hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 1 (4)

grapheme - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2024-12-12 Thu

#5708. 2Ż <gh> ε --- <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ȹͤ碌 [grapheme][graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥

   The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
   English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.


ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬򻲾ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥

a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)


b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)


c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)


ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվ񤭤ȡ̤ꡥ

(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥ󤬡󥰥ΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh Ū໤ʤΤǡ໤򼨤

<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-12-12 Thu

#5708. 2Ż <gh> ε --- <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ȹͤ碌 [grapheme][graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥

   The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
   English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.


ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬򻲾ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥

a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)


b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)


c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)


ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվ񤭤ȡ̤ꡥ

(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥ󤬡󥰥ΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh Ū໤ʤΤǡ໤򼨤

<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2024-12-11 Wed

#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][anglo-norman][scribe][yogh][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥ󥰥Υޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ

. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.


󥰥Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) 󥰥Υޥ񤭴줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹ񤯺ݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-12-1]

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2023-10-10 Tue

#5279. Z ο䤷 [notice][z][alphabet][ame_bre][greek][latin][french][academy][shakespeare][consonant][youtube][grapheme][link][spelling][helsta]

ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ



z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷󤷤ޤ



hellog

#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼ס ([2023-02-15-1])

heldio (Voicy)

#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)

[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]

#3. ư -ize ΢á (2023/10/08)




Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡

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2023-01-15 Sun

#5011. Ѹֻˤϡ֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡס by إ饸 [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][yurugengogakuradio][spelling_pronunciation_gap][grapheme][voicy][prestige][minim][linguistics][link][youtube]

(linguistics) Ȥ᥸㡼ȤϤʤݥåפ˹Τ˹׸Ƥ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸114˸줿ǿǤϡ1β˰³<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ 濴˱Ѹֻȯ̯ʴطȤʤäƤޤˤĤƤϡ#5009. ʤСʡɡ硼ֻͥghoti = fishפ϶˴Τ ([2023-01-13-1]) ⻲ȡˡ2ˤ錄䤬ƽƤΤǤβ⤿ؤڤΤǤʿ󡤴طԤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ghoti, high, women, nation, debt ʤɤֻˤĤơٸη̯ޯæʥȡɤΤȥ֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥ȯ2#194Ǥ



֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡפȤե졼ǤѸֻˤΥĥܤΤ3¤ˤ⤷θƤɽȻפޤѸֻϡѸʹߤ˥ե󥹸ˤ֤줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤޤɮȤΤϼ̻ĿͤΰɮȤ櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡üʻΤδϰɮȸ礬뤳ȤŦƤޤʺϽ (minim) ȤʤäƤޤˡſߤϡѹͥ󥹤ȽŤʤѸ˸ŵä˥ƥˤؤƴݤäȤؤƤޤ
ե󥹸줫֤ȡʥƥ˲ſߤϡưۤʤäƤϤޤҲŪˤСҿ (prestige) ؤܶȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤϡѸֻˤ̤ƴѻ礭ĬήǤ
2Ρ֤إ饸פǼ夲줿˴ؤơ伫Ȥhellog~Ѹ˥֥סVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥʤɤ̤ơ͡ȯƤƤޤ˥󥯤ޤȤѻˤʤꤽǤΤǡnote ߥڡ֤֡إ饸פ ghoti ˤޤĤĥ󥯽äƤߤޤ碌Ƥ
ʤǿκǸΡ֤á줫衪פϡ#224. women ȯֻ (2) ([2009-12-07-1]) ΤȤǤ12ǯθĿŪʲʤȤⴶۡˤǡ񤤤ȼΤ˺Ƥޤ衤ʾСˡ
Voicy ѡʥƥꥹʡȤơ֤إ饸פ Voicy 뤳ȤҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤǿ֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥#194Ǥ


Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-14-1] [2023-04-28-1]

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2023-01-13 Fri

#5009. ʤСʡɡ硼ֻͥghoti = fishפ϶˴Τ [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][phonotactics][gh][digraph][yurugengogakuradio][spelling_pronunciation_gap][grapheme][voicy][youtube]

˾Ƥ YouTube Podcast ο͵֤ͥإ饸110˸줿ǿghoti Ƚ񤤤ƥեåɤࡩѸإ硼Ű˶ȯ1#193ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) äΤȤƤ褯ΤƤ꤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ䤬Ѹֻˤ򸦵椷ƤȤȤ⤢ꡤΤ³ԤȤʤ뼡ȹ碌ƴƽƤȤˤʤޤʿ󡤤äˤʤäƤޤˡ



<ghoti> Ȥֻ fish /fɪʃ/ ɤ롤ȤȥǥͥǤϱѸֻפ˴ؿ󤻤ƤɽпȤη George Bernard Shaw (1856--1950) ѸֻΤҤɤäΤȤƾҲ𤵤뤳Ȥ¿ǤShaw <ghoti> <gh> ˴ؤ hellog Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1])
#605. Shavian Alphabet ([2010-12-23-1])
#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])
#2085. <ough> β ([2015-01-11-1])
#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])
#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã ([2020-02-14-1])

