Shakespeare θä˭ϤĤȤΤƤ뤬ŪˤĤñѤƤΤθΤˤ衤ȤѤƤΤˤ衤äεϤΤ˷פ뤳Ȥϡ⤽٤ñ̤Ǥָ (word) ŪޤäƤʤǤ롥ܼŪˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤָʤפεåƤ
Ǥ⡤Ǥ褤ΤΤꤿȤΤ;Ǥ롥Shakespeare θä˭ϤФз峰ȤƸڤ졤ʤȲƤ뵤̣⤢뤬ºݤΤȤԤδ֤ͿŪʿˤ礭㤬롥ŪΤƤΤϡ3١פȤ2١פȸѤԤ⾯ʤʤ褦Ǥ롥Ǥϡ夲 Crystal ˤ The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation (xv) ͤˤȤɤʤ
ƱüоݤȤƤΤ (1) 1եꥪ (2) ʳΥεӱ˴ؤǤʤĤޤꡤShakespeare ΥƥΤǤϤʤȤաˡξƱθФοȡȤ20,672줬äƤ롥ˤ1,809θͭ̾졤495γñʥƥʤɡˡ29 "non-sense words"84Υեꥪεӱ줬ޤޤƤ롥ȡפθä18,255Ȥʤ롥̩ˤСΥߥˤʤ̸äƤȻפ뤷ʣ餭ΤʣȤߤʤɤȤƬˤ⤢뤬οϡ2١˶ᤤΤȤƻͤˤʤ롥
ϢơShakespeare ˤޤĤˤĤƤϡ#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) ⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Crystal ˤ The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ѥѥįƤ롥Shakespeare 400ǯۤνηȤǤꡤǯΤܤäĸλ٤Τ̯ʴ뤫⤷ʤShakespeare Ρ֥ꥸʥȯפȤŪ줿ΤǤʾ塤ĸκƷ (reconstruction) ܼŪ˰ۤʤȤϤʤShakespeare ξˤϡֻ (spelling)ӱ (rhyme)ϸ (pun) ʤɡƷ٤ƤҥȤŪ¿Ȥü𤬤뤳ȤϳΤϼΰ㤤Ȥ̡٤ΰ㤤Ȥäۤ褤ºݡShakespeare ȯκƷˤĤƤ⡤٤ʲȤʤȡǤʤȤ¿褦
μΡ֥ꥸʥȯפμѤݤˡդʤФʤʤȤ롥 The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation ξǤС Shakespeare ȯƤ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤơϤɤȤCrystal (xi) ⤳ĴƤΤǡϢսѤƤ
The notion of 'Modern English pronunciation' is actually an abstraction, realized by hundreds of different accents around the world, and the same kind of variation existed in earlier states of the language. People often loosely refer to OP as an accent', but this is as misleading as it would be to refer to Modern English pronunciation as 'an accent'. It would be even more misleading to describe OP as 'Shakespeare's accent', as is sometimes done. We know nothing about how Shakespeare himself spoke, though we can conjecture that his accent would have been a mixture of Warwickshire and London. It cannot be be stated too often that OP is a phonology---a sound system---which would have been realized in a variety of accents, all of which were different in certain respects from the variety we find in present-day English.
1ˡƱϡ Shakespeare ȤȯˤĤƶƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ƤΤ Shakespeare ȤȯǤϤʤShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯˤʤΥȥ뤬 "Shakespeare's Pronunciation" ǤϤʤƻѤƾܤ "Shakespearean Pronunciation" ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
2ˡƱͿƤȯϡ̩ˤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդȯɽ路Ƥ餤ʤǤϲɽ蘆ƤΤȤСShakespeare оʪʤɤ˸餻褦ȤƤդβ (phonology) Ǥ롥ºݤоʪԡˤȯƤȯΤΡĤޤ phonetics ǤϤʤݲηϤǤ phonology ɽ路ƤΤǤ롥ϼºݤζ줿ȯˤٶƤϤȤϸΤǡѾ塤㤨ԤȯŪΤˤϽʬѤ̩ˤСȯΤΤƤ뼭ǤϤʤȤȤƤȤϽפǤ롥פˡμΤ "The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Phonology" Ȥ٤ΤǤ롥
Shakespeare ˸¤餺Ųݤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥϡ§ȤƲηϤʤΤȻפظ˼ºݤβƤ뤳ȤϤ褽ȤƤˤ衤ƷоݤȤʤΤϡޤäŪʲηϤǤ롥
(phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ΰ㤤ˤĤƤϡ#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1]) ӡ#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1]) ȡ
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ <b> ΤȤΤϱѸֻ˴ؤѤʵ֤Ǥ롥ޤǤ¿εǼ夲ƤפʤΤĤƤ
#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1])
#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])
#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥס ([2018-02-26-1])
ְŪʢѸȯ֤꤬פʤͳȤʹ˹Ԥä顤ȿͤˤƤΡָɡפȡפäDMMѲå֥ˤ륤ӥ塼
doubt <b> ˤĤƤϡ16ͭ̾ʸڤ롥Shakespeare ˤδ Love's Labour's Lost Τʤǡоʪ1͡ʳؼԤ Holofernes (ˤϼºߤ Richard Mulcaster ǥȤȤˤ <b> ȯ٤ȼĥ뤯꤬롥δ1593--94ǯ˽줿Ȥ뤬ޤ inkhorn_term 褬깭ƤΤäcf. #1408. ([2013-03-05-1])ˡλطʤǰƬ Holofernes ɤȡ̣襤ѤäƤ롥γ˿ʬϡ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) ǰѤ⤦Ĺˡ1623ǯ1եꥪưѤSmith Ǥ pp. 195--96 ˡ
Actus Quartus.
