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shakespeare - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-08-05 Thu

#4483. Shakespeare θäϤɤΤ餤˭ [sobokunagimon][shakespeare][statistics][lexicology]

Shakespeare θä˭ϤĤȤΤƤ뤬ŪˤĤñѤƤΤθΤˤ衤ȤѤƤΤˤ衤äεϤΤ˷פ뤳Ȥ񤷤ϡ⤽٤ñ̤Ǥָ (word) ŪޤäƤʤǤ롥ܼŪˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥָʤ񤷤פεåƤ
Ǥ⡤Ǥ褤ΤΤꤿȤΤ;Ǥ롥Shakespeare θä˭ϤФз峰ȤƸڤ졤ʤȲƤ뵤̣⤢뤬ºݤΤȤԤδ֤ͿŪʿˤ礭㤬롥ŪΤƤΤϡ3١פȤ2١פȸѤԤ⾯ʤʤ褦Ǥ롥Ǥϡ夲 Crystal ˤ The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation (xv) 򻲹ͤˤȤɤʤ
Ʊ񤬸üоݤȤƤΤ (1) 1եꥪ (2) ʳΥεӱ˴ؤǤʤĤޤꡤShakespeare ΥƥΤǤϤʤȤաˡξƱθФοȡ߻Ȥ20,672줬󤬤äƤ롥ˤ1,809θͭ̾졤495γñʥƥʤɡˡ29 "non-sense words"84Υեꥪεӱ줬ޤޤƤ롥ȡפθä18,255Ȥʤ롥̩ˤСΥߥˤʤ̸äƤȻפ뤷ʣ餭ΤʣȤߤʤɤȤƬˤ⤢뤬οϡ2١˶ᤤΤȤƻͤˤʤ롥
ϢơShakespeare ˤޤĤˤĤƤϡ#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1]

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2021-08-04 Wed

#4482. Shakespeare ȯ [shakespeare][pronunciation][reconstruction][phonetics][phonology][rhyme][pun]

Crystal ˤ The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ѥѥįƤ롥Shakespeare 400ǯۤνηȤǤꡤǯΤܤäĸλ٤Τ̯ʴ뤫⤷ʤShakespeare Ρ֥ꥸʥȯפȤŪ줿ΤǤʾ塤ĸκƷ (reconstruction) ܼŪ˰ۤʤȤϤʤShakespeare ξˤϡֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun) ʤɡƷ٤ƤҥȤŪ¿Ȥü𤬤뤳ȤϳΤϼΰ㤤Ȥ̡٤ΰ㤤Ȥäۤ褤ºݡShakespeare ȯκƷˤĤƤ⡤٤ʲȤʤȡǤʤȤ¿褦
μΡ֥ꥸʥȯפμѤݤˡդʤФʤʤȤ롥 The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ξǤС Shakespeare ȯ򶵤Ƥ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤơϤɤȤCrystal (xi) ⤳ĴƤΤǡϢսѤƤ

The notion of 'Modern English pronunciation' is actually an abstraction, realized by hundreds of different accents around the world, and the same kind of variation existed in earlier states of the language. People often loosely refer to OP as an accent', but this is as misleading as it would be to refer to Modern English pronunciation as 'an accent'. It would be even more misleading to describe OP as 'Shakespeare's accent', as is sometimes done. We know nothing about how Shakespeare himself spoke, though we can conjecture that his accent would have been a mixture of Warwickshire and London. It cannot be be stated too often that OP is a phonology---a sound system---which would have been realized in a variety of accents, all of which were different in certain respects from the variety we find in present-day English.


1ˡƱϡ Shakespeare ȤȯˤĤƶƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥󼨤ƤΤ Shakespeare ȤȯǤϤʤShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯˤʤΥȥ뤬 "Shakespeare's Pronunciation" ǤϤʤƻѤƾܤ "Shakespearean Pronunciation" ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
2ˡƱͿƤȯϡ̩ˤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯɽ路Ƥ餤ʤǤϲɽ蘆ƤΤȤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդβ (phonology) Ǥ롥ºݤоʪԡˤȯƤȯΤΡĤޤ phonetics ǤϤʤݲηϤǤ phonology ɽ路ƤΤǤ롥󡤤ϼºݤζ񸽲줿ȯˤٶƤϤȤϸΤǡѾ塤㤨ԤȯŪΤˤϽʬѤ­̩ˤСȯΤΤ򶵤Ƥ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤ򲡤ƤȤϽפǤ롥פˡμΤ "The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Phonology" Ȥ٤ΤǤ롥
Shakespeare ˸¤餺Ųݤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥϡ§ȤƲηϤʤΤȻפظ˼ºݤβƤ뤳ȤϤ褽ȤƤˤ衤ƷоݤȤʤΤϡޤäŪʲηϤǤ롥
(phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ΰ㤤ˤĤƤϡ#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1]) ӡ#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1] [2021-08-21-1]

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2021-07-28 Wed

#4475. Love's Labour's Lost 츻ŪֻεΤ [shakespeare][mulcaster][etymological_respelling][popular_passage][inkhorn_term][latin][loan_word][spelling_pronunciation][silent_letter][orthography]

ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ <b> ΤȤΤϱѸֻ˴ؤѤʵ֤Ǥ롥ޤǤ¿εǼ夲ƤפʤΤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1])
#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])
#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ󥰡ס ([2018-02-26-1])
ְŪʢѸȯ֤꤬פʤͳȤʹ˹Ԥä顤ȿͤˤƤΡָɡפȡפäDMMѲå֥ˤ륤󥿥ӥ塼

doubt <b> ˤĤƤϡ16ͭ̾ʸڤ롥Shakespeare ˤδ Love's Labour's Lost Τʤǡоʪ1͡ʳؼԤ Holofernes (ˤϼºߤ Richard Mulcaster ǥȤȤˤ <b> ȯ٤ȼĥ뤯꤬롥δ1593--94ǯ˽񤫤줿Ȥ뤬ޤ inkhorn_term 褬깭ƤΤäcf. #1408. ([2013-03-05-1])ˡλطʤǰƬ Holofernes ɤȡ̣襤ѤäƤ롥γ˿ʬϡ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) ǰѤ⤦Ĺˡ1623ǯ1եꥪưѤSmith Ǥ pp. 195--96 ˡ

Actus Quartus.
Enter the Pedant, Curate and Dull.

Ped. Satis quid sufficit.
Cur. I praise God for you sir, your reasons at dinner haue beene sharpe & sententious: pleasant without scurrillity, witty without affection, audacious without impudency, learned without opinion, and strange without heresie: I did conuerse this quondam day with a companion of the Kings, who is intituled, nominated, or called, Dom Adriano de Armatha.
Ped. Noui hominum tanquam te, His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptorie: his tongue filed, his eye ambitious, his gate maiesticall, and his generall behauiour vaine, ridiculous, and thrasonical. He is too picked, too spruce, to affected, too odde, as it were, too peregrinat, as I may call it.
Cur. A most singular and choise Epithat,
Draw out his Table-booke,
Ped. He draweth out the thred of his verbositie, finer than the staple of his argument. I abhor such phnaticall phantasims, such insociable and poynt deuise companions, such rackers of ortagriphie, as to speake dout fine, when he should say doubt; det, when he shold pronounce debt; d e b t, not det: he clepeth a Calf, Caufe: halfe, hawfe; neighbour vocatur nebour; neigh abreuiated ne: this is abhominable, which he would call abhominable: it insinuateth me of infamie: ne inteligis domine, to make franticke, lunaticke?
Cur. Laus deo, bene intelligo.
Ped. Bome boon for boon prescian, a little scratched, 'twill serue.


1եꥪΤΤΰѤʤΤǡɤΤ񤷤⤷ʤΤȤ Holofernes (= Ped) ʳؿ꤬ƥѡʤȤѡˤ褯ºݤˤʤƤǥեᤷΤȻפ뤬줫400ǯʾ夿äߤʤ֤ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ <b> ΤפȤѤʵηǵ³ƤȤΤϡʤȤ©ĹǤ롥

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.

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2021-03-16 Tue

#4341. Shakespeare ˤߤ4α [shakespeare][humours][literature][four_cardinal_humours]

塦衼åѤΰءؤˤƤϡȤ֤α (humours) ˴Ť븶ƤȤ櫓奮ꥷλҥåݥƥ䥬ΥŦƤ4α (the four cardinal humours) פ̤Ȥ줿 (blood)Ǵ (phlegm)ʲ (choleryellow bile) (melancholy, black bile) 4Ǥ롥ΥХ󥹤褤ȷ򹯤Ȥʤ뤬­꤬ȡŪαդμ˱ͭ֡ʬФȤCrystal and Crystal (230)

In early account of human physiology, a person's physical and mental disposition was thought to be governed by a combination of fluids, or humours, within the body. Four humours were recognized: blood, phlegm, choler (also called yellow bile), and melancholy (also called black bile or black choler). The notion transferred readily into a range of seances to do with temperament, mood, inclination, and manner of action . . . , regarded as permanent or alterable features of behaviour.


ͥ󥹰ʹߤˤϲ˶ؤ⤷4αϽѤƤäShakespeare λˤϤޤԤαƶǻĤäƤShakespeare ΰ Crystal and Crystal (230) 󤲤ĤġоʪΤʤ4αζŪȿǤߤƤߤ褦

HumourTypical dispositionSeen in characterExample
bloodoptimistic, passionate, amorous, courageousHotspur (as described by his wife)In military rules, humours of blood, / He was the mark and glass, copy and book, / That fashioned others (2H4 ll.iii.30)
phlegmdull, indifferent, indolent, apathetic, idleFalstaff and his companions (as described by Prince Hal)I know you all, and will awhile uphold / The unyoked humour of your idleness, (1H4 l.ii.194)
cholerangry, irascible, bad-temperedCassius (as described by Brutus)Go show your slaves how choleric you are ... Must I stand and crouch / Under your testy humour? (JC IV.iii.43)
melancholysad, gloomy, sullen, depressedJaques (as described by Rosalind)They say you are a melancholy fellow. [Jaques] I am so: I do love it better than laughing (AY IV.i.3)


Τ褦ˡ4ααƶ Shakespeare Τ褦ʶǤޤǻߤ롥ŪΩ Chaucer ޤѸʸؤˤơʤ鿧ǻȤϤޤǤʤ

Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1]

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2021-02-12 Fri

#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) [shakespeare][personal_pronoun]

Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, Act I, Scene 2 ˤơHermione Leontes ˼Τ褦˸꤫ս꤬롥"If you would seek us, We are yours i' the garden: shall's attend you there?"Ǥϡshall's (= shall us) shall we ȤѤƤ롥ʤ us λ
ʷѤ٤ȤŪʷȤΤϡwe/us ˸¤餺;̤̾ˤ褯ߤ븽ݤǤ롥It's me., He is older than her., what did 'em call it?, Us Scots keep fighting back. Τ褦㤬󤲤뤷you ˻äƤϡŪ˶̤ƤʷŪʷԤ˽󤵤ƤޤäΤɸȤʤäƤۤɤ
#3502. pronoun exchange ([2018-11-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡμο;̾Ρֳʰ㤤פϡνˤƹѻ (cf. #793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1]))Ūˤ⡤餯 pronoun exchange Ӥä
OED ˤȡwe/us pronoun exchange ˴ؤƤСޤǶʹߤθݤΤ褦us, pron., n., and adj. 9b ˡˡ󤲤Ƥ롥ʲˡĤФ2ܤޤ shall us λǤ롥

1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 12 And vtheris for not saying this ane word---'My maisteris, vs lufe ȝou and ȝour doctryne' are deposit of thair offices.
1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster Famous Hist. Thomas Wyat sig. Bv Come my Lords, shall vs march.
c1860 J. T. Staton Bobby Shuttle iii. 41 Should us tell o'th yung shantledurt?
1880 L. Parr Adam & Eve II. 25 Us'll have down the big Bible and read chapters verse by verse.

ʾ塤ʸʸ칶ƱνǡShakespearian ΰпꤪҤͤĴ٤ǤʰѸŪˤ⤪⤷䤤򤢤꤬Ȥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-27-1] [2021-02-13-1]

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2021-01-19 Tue

#4285. Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ [shakespeare][conversion][chaucer][bible]

Shakespeare αʸػ˾ΰյˤĤƤϸޤǤʤʡֱѡפơʸػ˾ΰյȤäƤѤʤˡޤѹʸ˾ΰյƱ褦˿ޤ˼ƵˤʤʤȤȿ¿ˤʤ
Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϤɤShakespeare ѸȤͿѥȡ䤤ľƤ褤ϡ˽Ҥ٤ʸػ˾塤ѹʸ˾ΰյ٤ơѸ˾ΰյϤۤ礭ʤȹͤƤ롥ΰոʤɤʹƤȡŪˡֱʸءѹʸѸפȤΩäƤ褦ǡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյޤ礭Ȥˤʤ뤳ȤŪ¿
򾷤ʤΤǤäƤShakespeare ˻Ĥɽ졤硤ñ졤ˡʤɡˤμ˭٤ˤĤƤϡ;ϤϤʤ˻ޤǤ٤ȤȤǤС Shakespeare ȸۤɤвԤǤ롥ۤɤͭ̾ͤǤ뤫顤Ѹ˵ҤǤⲿо줹뵡¿伫ȤѸ˳μȤǽѸ⤹äơShakespeare ˿줺˺ѤޤȤϤǤʤcf. #1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū׸򤷤2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1])ˡ줺˺ѤޤˤϤäʤ¸ߤǤ롥
εΥݥȤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյǤ롥Shakespeare ѸȤˤɤۤ¿¿ͤʥѥȤͿǤ롥˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ̾äʤɤΡɽפѸˤƳꡤ᤿ꡤ夵ꤷȤ˴ؤƤϡʬѸ˱ƶͿɾǤ롥ѸȤϡΤ褦ʡɽפΤߤΩäƤ櫓ǤϤʤShakespeare ϡϤӸαѸȯ˲餫ΥѥȤͿֻˤĤƤϤɤޤʸˡˤĤƤϤɤϤޤѤˤĤƤϤˡɽפСShakespeare ѸľŪʥѥȤͿϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ľŪǤϤʤŪʥѥȤϤɤ㤨СǤ˴Ū˹ԤʤƤȯֻʸˡѤʤɤ Shakespeare ˺Ѥ졤Shakespeare ȤƶϤΤΤˤäƹ졤˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäȤ褦ʤȤä֤ɽפ˴ؤƤϡľܤˤܤˤ⥤ѥȤͿȤϤäѸ뤽ʳθؤΥѥȤȤΤϡɤäΤ㤨СͷӤŷͤǤ Shakespeare ʻž (conversion) ¿ѤȤäबʻžȤŪʲѸˤ⤿餷ǽοͤʤɤǤϤʤǤϡƱѸ˹᤿ꡤ夵ꤹΤ˰äۤɤƯϤΤˤϡShakespeare οͤǤϤʤ򤽤ΰȤαѸ춦ƱΤΤȤƱήԤ˹׸Ȥ褦˻פΤǤcf. #1414. ʻžϥͥ󥹴Ϥθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1]
⤽οˤƸĿ̤ͤȤϡ礭ǤΤ#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ ([2014-11-09-1]) 褦ˡե顼ɤ䥤ꥢؤǤϡĿͤ䤬Ż뤵ΤΡȤƤϡäȤƤŪˤȤɤޤȹͤƤ롥ܼŪʸˤĤƤϡƤߤȻפäƤ롥
Ȥ Shakespeare ɽפȤɽŪˤƶͿƤʤäȤƤ⡤ǤĿͤޤǤαƶͿȤΤȤǤϤʤȤȤȤСˤϻⴰ˻Ʊ롥ĴơShakespeare ѸȤΡˤ˿ʥѥȤͿɽΤϸ᤮ǤϤʤShakespeare ѸβˤɤΤ餤ƶͿΤ­ʤ̣ۤä Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյɾ뤳ȤˤʤȻפäƤ롥ϡѸˤˤΰյ Chaucer ΰյȤȤⶦ̤Ƥcf. #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1])#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1])#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]
ʤ1ۤ˽񤤤#4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1]) ǤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ餫ˤפб¦̤ŪˤϿƤʤä