ʤ <ghoti> /fɪʃ/ ΩĤΤˤĤƤϡإ饸2ͤΥȡ˾ϤޤΤǡʤȤϽҤ٤ޤ
Shaw ϤȤƵ󤲤櫓ǡʤ䤿¦ⲿΰ´򴶤Ƥޤ<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ Υ饯ʬ뤱ɤ⡤ʤθղȴޤζδФϤɤΤǤ礦
䤿ϡɸѸˡ (orthography) ΤʤǤäʸˡ (graphotactics) ƤʤȿƤΤȻפޤѸֻν§ʣ¿ˤ錄ޤΤʤǤֻʸ (grapheme) ˴ؤ뵬§ꡤʸˡȸƤǤޤ<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ ΤʤǤȤ櫓Ҳбֻ <gh> <ti> ˤĤơʸˡε§ˤƤ롤ĤޤԵ§ȤФƤΤǤ
<gh> /f/ δطϳΤ cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough ʤŪ٤ι⤤ˤߤ졤ü櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤δطΩĤΤϴŪˤϸʷˤˤƤǤꡤΤȤʸˡε§Ȥ߹ޤƤȹͤޤĤޤꡤñˤ <gh> /f/ δطƬʷƬˤǸ㤬ʤˡghoti ʸˡε§˰ȿƤȴΤǤ礦
Ʊͤ <ti> /ʃ/ δط⡤켫ΤϷ褷ޤ-tion -tious ñ¿ꡤ䤿⸫Ƥޤ (ex. nation, station, ambitious, cautious) /ʃ/ б <ti> ϴŪˤΩƸ櫓ǤϤʤ <on> <ous> ȼäƸΤʸˡε§Ǥ<ghoti> <ti> /ʃ/ ɤޤݤ˴붯ϡε§ȿͳ褷ޤ
ѸʸˡˤĤƤϰʲε⤴

#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#3882. ֻȯΡб§פȤ̤¸ߤˡ§ס ([2019-12-13-1])

إ饸ˤ Voicy ⤢ꡤκǿȤʤäƤޤ



Voicy ǤϤإ饸⡤ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ⡤Ʊָءץ˥ƥ饤ƤͥǤ뤿ᡤޤξɤ¤֤ȤޤʾСˡ

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2022-10-22 Sat

#4926. yacht <ch> [dutch][loan_word][silent_letter][consonant][spelling_pronunciation][metathesis][phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][consonant][phonology][orthography][digraph][eebo]

<ch> ۻ (silent_letter) Ȥʤñ줬4ĤȤȤ򶵤ƤäʵŤʾ򤢤꤬Ȥˡdrachm /dræm/, fuchsia /ˈfjuːʃə/, schism /sɪzm/, yacht /jɑt/ Ǥ롥ŵϡ#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1]) Ǽ夲 (7) Ǥ롥
yacht ܤƤߤθ16Υ jaght(e) ѤΤǡOED ˤȽϰʲʸǤcf. #4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]t λҲߤʤΤˤʤȤǤϤ롥

a1584 S. Borough in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 330 A barke which was of Dronton, and three or foure Norway yeaghes, belonging to Northbarne.


ѸǤνֻʤ餯ȯˤϡ gh ȯɤΤ褦ˤƼफɤ줬ä餷͡ä褦OED βˤȡ

Owing to the presence in the Dutch word of the unfamiliar guttural spirant denoted by g(h), the English spellings have been various and erratic; how far they represent varieties of pronunciation it is difficult to say. That a pronunciation /jɔtʃ/ or /jatʃ/, denoted by yatch, once existed seems to be indicated by the plural yatches; it may have been suggested by catch, ketch.


<t> <ch> ȿž yatch Ȥʣֻ EEBO ǸƤߤȡ1670ǯ夫1690ǯޤǤ50ۤɾ夬äƤʤߤˡΤ褦ֻȿžѸǤʤȤ櫓 "guttural spirant" ؤˤϤ褯줿Τạ̇̄ǤϤʤѸˤޤǤϤ߽ФƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
yatch ȯֻˤĤƤϡDobson (371) Τ褦˸ڤƤ롥

Yawt or yatch 'yacht' are two variant pronunciations which are well evidenced by OED; the former is due to the identification of the Dutch spirant [χ] with ME [χ], of which traces still remained when yacht was adopted in the sixteenth century, so that it was accommodated to the model of, for example, fraught and developed with it, while OED suggests that the latter is due to analogy with catch and ketch---it is certainly due to some sort of corrupt spelling-pronunciation, in the attempt to accommodate the word to native models.


<t> <ch> ֻȿžȡ³ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) η߽Ф줿 yacht ̯ʰ۷ȤȤˤʤ롥

Silent Consonant Letter ʬϡä˱Ѹˤδ鸫濴Ȥơסʡؿʸѡ51, 1973ǯ117--45ǡ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2021-08-22 Sun

#4500. ʸηϤ̤θ줫ڤȤ˵뤳6 [grapheme][graphology][alphabet][writing][diacritical_mark][ligature][digraph][runic][borrowing][y]

餬ʸηϤ߽ФǤʤ¤ꡤθ⤹Ǥ¾ǻȤƤʸѤ뤳ȤˤäʸαѤϤ᤿ϤǤ롥ȼѸθʤ¿쾯ʤۤʤħʤȤ櫓ˤäƤ櫓ǤꡤʸαѤˤäƤѸǤαѤ100%Τޤ޻ۤ櫓ǤϤʤ֤ʸηϤѤȤˤϡ餫Ѳ뤳Ȥ򤱤ʤϡ6˥޻Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ȤꡤƱ˴ܸ˼Ѥ줿ȤǤ롥
Görlach (35) ϡʸηϤμѤ˺ݤƲꤦ뤫6վ񤭤ǵ󤲤Ƥ롥ɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤμѤǰƬ֤Ƥβվ񤭤Ȼפ뤬ʲ˰Ѥ

   Since no two languages have the same phonemic inventory, any transfer of an alphabet creates problems. The following solutions, especially to render 'new' phonemes, appear to be the most common:

1. New uses for unnecessary letters (Greek vowels).
2. Combinations (E. <th>) and fusions (Gk <>, OE <æ>, Fr <œ>, Ge <ß>).
3. Mixture of different alphabets (Runic additions in OE; <ȝ>: <g> in ME).
4. Freely invented new symbols (Gk <, , , >).
5. Modification of existing letters (Lat <G>, OE <ð>, Polish <ł>).
6. Use of diacritics (dieresis in Ge Bär, Fr Noël; tilde in Sp mañana; cedilla in Fr ça; various accents and so on).