Enter the Pedant, Curate and Dull.
Ped. Satis quid sufficit.
Cur. I praise God for you sir, your reasons at dinner haue beene sharpe & sententious: pleasant without scurrillity, witty without affection, audacious without impudency, learned without opinion, and strange without heresie: I did conuerse this quondam day with a companion of the Kings, who is intituled, nominated, or called, Dom Adriano de Armatha.
Ped. Noui hominum tanquam te, His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptorie: his tongue filed, his eye ambitious, his gate maiesticall, and his generall behauiour vaine, ridiculous, and thrasonical. He is too picked, too spruce, to affected, too odde, as it were, too peregrinat, as I may call it.
Cur. A most singular and choise Epithat,
Draw out his Table-booke,
Ped. He draweth out the thred of his verbositie, finer than the staple of his argument. I abhor such phnaticall phantasims, such insociable and poynt deuise companions, such rackers of ortagriphie, as to speake dout fine, when he should say doubt; det, when he shold pronounce debt; d e b t, not det: he clepeth a Calf, Caufe: halfe, hawfe; neighbour vocatur nebour; neigh abreuiated ne: this is abhominable, which he would call abhominable: it insinuateth me of infamie: ne inteligis domine, to make franticke, lunaticke?
Cur. Laus deo, bene intelligo.
Ped. Bome boon for boon prescian, a little scratched, 'twill serue.
1եꥪΤΤΰѤʤΤǡɤΤ⤷ʤΤȤ Holofernes (= Ped) ʳؿ꤬ƥѡʤȤѡˤ褯ºݤˤʤƤǥեᤷΤȻפ뤬줫400ǯʾ夿äߤʤ֤ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ <b> ΤפȤѤʵηǵ³ƤȤΤϡʤȤ©ĹǤ롥
Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
塦衼åѤΰءؤˤƤϡȤ֤α (humours) ˴Ť븶ƤȤ櫓奮ꥷλҥåݥƥ䥬ΥŦƤ4α (the four cardinal humours) פ̤Ȥ줿 (blood)Ǵ (phlegm)ʲ (choleryellow bile) (melancholy, black bile) 4Ǥ롥ΥХ褤ȷȤʤ뤬꤬ȡŪαդμ˱ͭ֡ʬФȤCrystal and Crystal (230)
In early account of human physiology, a person's physical and mental disposition was thought to be governed by a combination of fluids, or humours, within the body. Four humours were recognized: blood, phlegm, choler (also called yellow bile), and melancholy (also called black bile or black choler). The notion transferred readily into a range of seances to do with temperament, mood, inclination, and manner of action . . . , regarded as permanent or alterable features of behaviour.
ͥʹߤˤϲ˶ؤ⤷4αϽѤƤäShakespeare λˤϤޤԤαƶǻĤäƤShakespeare ΰ Crystal and Crystal (230) ĤġоʪΤʤ4αζŪȿǤߤƤߤ褦
| Humour | Typical disposition | Seen in character | Example |
| blood | optimistic, passionate, amorous, courageous | Hotspur (as described by his wife) | In military rules, humours of blood, / He was the mark and glass, copy and book, / That fashioned others (2H4 ll.iii.30) |
| phlegm | dull, indifferent, indolent, apathetic, idle | Falstaff and his companions (as described by Prince Hal) | I know you all, and will awhile uphold / The unyoked humour of your idleness, (1H4 l.ii.194) |
| choler | angry, irascible, bad-tempered | Cassius (as described by Brutus) | Go show your slaves how choleric you are ... Must I stand and crouch / Under your testy humour? (JC IV.iii.43) |
| melancholy | sad, gloomy, sullen, depressed | Jaques (as described by Rosalind) | They say you are a melancholy fellow. [Jaques] I am so: I do love it better than laughing (AY IV.i.3) |
Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, Act I, Scene 2 ˤơHermione Leontes ˼Τ褦˸꤫ս꤬롥"If you would seek us, We are yours i' the garden: shall's attend you there?"Ǥϡshall's (= shall us) shall we ȤѤƤ롥ʤ us λ
ʷѤ٤ȤŪʷȤΤϡwe/us ˸¤餺;̤̾ˤ褯ߤ븽ݤǤ롥It's me., He is older than her., what did 'em call it?, Us Scots keep fighting back. Τ褦㤬뤷you ˻äƤϡŪ˶̤ƤʷŪʷԤ˽ƤޤäΤɸȤʤäƤۤɤ
#3502. pronoun exchange ([2018-11-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡμο;̾Ρֳʰ㤤פϡνˤƹѻ (cf. #793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1]))Ūˤ⡤餯 pronoun exchange Ӥä
OED ˤȡwe/us pronoun exchange ˴ؤƤСޤǶʹߤθݤΤ褦us, pron., n., and adj. 9b ˡˡƤ롥ʲˡĤФ2ܤޤ shall us λǤ롥
1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 12 And vtheris for not saying this ane word---'My maisteris, vs lufe ȝou and ȝour doctryne' are deposit of thair offices.