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1]

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2020-12-15 Tue

#4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ [shakespeare][emode][literature][methodology][philology]

伫Ȥ Shakespeare θܳŪ˸椷ȤϤʤѸˤεҸˤƤ򤱤뤳ȤΤǤʤ礭оݤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ츦Ȥ Shakespeare ؤܤ19Ⱦ˻ϤޤꡤߤޤǤ¿̤ѤƤʸˡ񡤸Ͽѥ󥳡󥹡ǡ١ƤοϤꤷʤߤȤƥѥѤ͡ư褦ǡShakespeare ͵Ѥ餺Ǥ롥
Busse and Busse (811) ˡ¾˰͵򤷤ΤǤϤ뤬Shakespeare θθˤĤơ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤṲ̄ɬפȤơ줾վ񤭤Ƥ롥ޤ3Ĥ¦̤顥

1. English as it was about 1600
2. Shakespeare's interest in his language
3. Shakespeare's unique use of English


Shakespeare θפ򶹤᤹3ΤߤȤʤνѸΤΤʤˤ֤Ť餵 Shakespeare θջȤħ򤢤֤ФȤݤޤ1פǤ롥ơShakespeare θФؿ٤Ȥ2¦̤ʤõꤿ
Shakespeare θθ4ĤŪˤĤơ

1. to enable the speaker of Present-day English to share as far as possible in the responses of the original audience;
2. to draw attention to the manner in which Shakespeare handles the language of his time for artistic purposes;
3. to use the language of Shakespearean drama as data on which to base conclusions about Elizabethan English in general; and
4. to provide illuminating information about various aspects of Shakespeare's linguistic background, in particular, the attitude to the language of his time.


⸽Ūʸ츦ŪǤȤȤˡ¤¿ʬ philological ŪǤ롥
Ϣ #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ¾ shakespeare οεɤ

Busse, Ulrich and Beatrix Busse. "Early Modern English: The Language of Shakespeare." Chapter 51 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 808--26.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1] [2021-01-19-1]

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2020-07-29 Wed

#4111. He dares do . . . ϸѤ뤤ϵƤ뺮 [auxiliary_verb][verb][preterite-present_verb][conjugation][infinitive][3sp][contamination][shakespeare]

ε#4110. dare --- ưʤΤưʤΤϥåꤷʤ ([2020-07-28-1]) ˰³ˡưȤưȤ⤤ʤȾüʿ񤤤򼨤 dare ˤĤơShakespeare MacbethI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. Ȥʸ򻲾ȤθˡϸǤǧ롥Partridge (87) ϡ餫˸ѤȤߤƤ롥

dare is used in two ways: as a full verb (dares to, dared to, didn't dare to) and as an auxiliary like can or must. The latter occurs correctly only in negatives ('I daren't go'), in questions, and in subordinate clauses ('whether I dared go'). The two patterns are not to be mixed. Write either 'whether she dares to go' or 'whether she dare go' but not 'whether she dares go'.


(363) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ưˡǸ³ to Ͼά뤳ȤǤ: Nobody dares (to) criticize his decision.---OALD5 ʤҤȤȤηˤȤ䤫ȤʤˡϽưˡȺ򤷤ʤΤǡ㤨 Partridge-Whitcut (1994) ʤɤϸѤȸʤƤ뤬ǤɸŪʸˡ [Benson et al. (1997); Quirk et al. (1985: 138)]: I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complain.---CIDE ٶ꤫𤬤ȤʤΤǡͤΥѡȤǥѡƥȤϻפʤˡʤ Eastwood (1994: 128) ϡƹͤϳ to ȼηѤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥


ĤޤꡤԤˤȤϤŪˤ2Ĥιʸκ (contamination) ǤȤơä stigma դƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦BNCweb "dares _V?I" ʤɤȸƤߤ17㤬ҥåȤΤˤ٤ƤեޥȤʸ̮Ǥʤ
̻Ūʴ餤Сˡư줫ưؤžȤĤĤȾüʾȤȤˤʤܲѲƤȤϤ٤Ȥ16˻ϤޤäѲǤ뤳ȤͤȡǤˤ줳500ǯۤɤλ֤ήƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸѲ⡤ʤʤ©Ĺ
ľ3ñʤɤǤä;ζޤĸ򽾤ʽưȤΤϡѸǤϤĤΥǥ̤ˤСdare(s) Τۤˤ do(es) help(s) 餤ˤ쥢Ǥ롥

Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

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2020-07-28 Tue

#4110. dare --- ưʤΤưʤΤϥåꤷʤ [auxiliary_verb][verb][preterite-present_verb][conjugation][infinitive][3sp][contamination][shakespeare]