ʤۤɡ¸ʸˡѤȤȤ⤢СʸФȤȤ⤢Ȥ褦͡ʥѥ󤬤ꤽ¿ϳΤ˸֤ǤʸηϤμѤ˺ݤƵ뤳Ȥ¿⤷ʤǤʤƤ⼫ȯŪ˵ܤ⤢ΤǤϤʤ
㤨о嵭1ˤĤƤϡƱǤäƤ̻Ū˵뤳Ȥ롥űѸ <y> /y/ ˤĤơѸˤƱǤ߿ȼäơƱʸǤϤ̣ǡספȤʤä櫓ѸˤϻҲ /j/ ɽ魯褦ˤʤä֤ˤä /i/ ΰ֤ȤǤϡܿľŪ˴ؤäƤʤ褦˻פ (cf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1]))

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2021-07-14 Wed

#4461. ʤ <th> 1ҲбΤ2ʸʤΡ [sobokunagimon][th][consonant][digraph][thorn][grapheme][runic]

󤻤줿餷Ѥʵ䡥ʤ <th> 2ʸʤΤ1ĤλҲбƤΤʤѤο1ʸѰդʤäΤȤ䤤Ǥ
Ѹ <th> ȤֻӤбȯ /θ, ð/ ϡƹ٤ǸޤѸǺǹ٤θǤ괧 the Ϥᡤthey, their, that, then, though ʤɡ"th-sound" ϤʤʤȯʤѸΥñˤ褯ޤѸؽԤˤȤäơάʤ櫓ˤϤʤֻǤȯʤ櫓Ǥ"th-sound" ˤĤƤϡth γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡ
<th> ɽ魯̵ /θ/ ˤͭ /ð/ ˤ衤ȯȤƤϤޤ1ҲбƤ櫓ʤΤǡֻȤƤ1ʸƤ٤ȤͤϡΤޤ1ĤλҲ /t/ Ф1ĤλҲ <t> б1ĤλҲ /f/ Ф1ĤλҲ <f> бΤƱ褦ˡ1Ĥ "th-sound" Ǥ /θ/ 뤤 /ð/ Фơ餫1ĤλҲбƤƤԻ׵ĤϤʤϤǤȤξˤϤʤ <th> 2ʸ䤷Ƥ櫓Ǥ֤ȤƤϡٸ˸ˡ<th> 2ʸǤϤʤ1ʸǽ񤱤Ф֤ڤʤΤˡȻפΤ̵̤ȤǤ
ɸ䤤⤷ΤϡѸ˾νפäƤ뤫Ǥ¤ϡűѸ졦ѸλˤϡФ "th-sound" б1ĤʸäΤǤ2ѰդƤꡤ1Ĥ "thorn" Ȥ̾ʸ <þ> Ȥ⤦1Ĥ "edh" Ȥ̾ʸ <ð> ȤǤԤϸΥޥ줬񤭵Ƥ롼ʸ (runic) ήѤΤǤꡤԤϥ <d> ˲դΤˤʤäƤޤűѸˤ̤ѤƤޤѸˤʤä <ð> Ѥ졤<þ> ͥȤʤޤƱѸ˥ƥե󥹸ˡαƶˤꡤѸƱҲФ2ʸ䤹 <th> ֻƬƤޤơѸˤϡѤȯڤ˺ݤ <th> ͥŪФ줿Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ʸ <þ> ϤĤ˿ह˻äΤǤդηаޤˤĤƤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1])#1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) 򤴻Ȥ
ɸѤʵκˤռϡ֤ʤ <th> 2ʸʤΤ1ĤλҲбƤΤʤѤο1ʸѰդʤäΤפȤȤǤѸŪˤߤȡ¤ϤҤä֤䤦ͤΤפʤΤǤĤޤ"th-sound" ФƸűѸ졦ѸǤ1ʸ <þ>, <ð> äѰդƤΤˡʤѸˤ2ʸʤ <th> ˤ虜虜֤줿ΤפȤȤʤޤ

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2020-09-09 Wed

#4153. ʤ w ʸ v 2ĤʤΤ double-u ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][w][grapheme][alphabet][norman_french][u][v]

hellog 饸23ϡФд󤻤 <w> ʸθƾΤ˴ؤ뵿ǤѸǤϤʸ "double-u "ȸƤФޤե󥹸ʤɤؤȤϡ"double-v" ȸƤФƤΤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤܤϳΤ v 2ĤǤ͡ǤϡѸǤϤʤ u 2ĤȤƤ򤹤ΤǤ礦طʤˤϡʤʤ̣ˤޤ



Ѹ줬ƥ줫޻켰ڤꤿȤˡΤʤ <w> ʸʤäΤ⤽νȯǤ/w/ ¿ѤѸϡʸʤƤؤǻʤΤǡʸͰƤ뤳Ȥˤޤ޻켰ˤ <u> Ϥäʤ <v> ϤʤäˤΤǡ2Ĺ碌 <uu> Ȥ뤳ȤǡɤڤȤޤѸϰȤäƤ롼ʸ /w/ ɽ魯 <ƿ> (wynn) ήѤ봷ȯã˹ͰƤ <uu> ϤޤȤʤʤޤ
ȤѸԻѤȤʤä <uu> ϡ٤Υե󥹤Ϥꡤǡ˴̿򤷤Ӥ뤳ȤȤʤޤθ11ˡ˴̿Ƥ <uu> ϺƤӱѸ뵡ơ<ƿ> ֤뤳ȤˤʤޤƱѸ "double-u" <uu>ž <w> 夹뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ʤߤˡ˴̿Υե󥹤Ǥ <u> <u> 餻 <v> ʸ᤯ȤƤꡤʸ "double-v" <vv> ȲᤷΤǤ
εΥϡ<u>, <v>, <w> ʤƼ¤ <f> ⡪ˤʸŪˤϤ٤ƶƴطˤȤǤؿΤϡ##2411,373,374,3391,3927,1825εå򤸤äꤪɤߤ

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2020-04-17 Fri

#4008. <x> /z/ бˤĤ (3) [x][grapheme][verners_law][phonotactics][consonant][metathesis]