1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster Famous Hist. Thomas Wyat sig. Bv Come my Lords, shall vs march.
c1860 J. T. Staton Bobby Shuttle iii. 41 Should us tell o'th yung shantledurt?
1880 L. Parr Adam & Eve II. 25 Us'll have down the big Bible and read chapters verse by verse.
ʾ塤ʸʸ칶ƱνǡShakespearian ΰпꤪҤͤĴ٤ǤʰѸŪˤ⤪⤷䤤꤬Ȥޤ
Shakespeare αʸػ˾ΰյˤĤƤϸޤǤʤʡֱѡפơʸػ˾ΰյȤäƤѤʤˡޤѹʸ˾ΰյƱ褦˿ޤ˼ƵˤʤʤȤȿ¿ˤʤ
Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϤɤShakespeare ѸȤͿѥȡ䤤ľƤ褤ϡ˽Ҥ٤ʸػ˾塤ѹʸ˾ΰյ٤ơѸ˾ΰյϤۤ礭ʤȹͤƤ롥ΰոʤɤʹƤȡŪˡֱʸءѹʸѸפȤΩäƤ褦ǡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյޤ礭Ȥˤʤ뤳ȤŪ¿
ʤΤǤäƤShakespeare ˻Ĥɽ졤硤ñ졤ˡʤɡˤμ˭٤ˤĤƤϡ;ϤϤʤ˻ޤǤ٤ȤȤǤС Shakespeare ȸۤɤвԤǤ롥ۤɤͭ̾ͤǤ뤫顤Ѹ˵ҤǤⲿо줹뵡¿伫ȤѸ˳μȤǽѸ⤹äơShakespeare ˿줺˺ѤޤȤϤǤʤcf. #1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1])ˡ줺˺ѤޤˤϤäʤ¸ߤǤ롥
εΥݥȤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյǤ롥Shakespeare ѸȤˤɤۤ¿¿ͤʥѥȤͿǤ롥˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ̾äʤɤΡɽפѸˤƳꡤꡤ夵ꤷȤ˴ؤƤϡʬѸ˱ƶͿɾǤ롥ѸȤϡΤ褦ʡɽפΤߤΩäƤ櫓ǤϤʤShakespeare ϡϤӸαѸȯ˲餫ΥѥȤͿֻˤĤƤϤɤޤʸˡˤĤƤϤɤϤޤѤˤĤƤϤˡɽפСShakespeare ѸľŪʥѥȤͿϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ľŪǤϤʤŪʥѥȤϤɤ㤨СǤ˴Ū˹ԤʤƤȯֻʸˡѤʤɤ Shakespeare ˺Ѥ졤Shakespeare ȤƶϤΤΤˤäƹ졤˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäȤ褦ʤȤä֤ɽפ˴ؤƤϡľܤˤܤˤ⥤ѥȤͿȤϤäѸ뤽ʳθؤΥѥȤȤΤϡɤäΤ㤨СͷӤŷͤǤ Shakespeare ʻž (conversion) ¿ѤȤäबʻžȤŪʲѸˤ⤿餷ǽοͤʤɤǤϤʤǤϡƱѸ˹ꡤ夵ꤹΤ˰äۤɤƯϤΤˤϡShakespeare οͤǤϤʤΰȤαѸ춦ƱΤΤȤƱήԤ˹Ȥ褦˻פΤǤcf. #1414. ʻžϥͥϤθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1])ˡ
⤽οˤƸĿ̤ͤȤϡ礭ǤΤ#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ ([2014-11-09-1]) 褦ˡե顼ɤ䥤ꥢؤǤϡĿͤ䤬Ż뤵ΤΡȤƤϡäȤƤŪˤȤɤޤȹͤƤ롥ܼŪʸˤĤƤϡƤߤȻפäƤ롥
Ȥ Shakespeare ɽפȤɽŪˤƶͿƤʤäȤƤ⡤ǤĿͤޤǤαƶͿȤΤȤǤϤʤȤȤȤСˤϻⴰ˻Ʊ롥ĴơShakespeare ѸȤΡˤ˿ʥѥȤͿɽΤϸǤϤʤShakespeare ѸβˤɤΤ餤ƶͿΤʤ̣ۤä Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյɾ뤳ȤˤʤȻפäƤ롥ϡѸˤˤΰյ Chaucer ΰյȤȤⶦ̤Ƥcf. #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1])#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1])#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1])ˡ
ʤ1ۤ˽#4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1]) ǤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ餫ˤפб¦̤ŪˤϿƤʤä
伫Ȥ Shakespeare θܳŪ˸椷ȤϤʤѸˤεҸˤƤ뤳ȤΤǤʤ礭оݤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ츦Ȥ Shakespeare ؤܤ19Ⱦ˻ϤޤꡤߤޤǤ¿̤ѤƤʸˡϿѥǡ١ƤοϤꤷʤߤȤƥѥѤ͡ư褦ǡShakespeare ͵Ѥ餺Ǥ롥
Busse and Busse (811) ˡ¾˰͵ΤǤϤ뤬Shakespeare θθˤĤơ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤṲ̄ɬפȤơ줾վƤ롥ޤ3Ĥ¦̤顥
1. English as it was about 1600
2. Shakespeare's interest in his language
3. Shakespeare's unique use of English
