30.0% (3)83.3% (5)16.7% (1)
maximise50.0% (2)50.0% (2)50.0% (9)50.0% (9)
symbolise50.0% (3)50.0% (3)40.0% (4)60.0% (6)
mobilise66.7% (2)33.3% (1)20.0% (1)80.0% (4)
stabilise58.3% (7)41.7% (5)33.3% (3)66.7% (6)
publicise81.8% (9)18.2% (2)84.6% (11)15.4% (2)


100쵬ϤΥѥʤΤǡȥå20ȤϤäƤⲼ̤Τۤθ٤Ϥۤɹ⤯ʤŪʰݤȤƤϡ-ise ֻ30ǯΤˤ露ƤƤ褦Ǥ롥Ψ礭ѲθʤΤΤˤ뤬ӤΤȤ emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise ʤɤ롥ϤޤǰݤʤΤǡŪˡ뤤ϸ̤ñˤĤŪͭպΤɤ̤˸ڤɬפ롥ޤLOB ˤ characterise ϰڤʤ characterisation ϳǧ줿Ȥ⡤ưǤʤ̾ -isation / -ization 碌Ĵɬפ롥ˤϡб륢ꥫѸξĴꥹѸ̻ŪѲʤ⤷ȤФǤ뤬ˤȴطΤɤõɬפ롥

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2010-02-26 Fri

#305. -ise -ize [spelling][ame_bre][bnc][corpus][suffix][z]

ϡʡѸ񤯤Ȥˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤ󤲤ñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ

item-ise rate (freq)-ize rate (freq)-ise + -ize
recognise61.1% (9143)38.9% (5812)14955
realise63.2% (9442)36.8% (5492)14934
organise62.3% (5540)37.7% (3359)8899
emphasise60.0% (2998)40.0% (1998)4996
criticise54.9% (2054)45.1% (1688)3742
characterise52.2% (1398)47.8% (1278)2676
summarise61.4% (1164)38.6% (731)1895
specialise70.7% (1163)29.3% (481)1644
apologise68.8% (1084)31.2% (492)1576
advertise99.5% (1542)0.5% (7)1549
authorise64.5% (987)35.5% (543)1530
minimise65.4% (984)34.6% (521)1505
surprise99.9% (1345)0.1% (1)1346
supervise99.8% (1303)0.2% (3)1306
utilise68.9% (798)31.1% (360)1158
maximise63.2% (719)36.8% (418)1137
symbolise49.2% (324)50.8% (334)658
mobilise45.5% (286)54.5% (342)628
stabilise53.5% (334)46.5% (290)624
publicise69.4% (419)30.6% (185)604


ɽ advertise, surprise, supervise 3ˤĤƤ -ise §ȤߤʤƤ褤ʳŪ -ise ͥʤ餤ǡꥹѸǤ -ize Ͻʬ˰ŪǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥399ʿѤȡ-ise Ψ51.6%Ȥʤꡤ-ize ȤۤɹƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ܤĴ٤иġưδѤȤΤΤ⤷ʤꥹѸ֤ȤƤϡҤȤޤ-ise פȹͤƤΤ꤫⤷ʤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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