16--17νѸϡʬѹͥκꡤŵʥƥȥꥷˤºФ졤̤ñ줬Ѹä˼ޤ줿Ǥ롥ƱɽŪʸͤ Shakespeare ʤΤDurkin ˤФηȤΤߤܤȤƤ⡤û֤Υƥͳο ("latinate neologisms") ѸήȤǧȤ
The peak period of the Literary Renaissance was C.1590--1600. The Primary author was Shakespeare who, between 1591 and 1611, introduced no fewer than six hundred latinate neologisms, fifty-three of which occur in Hamlet alone. Many of these became everyday words, e.g. addiction, assassination, compulsive, domineering, obscene, sanctimonious, traditional. (226--27)
Shakespeare ƱŪ¤ϤθƤȤ뤬˽פʤΤϡθοŵ֡ͿȤӤʤΤǤϤʤShakespeare ɽͥ˲ФΤĤŵ줫θüѤδϡ³ˤˤޤɤषĥĤļѤƤäǤ롥Durkin Ϥ³Ƥ롥
After the Renaissance, a vast amount of technical and scientific vocabulary flooded into English from both Greek and Latin, hence words like carnivorous, clitoris, formula, hymen, nucleus. In the next century, Linnaeus [1707--78] introduced numerous biological terms, like chrysanthemums and rhododendron. The Scientific period, which peaked C.1830, featured many Neolatin terms like am(o)eba, bacterium, flagellum. Finally, the modern technical/technological period featured words like floccilation. (227)
Shakespeare Ѹû˾˲̤1ĤȤߤƤ褤
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ַ֡ we (royal_we) դˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Jespersen äƤߤȡַ weפʤּ̡ҲŪʿʣ ("the plural of social inequality") ȤѸ줬Ƥ2;̾ˤ롤 "T/V distinction" (t/v_distinction) ȴϢŤ we ݤˤϡΤѸ줫⤷ʤ
4.13. Third, we have what might be called the plural of social inequality, by which one person either speaks of himself or addresses another person in the plural. We thus have in the first person the 'plural of majesty', by which kings and similarly exalted persons say we instead of I. The verbal form used with this we is the plural, but in the 'emphatic' pronoun with self a distinction is made between the normal plural ourselves and the half-singular ourself. Thus frequently in Sh, e.g. Hml I. 2.122 Be as our selfe in Denmarke | Mcb III. 1.46 We will keepe our selfe till supper time alone. (In R2 III. 2.127, where modern editions have ourselves, the folio has our selfe; but in R2 I. 1,16, F1 has our selues). Outside the plural of majesty, Sh has twice our selfe (Meas. II. 2.126, LL IV. 3.314) 'in general maxims' (Sh-lex.).
. . . .
In the second person the plural of social inequality becomes a plural of politeness or deference: ye, you instead of thou, thee; this has now become universal without regard to social position . . . .
The use of us instead of me in Scotland and Ireland (Murray D 188, Joyce Ir 81) and also in familiar speech elsewhere may have some connexion with the plural of social inequality, though its origin is not clear to me.
٥ȤѸǤϤʤ⤷ʤҲŪʿˤ־פؤΤˡַʣ ("polite plural") ʤɤνѸϤ뤤ϡǤϤ魯뤫⤷ʤΤǡäȿȤʤ־ʣפʤɡ䡤ꤷơäȤȤʤѸȤơַʣפǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