ˡư dare ϡˡưΤʤǤ need used to ¤DZƤ¸ߤǤ롥Ūˤߤ˸Ťư (preterite-present_verb) ǤꡤǤ can, may, shall ʤɤ֤Ȥ⤤ΤӤȰŪ˺줬ԤǤ롥
ȤȤϲưǤ뤫顤űѸǤľˡ3ñǤϸߤ -s 褦ʻҲ򤤤äʤäºݡ durran Фơľ3ñǤ dear(r) ʤɤη֤򼨤ޤľ̤ưŪ줬³ˤϡưʤ븽Ѹθˤä (ex. c1000 Ælfric Genesis xliv. 34 Ne dear ic ham faran. (= "I dare not go home.")) Ĥޤꡤcan, may, shall ʤɤȤޤäƱ񤤤򼨤ƤΤǤꡤ̩ˤϥʥʸ⤷ʤѸŪʴнˡưäΤǤ롥
16ʹߡľ3ñ daryth dares Τ褦ʡˡư餷̡3ñ -sפ򼨤֤졤ưؤʬŪžȤƤȤСOED ˤ Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 46--7 ˡI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. Τ褦ʻ㤬ǧ롥ʬŪžȡפȤäΤϡǤ dare ϰưǤ⤢뤷äʸ䵿ʸǤˡưȤƤˡݤäƤ뤫
Shakespeare ʸǤ⤷Τϡ3ñ -sפ¸ߤ褦ˡư줫ưؤžȤ뤲ƤΤ褦ˤߤΤΡ³ŪȤƤưη֤ϤޤǸ do Ǥꡤto to do ǤϤʤȤĤޤꡤdare ϷŪˤϰư첽Ƥ뤬ŪˤϤޤˡưݤäƤȤȤǤ롥
ơäȤˤξϸǤ礭ۤʤʤѸǤϰưȤƤ He dares to do . . . ̤Ǥ뤳ȤϤȤꡤˡưȤƤ He dare do . . . ⵩롥˲ä Shakespeare ĥȾü He dares do . . . ǽʤΤǤ롥
إ˥缭ŵ٤ dare ιफѤޤ򻲾Ȥ줿ŪˤʸˡŪ contamination Ȥ٤ʤΤϤԻ׵ĤʡʽưǤ롥

The Conjugation of the Verb

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-29-1]

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2019-08-01 Thu

#3748. ޡ at ado ư [infinitive][preposition][old_norse][etymology][shakespeare][semantic_change][lalme][map]

#3741. Ѹޡ forto ([2019-07-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ to forto ʤɤ¤ǡޡȤ at Ȥ⵩Ѥ줿θߤΤֻ at ȤʪǡťΥɸޡ at ѤΤȤ롥ξ֤ȤɤΤȤ츻ˤΤǡμѤȤϡˡμѤȤ٤㤫⤷ʤOED at, prep. ˤȡޡȤƤˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

VI. With the infinitive mood.
39. Introducing the infinitive of purpose (the original function also of to; cf. French rien à faire, nothing to do, nothing at do, nothing ado n. and adj.2). Obsolete exc. dialect.
   Corresponding to Old Norse at (Danish at, Swedish att) in gefa at eta to give one at eat, i.e. to eat; but not, like it, used with the simple infinitive; the nearest approach to which was in the phrase That is at say = French c'est à dire.


MED at adv. with infinitive 򻲾Ȥȡat do, at ete, at kep, at sai Τ褦ʷޤäưȤȤѤ뷹ȤMED ǽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

c1280 Chart.in Birch Cart.Sax.2.326: Yat ye land of seint Wilfrai..fre sal be ay; At na nan..In yair Herpsac sal have at do.
c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)906: Þe hondes gonnen at erne [Hrl: to fleon] In to þe schypes sterne.
c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)543: Ynouȝ þai hadde at ete.
c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)2495: Þat he cum wiþ þe at ete.
(1399) RParl.3.451a: The Answers of certeins Lordes, that is atte saye, of the forsayd Ducs of Aumarle [etc.].


ťΥɸˡͳ褹ȤȤ黡褦ˡޡ at ˤ褯ߤ줿eLALME Item 81 ȤƼ夲Ƥꡤʲ Dot Map 롥ΤŪʬۤ

eLALME Dot Map for AT

ʤߤ̾ ado ưݡפ at do ޤäΤͳ褹롥ԥδ Much Ado About Nothing ض٤ϡפ much to do about nothing ȤȤǤ롥֤٤ȡעݤʻŻעưפۤɤΰ̣ȯŸФȹͤ롥Фϰʲ̤ǡǤˡư͡פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥

c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5648: Olyuer wyþ a corde bond him fast, Ac arst was muche ado.

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2019-03-21 Thu

#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ [double_comparative][comparison][shakespeare][style][prescriptive_grammar][hc][adjective][superlative]

worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥

It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):

(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
        With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)

     b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)


θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ򸫤뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))

Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.

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2019-02-14 Thu

#3580. ԥȶο [bible][shakespeare][emode][verb][preterite][register]

Shakespeare νʤȶ (Authorized Version; King Jame Bible) ϤۤƱ˽񤫤Ƥʤ⡤줾αѸϽ¦̤ˤưۤʤäƤcf. #492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])#1418. 17 its μơ ([2013-03-15-1])#3491. dreamt dreamed ˡκ ([2018-11-17-1])ˡŪˤ Shakespeare ϳ׿ŪݼŪʸո¿Ȥ롥Crystal (275) ꡤκۤ㼨Ƥߤֵפȡֿפδ֤ɤƤư֤Ѱۤ濴ˡŵŪ򽸤᤿ΤǤ롥