2֤ε ([2020-04-15-1], [2020-04-16-1]) ɸˤĤƾĴ٤Ƥޤ褷Ƥʤǡ1IJΩƤƤߤ
ѸβƬ (onset) ˸ҲϢˤ󤬤ꡤ§ȤΤ麣ޤ /ks/ /gz/ onset ΩĤȤϤǤʤȤϤѸʤɤǤ㳰Ū˲ǽʾ礬ꡤޤ˺ΰϢǰäƤ xenon, Xerses ʤɤ⤹٤ƼѸǤ뤿ᡤ/ks/ /gz/ ȯϤȤФ롥¿ξ硤Ѹ줬ѸƱǡԵ§ȯѸβ§˽ƤΤκݡɤΤ褦˽ƤˤϤĤΥѥ󤬤롥
1ĤϡҲϢä뤿1ҲȤƬü (apheresis) ˤˡǤ롥ºݡǤ2֤εǸƤ褦ˡ<x> /z/ <x> /gz/ apheresis Ф̤ȤƤ#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ[kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [wl-], [hr-], [hl-], [hn-], [hw-] 1ҲüϱѸˤǤ⤢դ줿ݤǤꡤ[gz-] Ʊͤ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡҲϢδ֤첻뤳 (anaptyxis) ǻҲϢäȤˡMinkova (132--33) ˤСȤ̾ʥꥫͥȥޥ Evel Knievel ϥɥĸ̾ȤƸƬ [k] ȯ뤬/kn-/ ϸѸβ§ȿΤǡ[kəˈniːvəl] Τ褦ۣ첻֤뤳Ȥǰȿ򤷤Ƥ롥ƱͤˡѸǤ knight <kinicht>, <cinth>knife <kinf>kneeled <keneleden> ֤줿 anaptyxis 򼨺㤬롥xenon, Xerses ʤɤ [ks-], [gz-] ˡۣ첻 [kəs-], [gəz-] Ȥʤä㤬äɤϳǧǤƤʤʤȤϤȻפ롥ʤʤߤ˾嵭 knight ɽ魯 <cinth> ˤĤƤϡanaptyxis Ȥϲž (metathesis) λȤߤ٤⤷ʤžҲϢФ⤦1ĤβˡǤ롥
3ĤˡλҲϢ첻 (prosthesis) Ȥǡonset 򤹤Ȥˡ롥#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡե󥹼ѸǤϻҲϢ줿츻ŪʸƬ e 㤬褯 (ex. especial, escalade) ҲϢ㤫Υ뤬Ҳ /ŋ/ ϸ§Ȥ onset ΩĤȤǤʤΤǡӥβʾñ̤Ǥ ngwee ϸƬۣ첻 [əŋ ˈwiː] ȯΤ̤Ǥ롥ˤä /ŋ/ ϲƬǤϤʤΩĤȤˤʤꡤŪŬʤȤʤ롥
Ĺ֤Ȥʤäβ3βˡ˴ŤΤǤ롥<x> /ks/ ǥեȤȤȡѸθƬ <x> ľ첻줿 [əks-] ȤƼ¸뵡񤬤äΤǤϤʤ ngwee ξΤ褦ˡֻˤϤʤʤʤȻפ졤¾ڤ⤷ˤʤȤȯ variant ȤƤϤꤵ롥ʤȡҲϢ³ʿ2Ρ첻Ū˶ĤȤˤʤΤǡΡֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפˤäơλҲϢͭ[əgz-] ȤʤͭȯȤȤʤꡤξ1βˡǤƬüθ̤ŤʤäΤǤϤʤˤĤ˼ŪʻŦȤơMinkova (139fn) Xavier ȯ˴ؤ륳ȤѤƤ

The initial <x> in Xavier [ˈzeɪvɪə(r)] is sometimes taken to represent [ks-] as in X-ray, triggering prosthetic [ɛ-/ə]: [ɛgˈzeɪvɪə(r)] . . . .


βϡüŪˤ [ks-] [əks-] [əgz-] [gz-] [z-] ȤǤ롥ºݤˤϤβɬǤ줤˿ʤ櫓ǤϤʤФ餯ϰۤʤȯ variants Ȥ¸Ƥ˰㤤ʤޤƬź (prosthesis) ȸƬü (apheresis) ȤȿиβˡƱƤȤˤĤƤ⡤äϤΤ벼٤ɬפΤ褦˻פ롥Ǥ⡤onset ˤλҲϢ򤹤뤿ˡʣβˡƱ˻ߤ졤ιäߺѤη̡ɸȯȤ /z-/ Ȥ1Ĥη˽夷ȤȤϽʬˤꤽǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-04-16 Thu

#4007. <x> /z/ бˤĤ (2) [x][grapheme][latin][french][verners_law]

ε ([2020-04-15-1]) ˰³xenon, xenophobia, Xerses, xylophone ʤɤ˴ѻѸθƬˤ <x> /z/ бˤĤơŪб <x> /gz/ äȤϡԤδ֤Ǥ褽ΰפߤƤ褦ȡ<x> /gz/ Ȥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤפȤʤäƤ롥¤ϤˤĤƤϺ⿨줿#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) #2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ǤڤƤפˡ³첻˶Ķ /ks/ /gz/ ؤͭȤֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפΤȤ
夲 Dobson ϡEkwall 򻲾ȤĤġ<x> /gz/ ˤϡֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפǤԽʬǤꡤ⤦ä𤬤äȹͤƤ롥Dobson (II 359) 곺սѤ롥

