ޥαΧȤƤƬ (alliteration) ϡѸˤˤƤűѸ줫鸽ѸޤϢʤ³Ƥ롥ʸεȤߤȡΧŪˤʸŪˤ⡤űѸѸδ֤Τ䤬ȤƤ롥βϴˤϡɽŪˤƱƬԤʤ³Ƥ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ƬʤŪʱΧε§ܤС¤ˤݻƤ餺줿ǷѾƤˤʤѾ䤫ȤϸŤ餢뤬ʤȤ֤ΤޤޤηѾפǤʤȤ
ǤϡȤߤȤʬϤĺʤΤޤ«Τ褦ˡ1066ǯǤϤʤȻפäƤȤ֤¤1066ǯʤΤפȤ Minkova (339) εҤ˽в̿ä
The 1065 poem The Death of Edward is the last composition that can be described reasonably as belonging to the Classical metrical tradition of Anglo-Saxon versification. Very revealing in this respect are the statistics and the comments presented in Cable (1991: 54--5). He notes one single metrically dubious verse (soþfæste sawle 'soothfast soul' (28a)) in the sixty-eight verses of The Death of Edward, while on the other side of the 1066 chronological divide the next extant poem with prominent alliteration, Durham, composed c. 1100, shows a very high level of unmetricality. In Durham 38.1 per cent of the forty-two verses fail to conform to the classical rules. Thus, while the cataclysmic effect of the Norman Conquest with respect to changes affecting phonology and morphosyntax can be questioned, the demarcation line in terms of versification modes is clearer, at least within the inevitable limitations imposed by the surviving texts.
˥ԥݥȤ1066ǯȤȤĴƤ櫓ǤϤʤħŪˤϤϤꤳǯΤ褦ѤǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ⼫Ǥʾ塤ǯ˥ѤȤȤϹͤˤǤϱΧƱΧȴطϿΧΤΤǤϤʤʸεȤƬ§į硤ǯ1Ĥε§̤ε§˥ѲȤȤϤ뤫⤷ʤξε§ȤϼҲ٤˶ᤤΤǡҲ٤ȤϤˤƿ͡¾˰ռŪ˾괹뤳ȤǤʪ
űѸ The Battle of Maldon ʤɤǤŪʥꥺफϰæƤȸƤꡤʬȤƤ1066ǯ̤˼뤳ȤϤǤʤˤ衤ħŪʰյǧƤ褤
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Cable, Thomas. The English Alliterative Tradition. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1991.
(wordform) ȱ (foot) ϡơΩñ̤Ǥ롥Ϸֲñ̡⤦ϱΧñ̤Ȥơơۤʤ٥ôäƤ롥ξԤϰפ뤳Ȥ褯롥ºݡ2θϸ§ȤƱӤ˾
ŪˤߤȸȱӤΰ٤ϸˤ褦Ritt (122) Τ褦Ƥ롥
It seems that English changed from a language in which isomorphy between feet and wordforms was relatively common into one in which it was the exception rather than the rule. . . . Old English word stress fell, as a rule, on the leftmost syllable of the stem. Furthermore, Old English wordforms tended to consist of a stem plus inflectional endings, so that Old English wordforms would typically consist of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. Since this type of structure is practically identical with the optimal foot structure, it is easy to see why Old English wordforms very often tended to coincide with feet. It can be assumed that this tendency of feet and wordforms to coincide remained unchanged until well into the Middle English Period. Then, however, the relationship became unbalanced due to two factors. First, the number of monosyllabic words, which was already high in Old English, increased steadily until monosyllabism became typical of English wordforms. A comparison of Old English texts (Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon) and Middle English ones (The Owl and the Nightingale and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) shows that in Old English less than half of all wordforms used were monosyllabic, while in Middle English roughly two-thirds were. Second, a large number of French loan words were integrated into the English lexicon, and many of them were stressed on their final syllables. It is easy to see that the combination of these two factors must have decreased the probability of feet to coincide with wordforms considerably.