King JamesFirst Folio
old formnew formold formnew form
bare 175bore 1bare 10bore 25
clave 14cleft 2clave 0cleft 8
gat 20, gotten 25got 7gat 0, gotten 5got 115
goeth 135goes 0goeth 0goes 166
seeth 54sees 0seeth 0sees 40
spake 585spoke 0spake 48spoke 142
yonder 7yon 0, yond 0yonder 66yon 9, yond 45


ϡʸ "The old Ecclesiastical Words to be kept, viz., the Word Church not to be translated Congregations, &c." ʤɤȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥͽ̤ۤꡤݼŪʸո褯ĤƤ롥θƤƸŤᤫȡޤ Tyndale ɽ줿1ۤαѸǥȤƤ뤳Ȥʤɤ顤ΤηˤĤäԻ׵ĤϤʤcf. #753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1]
Shakespeare Τ褦ûҷȤθո̱̽ο͡θո˶ƤϤȤȤ⡤ưפǤƱǤ⡤Ѱ (register)ǥ󥹡ŪʤɤۤʤСޤǸΰ㤤ФΤȤȤ򼨤Ƥ롤ѸˤιǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2018-11-28 Wed

#3502. pronoun exchange [personal_pronoun][case][prescriptive_grammar][dialectology][shakespeare]

;̾ˤĤơʸˡŪŪʤȤǼʤη֤Ѥ줿ꡤεդäꤹ륱 pronoun exchange ȸƤ֡Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϡ#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ǥȥåפ˵ between you and I Ǥ롥ֻ˻֤ۤʤΤ1;̾ˤŪʤ me Ŭʤֻ줫龯ΥƤȤȤ⤢ꡤĤĤ I ȤäƤޤतΡָѡפǤ롥
ѤȤϤäƤ⡤ϵʸˡΩѸʸθѤ˴ŤȯۤǤ롥λˤϡפǤϤʤɽƤƤȤ̣ˤơɽפˤʤäºݡ褯ΤƤ褦 Shakespeare Sweet Bassanio, ... all debts are cleared between you and I if I might but see you at my death. (The Merchant of Venice iii.ii) Τ褦ѤƤΤǤ롥ƱͤˡYes, you have seen Cassio and she together. (Othello iv. ii) ʤɤ⤢롥
ŤѸΤߤʤ餺ɸǤ⡤pronoun exchange Ϥդ줿ݤǤ롥Gramley (196) Ѥ롥

Pronoun exchange, in which case is reversed, is widespread (SW, Wales, East Anglia, the North). This refers to the use of the subject pronoun for the object: They always called I "Willie," see; you couldn't put she [a horse] in a putt.. The converse is also possible. Compare 'er's shakin' up seventy; . . . what did 'em call it?; Us don't think naught about things like that. Subject forms are much more common as objects than the other way around (55% to 20%) . . . . In the North second person thou/thee often shows up as leveled tha in traditional dialects . . ., but not north of the Tyne or in Northumberland . . . . Today pronoun exchange is generally receding.


ѤǿƤ thou/thee ˤĤƤϡϢ 10 ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢ΤϿޤ⻲Ȥ줿Ʊͤˡshe er (< her) pronoun exchange ˤĤƤϡ#793. she --- 奤󥰥ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1]) Ͽޤ򻲾ȡ
ͤƤߤС⤽⸽ɸѸǤ⡤2;Ρʣ̾μʤ you Ūˤ pronoun exchange äΤǤ롥you ϤȤŪʤη֤ˤʤη֤ ye ä you ʤΥåȤˤ⿯Ƥˡ ye ɤФƤޤäȤˤˤĤƤϡ#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])#800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia ([2011-07-06-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-12-1] [2020-08-08-1]

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2018-11-17 Sat

#3491. dreamt dreamed ˡκ [bible][shakespeare][johnson][verb][conjugation][preterite][participle][epenthesis]

ε#3490. dreamt dreamed ء ([2018-11-16-1]) ȴϢơɸˤĤơξˡκĴ٤椬褦ΤʺϤʤ褦Ǥ롥ˡκȤƺȤ뤳Ȥ¿ꥫѸǤ dreamed ޤ졤ꥹѸǤξȤѤȤʾp. 422ˡ
Fowler's (231) ˤ "Dreamed, esp. as the pa.t. form, tends to be used for emphasis and in poetry." ȤꡤѰˤ뺹뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥
Ѹξ MED ƤߤȡȤơֵ§Ūʡ drēmed(e ȡԵ§Ūʡ drempte ξѤƤȤ狼뤬ʬȤƤϵ§εܤʤʤԵ§˸治ź (epenthesis) p äƤ뤳Ȥ (cf. #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]))
ѸǶ̣ΤϡShakespeare ǤξѤƤ뤬AV ˤ dreamt ϤʤȤ¤ʡرѸ츻ŵ١ˡAV Shakespeare ٤ʸŪǸʸˡ褯ݻƤȤΤǡ dreamed ΤۤȤФäΤ⤷ʤդˤСdreamt άŪˤˤϤդ路ʤȹͤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ʤ1775ǯ Johnson μǤ "preter. dreamed, or dreamt" Ȥꡤdreamed ɮƬ˵󤲤Ƥ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-14-1]

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2018-11-10 Sat

#3484. ѻη [poetry][prosody][literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][shakespeare]