ε#5385. methinks ˤޤĤ̯ʸĤҲ ([2024-01-24-1]) θȾǾޤѸȾФ methoughts ʤ̯ʷ֤뤳Ȥޤľˡ3;ΡñĤޤ3ñ -sפȤ˳ʤθǤ٤ϾܤĴ٤ƤޤOED ˤȡShakespeare ФȤ1718ȾФˤ㤬ʸڤ褦ǤѸ˾夭˳ʤǤꡤͤι⤤֤ȤޤʱѸ˸Ԥ϶ʳޤˡ
OED methinks, v. ΰ۷ˤ γ η֤ȤƷǤƤ5ĤʸѤޤ
a1616 Me thoughts that I had broken from the Tower. (W. Shakespeare, Richard III (1623) i. iv. 9)
1620 The draught of a Landskip on a piece of paper, me thoughts masterly done. (H. Wotton, Letter in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 413)
1673 I had..coyned several new English Words, which were onely such French Words as methoughts had a fine Tone wieh them. (F. Kirkman, Unlucky Citizen 181)
1711 Methoughts I was transported into a Country that was filled with Prodigies. (J. Addison, Spectator No. 63. ¶3)
1751 The inward Satisfaction which I felt, had spread in my Eyes I know not what of melting and passionate, which methoughts I had never before observed. (translation of Female Foundling vol. I. 30)
methoughts ٤ܤĴ٤ƤɬפޤĤ㤬ʸڤƤʾ塤ñʤ륨顼ǺѤޤ櫓ˤϤޤη֤طʤˤΤϡְ㤤ʤ3ñη֤٤ι⤤ methinks Ǥ礦methinks (analogy) ˤꡤˤ -s դ줿ȹͤޤդˤСΤ褦䤷üԤϡ߷ methinks -s 3ñ -s ȤǧƤʤäȤޤ¾ưǤ3ñ -s λ㤬Τݤ䤬鼡ؤͯФƤޤ
¤Ϥ methoughts Ȥ̯ʲ¸ߤˤĤƺǽ˶ƤΤϡƱνΥԥԤǤпʷʸʸ칶ˤǤηаޤϡ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥפˤƴñˤäޤ#195. пإԥ줬 --- ԥڤ߿Ԥɴɴ١罤۽ŹˤΤҲ
ϢơȤˤĤơʲ hellog heldio Ǥ⤴Ҳ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤˬ䤯
hellog #5357. пȤ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤᤰäơ ([2023-12-27-1])
heldio #934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡
ѸˤˤϤ⤷꤬žäƤޤ
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
;ư (impersonal_verb) methinks ˤĤƤϡ#4308. ˻Ĥ;ư methinks ([2021-02-11-1])#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) ʤɤǿƤ;ιʸ (impersonal construction) ǤϿ;μ줬ʤʸˡ夽ʸѤƤ;ưϤ3;ñ¸ߤȤƤ뤫Τ褦ʶȤ롥Ĥޤꡤ¿ˤߤ褦ˡľˡñǤС-s ʸŤ -eth) ȤȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤįƤȡ-s ʤɤλҲʤΤ롥Wischer (362) Helsinki Corpus 齦äѸζ̣ʸĤƤΤǡѤ褦
(10) þe þincheð þat he ne mihte his sinne forlete.
'It seems to you that he might not relinquish his sin.'
(MX/1 Ir Hom Trin 12, 73)
(11) Thy wombe is waxen grete, thynke me.
'Your womb has grown big. You seem to be pregnant.'
(M4 XX Myst York 119)
(12) My lord me thynketh / my lady here hath saide to you trouthe and gyuen yow good counseyl [...]
(M4 Ni Fict Reynard 54)
(13) I se on the firmament, Me thynk, the seven starnes.
(M4 XX Myst Town 25)
ҲȼäƤ̤㤬 (10) (12)ȼäƤʤ㳰ŪʤΤ (11) (13) Ǥ롥(11) ǤμͿ̾ me ֤ƤꡤȸηǡطƤ뤫Ȥ⵿줿(13) Ǥ Me ֤ƤΤǡȤǤʤOED methinks, v. Ҳȼʤ㤬ʤ餺ǧ졤ñʥ顼ǤϤʤ餷
ǤϸǡˤϤɤΤ褦طʤΤ1Ĥˤϡ;ιʸ I think ʤʸˡŪ -s ʤɤϤĤʤˤȤδ֤ǺƱäǽ롥⤦1ĥҥȤȤʤΤϡư줬ưޤγˤ̾˰פƤȲǤ㤬뤳ȤOED ǰѤƤ뼡ʸǤϡmethink'st thou art . . . . Ȥƶ̣㤬ǧ롥
a1616 Meethink'st thou art a generall offence, and euery man shold beate thee. (W. Shakespeare, All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 251)
ˡưβ3ñָȤϤʤΤǡưη֤ϻ¾ methought ˸ꤵ줽ºݤˤϸ߷ (analogy) ˴Ť֤Ȥܤ methoughts ⡤OED ˤȤϤ Shakespeare ʤɤ˸Ƥ롥
ɤ methinks ϡưȤƤϤƼŪʤȤ˰֤ŤѤԤΤ褦ȾüʸòȤ٤षԤòȤ٤ʬहΤ
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.