űѸθŵŪˡ1θ촴ʶˡ1ζʼˡפȤʤΤǡ2αӤȤ줤˽Ťʤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤѸˤƶष1θƤȡ1ĤθΤߤ1ĤαӤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤֲȱΧ߹ʤʤäƤ롥Ѹˤϡۼʶ§ (= Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ĥե줫μѸ줬̤ήѸΡֶפθȤȤˡּ嶯פʤɤθƤơ跿αӤɬʤȤ¿ʤäƤĤޤꡤűѸ줫ѸˤƤΰϢѲ̤ơѸŪˤäƸȱӤפ䤹פθ줫פˤפθؤȥեȤƤȤˤʤ롥
ŪʥեȤϲ̣Τ͡ʴߤȻפ뤬1ĤˤϱΧκѤ줬ֲñ̤ǤʷˤȤ⡤礭ʶȤäñ̤ذܤѤäȤȤ롥ֲñ̤Ǥʷˤ¦ߤСΧΥץå㡼ʤʤꡤʬΧˤǤβѲä̤ѲˤȤä̤äСʷˤꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤοȸʷˤ1ᲽˤĤƤϡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζο ([2016-07-05-1]) ȡޤޤοȥեѸƳȤ2ĤװϡˤȤɤޤ餺ѸαΧ͡ʷǥѥȤͿȹͤ뤬ŦƤ٤⤦1Ĥνפϵӱ (rhyme) ƳȤδطǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ȡ
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ɸ2ĤѸ prosody {{cat('meter')} (or metre) ζ̤ϰճԤˤäƤơλؼΤۤʤäƤ⤢뤷ФˤäξȤֱΧפ롥ŪʲˤäƤСȡꥺʤɤ˴Ϣ뤬prosody äդ°ŪʸݤǤꡤmeter ϻ°üʸݤȤ롥Minkova (323) ϡξԤδطˤĤƼ٤ͿƤ롥
The term prosody, as used here is restricted to stress phenomena in the spoken language, so 'prosody' is short for 'speech prosody' . . . . Meter describes the modes of versification, where linguistic material is arranged in specific recursive frames; as used here, 'meter' is short for 'verse or poetic meter'. Meter always draws on the prosodic structures available in the language. The two systems rely on the same fundamental distinctive categories and relations, though meter obeys verse-specific conventions such as repetition, alliteration and end-rhyme, and not all prosodic features have to be harnessed into a specific verse form. Nevertheless, there are important correspondences between the structure of verse and the structure of the ambient language. This makes meter a valuable source of information about language. The linguistic competence of the poet provides the raw material for verse; the way in which that material is manipulated to fit the metrical constraints of a particular tradition reveals the poet's, or the copyist's intuitions about prosody.