(71) ˤСűѸ衤ѻηϡꥺࡤˡԹ¤Ȥˤ礭Ѳ뤲Ƥ

a. ꥺࡧ夫嶯
b. Ƭӱ
c. Թ¤ĹʲˤޤäĹʲˤ
d. ࡧñη¿ͤʷ


űѸѸءƶѸʹߤؤȡѻηϳΤѲ˸ƤطʤˤϡѸβѲ䳰λαƶȤʥߥåװͿƤ롥줾λɽŪʻμħ򡤲ˤ꼨

ΡűѸƬ(p. 71)

a. 1ԡĹԡlong-lineˤϡĤȾ (half-line) 鹽Ƥ롥
b. ȾԤβ3ʾꤷƤʤ
c. Ƭʬ᲻ϡ1ȾԡȾˤ˺ġ2ȾԡʸȾˤ˰ġ
d. ȾƬʬ᲻ޤ಻᤬ȤʤꡤαΧ¸롥

ΡѸƬ(p. 73)

a. ĹԤñ̡ʤβǽ⤤ˡ
b. ƬҲޤ줬1Ԥ˺ǾġǻͤġĤξ礬¿
c. ƬȤ˸ġȼλ롥

ΡѸ͡ʵӱ(p. 75)

a. 8ӤεӱϢ硧116ᡥ嶯8ӡ21ȡ4ӤΤȤٻ (caesura) Ⱦǵӱ
b. (Alexandrine) 112ᡥ嶯6ӡǵӱ
c. 嶯5 (iambic pentameter) 110ᡥ嶯5ӡǵӱ
d. 嶯4 (iambic tetrameter) 18ᡥ嶯4ӡǵӱ
e. 嶯3 (iambic trimeter) 16ᡥ嶯3ӡ쥰Ԥʬ䤷Ρ
f. Ϣ (stanza) ʣԤʤԤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
g. (couplet) 2Ԥ鹽Ԥΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
h. (tail rhyme) 61Ȥǵӱ aabccb λƥλΤ顥
i. (rhyme royal) 7Ϣμ嶯5ʤλǡӱ abcbbcc
j. ܥ֡Ϣ (bob-wheel stanza) 5ԤεӱԤǡ1ԤΥܥ֤1³4ԤΥγƹԤ3ӱ ababa
k. ХåΧ (ballad meter) 4Ϣ (quatrain) ܤλ嶯4ʤȼ嶯3ʤ2ϢĤ鹽롥3ʻԤιӱ

ΡѸʹߤεӱ(pp. 76--79)

嶯5˳ (iambic pentameter) 濴ȤĤĤ⡤ (anapestic meter) (trochaic meter) (dactylic meter)̵ (blank verse)ͳ (free verse) ʤɾʤȤ11λи
ӤȼºݤΥꥺδ֤԰ (mismatch) 롥ӤW֤˶᤬֤԰׷ˤϵ§ꡤ칽¤Ȥ˰̲Ǥ롥
Shakespeare Υͥåȡ嶯5ʡ4Ϣ32ԡפȤǡababcdcdefefgg εӱ򼨤
ޤ (enjambment) λѡбʤݡ߹ (end-stopped line) 椵롥

ѻμ˭٤ϡˤΤޤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

ˡ4ϡΧˡס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ71--88ǡ

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2018-10-15 Mon

#3458. ɸѸγΩ [speech][standardisation][variety][sociolinguistics][cockney][shakespeare][bible][emode]

Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤС1Ū˽񤭸դɸಽǰƬ֤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤񤭸դɸಽˤĤƤ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤäդɸಽˤĤƤϰä#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1]) Ǥȯɸಽ夲ƤꡤäդɸಽΰϤΤΡäաפȡȯפȤƱǤϤʤäդˤϡȯʳʸˡäʤɤ¾¦̤⤢롥
äդɸಽˤĤơϲۤΡɸѸγΩ (93) ˵Ƥ복פѤ롥

񤭸դɸѸϴ15ȾޤǤˡɥ濴˷졤θ嶵ڤˤȤʤäƵ®˹ޤäȹͤƤ뤬äդɸϤޤκˤϤʤEModE ˤʤäƳΩ16ˤʤäƵ濴˾ή顤ʸ͡ǻȤ줿äդɸȤƳΩϥɥdz۳θդǤ뤫鳬ǤäơƱɥǤ⡤سθդɸȤʪǡ˥åˡ (Cockney) Ȥȯãޤʸˡ⼭ʤΤȤǡɸϡ줫ߤȯʸˡξ̤˷礱̣ǼͳʱѸǤ⤢äΤ褦ʱѸξطʤо줷ΤޤǤʤʸػ˾κȥԥ (William Shakespeare, 1564--1616) Ǥ롥ͤαѸϡάͶ¤ǡѸ2ĤθȸƤФƤ롥


ݥȤϡäդɸಽ񤭸դɸಽ1ۤ٤ƻϤޤäȤǤ롥ޤδפȤʤäѼ郎ɥλ۳θäȤפǤ롥ɸಽκǽˤϡѼȤưͤǤϤʤ٤ѰۤƤִˤפΤäȤäƤ褤ʤȤ⸽ɸѸθ򤽤˸ФȤǤ롥䤿γؤǤֱѲáפϡ500ǯΥɥξήΤ٤˵ĤȤȤǤ롥

ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-20-1]

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2018-08-24 Fri

#3406. Levenshtein distance [cgi][web_service][spelling][shakespeare][levenshtein_distance]