Shakespeare θפ᤹3ΤߤȤʤνѸΤΤʤˤ֤Ť餵 Shakespeare θջȤħ֤ФȤݤޤ1פǤ롥ơShakespeare θФؿ٤Ȥ2¦̤ʤõꤿ
Shakespeare θθ4ĤŪˤĤơ
1. to enable the speaker of Present-day English to share as far as possible in the responses of the original audience;
2. to draw attention to the manner in which Shakespeare handles the language of his time for artistic purposes;
3. to use the language of Shakespearean drama as data on which to base conclusions about Elizabethan English in general; and
4. to provide illuminating information about various aspects of Shakespeare's linguistic background, in particular, the attitude to the language of his time.
⸽Ūʸ츦ŪǤȤȤˡ¤¿ʬ philological ŪǤ롥
Ϣ #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) ȡ¾ shakespeare οεɤ
Busse, Ulrich and Beatrix Busse. "Early Modern English: The Language of Shakespeare." Chapter 51 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 808--26.
ε#4110. dare --- ưʤΤưʤΤϥåꤷʤ ([2020-07-28-1]) ˰³ˡưȤưȤ⤤ʤȾüʿ dare ˤĤơShakespeare Macbeth ꡤI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. ȤʸȤθˡϸǤǧ롥Partridge (87) ϡ餫˸ѤȤߤƤ롥
dare is used in two ways: as a full verb (dares to, dared to, didn't dare to) and as an auxiliary like can or must. The latter occurs correctly only in negatives ('I daren't go'), in questions, and in subordinate clauses ('whether I dared go'). The two patterns are not to be mixed. Write either 'whether she dares to go' or 'whether she dare go' but not 'whether she dares go'.
(363) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ưˡǸ³ to Ͼά뤳ȤǤ: Nobody dares (to) criticize his decision.---OALD5 ʤҤȤȤηˤȤ䤫ȤʤˡϽưˡȺʤΤǡ㤨 Partridge-Whitcut (1994) ʤɤϸѤȸʤƤ뤬ǤɸŪʸˡ [Benson et al. (1997); Quirk et al. (1985: 138)]: I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complain.---CIDE ٶ꤫𤬤ȤʤΤǡͤΥѡȤǥѡƥȤϻפʤˡʤ Eastwood (1994: 128) ϡƹͤϳ to ȼηѤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ĤޤꡤԤˤȤϤŪˤ2Ĥιʸκ (contamination) ǤȤơä stigma դƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦BNCweb "dares _V?I" ʤɤȸƤߤ17㤬ҥåȤΤˤ٤ƤեޥȤʸ̮Ǥʤ
̻Ūʴ餤Сˡư줫ưؤžȤĤĤȾüʾȤȤˤʤܲѲƤȤϤ٤Ȥ16˻ϤޤäѲǤ뤳ȤͤȡǤˤ줳500ǯۤɤλ֤ήƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸѲ⡤ʤʤ©Ĺ
ľ3ñʤɤǤä;ζޤĸʽưȤΤϡѸǤϤĤΥǥ̤ˤСdare(s) Τۤˤ do(es) help(s) 餤ˤ쥢Ǥ롥
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ˡư dare ϡˡưΤʤǤ need used to ¤DZƤ¸ߤǤ롥Ūˤߤ˸Ťư (preterite-present_verb) ǤꡤǤ can, may, shall ʤɤ֤Ȥ⤤ΤӤȰŪ˺줬ԤǤ롥
ȤȤϲưǤ뤫顤űѸǤľˡ3ñǤϸߤ -s 褦ʻҲäʤäºݡ durran Фơľ3ñǤ dear(r) ʤɤη֤ޤľ̤ưŪ줬³ˤϡưʤ븽Ѹθˤä (ex. c1000 Ælfric Genesis xliv. 34 Ne dear ic ham faran. (= "I dare not go home.")) Ĥޤꡤcan, may, shall ʤɤȤޤäƱƤΤǤꡤ̩ˤϥʥʸ⤷ʤѸŪʴнˡưäΤǤ롥