Ѹˤޤ˸ؤˤơǽҤ٤Ƥ prosody meter ߴطƤȤϡȤƤפǤ롥¿ξ硤¸뤫ĤƤνդλ˴Ťơбäդ prosody 뤳ȤϺˤ롥ʸɤ meter ꤬ˡȿǤƤꤵŪäդ prosody ʤΤʤˤˤ٤Ǥǽ롥prosody meter ˴Ūmeter ϤѤƻȤȤˡprosody Ƥ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
(71) ˤСűѸ衤ѻηϡꥺࡤˡԹ¤Ȥˤ礭Ѳ뤲Ƥ
a. ꥺࡧ夫嶯
b. Ƭӱ
c. Թ¤ĹʲˤޤäĹʲˤ
d. ࡧñη¿ͤʷ
űѸѸءƶѸʹߤؤȡѻηϳΤѲ˸ƤطʤˤϡѸβѲ䳰λαƶȤʥߥåװͿƤ롥줾λɽŪʻμħˤ꼨
ΡűѸƬ(p. 71)
a. 1ԡĹԡlong-lineˤϡĤȾ (half-line) 鹽Ƥ롥
b. ȾԤβ3ʾꤷƤʤ
c. Ƭʬϡ1ȾԡȾˤ˺ġ2ȾԡʸȾˤ˰ġ
d. ȾƬʬޤȤʤꡤαΧ¸롥
ΡѸƬ(p. 73)
a. ĹԤñ̡ʤβǽ⤤ˡ
b. ƬҲޤ줬1Ԥ˺ǾġǻͤġĤξ礬¿
c. ƬȤ˸ġȼλ롥
ΡѸ͡ʵӱ(p. 75)
a. 8ӤεӱϢ硧116ᡥ嶯8ӡ21ȡ4ӤΤȤٻ (caesura) Ⱦǵӱ
b. 쥰 (Alexandrine) 112ᡥ嶯6ӡǵӱ
c. 嶯5 (iambic pentameter) 110ᡥ嶯5ӡǵӱ
d. 嶯4 (iambic tetrameter) 18ᡥ嶯4ӡǵӱ
e. 嶯3 (iambic trimeter) 16ᡥ嶯3ӡ쥰Ԥʬ䤷Ρ
f. Ϣ (stanza) ʣԤʤԤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
g. 2Ϣ (couplet) 2Ԥ鹽Ԥΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
h. (tail rhyme) 61Ȥǵӱ aabccb λƥλΤ顥
i. 벦 (rhyme royal) 7Ϣμ嶯5ʤλǡӱ abcbbcc
j. ܥ֡Ϣ (bob-wheel stanza) 5ԤεӱԤǡ1ԤΥܥ֤1³4ԤΥγƹԤ3ӱ ababa
k. ХåΧ (ballad meter) 4Ϣ (quatrain) ܤλ嶯4ʤȼ嶯3ʤ2ϢĤ鹽롥3ʻԤιӱ
ΡѸʹߤεӱ(pp. 76--79)
嶯5˳ (iambic pentameter) 濴ȤĤĤ⡤嶯 (anapestic meter) (trochaic meter) (dactylic meter)̵ (blank verse)ͳ (free verse) ʤɾʤȤ11λи
ӤȼºݤΥꥺδ֤ (mismatch) 롥ӤW֤˶֤ˤϵ§ꡤ칽¤Ȥ˰̲Ǥ롥
Shakespeare Υͥåȡ嶯5ʡ4Ϣ32ԡפȤǡababcdcdefefgg εӱ
ޤ (enjambment) λѡбʤݡ߹ (end-stopped line) 椵롥
ѻμ˭٤ϡˤΤޤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ4ϡΧˡס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ71--88ǡ
ŵˡݼȤϲȿե̿鸽ܤޤǡ٤ɤǤơʸϤ˽вäT. S. Eliot (1888--1965) Ѹλ˭ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤսǤ롥
ʸ¿ͤʳϰʸˤäƹƱˡ˾̤ʸ³ƤʤФʤʤꥪåȤˤȤäơɤ䥹åȥɡ륺ʸʸȷӤĤǡˤ礭ʥ衼åѤʸΰüôȤפǤäդ˸С衼åʸȤϲŪʤΤǤäƤϤʤʤȤΤꥪåȤγοǤä