Ʊνпʷʸʸ칶ˤοإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤĤơhellog Ǥ#5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1]) #5323. Shakespeare μʷ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥޤ
ΤӿᤰäưȤ Voicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤΤǡΤ餻ޤ#934. إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ --- ԤΰпȤ̡33ʬۤɤμܡˤǤҤİ
̤ΤʤǤϡ
(1) ܽνǤ伹ɮ
(2) Ϣ heldio ۿ#898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡǥꥹʡƤ礭䤤֤ʤԥǤۤͽФȤȤΤƤΤפؤβ
(3) إϥåȡ٤ˤ conscience ʸŪ
ʤɤޤȤ櫓 (3) ɬİǤʸỤ̣̄äƤФȻפޤ
ˤϡޤǤ Shakespeare αѸˤĤƱѸ˾嶽̣ФƤꡤ㤨 hellog Ǥ#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) ([2021-02-12-1]) ʤɤǿƤޤ̤Ǥ⤤ʤФƤޤåʷϵʤƬɷ㤵³ڤ̤Ǥޤꤤޤ
إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster ФܤʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦
parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פȤСʻȤȤǤ롥
嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1]) ɽ [A] Pembroke's Men [B] Strange's Men [C] Derby's Men [D] Chamberlain's Men [E] King's Men ʤɤΥ٥뤬ߤ롥κʤȷӤĤƤĤ̾Ǥ롥 (66--67) Ρ֥ԥμʷġʡ ϳưˤꤹ륳बΤǡ˺ϿȤƤˤܤƤƤߤȷĤˤ꤬Τʤ

إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
McKeown ΥԥθɤѸˤΥϥɥ֥åΤʤǼƤ롤"Shakespeare's Literary Language" ꤹ9ڡۤɤΤۤĹʤƳŪåǤ롥ŪˤСθ "speaking picture" ǤȤȤϡָ볨פФ褤Τդˤäơ⳨վޤƤ褦ʷϵͶȤۤɤǤ褤
θ̤Ǥ褯ȯƤΤפǤȤԥȤСΤפ⤫٤ͤ¿å˼Τ褦ˤ롥
There is much more to Shakespeare the poet than the soliloquy or the monologue but there is nothing more Shakespeare than this poetic mode. If we recognize that it derives from a tradition that regards poetry as a "speaking picture" that teaches and delights, we can give some critical substance to the oft made suggestion that Shakespeare, more than anyone else, teaches us what it means to be human. For what is definitive about human beings if not self-consciousness, and what is self-consciousness if not the capacity to act as witnesses to our own lives, to separate ourselves from our experiences, however blissful or devastating, and give them voice?
ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ shakespeare γƵǼ夲ƤVoicy heldio ǤˤƤפʥƥĤƤ¿夲Ƥ
hellog #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
hellog #1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1])
hellog #2283. Shakespeare ΥƥѸäλ¸Ψ ([2015-07-28-1])
hellog #4341. Shakespeare ˤߤ4α ([2021-03-16-1])
hellog #4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1])
hellog #4285. Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ ([2021-01-19-1])
hellog #4482. Shakespeare ȯ ([2021-08-04-1])
hellog #4483. Shakespeare θäϤɤΤ餤˭ ([2021-08-05-1])
hellog #5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1])
heldio #898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡ
McKeown, Adam. N. "Shakespeare's Literary Language." Chapter 44 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 455--63.
пʷʸʸ칶ˤοΥˡԥκʰɽʼɮǯˤ˷ǺܤƤ (42--43) ֺʰɽο꼹ɮǯϡʤˤĤƤ Martin Wiggins, British Drama 1533--1642: A Catalogue (Oxford University Press, 2021--) ˡˤĤƤ Arden ǥԥ3ˤ˵äƤޤ (43) ȤΤȤǡʲ˰ƸƤʴϢơ#1044. ѸʡChaucerShakespeareά ([2012-03-06-1]) ⻲ȡˡɽΡȽפϡF = Folio ޤܡ, Q = Quarter ʻͤޤܡ, O = Octavo Ȭޤܡˡ
*: ԥ¸̿˵λĤäƤʡ+: ɥˡرåեɡޤϥ֥åǤξĤäƤ
[A] Pembroke's Men [B] Strange's Men [C] Derby's Men [D] Chamberlain's Men [E] King's Men
| ̾ | 꼹ɮǯ | ǽǯ (Ƚ) [η] |
|---|---|---|
| إϻ Henry VI, Part 2 | 1591 | 1594 (Q) [A?] |
| إϻ軰 Henry VI, Part 3 | 1591 | 1595 (O) [A] |
| 㤸Ϥʤ餷 The Taming of the Shrew | 1592 | 1623 (F) [A] |
| إϻ Henry VI, Part 1 | 1592 | 1623 (F) [B] |
| ɥ˥ Titus Andronicus | 1592 | 1594 (Q) [A?] |
| ְ㤤δ The Comedy of Errors | 1592 | 1623 (F) [A?+*] |
| 㡼ɻ Richard III | 1593 | 1597 (Q) [C?] |
| ɥɻ Edward III | 1593 | 1596 (Q) [?] |
| ʥȥɡ˥λ Venus and Adonis | 1593--94 | 1593 (Q) |
| ʤ» The Two Gentlemen of Verona | 1594 | 1623 (F) [?] |
| ߥȥꥨå Romeo and Juliet | 1594 | 1597 (Q) [D?] |
| 롼Ϳλ The Rape of Lucrece | 1593--94 | 1594 (Q) |
| 㡼 Richard II | 1595 | 1597 (Q) [D] |