In many words of Latin origin the consonant x is pronounced [gz]; as this occurs chiefly when the stress follows, the explanation has been advanced . . . that [gz] develops from [ks] by voicing before the stress. But Ekwall, §§150--1, rightly rejecting this view, has drawn attention to the parallel that exists between the English and French pronunciations of the words in question. It is apparent, especially from the Modern French pronunciation, that the medieval French (and English) pronunciation of Latin must have used [gz] for Latin x between vowels (as in ModFr exalter, exemple, examen, exécration &c.) and between a vowel and h (probably silent, as in ModFr exhalaison, exhaustif, exhiber, &c.), but [ks] for Latin x both before and after other consonants (as in ModFr expérience, &c. and anxiété). But at a later date (probably about 1500) the reform of the pronunciation of Latin led to the replacement of [gz] by [ks] for intervocalic x. By this change French pronunciation was little affected (but cf. [ks] in Alexandre), but English pronunciation was much altered, [ks] being introduced in many words. But the English tendency to use voiced consonants before the stress, which in the seventeenth century led to a voicing in this position of [s] to [z], influences the distribution of the old and new pronunciations: [gz] is retained in most words in which the stress follows (e.g. example, exert, exalt, exult, exhibit, Alexander, luxurious), but not in certain learned words (e.g. proximity, doxology, luxation), whereas [ks] has been substituted when the stress precedes (exodus, execute, exercise, &c.) except in derivatives which follow the simplex (exaltation, exultation); but there is some degree of variation, as usually when one pronunciation is replaced by another not phonetically developed from it.


¤˹äʤΤǤΤ褦ĹʸʤΤĤޤǸмΤ褦ˤʤ롥ե󥹸ȱѸǤϡx ĥƥѸ˴ؤơ첻˶ޤ줿ĶǤ [gz] ȤơҲܤˤ [ks] ȤȯƤȤ1500ǯ餤顤§Ȥƥƥ x [ks] ɤ٤Ȥȯãʲ餫εϰռȯͿˡ[gz] [ks] ؤΰؤʹԤΰؤŰ٤ϱʩ֤ǤۤʤäƤѸߤƤⲻĶˤäưۤʤäƤӤƤʤäĤޤꡤ[gz] Τޤ޻Ĥäñ⾯ʤʤä櫓Ǥ롥
ǴŪ˸ƤΤϤֱѸˤ Verner's LawפǤ롥Ʊˡ§ϡ̾ˤβĶˤ [ks] [gz] ؤѲˡ§Dobson λٻˤȡष [gz] [ks] ؤѲ˻ߤװˡ§Ȥʤ롥Dobson ǤֱѸˤ Verner's LawפϷɤΤȤͿƤΤ̾Ȥϰۤʤ뾯äˡǡ <x> /gz/ бطγΩ˹׸Ȥˤʤ롥
<x> /gz/ 󥰥ɤˤƥȯʤäΤȤСߤ <x> /z/ ϤαĹˤȤ⤤롥ˤƤ xenon, Xerses ϡ⤽첻˶ޤ줿ĶפǤϤʤĶˤ x ΥʸƬ xˤʤΤǡˤΤ褦ʱĹˤȹͤƤ褤Τ褯ʬʤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
Ekwall, E. Historische neuenglische Laut- und Formenlehre. 1922.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-17-1]

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2020-04-15 Wed

#4006. <x> /z/ бˤĤ (1) [x][eme][grapheme][greek][latin][french][verners_law]

ɸбϡǤϤ뤬ꥷμѸθƬˤƤߤ롥㤨 xenon, xenophobia, xerox, xylophone, Xanadu, Xanthippe, Xavier, Xenia, Xerxes /z/ ǻϤޤ롥εǡ<x> /z/ бϡ<x> /gz/ 1ҲæˤΤȹͤޤסʡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1])ˤȽҤ٤̤ꡤǥեȤб <x> /ks/ ͭǤǤ <x> /gz/ ȤбꤹСΤȤǤ롥ƬҲ /gz/ 1Ҳ /z/ ȤʤäȹͤФ褤
⤽ʤεʥǤϥǥեȤ <x> /ks/ ǤϤʤ<x> /gz/ ꤵʤФʤʤΤʢ̾Ųؤ̾ϻꤤǤ꤬ȤޤˡˤĤƿͤƤߤȤʤäΤǡĴ٤ƤߤѸȯŰŪ˸椷 Dobson 򻲾ȤȡΤ褦ʸڤĤä (II 359)

PresE initial [z] in Xerxes, &c. is usually (and rightly) regarded as a reduction of [gz], but as French also has this pronunciation the reduction presumably occurred in the medieval pronunciation of Latin rather than in English itself. Cooper says that x in Xenophon is pronounced z, gz (for [gz]), or ks.


Dobson ϰճʤȤ˸򸫽ФƤ롥αѸüԤե󥹸üԤθƥȤȯȤˡ̵ /ks/ ǤϤʤͭ /gz/ ȤƼ¸뷹äȤºݡե󥹸Ǥ Xerxès, xènon /gzɛrsɛs/, /gzenɔ̃/ Τ褦 /gz/ ʹ롥ѸǤ⡤17βؼ Christopher Cooper /z/, /gz/, /ks/ ΤȯˤڤƤ̤ꡤɤϤäΤȻפ뤬餯 /ks/ /gz/ ޤ졤1Ҳæ /z/ ǽŪɸȯȤ夯Ȥˤʤäȹͤ롥
嵭ǤɸΡ֤ʤפε˿̤줿櫓ǤϤʤüʼѸθƬȤĶ /gz/ Ф줿ͳ䡤Ѹȥե󥹸δ֤ꤵƤο񤤤ˤΤʬʤ
̤˱Ѹ <x> /gz/ ΩĶϡ(1) x 첻˶ޤƤꡤ (2) Ԥ첻˶ʤʢ³첻˶˾Ǥ롥ϡֱѸˤ Verner's Lawפȸ٤Τǡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ǿ줿̤Ǥ롥󺣲Τ褦 x ǻϤޤϡ̩ˤ (1) (2) ξƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ³첻˶ʴ x ǻϤޤ뤽θƬ᤬ġˤȤ (2) ˤƤϤޤΤ¿Dobson ⤳δˤ᤿ǰƬ֤ƾθҤ٤ȤȤ褯ʬʤ
ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ뤦ˡѸ <x> /gz/ бŪаޤˤĤơDobson ñʡֱѸˤ Verner's LawפäܤƤ뤳ȤˤⵤդϢʤΤεǼ夲