16ʹߡľ3ñ daryth dares Τ褦ʡˡư餷̡3ñ -sפ֤졤ưؤʬŪžȤƤȤСOED ˤ Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 46--7 ˡI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. Τ褦ʻ㤬ǧ롥ʬŪžȡפȤäΤϡǤ dare ϰưǤ⤢뤷äʸ䵿ʸǤˡưȤƤˡݤäƤ뤫
Shakespeare ʸǤ⤷Τϡ3ñ -sפ¸ߤ褦ˡư줫ưؤžȤ뤲ƤΤ褦ˤߤΤΡ³ŪȤƤưη֤ϤޤǸ do Ǥꡤto to do ǤϤʤȤĤޤꡤdare ϷŪˤϰư첽Ƥ뤬ŪˤϤޤˡưݤäƤȤȤǤ롥
ơäȤˤξϸǤ礭ۤʤʤѸǤϰưȤƤ He dares to do . . . ̤Ǥ뤳ȤϤȤꡤˡưȤƤ He dare do . . . 롥˲ä Shakespeare ĥȾü He dares do . . . ǽʤΤǤ롥
إ˥缭ŵ٤ dare ιफѤޤȤ줿ŪˤʸˡŪ contamination Ȥ٤ʤΤϤԻĤʡʽưǤ롥

#3741. Ѹޡ forto ([2019-07-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ to forto ʤɤ¤ǡޡȤ at ȤѤ줿θߤΤֻ at ȤʪǡťΥɸޡ at ѤΤȤ롥ξ֤ȤɤΤȤ츻ˤΤǡμѤȤϡˡμѤȤ٤㤫⤷ʤOED at, prep. ˤȡޡȤƤˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥
VI. With the infinitive mood.
39. Introducing the infinitive of purpose (the original function also of to; cf. French rien à faire, nothing to do, nothing at do, nothing ado n. and adj.2). Obsolete exc. dialect.
Corresponding to Old Norse at (Danish at, Swedish att) in gefa at eta to give one at eat, i.e. to eat; but not, like it, used with the simple infinitive; the nearest approach to which was in the phrase That is at say = French c'est à dire.
MED at adv. with infinitive Ȥȡat do, at ete, at kep, at sai Τ褦ʷޤäưȤȤѤ뷹ȤMED ǽĤƤ
c1280 Chart.in Birch Cart.Sax.2.326: Yat ye land of seint Wilfrai..fre sal be ay; At na nan..In yair Herpsac sal have at do.
c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)906: Þe hondes gonnen at erne [Hrl: to fleon] In to þe schypes sterne.
c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)543: Ynouȝ þai hadde at ete.
c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)2495: Þat he cum wiþ þe at ete.
(1399) RParl.3.451a: The Answers of certeins Lordes, that is atte saye, of the forsayd Ducs of Aumarle [etc.].
ťΥɸˡͳ褹ȤȤ黡褦ˡޡ at ˤ褯ߤ줿eLALME Item 81 ȤƼ夲Ƥꡤʲ Dot Map 롥ΤŪʬۤ

ʤߤ̾ ado ưݡפ at do ޤäΤͳ褹롥ԥδ Much Ado About Nothing ض٤ϡפ much to do about nothing ȤȤǤ롥֤٤ȡעݤʻŻעưפۤɤΰ̣ȯŸФȹͤ롥Фϰʲ̤ǡǤˡư͡פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥
c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5648: Olyuer wyþ a corde bond him fast, Ac arst was muche ado.[ | ѥڡ ]
worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥
It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):
(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)
b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)
θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))
Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.