| Ƥ̴ A Midsummer Night's Dream | 1595 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| ιޤ» Love's Labour's Lost | 1596 | 1598 (Q) [D*] |
| King John | 1596 | 1623 (F) [D] |
| ˥ξ The Merchant of Venice | 1596 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| إ Henry IV, Part 1 | 1597 | 1598 (Q) [D*] |
| ۵ʽ˼ The Merry Wives of Windsor | 1597 | 1602 (Q) [D*] |
| إ Henry IV, Part 2 | 1597 | 1609 (Q) [D*] |
| Much Ado About Nothing | 1598 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| إ Henry V | 1599 | 1600 (Q) [D*] |
| ꥢ Julius Caesar | 1599 | 1623 (F) [D*] |
| Ǯνԡλ The Passionate Pilgrim | 1598--99 | 1599 (Q) |
| ˾ޤ As You Like It | 1600 | 1623 [F] [D] |
| ϥå Hamlet | 1600 | 1603 (Q) [D+] |
| Twelfth Night, or What You Will | 1601 | 1623 (Q) [D+] |
| ԻĻȷλ The Passionate Pilgrim | 1601 | 1601 (Q) |
| ȥ饹ȥ쥷 Troilus and Cressida | 1602 | 1609 (Q) [D] |
| ܤˤϼܤ Measure for Measure | 1603 | 1623 (F) [E*] |
| Othello | 1604 | 1622 (Q) [E+*] |
| 褱Ф٤Ƥ褷 All's Well That Ends Well | 1605 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ꥢ King Lear | 1605 | 1608 (Q) [E*] |
| ޥ٥ Macbeth | 1606 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ȥˡȥ쥪ѥȥ Antony and Cleopatra | 1606 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ƥͤΥ Timon of Athens | 1607 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ڥꥯ Pericles | 1607 | 1609 (Q) [E] |
| ꥪ쥤ʥ Coriolanus | 1608 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ͥåȽλ Sonnets | ?--1609 | 1609 (Q) |
| ͤòλ A Lover's Complaint | 1609 | 1609 (Q) |
| ٥ Cymbeline | 1610 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| ʪ The Winter's Tale | 1611 | 1623 (F) [E*] |
| ƥڥ The Tempest | 1611 | 1623 (F) [E*] |
| إȬ Henry VIII | 1612 | 1623 (F) [E] |
| The Two Noble Kinsmen | 1613 | 1634 (Q) [E] |

ܽˤĤƤϺ Voicy heldio Ǥ#898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡȤƤҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤİ
إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ
ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ
z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷ޤ
hellog
#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥס ([2023-02-15-1])
heldio (Voicy)
#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)
[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]
#3. ư -ize á (2023/10/08)
Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡
1֤ hellog Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥֻ (preposition) ܤ뵡ޤ¿椫ֻ쥦פȸƤȯƤޤֻˤؿΤϡҤο֤ε֤äƤФȻפޤ
ƱήǡճΤֻȤ sans Ҳ𤷤ޤwithout եֻǥեǤ sans /sɑ̃/ ȯޤѸȤƤֻ̤ /sænz/ ȯޤե줫餽Τޤ줿ɽֻϡ㤨 sans doute ֵʤ /sɑ̃ duːt/ Τ褦ˡեȯޤǤʤˤϱѸ첽 /sænz/ ȯޤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤ뤤Ͼ̤ᤫ connotation ѤޤʸƤߤޤ礦
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. ֡Ϸܤơ˻ʤܤʤ̣ʤвʤסShakespeare, As You Like It II. vii)
a wallet sans cash
There were no potatoes so we had fish and chips sans the chips.
He came to the door sans shirt.
She went to the party sans her husband.
She would not be happy with people seeing her sans makeup.
He was wearing running shoes, sans socks.
ƤߤȡʤʤȤäƤߤʤֻǤ͡
OED sans, prep. ˤȡѸǤνФϽѸ Kyng Alisaunder Ǥ
c1300 K. Alis. 134 Of gold he made a table Al ful of steorren, saun fable.
Shakespeare ˡϤŪȤƥեñȼäƤꡤХեδɽΤޤޱѸ˼ΤΤ褦Ǥ (ex. sans delay, sans doubt, sans fable, sans pity, sans return)ѸˤŪֻȤȯãΤϡθͷӤŷͤ桼⥢ƺƳȤäƤ褵Ǥ
;̾ (indefinite_pronoun) none ϡï~ʤפ̣뤬ưȤñˤʣˤפ롥None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦʳͤͤפθǤϡư3ñ -s 뤳ȤǤ뤷ǤĤǤ롥Ūˤñ٤ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤˤϤषʣȤư뤳Ȥ¿ (cf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]))
none ϸ츻Ūˤ no one ޤäǤ one 뤬ȤƤϥǤ롥ʬ줿 no one ƱǾñ顤none ΰפ˴ؤƱͤ˿Ȼפ䡤ǤʤΤԻĤǤ롥
American Heritage ˤȡnone ʣפ9ߤ졤King James Bible, Shakespeare, Dryden, Burke ʤɤϢʤʸڤƤǤϡɤο˰פ뤫ʸˡŪȤʸŪȤäƤ褵
Visser (I, § 86; pp. 75--76) ˤϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǤʣפñפγơ㤬¿Ƥ롥ǸŤΤΤ Shakespeare դޤǤǤĤФƤߤ褦
86---None Plural.