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-17-1] [2020-04-16-1]

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2020-01-27 Mon

#3927. Ѹˤޥ󡦥ե٥åȰ켰Ū [alphabet][grapheme][oe][link]

Cook (166) ˡ"Comparing older letter forms with Modern English" ꤹɽ롥绨ĤǤϤ뤬ѸΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȰ켰ʸϿ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡʲ˺Ƹ롥

 Shared lettersExtra lettersVariants of another letterRare lettersUnused letters
Old English (tenth century)b c d f h l m n p r s tȝ ƿ þ ð æx (used for -cs occasionally æx)k q zg j v
 a e i o u y    
Middle English (fourteenth century)b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x zȝ þ (later th)u (medial v)  
 a e i o u y j (initial i)  
Early Modern English (1500--1700)b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z u/v (till 1630)  
 a e i o u y j/i (till 1640)  
   'long' ʃ  
Modern English (1700--present-day)b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z    
 a e i o u y    


ܥ֥Ǥʸ˴ؤϤȼ夲Ƥg, v ʤɳʸȤΥդƤ뵭¿ΤǡҤɤ򡥰ʲˤ⤤ĤԥååפƤ

#3038. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ ([2017-08-21-1])
#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1])
#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2498. yogh ʸ ([2016-02-28-1])
#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])
#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1])
#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])
#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])
#3391. Johnson ˤǺޤä i/j, u/v Ρֻͤʸ ([2018-08-09-1])
#2411. Ѹ <w> = "double u" ȥե󥹸 <w> = "double v" ([2015-12-03-1])
#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1])
#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-06-04 Tue

#3690. ֥פκ͵ [katakana][romaji][japanese][writing][grapheme][grammatology]

֥ɽˤĤƤϡ#3325. ֥פܸǤθ츻ŪֻȤ뤫⡩ ([2018-06-04-1])#3667. ä椯֥ס ([2019-05-12-1])#3628. ̾ɽ֥׾ä ([2019-04-03-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ523īʹīˡȤˤ֥פɽάˤҤƤ궽̣ɤ󤹤ȼ̤Ǥ롥
ᤤǤϡͻμؼԡФ츻 (1717) ǡָפ첻ɽ魯ΤѤΤȤ (cf. #1879. ܸˤ޻ˡ ([2014-06-19-1])#2550. 붵եɥå褬ȯ줿 ([2016-04-20-1])) Ѹ /v/ бʸȤơ֥פѤϤ᤿ΤϡǤ롥ʸʤϿ̾̾ʤɤǡ֥֡ɽλؿˤ򼨤ʹʤɤǤϡ֥פλѤ³塤Ʊʤϡ֥פǧž59ǯˤˤ򸵤᤹91ǯչ𼨤ǤϰŪˤϡ֥֡ɽȤʤ֥פǧؤȥեȤʹߡºŤθȻѼ֤¨ݻθδ֤ǡܸҲΤʤǡ֥ɽɤ³ƤȤȤǯϹݲʤߡǯؤۤɡ֥פѤ뷹Ȥ롥
ҤΥǡ١ǡ֥ɽĴΩؤοļҶܸءˤˤȡ1980ǯȾ֥פλѤƤȤͤͳȤơ֥ܳŪʷϵФ̤ʴФ̤뤿λŪɽȤƻȤƤ롥ϥɽդ뤫餳Ωǡإ٤ѤƤΤǤϡפȤΤȡ
֥פָ뤿λŪɽפɾƤ⤷ˤĤƤϡ#2432. Bolinger λŪǡ ([2015-12-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-01-1]

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2019-04-29 Mon

#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ [sobokunagimon][x][grapheme][phonotactics]

ޤǤˤⲿ٤󤻤줿ȤΤäǤΤ˱Ѹ켭ǤߤƤ <x> ʸǻϤޤ븫ФϺǤ⾯ʤ¸ߴȤޤ
<x> ϡθƤ̾ /eks/ ̤ꡤŵŪˤ /ks/ ʤ뤤Ϥͭ /gz/ ȯɽ路ޤ (ex. fox, anxious; exit, anxiety) λҲϢϡ§ȤƱñθƬˤϸޤ󡥤 <x> ȤʸǻϤޤñ줬ۤȤɤʤΤǤ
ʤƬǤ /ks/, /gz/ ꤨʤΤȤ䤤Τϡ񤷤ǤѸǤƬʳǤˤ˸ҲϢʤΤǡĴŪ񤷤ȤȤϸޤ󡥤ޤ¾θܤܤСꥷʤɤǡ/ks/ ϸƬǤ̤˸ޤäơŪͳõȤ񤷤Ǥ
Τˤϲ (phonotactics) Ǥϡñˡֵ§פȤߤʤޤĤޤꡤѸǤϸƬˤλҲϢ뤳ȤϵʤȤ§ȹͤ櫓ǤܸǤ֤פϡŪˤñΤɤΰ֤˸ƤʤϤǤƬ˵뤳Ȥϸ§ȤƵޤ󡥤ǡƬˡ֤פ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤε§ȹͤ櫓ǤΤ褦ˡƸˤȼβε§äƤޤϡ¿ΡĹä§νΤǤüԤϡ콬˺ݤ̵ռΤˤ˳ؤӼäƤޤΤǤʹ֤ϤΤǤ
ơ<x> ǻϤޤñϾʤǤ̵ǤϤޤ󡥤Τ褦ñϡXmas (= Christmas) X-ray Τ褦ü㤫뤤 /z/ ȯ륮ꥷѸ˸¤ޤ<x> /z/ бϡ<x> /gz/ 1ҲæˤΤȹͤޤCarney (238) 勞"One or two words have a Greek correspondence <x>/z/ initially (or for some speakers <x>/gz/) --- xenon, xenophobia, xerox, xylophone." ۤ˸ͭ̾Ȥ Xanadu, Xanthippe, Xavier, Xenia, Xerxes ʤɤǤ
<x> ˤĤƤϡ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1])#2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1]) ϤȤ x ε⤴