ʸ٤٤¬ͭ̾ʻɸ1Ĥˡɸ "Levenshtein distance" ȤΤ롤#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1])#3399. ֻٷ׻ ([2018-08-17-1]) ǤȤƤɸǤꡤ#1163. 饤åǡ١ DICT.ORG ([2012-07-03-1]) Ǥ⤳λɸѤֻФץ󤬤롥
ͤ񤷤ʤȤʸ󤫤ɸʸѴˤϡĤԽִˤɬפФ褤㤨Сkitten sitting Ѵˤϡkitten k s ִˢ sitten e i ִˢ sittin g ˢ sitting Ȥ3ƧɬפΤǡξֻ֤ Levenshtein distance 3ȤȤˤʤ롥ִ̾Խˤ줾1ͤƤ뤬ơ˰ۤʤͤͿ׻λ⤢롥
ʲˡ̾νŤߤŤ Levenshtein distance ¬ CGI ֤Ƥˡ#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) 25ΰֻФơ޶ڤʤɤDzϤƤߤƤפ˰ʲ򥳥ԥڡˡShakespeare, Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere

Input a batch of spellings separated by a newline, tab, or comma, with the first spelling being used as the basis of comparison.
Order of output: As input Sort by Levenshtein distance



ֻ֤٤٤η¬ϡۣ渡䥹ڥ󥰥åʤɤμŪŪˤѤƤ롥ɸŪֻʤäŤѸθˤ⡤ȤΩĤȤꤽ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-21-1]

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2018-08-17 Fri

#3399. ֻٷ׻ [cgi][web_service][spelling][shakespeare][levenshtein_distance]

2֤ε#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1]) ǡֻ֤׻륹ץȤѤơthrough such ֻ͡ӤΥץȤϡٻȤ꤬뤫⤷ʤȻפŪʷ CGI ȤǤߤ
ȤץȤŪʻͤδطǥоưʤȤȤȯСǰ̵ǰƤ̵̣Ǥ뤳ȤΤΤʲ֤ƤȻפޤʤääΤ伫ȤΥPCǤưƤΤǡˡߤޤ

Input a batch of spellings separated by a newline, tab, or comma, with the first spelling being used as the basis of comparison.
Order of output: As input Sort by similarity



ȡǤϤޤʤΤǡShakespeare ΰֻӤ̤ϪƤޤ#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǵ󤲤25ΰֻ Shakespeare, Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere ϤơȤȡΤ褦ʽϤ줿

SimilaritySpellings
1.0000Shakespeare
0.9565Shackespeare, Shake-speare, Shakespheare
0.9524Shakespear, Shakespere, Shakspeare
0.9091Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shak-speare
0.9000Shakspear, Shakspere
0.8571Shackspere
0.8421Shakespe, Shaksper
0.8000Shagspere, Shaxpeare, Shaxspere
0.7368Shaxpere, Shexpere
0.7000Shakspe?
0.6667Schaksp, Shaxper
0.6250Shakp
0.5263Shaxberd


٤0.7ʲΤΤϡ褽άǤ롥0.7ĶΤϡ褽褦˴Τ⤷

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-21-1] [2018-08-24-1]

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2018-08-01 Wed

#3383. to ȸɤ [infinitive][verb][syntax][emode][shakespeare]

#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡto ȸϡߤ˵ϰۤʤΤΡˤβǤۤƱǽͭ褦ˤʤꡤФжɤ򼨤ƤʤĶǤϰ׵ᤵ졤̤δĶǤ¾׵ᤵΤ̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ⸦椵Ƥꡤ٤ηϸФΤΡŪʵ§򸫤ĤФȤ񤷤
Ѹͤȡ#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡhelp θϤɤη֤ǤƤȤ롥ޤ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡʸˤƤǽưʸǤϸѤ뤬ưʸǤ to ѤȤäϥ츽ݤ롥⡤ξζɤˤȿǤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ
ˤĤơ (237--38) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ˡΩޤǤˤĹˡưɤƤꡤޤ to Τʤ줬ҤѤ줿ꥶ٥īǤ
you ought not walk (Cæsar, I. i. 3)/you were wont be civil (Othello, II. iii. 190) ʤɤ㤬ꡤΤۤ Shakespeare Ǥ
I command her come to me/entreat her hear me but a word/let one be sent to pray Achilles see us
ʤ command, entreat, pray, desire, charge Τ褦ưΤȤǤ to Τʤ줬Ф롥դ˺ʤ to פʤȤƤ⤢롥It makes my heart to groan Τ褦ˡǤˤ Money makes the mare to go Ϲκ⼡ˤˡĤäƤ뤷help ξι¤ǽ롥I helped him (to) find his things. 줫ƱʸƱطΩĤ桤Ԥ to Ȥ뤳ȤԤ롥άShakespeare
and would no more endure
This wooden slavery than to suffer
The flesh-fly blow my mouth. (Tempest, III. i. 61--63)
ƱǤ롥


2ϡʤˤϲ褷Ƥʤ

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2018-01-27 Sat

#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][emode][chronology][monarch][caxton][reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][renaissance][shakespeare][johnson]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

1476William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen.
1485Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England.
1497John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas.
1534The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England.
1549The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style.
1558At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce.
1577--80Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas.
1590--1611William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest.
1600The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India.
1604Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall.
1607Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America.
1611The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style.
1619The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
1642--48The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
1660The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
ca. 1680The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government.
1688The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy.
1702The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion.
1719Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title.
1755Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English
1775--83The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there.
1788The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney.


Ѹϡ̻ŪˤϱѸŸμ郎줿ǤꡤҲŪˤϼεǽŪɸಽʤäȤޤȤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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