Ælfred, Boeth. xxvii §1, þæt þær nane oðre an ne sæton buton þa weorðestan. | c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 31, Ne doð hit none swa ofte se þe hodede. | a1300 Curs. M. 11396, bi-yond þam ar wonnand nan. | 1534 St. Th. More (Wks) 1279 F10, none of them go to hell. | 1557 North, Gueuaia's Diall. Pr. 4, None of these two were as yet feftene yeares olde (OED). | 1588 Shakesp., L.L.L. IV, iii, 126, none offend where all alike do dote. | Idem V, ii, 69, none are so surely caught . . ., as wit turn'd fool. . . .
Singular.
Ælfric, Hom. i, 284, i, Ne nan heora an nis na læsse ðonne eall seo þrynnys. | Ælfred, Boeth. 33. 4, Nan mihtigra ðe nis ne nan ðin gelica. | Charter 41, in: O. E. Texts 448, ȝif þæt ȝesele . . . ðæt ðer ðeara nan ne sie ðe londes weorðe sie. | a1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud Ms) an. 1066, He dyde swa mycel to gode . . . swa nefre nan oðre ne dyde toforen him. | a1175 Cott. Hom. 217, ȝif non of him ne spece, non hine ne lufede (OED). | c1250 Gen. & Ex. 223, Ne was ðor non lik adam. | c1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4981, Nane of þair bodys . . . Was neuir after sene. | c1489 Caxton, Blanchardyn xxxix, 148, Noon was there, . . . that myghte recomforte her. | 1588 A. King, tr. Canisius' Catch., App., To defende the pure mans cause, quhen thair is nan to take it in hadn by him (OED). | 1592 Shakesp., Venus 970, That every present sorrow seemeth chief, But none is best.
none β֡츻̣ʤɤˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1])
#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])
#2697. few a few ΰ̣κ ([2016-09-14-1])
#3536. one, once, none, nothing 1첻 ([2019-01-01-1])
#4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-22-1])
ޤפˤĤƤ⡤ޤDz٤夲ƤѸŪˤ singular_they ͿƤ롥
#1144. Ѹˤפ ([2012-06-14-1])
#1334. Ѹˤ̾ưοס ([2012-12-21-1])
#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1])
#1356. 20ꥹѸǤ government οΰס ([2013-01-12-1])
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ǯǤ줿ƣˡرʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿҡλѸʸ˻ˤ濴ȤܤΥåǤ롥

ܽ2ĤΥåֺ꤬ǤĹñפǤ (24--31) ܥ֥ǤϢ뵭3ܽƤ
#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1]) pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
#2797. floccinaucinihilipilification ([2016-12-23-1])
#391. antidisestablishmentarianism ȿѻס ([2010-05-23-1])
3ĤθΥåǤƤ뤬⤦1ĻΤʤäĹʸ줬ƤΤǡäȤʤäsupercalifragilisticexpialidocious Ȥ34ʸʤ̵̣ʸǤ롥OED ˤ "A nonsense word, originally used esp. by children, and typically expressing excited approbation: fantastic, fabulous." 롥1931ǯФ1964ǯΥǥˡDzإݥԥ٤ΤʤǼʸȤѤͭ̾ˤʤäȤȤ
ƱåǤϡǤκĹñҲ𤵤Ƥ롥㤨иͭ̾Ȥƥ륺̾ Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch 58ʸʤ롥2Ĥ¼ʻξ̾³줿ˡΤ褦ʤȤˤʤä餷ɤǡ⤽ñʤΤȤȲȤꡤǤϤ롥
Ʊʸ֤ʤ pangram ŪʺĹñȤƤϡdermatoglyphics ־ءפ uncopyrightable Ǹ뤳Ȥʤפ줾15ʸǺĹȤʤ롥pangram ˤĤƤϡ#1007. Veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck. ([2012-01-29-1]) ȡ
Shakespeare ѤĹñȤƤϡιޤ»٤ honorificabilitudinitatibus ̾ͤפƤ롥
ǸˡƬȸδ֤1ޥεΥ smiles ĹñǤȤΤϸŵŪʥ硼Ǥ롥
Ѹ칥ˤҤᤷå
ƣ رʸؼԤĤ֤䤯Ѹȱѹʸᤰ̵á١ʿҡ2022ǯ
2022ǯΥꥹޥǤλαѸǤΡֻΰפϡ鷺Ȥ줿 Merry Christmas! Ǥ͡ꥸʥη (I wish you a) merry Christmas! ۤɤǡ (greetings) ΤԤʬά줿ǤꥹѸǤϤФ Happy Christmas! Ȥ⤤졤Happy Holidays! ʤɤѤޤϢơ#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ ([2021-01-18-1])#4259. ꥹޥξͥ5ܡ ([2020-12-24-1]) ⤴ɤ
Merry Christmas ˤĤ OED Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΰνФϽѸ1534ǯΤȤǤ1534ǯȤСإ8ȷ̤Ʊѹ (Church of England) ΩǯǤ͡16κǽ3ʸޤ礦
1534 J. Fisher Let. 22 Dec. in T. Fuller Church Hist. Eng. (1837) v. iii. 47 And thus our Lord send yow a mery Christenmas, and a comfortable, to yowr heart desyer.