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2019-01-12 Sat

#3547. ʸηϤθ3 [writing][grammatology][grapheme][alphabet][typology]

źʸμˤĤơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])#2341. ɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-24-1])#2344. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ ([2015-09-27-1])#3443. ɽʸɽʸ ([2018-09-30-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
ѸΥե٥åȤϸ§ȤɽʸȤ櫓ñʸȤäƤ褤ֻȤƤߤɽʸΤˤɽʸˤ˶ᤤȤǺŪäƤ롥ϡŵŪɽʸȾΤ뤬ȤɽŪѤ⤹롥ɤʸηϤ⡤ɽʤɽʤȤñεǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⺮ŪȤȤ館٤Ǥ롥ޤdzƸʬХ󥹤ȤߤƤ褤
ǡֵǽפȤָפȤƤǤΤϡɽפȡɽʤ뤤ɽǡˡפ2ˤĤ䡤⤦1Ĥꤽ˻פ롥ϡˡפ뤤ϡפǤ롥ɤȤȤȡ塼¤ֹ¤ؤ Jan Baudouin de Courtenay "phonetic", "etymological", "historical" 3ĤʸηϤˤ3ĤθȤơĤޤˡηװȤƵ󤲤ƤΤ (Rutkowska 206) ϡ "pronunciation", "origin", "tradition" Ǥ롥
2Ĥ "etymological/origin" ȤϡŪ˰ĤƤɽ졦ɽǵǽؤƤȤäƤ褤ơ3Ĥ "historical/tradition" ȤϡŪɽɽ쵡ǽȤƤǤʤ¾ΰڹڤֻݤ뤿ΡʺǸΡ˼ʤؤȥͤϡŪˤߤԵ§ʤΤ򡤤3ȢꤲȤȤ
ʤۤɡԵ§פǽפȤäƤޤäƤϿȤ⳸ʤȤ򡤡ˡפפȤХޡȤʹ뤫顤Τϸ褦Ǥ롥䤬إڥ󥰤αѸˡ Simon Horobin ⡤ѸֻˤϡˡפȡפɤäƤȼĥɮ򲼤Τʸ򤹤СԵ§פȤ̵פΤΤ褤ʤΤ⤷ʤ
֤Τϸ褦פȤȤ⡤켫Ȥ1ĤΤΤθ褦ʤΤǤäơ̤θ򤹤СָžפʤΤǤ롥ʸηϤʶŪǽͭ뵡ǤȤ빽¤ŪʸΤФäƤΤ餯ʸηϤβ䤫̻ŪʻʪȤƤǤˤ߽ФΤȹͤ򤨤ʤʪʤΤȻפ

Rutkowska, Hanna. "Orthography." Chapter 11 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 201--17.

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2018-08-09 Thu

#3391. Johnson ˤǺޤä i/j, u/v Ρֻͤʸ [johnson][alphabet][u][v][j][grapheme]

#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ1755ǯ˱ƶϤΤ뼭ä Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡե٥åȤʸξ26ʸȤʤ⡤ºݤμˤƤ i/j, u/v γơ勞ˤ˽äI, V θФΤȤˡ줾켡Τ褦񤭤롥Crystal ȴǤѤ롥

I
is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters.
   I vowel has a long sound, as fine, thine, which is usually marked by an e final; and a short sound, as fin, thin. Prefixed to e it makes a diphthong of the same sound with the soft i, or double e: thus field, yield, are spoken as feeld, yeeld; except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a or e it makes them long, as fail, neight; and to o makes a mingled sound, which approaches more nearly to the true notion of a diphthong, or sound composed of the sounds of two vowels, than any other combination of vowels in the English language, as oil, coin. The sound of i before another i, and at the end of a word, is always expressed by y.
   J consonant has invariably the same sound with that of g in giant; as jade, jet, jilt, jolt, just.

V
Has two powers, expressed in modern English by two characters, V consonant and U vowel, which ought to be considered as two letters; but they were long confounded while the two uses were annexed to one form, the old custom still continues to be followed.
   U, the vowel, has two sounds; one clear, expressed at other times by eu, as obtuse; the other close, and approaching to the Italian u, or English oo, as obtund.
   V, the consonant, has a sound nearly approaching to those of b and f. With b it is by the Spaniards and Gascons always confounded, and in the Runick alphabet is expressed by the same character with f, distinguished only by a diacritical point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is never mute.


ʸŵŪʲˡǫ˵ҤƤΤ狼롥ǤƤ褦ˡJohnson ϤϤ i j, u v Τ˶̤٤ʸȤߤʤƤ롥Ǥ⡤ޤǤδѤ˽虜ʤȤΩˤޤƤ롥դˡȴѤζ֤ɤ뤳λͭ褯ɽ蘆Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ΡֻͤIJ̾פʤ̥ե٥åȤΡֻͤʸפŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])#2415. ޿Ūɽֻ׼ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-27-1]

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2018-04-09 Mon

#3269. Blake αѸ˻ʬ2 [periodisation][norman_conquest][grapheme][ab_language][ormulum][standardisation]