Shakespeare νʤȶ (Authorized Version; King Jame Bible) ϤۤƱ˽Ƥʤ⡤줾αѸϽ¦̤ˤưۤʤäƤcf. #492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])#1418. 17 its μơ ([2013-03-15-1])#3491. dreamt dreamed ˡκ ([2018-11-17-1])ˡŪˤ Shakespeare ϳŪݼŪʸո¿Ȥ롥Crystal (275) ꡤκۤ㼨Ƥߤֵפȡֿפδ֤ɤƤư֤Ѱۤ濴ˡŵŪΤǤ롥
King James First Folio old form new form old form new form bare 175 bore 1 bare 10 bore 25 clave 14 cleft 2 clave 0 cleft 8 gat 20, gotten 25 got 7 gat 0, gotten 5 got 115 goeth 135 goes 0 goeth 0 goes 166 seeth 54 sees 0 seeth 0 sees 40 spake 585 spoke 0 spake 48 spoke 142 yonder 7 yon 0, yond 0 yonder 66 yon 9, yond 45
ϡʸ "The old Ecclesiastical Words to be kept, viz., the Word Church not to be translated Congregations, &c." ʤɤȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥͽ̤ۤꡤݼŪʸո褯ĤƤ롥θƤƸŤᤫȡޤ Tyndale ɽ줿1ۤαѸǥȤƤ뤳Ȥʤɤ顤ΤηˤĤäԻĤϤʤcf. #753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])ˡ
Shakespeare Τ褦ûҷȤθո̱̽ο͡θո˶ƤϤȤȤ⡤ưפǤƱǤ⡤Ѱ (register)ǥŪʤɤۤʤСޤǸΰ㤤ФΤȤȤƤ롤ѸˤιǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
;̾ˤĤơʸˡŪŪʤȤǼʤη֤Ѥ줿ꡤεդäꤹ륱 pronoun exchange ȸƤ֡Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϡ#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ǥȥåפ˵ between you and I Ǥ롥ֻ˻֤ۤʤΤ1;̾ˤŪʤ me Ŭʤֻ줫龯ΥƤȤȤ⤢ꡤĤĤ I ȤäƤޤतΡָѡפǤ롥
ѤȤϤäƤ⡤ϵʸˡΩѸʸθѤ˴ŤȯۤǤ롥λˤϡפǤϤʤɽƤƤȤ̣ˤơɽפˤʤäºݡ褯ΤƤ褦 Shakespeare Sweet Bassanio, ... all debts are cleared between you and I if I might but see you at my death. (The Merchant of Venice iii.ii) Τ褦ѤƤΤǤ롥ƱͤˡYes, you have seen Cassio and she together. (Othello iv. ii) ʤɤ⤢롥
ŤѸΤߤʤ餺ɸǤ⡤pronoun exchange Ϥդ줿ݤǤ롥Gramley (196) Ѥ롥
Pronoun exchange, in which case is reversed, is widespread (SW, Wales, East Anglia, the North). This refers to the use of the subject pronoun for the object: They always called I "Willie," see; you couldn't put she [a horse] in a putt.. The converse is also possible. Compare 'er's shakin' up seventy; . . . what did 'em call it?; Us don't think naught about things like that. Subject forms are much more common as objects than the other way around (55% to 20%) . . . . In the North second person thou/thee often shows up as leveled tha in traditional dialects . . ., but not north of the Tyne or in Northumberland . . . . Today pronoun exchange is generally receding.
ѤǿƤ thou/thee ˤĤƤϡϢ 10 ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢ΤϿޤ⻲Ȥ줿Ʊͤˡshe er (< her) pronoun exchange ˤĤƤϡ#793. she --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡ ([2011-06-29-1]) Ͽޤȡ