1565 J. Scudamore Let. 17 Dec. in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 209 And thus I comytt you to god, who send you a mery Christmas & many.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 v. iii. 36 Welcome mery shrouetide.
ǽϡư wish send ̤äΤǤ礦Lord ּפ£դä褦Ǥ͡
ѸޤǤϡ˥Υޥͳ Nowell ֥ꥹޥפΰ̣ӰΤѤƤޤ (cf. ե (Je souhaite un) joyeux No&etrema;l!) OED Nowell, int. and n. 1ȽƤߤޤ礦ϥե硼 (Geoffrey Chaucer) Ρإ٥ʪ (The Canterbury Tales) Ǥ
A. int.
A word shouted or sung: expressing joy, originally to commemorate the birth of Christ. Now only as retained in Christmas carols (cf. NOEL n.).
c1395 G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale 1255 Biforn hym stant brawen of tosked swyn, And Nowel crieth euery lusty man.
ʤߤˡNowell ϡ֥ꥹޥζ±פθ⤢ꡤϡإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) Ƭ˶ᤤεξ̤ǤλѤȤʤäƤޤ
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 65 (MED) Loude crye watz þer kest of clerkez & oþer, Nowel nayted o-newe, neuened ful ofte.
ꥹޥϢθäˤĤƤϡOED ֥ A Christmassy Lexicon εᤷޤ
ȤȤǡ Nowell!
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1]) ήʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤƱѸ˾Τ⤷¤1ĵ
ʬΥѤῼʹ֤ infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤǻؤ뤳Ȥε ([2022-12-11-1]) dzǧOED 1927ǯˤθƾΤνФϿƤ롥infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤƸꤺä5̤äˡѸ˾ο "infinitive-splitter" ¸ߤ륺οؼ Reginald Pecock (1395?--1460) Ǥ롥
ʬΥλ14ʤ뤤13ˤ긫ФȤ뤬ˤˤ Pecock ۤɤζڶ infinitive-splitter ϤʤΩ Chaucer ϤۤȤɻȤʤäLayamon Wyclif Ϥ⤦¿ȤäΤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ Shakespeare Kyd ԻѤä18ˤƤ褦䤯٤ޤäƤȤήѸѸˤƤλˡPecock infinitive-splitter ȤƻȵƤΤʤबʬΥ¿ѤΤʬʤVisser (II, § 977; p. 1036) ⡤Τ褦˸ǤäƤ롥
Quite apart, however, stands Reginald Pecock, who in his Reule (c 1443), Donet (c 1445), Repressor (c. 1449), Folewer (c 1454) and Book of Faith (c 1456) not only makes such an overwhelmingly frequent use of it that he surpasses in this respect all other authors writing after him, but also outdoes them in the boldness of his 'splitting'. For apart from such patterns as 'to ech dai make him ready', 'for to in some tyme, take', 'for to the better serve thee', which are extremely common in his prose, he repeatedly inserts between to and the infinitive adverbial adjuncts and even adverbial clauses of extraordinary length, e.g. Donet 31, 17, 'What is it for to lyue þankingly to god ...? Sone, it is forto at sum whiles, whanne oþire profitabler seruycis of god schulen not þerbi be lettid, and whanne a man in his semyng haþ nede to quyke him silf in þe seid lovis to god and to him silf and nameliche to moral desires (whiche y clepe here 'loves' or 'willingnis') vpon goodis to come and to be had, seie and be aknowe to god ... þat he haþ receyued benefte or benefetis of god.') . . .
It is not ascertainable what it was that brought Pecock, to this consistent deliberate and profuse use of the split infinitive, which in his predecessors and contemporaries only occurred occasionally, and more or less haphazardly. Neither can the fact be accounted for that he had no followers in this respect, although his works were widely read and studied.