#3231. ɸ˼­򤪤 Blake αѸ˻ʬ ([2018-03-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡBlake ˤѸ˻ʬϡŰƬŰɸಽȤʤ줿ʬǤ롥ŪʱѸˤλʬ˴ƤȡȻפȤĤ뤬Ȥ櫓Υޥ (norman_conquest) ˰ܤˤ1066ǯȤ򤵤ȾۤƤΤ褦29Ⱦ?1250ǯˤˤ϶äΤǤϤʤΥޥȤС̾Ѹ˾太ӥ󥰥ɻ˾λȤư뤬Blake θˤȡޤ2ǤλȤ֤Ť
Blake ˤС2ϥȥν񤭸ɸबƶϤäȤ롥Υޥˤäƥȥν񤭸ɸ̵˵ΤǤϤʤäޤ#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ1250ǯޤǤ˶ɽŪǤϤ졤AB language, Orm, Laȝamon ˤɸ˽ऺΰӤֻȯãƤꡤ褿٤ͽȤ̣ǡष3ܶᤷƤȤȤ館٤ǤϤʤ
Υޥ塤12Ⱦ13ˤƸ뤳θŪʡɸŪֻϡBlake ˤСޤǸűѸΥȥɸ˵ĤΤǤꡤβѷȯŸȤȤ館٤ȤΤ˾ʤ̲ѤäƤꡤȼȯŸ뤲Ƥ뤫⤷ʤĤƤɸήǤȤ̣ǡܼϲŪʤΤǤȤߤƤ롥
βŪݤäƤ2κǸΥƥȤ1Ĥϡ1258ǯΡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ǤϤĤƤɸ̾ĤȤ졤κǤʬ䤹㤬 <æ> λѤǤ롥Blake (135) ˤСűѸή <æ> αѸ˾ǸλȤ
դǯĶȡŪʷϵϾä餫˿λ塤ĤޤɸȤǰʤؤäƤBlake (131) ۩

From now on there were no further attempts to create a standard English writing system which could be said to look back to that found earlier, and Old English manuscripts ceased to be living texts which were copied and recopied. A period of uncertainty as to writing in English succeeded, and when a new standard started to arise it would be based on different premises and a different dialect area.


Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

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2018-03-22 Thu

#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ [digraph][h][phoneme][arbitrariness][alphabet][grammatology][grapheme][graphemics][spelling][consonant][diacritical_mark][sobokunagimon]

ꥢοɸ֥磻 CHIANTI ʥƥˤߤĤġꥢ <chi> = /ki/ ˻פڤ<ch> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) ˴ؤơ衼åѤνϤƤ⡤ŵŪб벻ϤޤޤǤ롥첻 <i> դ <chi> ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦פʸɽСѸǤ chill, chin Τ褦 /ʧi/ե󥹸Ǥ Chine, chique Τ褦 /ʃi/ꥢǤ chianti, chimera Τ褦 /ki/ɥĸǤ China, Chinin Τ褦 /çi/ Ǥ롥Ʊ <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤäƤʤ顤б벻ХХʤΤϤäʤ
򤯤ˤϡʸ (arbitrariness) ȡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤ򤹤ɬפ롥ޤʸ顥ե٥åȤˤȤȡ<a> Ȥʸ /a/ ȤȷӤĤϤȹͤΤϡĹȽˤΤˤºݤˤξԤδ֤ɬŪʴطϤʤбطե٥åȤѤ¿θǸΤϡΥե٥åηϤѤˤäơѸ˸줿ηդδطѤˤʤ̤ʻ𤬤ʤꤤطѤΤݤȤȤ⤢ΤʸȲȤδط塹Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿餫̤ʻ𤬤СȤСб벻ʬθˤ¸ߤʤΤǤʸȤ줺;äƤޤ硽<a> Ѥˤ뤳ȤǤ뤷ޤäۤʤ¾βˤƤȤäƤǤ롥ȤС춦ƱΤ <a> = /t/ ȷꤷƱդСθˤƤϤǤ褤ΤǤ롥ʸϸŪʤΤǤ뤫顤ʬդС¾ͤ˴Ĥڹ礤ϤʤΤǤ롥<ch> ñǤϤʤ2ŻǤȤüϤ뤬2ʸη1ĤʸȤߤʤСʸƸϻ˱ƹʤ褦ѤƤ褤θ¸ߤɤʻҲ˳ƤƤ褤üʤȤ򤤤첻˳ƤƤ⡤̵˳ƤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤ<ch(i)> ɤߤϡޤäŪɬŪ˷ޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򤹤뤳ȤοǤ롥
ˡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤơޤǤʤȤƱθǤʤ줾ȼβηϤäƤ롥Ѹˤ /f, l, θ, ð, v/ ʤɤβǤ뤬ܸˤϤʤȤä褦ˡ줴ȤͭβǥåȤΤǤ롥ƸβηϤȯŸˤ⡤§ȤΩŪǤ롥μѤʤɤäǤ⡤αƶϸŪäơۤʤˤϰۤʤ벻ǥåȤꡤǥåȴ֤Ǹߤб褦ȤƤäƤΤ顤줤·ȤȤ˾ʤϤǤ롥ɽʸ륢ե٥åȤϸ§ȤƲǤ̤Τ顤ǥåȴ֤ǤޤбʤΤʸåȴ֤ˤб褦ȤȤǡϤɬ⤭줤ˤ·ʤϤǤ롥
ǵ󤲤衼åѤμפʸϡˤηаޤȤ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƤϤȤʤƥˤ <ch> Ȥ2ŻѤƤ뤳ȤΤäƤޤ§ȤƤΩȤĤĤ⡤ߤθܤǸƤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǡ2Ż <ch> Ѥ褦ȤǥΤϡθ⼫ƤΤ<ch> ɤβˤƤˤĤƤϡƸ˰ѤͤƤǡƸǤ <c> ŵŪɽ蘆벻ȶŪ̻Ū˴طο̤βбʸȤ <ch> 򤢤ƤȤˤȤ櫓ĤޤꡤѸǤ /ʧi/ե󥹸Ǥ /ʃi/ꥢǤ /ki/ɥĸǤ /çi/ Ǥ롥Ƥξ硤ƸˤˤơȤȤ /k/ ɽ魯Τ <ch> ѤƤ롥
ޤȤСθ⡤Ū <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤ³뤳ȤˤĤƤ϶̤ƤƸŪ˰ۤʤ벻ѲƤˡ<ch> ɽ蘆벻ϡߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ <ch> = /ʧ/ ˴ؤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#1893. إܥ󼰥޻ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])
#2393. <Crist> <Christ> ([2015-11-15-1])
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])

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