ͤƤߤС⤽⸽ɸѸǤ⡤2;Ρʣ̾μʤ you Ūˤ pronoun exchange äΤǤ롥you ϤȤŪʤη֤ˤʤη֤ ye ä you ʤΥåȤˤƤˡ ye ɤФƤޤäȤˤˤĤƤϡ#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])#800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia ([2011-07-06-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) ȡ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ε#3490. dreamt dreamed ء ([2018-11-16-1]) ȴϢơɸˤĤơξˡκĴ٤椬褦ΤʺϤʤ褦Ǥ롥ˡκȤƺȤ뤳Ȥ¿ꥫѸǤ dreamed ޤ졤ꥹѸǤξȤѤȤʾp. 422ˡ
Fowler's (231) ˤ "Dreamed, esp. as the pa.t. form, tends to be used for emphasis and in poetry." ȤꡤѰˤ뺹뤳ȤƤ롥
Ѹξ MED ƤߤȡȤơֵ§Ūʡ drēmed(e ȡԵ§Ūʡ drempte ξѤƤȤ狼뤬ʬȤƤϵ§εܤʤʤԵ§˸治ź (epenthesis) p äƤ뤳Ȥ (cf. #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]))
ѸǶ̣ΤϡShakespeare ǤξѤƤ뤬AV ˤ dreamt ϤʤȤ¤ʡرѸ츻ŵ١ˡAV Shakespeare ٤ʸŪǸʸˡ褯ݻƤȤΤǡ dreamed ΤۤȤФäΤ⤷ʤդˤСdreamt άŪˤˤϤդ路ʤȹͤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ʤ1775ǯ Johnson μǤ "preter. dreamed, or dreamt" Ȥꡤdreamed ɮƬ˵Ƥ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
(71) ˤСűѸ衤ѻηϡꥺࡤˡԹ¤Ȥˤ礭Ѳ뤲Ƥ
a. ꥺࡧ夫嶯
b. Ƭӱ
c. Թ¤ĹʲˤޤäĹʲˤ
d. ࡧñη¿ͤʷ
űѸѸءƶѸʹߤؤȡѻηϳΤѲ˸ƤطʤˤϡѸβѲ䳰λαƶȤʥߥåװͿƤ롥줾λɽŪʻμħˤ꼨
ΡűѸƬ(p. 71)
a. 1ԡĹԡlong-lineˤϡĤȾ (half-line) 鹽Ƥ롥
b. ȾԤβ3ʾꤷƤʤ
c. Ƭʬϡ1ȾԡȾˤ˺ġ2ȾԡʸȾˤ˰ġ
d. ȾƬʬޤȤʤꡤαΧ¸롥
ΡѸƬ(p. 73)
a. ĹԤñ̡ʤβǽ⤤ˡ
b. ƬҲޤ줬1Ԥ˺ǾġǻͤġĤξ礬¿
c. ƬȤ˸ġȼλ롥
ΡѸ͡ʵӱ(p. 75)
a. 8ӤεӱϢ硧116ᡥ嶯8ӡ21ȡ4ӤΤȤٻ (caesura) Ⱦǵӱ
b. 쥰 (Alexandrine) 112ᡥ嶯6ӡǵӱ
c. 嶯5 (iambic pentameter) 110ᡥ嶯5ӡǵӱ
d. 嶯4 (iambic tetrameter) 18ᡥ嶯4ӡǵӱ
e. 嶯3 (iambic trimeter) 16ᡥ嶯3ӡ쥰Ԥʬ䤷Ρ
f. Ϣ (stanza) ʣԤʤԤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
g. 2Ϣ (couplet) 2Ԥ鹽Ԥΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
h. (tail rhyme) 61Ȥǵӱ aabccb λƥλΤ顥
i. 벦 (rhyme royal) 7Ϣμ嶯5ʤλǡӱ abcbbcc
j. ܥ֡Ϣ (bob-wheel stanza) 5ԤεӱԤǡ1ԤΥܥ֤1³4ԤΥγƹԤ3ӱ ababa
k. ХåΧ (ballad meter) 4Ϣ (quatrain) ܤλ嶯4ʤȼ嶯3ʤ2ϢĤ鹽롥3ʻԤιӱ
ΡѸʹߤεӱ(pp. 76--79)
嶯5˳ (iambic pentameter) 濴ȤĤĤ⡤嶯 (anapestic meter) (trochaic meter) (dactylic meter)̵ (blank verse)ͳ (free verse) ʤɾʤȤ11λи
ӤȼºݤΥꥺδ֤ (mismatch) 롥ӤW֤˶֤ˤϵ§ꡤ칽¤Ȥ˰̲Ǥ롥
Shakespeare Υͥåȡ嶯5ʡ4Ϣ32ԡפȤǡababcdcdefefgg εӱ
ޤ (enjambment) λѡбʤݡ߹ (end-stopped line) 椵롥
ѻμ˭٤ϡˤΤޤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ4ϡΧˡס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ71--88ǡ
Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤС1Ū˽դɸಽǰƬ֤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤դɸಽˤĤƤ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤäդɸಽˤĤƤϰä#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1]) Ǥȯɸಽ夲ƤꡤäդɸಽΰϤΤΡäաפȡȯפȤƱǤϤʤäդˤϡȯʳʸˡäʤɤ¾¦̤⤢롥
äդɸಽˤĤơϲۤΡɸѸγΩ (93) ˵Ƥ복פѤ롥
դɸѸϴ15ȾޤǤˡɥ濴˷졤θ嶵ڤˤȤʤäƵ®˹ޤäȹͤƤ뤬äդɸϤޤκˤϤʤEModE ˤʤäƳΩ16ˤʤäƵ濴˾ή顤ʸ͡ǻȤ줿äդɸȤƳΩϥɥdz۳θդǤ뤫鳬ǤäơƱɥǤ⡤سθդɸȤʪǡ˥åˡ (Cockney) Ȥȯãޤʸˡ⼭ʤΤȤǡɸϡ줫ߤȯʸˡξ̤˷礱̣ǼͳʱѸǤ⤢äΤ褦ʱѸξطʤо줷ΤޤǤʤʸػ˾κȥԥ (William Shakespeare, 1564--1616) Ǥ롥ͤαѸϡάͶ¤ǡѸ2ĤθȸƤФƤ롥
ݥȤϡäդɸಽդɸಽ1ۤ٤ƻϤޤäȤǤ롥ޤδפȤʤäѼ郎ɥλ۳θäȤפǤ롥ɸಽκǽˤϡѼȤưͤǤϤʤ٤ѰۤƤִˤפΤäȤäƤ褤ʤȤ⸽ɸѸθ˸ФȤǤ롥䤿γؤǤֱѲáפϡ500ǯΥɥξήΤ٤˵ĤȤȤǤ롥