˵ƤʸǤϡޡ forto ư츶 seie and be δ֤ˤʤ57줬ޤƤ롥Pecock ˻˾Ƕ infinitive-splitter ȤξιͿ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#2233. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. ([2015-06-08-1]) ǰټ夲Ѹ˾Ωʤθ˴ؤ˺Ƥܤ
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ꼭Ȥ ne ѤˤϡS + ne + Vפθ礬§Ūä꼭Ȥ not Ѥ褦ˤʤȡS + V + notפθ礬§ȤʤꡤS + not + Vפˤޤʹ¤Ȥʤä"Jespersen's cycle" ȾΤ깽¤̻ŪѲΤʤǤS + not + VפϤޤ֤ŤƤ餺褯ƤŪʰˤȤɤޤ롥
Visser (III, §1440) ϡType 'He not spoke (those words)' ι¤ˤĤƤ⤦ǫ˥ȤƤꡤʸ50ʾ彸Ƥ롥ȤѤ褦
Before 1500 this type is only sporadically met with, but after 1500 its currency increases and it becomes pretty common in Shakespeare's time. After c1700 a decline sets in and in Present-day English, where the type 'he did not command' is the rule, the idiom is chiefly restricted to poetry. . . . According to Smith (Mod. Språ 27, 1933) it is still used in Modern literary English in order to contrast a verb with a preceding one, e.g. 'The wise mother suggests the duty, not commands it'. The frequency of the use of this type in the 16th and 17th centuries seems to have escaped the attention of grammarians. Thus 1951 Söderlind (p. 218) calls a quotation from Dryden's prose containing this construction "a unique instance of not preceding the finite verb", and 1953 (Ellegård (p. 198) states: "not hardly ever occurred before the finite verb." Poutsma's earliest example (1928 I, i p. 102) is a quotation from Shakespeare. The following statement is interesting, ignoring as it does the occurrence of the idiom between "O.E." (=?perhaps: Middle English) and modern poetry: 1876 Ernest Adams, The Elements of the English Language p. 217: "Frequently in O.E. and, rarely, in modern poetry, do and the infinitive are not employed in negative propositions: I not repent my courtesies---Ford; I not dislike the course.---Ibid.; I swear it would not ruffle me so much As you that not obey me---Tennyson."
ΥȤθ1400ǯ20˻ޤǤʸ¿Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓Ѹܤ EEBO ʤɤε祳ѥĴСʤʸΤǤϤʤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ε#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ ([2021-12-29-1]) ǡѸεʸˡǤϵƤʤ2ӵ顦Ǿ餬 Shakespeare ˤäƻȤƤ
Ȥϰۤʤ륿פǤ more, most ֤뱪ѤȤ Shakespeare Ǥ -er, -est դѤƤ䡤εդλѻ롥ˤϡǤӵǾˤʤʤŪפʰ̣ķƻ졦줬Shakespeare ǤϤθ¤ǤϤʤäȤ⤢롥 Shakespeare ˤ400ǯλ뤳ȤͤСΤ褦ʰ̣ŪѲäȤƤä٤ȤǤϤʤ
Shakespeare ȸθˡǰۤʤΤ Crystal and Crystal (88--90) 褦
[ ѸǤϱˡShakespeare Ǥ϶ˡ ]
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------- |
| more honest | honester | Cor IV.v.50 |
| more horrid | horrider | Cym IV.ii.331 |
| more loath | loather | 2H6 III.ii.355 |
| more often | oftener | MM IV.ii.48 |
| more quickly | quicklier | AW I.i.122 |
| more perfect | perfecter | Cor II.i.76 |
| more wayward | waywarder | AY IV.i.150 |
| Modern superlative | Shakespearian superlative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| most ancient | ancient'st | WT Iv.i10 |
| most certain | certain'st | TNK V.iv.21 |
| most civil | civilest | 2H6 IV.vii.56 |
| most condemned | contemned'st | KL II.ii.141 |
| most covert | covert'st | R3 III.v.33 |
| most daring | daring'st | H8 II.iv.215 |
| most deformed | deformed'st | Sonn 113.10 |
| most easily | easil'est | Cym IV.ii.206 |
| most exact | exactest | Tim II.ii.161 |
| most extreme | extremest | KL V.iii.134 |
| most faithful | faithfull'st | TN V.i.112 |
| most foul-mouthed | foul mouthed'st | 2H4 II.iv.70 |
| most honest | honestest | AW III.v.73 |
| most loathsome | loathsomest | TC II.i.28 |
| most lying | lyingest | 2H6 II.i.124 |
| most maidenly | maidenliest | KL I.ii.131 |
| most pained | pained'st | Per IV.vi.161 |
| most perfect | perfectest | Mac I.v.2 |
| most ragged | ragged'st | 2H4 I.i.151 |
| most rascally | rascalliest | 1H4 I.ii.80 |
| most sovereign | sovereignest | 1H4 I.iii.56 |
| most unhopeful | unhopefullest | MA II.i.349 |
| most welcome | welcomest | 1H6 II.ii.56 |
| most wholesome | wholesom'st | MM IV.ii.70 |
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| greater | more great | 1H4 IV.i77 |
| longer | more long | Cor V.ii.63 |
| nearer | more near | AW I.iii.102 |
| Modern word | Shakespearian comparison | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| chief | chiefest | 1H6 I.i.177 |
| due | duer | 2H4 III.ii.296 |
| just | justest | AC II.i.2 |
| less | lesser | R2 II.i.95 |
| like | liker | KJ II.i.126 |
| little | littlest [cf. smallest] | Ham III.ii.181 |
| rather | ratherest | LL IV.ii.18 |
| very | veriest | 1H4 II.ii.23 |
| worse | worser [cf. less bad] | Ham III.iv.158 |
ܥ֥ΰʲεǽƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪƤƤΤǡƸ
[ Double comparatives ]
more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)
[ Double superlatives ]
most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)
Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.