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
ʸ٤٤¬ͭ̾ʻɸ1Ĥˡɸ "Levenshtein distance" ȤΤ롤#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1])#3399. ֻٷ ([2018-08-17-1]) ǤȤƤɸǤꡤ#1163. 饤åǡ١ DICT.ORG ([2012-07-03-1]) Ǥ⤳λɸѤֻФץ롥
ͤʤȤʸɸʸѴˤϡĤԽִˤɬפФ褤㤨Сkitten sitting Ѵˤϡkitten k s ִˢ sitten e i ִˢ sittin g ˢ sitting Ȥ3ƧɬפΤǡξֻ֤ Levenshtein distance 3ȤȤˤʤ롥ִ̾Խˤ줾1ͤƤ뤬ơ˰ۤʤͤͿλ⤢롥
ʲˡ̾νŤߤŤ Levenshtein distance ¬ CGI ֤Ƥˡ#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) 25ΰֻФơڤʤɤDzϤƤߤƤפ˰ʲԥڡˡShakespeare, Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere
ֻ֤٤٤η¬ϡۣ渡䥹ڥåʤɤμŪŪˤѤƤ롥ɸŪֻʤäŤѸθˤ⡤ȤΩĤȤꤽ
2֤ε#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])#3398. Ѹ such Υֻ ([2018-08-16-1]) ǡֻ֤륹ץȤѤơthrough such ֻ͡ӤΥץȤϡٻȤ꤬뤫⤷ʤȻפŪʷ CGI ȤǤߤ
ȤץȤŪʻͤδطǥоưʤȤȤȯСǰ̵ǰƤ̵̣Ǥ뤳ȤΤΤʲ֤ƤȻפޤʤääΤ伫ȤΥPCǤưƤΤǡˡߤޤ
ȡǤϤޤʤΤǡShakespeare ΰֻӤ̤ϪƤޤ#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǵ25ΰֻ Shakespeare, Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere ϤơȤȡΤ褦ʽϤ줿
| Similarity | Spellings |
|---|---|
| 1.0000 | Shakespeare |
| 0.9565 | Shackespeare, Shake-speare, Shakespheare |
| 0.9524 | Shakespear, Shakespere, Shakspeare |
| 0.9091 | Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shak-speare |
| 0.9000 | Shakspear, Shakspere |
| 0.8571 | Shackspere |
| 0.8421 | Shakespe, Shaksper |
| 0.8000 | Shagspere, Shaxpeare, Shaxspere |
| 0.7368 | Shaxpere, Shexpere |
| 0.7000 | Shakspe? |
| 0.6667 | Schaksp, Shaxper |
| 0.6250 | Shakp |
| 0.5263 | Shaxberd |
#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡto ȸϡߤ˵ϰۤʤΤΡˤβǤۤƱǽͭ褦ˤʤꡤФжɤƤʤĶǤϰᤵ졤̤δĶǤ¾ᤵΤ̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ⸦椵Ƥꡤ٤ηϸФΤΡŪʵ§ĤФȤ
Ѹͤȡ#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡhelp θϤɤη֤ǤƤȤ롥ޤ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡʸˤƤǽưʸǤϸѤ뤬ưʸǤ to ѤȤäϥ츽ݤ롥⡤ξζɤˤȿǤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ
ˤĤơ (237--38) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ˡΩޤǤˤĹˡưɤƤꡤޤ to Τʤ줬ҤѤ줿ꥶ٥īǤ
you ought not walk (Cæsar, I. i. 3)/you were wont be civil (Othello, II. iii. 190) ʤɤ㤬ꡤΤۤ Shakespeare Ǥ
I command her come to me/entreat her hear me but a word/let one be sent to pray Achilles see us
ʤ command, entreat, pray, desire, charge Τ褦ưΤȤǤ to Τʤ줬Ф롥դ˺ʤ to פʤȤƤ⤢롥It makes my heart to groan Τ褦ˡǤˤ Money makes the mare to go Ϲκ⼡ˤˡĤäƤ뤷help ξι¤ǽ롥I helped him (to) find his things. 줫ƱʸƱطΩĤ桤Ԥ to Ȥ뤳ȤԤ롥άShakespeare
and would no more endure
This wooden slavery than to suffer
The flesh-fly blow my mouth. (Tempest, III. i. 61--63)
ƱǤ롥
2ϡʤˤϲ褷Ƥʤ
ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
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