#4482. Shakespeare ȯ ([2021-08-04-1]) 褦ˡShakespeare ȯפȤȤ˲̣Ƥ뤫˵ĤɬפϤ뤬Ū Shakespeare Υꥸʥȯʤ뤤ϺƷ (reconstruction)ˤ褦ȻߤȤˡˤʤ4ढ롥ֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun)ƱκȤΥȤǤ롥Crystal (xx) ʬ䤹ȤȤˡ4Ĥʷ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǡ˰Ѥ롥
- In RJ 1.4.66, when Mercutio describes Queen Mab as having a whip with 'a lash of film', the Folio and Quarto spellings of philome indicate a bisyllabic pronunciation, 'fillum' (as in modern Irish English).
- MND 3.2.118, Puck's couplet indicates a pronunciation of one that no longer exists in English: 'Then will two at once woo one / That must needs be sport alone'.
- In LLL 5.2.574, there is a pun in the line 'Your lion, that holds his pole-axe sitting on a close-stool, will be given to Ajax' which can only work if we recognize . . . that Ajax could also be pronounced 'a jakes' (jakes = 'privy').
- In Ben Johnson's English Grammar (1616), the letter 'o' is described as follows: 'In the short time more flat, and akin to u; as ... brother, love, prove', indicating that, for him at least, prove was pronounced like love, not the other way round.
ĸκƷʤɤǤƱͤμʤγơˤĤȤʤٹ礤Ū˰ۤʤ롥ֻɸಽƤʤλˤϡֻѰۤϤʤפʾڵˤʤ뤷ӱؤοŪ˹⤤ȤäƤ褤ϸϼ¦μѤƤǽäȤжɤ߹ǤޤäƤǽꡤŤɾʤФʤʤShakespeare ˤäƤϤ٤ƤϸȤ⤢ΤˡƱκȤˤȯ˴ؤȤˤĤƤ⡤Τ˻ͤˤϤʤ뤬ĿŪȯʤȿǤΤˤʤ⤷ʤƱȯ뤤 Shakespeare ȯŬѤǤ뤫ɤӿŤȽǤɬפ롥
ʣμʤˤƱؤߤ˶礦褦ǤСȤƤοޤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤŲοϡʣʥѥΤ褦Ϣơ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1])#4015. ˤѸȯꤹ뤫 ([2020-04-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Baugh and Cable (242--43) Shakespeare 濴Ȥ륨ꥶ٥īαѸˤĤơֻ (preposition) ѤΥѥȰۤʤܤƤ롥
Perhaps nothing illustrates so richly the idiomatic changes in a language from one age to another as the uses of prepositions. When Shakespeare says, I'll rent the fairest house in it after threepence a bay, we should say at; in Our fears in Banquo stick deep, we should say about. The single preposition of shows how many changes in common idioms have come about since 1600: One that I brought up of (from) a puppy; he came of (on) an errand to me; 'Tis pity of (about) him; your name. . . . I now not, nor by what wonder you do hit of (upon) mine; And not be seen to wink of (during) all the day; it was well done of (by) you; I wonder of (at) their being here together; I am provided of (with) a torchbearer; I have no mind of (for) feasting forth tonight; I were better to be married of (by) him than of another; and That did but show three of (as) a fool. Many more examples could be added.
³ʬ Baugh and Cable (243) ϡѸθΤߤʤ餺̤αѸˤθˤͭĽפʻŦƤ롥
Although matters of idiom and usage generally claim less attention from students of the language than do sounds and inflections or additions to the vocabulary, no picture of Elizabethan English would be adequate that did not give them a fair measure of recognition.
ʡۤʤαʸɤǤȡΤֻѤΥѥѲѰۤˤ϶ä롥ޤʣƸ椷褦Ȥˤʤʤ餤̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤ˰ʤ褦˱Ǥ롥
ޤѸˤֻ̤μब³ƤȤ¤롥ֻϤФĤǤ뵡ǽȤʬव뤬ݡμŪäƤ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1])#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) Ȥ줿
ֻεǽˡѲѰ֤ۤƤư֤ưֻʸѸǤΥǥեȤ byˤ˸¤äƤ⡤#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at ([2013-01-07-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1]) Τ褦˵ϤĤʤȤơ#4383. be surprised at ǤϤʤ be surprised by ¤ήԤäƤƤ ([2021-04-27-1]) Ȥ̣ȥԥå⤢롥ơޤȤƤؤ⤷μºݤͤȤʤʪǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
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