ΤȤϻͤǤ륨ꥪåȤˤȤäơܼŪʽäƤȤΤ⡤θȤѸλ˭ϡѸ줬衼åѤ¿ͤʸ줫줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹뤫Ǥ롥¸³ʥ²ȤȤ˥֥ƥ˿ޥ̱²ΰġѹδäĤˤαΧΥޥեʥΥޥȤ濴ȤʤäեΥޥ͡ˤαΧ륺αΧˤϥƥ䥮ꥷλθˤäơѹλ˭ʤΤˤʤäȤꥪåȤ϶Ĵ롥 (75)
ѸλϡŪˤä˸áֻΧ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤬ΧȤƱʸʸؤˤ⤪ȿǤƤ롥ǽҤ٤Ƥ֥Υޥեפαƶä礭űѸƬ (alliteration) Ѹʹߤ˵ӱ (rhyme) ˻¾֤Ȥž⤿餹ȤˤʤäǤϡեˤӱѸλľܱƶڤܤȤȤϤޤǤʤΤۤˤ⡤#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˥եѸ줬̤ήȤˤꡤե켰ζѥ⤿餵졤ӱԹΤ褤郎äȤ⤢ä
Ƭ⡤̲ˤѸʹߡޤ̮ȼѤƤȤ¤Ǥ (see #943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1])) ȤСḽληˤĤơȥΥޥե礷Ƥɽ뤳ȤϡޤäʤȤǤ롥
ŵݼȤϲȿե̿鸽ܤޤǡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ
ѸαΧηϡѸθŪѲΤΤϢưƤ롥
űѸŵŪʱΧϡԤ˰ζۤΧ (accentual meter) ǤꡤĸƬҲ碌Ƭ (alliteration) ħŤƤȤѸˤʤȱΧμήϸűѸζΧ˲äԤ˰βۤᱤΧ (syllabic meter) ǤǤ롥ʤġ첻ʡܻҲˤ碌ӱ (rhyme) ӤˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƱΧ180٤žиΤ褦ǤꡤžظˤθŪѲäΤǤϤʤȵ롥
űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡѸˤˤƷŪѲλΧžˤܤаʲ2˹ʤ롥
(1) ޤοȼñ줬
(2) ե줫̤μѸˤꡤǽᤢ뤤ϺǸ夫2ܤβ˶ĸ줬
ޤ (1) ˤĤƤűѸθζϡƬ§Ȥ1 ([2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]) ħƬˤȤäƤԹ礬褫äӱˤȤäƤԹäӱôʬΤʤˤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤѸˤƶޤषƤȡ켫Ȥñ줬¿ʤ롥ƬˤȤääˤʤѲǤϤʤӱˤȤäƤͭѲȤʤäޤޤοտŪֻưȯãߤŪˤֻ̾פֽưưפΤ褦ʼ嶯 (iamb) äӱˤȤäƹԹʾ郎äƤä
(2) ˤĤƤϡե줫̼ѤˤꡤѸ˥ե췿ζѥ⤿餵줿ȤȤ̣ ([2011-04-15-1], [2009-11-13-1]) θ˶ĥեѸϵӱˤϤäƤĤκȤʤä (1) (2) װˤäơΤȤƸνΤۤ˶ĸ줬ӱѤǤû˭٤ˤʤä
Ѹλˤ벻ᱤΧȵӱϡľŪˤϥեꥢäƤƳǤ롥ŪμäƤʤСѸˤߤ줿褦ʱ߳ƳϤʤäűѸ줫ѸˤƤθѲϡΧѶŪ˸ƤӴȤϸȤ⡤줬ꤷȤϸ
ԤαΧʬ (scansion) ϡ§ŬǽϤȤŪɬפȸ뤳Ȥ⤢̤ꡤǤϤʤʣ scansion ǽʡΤԤ⾯ʤʤ˷礯Ȥ⤢롥äȤŵŪȤ褦ʻԤǤϤ줤˵§ƤϤޤΤΤǤꡤʤȤ⤳Τ褦ʾˤϵ§μ롥
Chaucer iambic pentameter ˡscansion μºݤ궵Ƥ붵ܤ Glowka 롥Glowka ˽iambic Ԥ scansion μޤ¤٤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
(1) ӱ˶
(2) ¿ˤĤƶᡤζޤ iamb
- ǤƬǤʤ¤1˶뤳ȤǰƬ
(3) ¾λӤ餫 iamb ȤʤΤĤ
- μʱ¦ˤ֤Ȥ Nuclear Stress Rule ǰƬ
- ʣ1ǡʺ¦ˤ֤Ȥ Compound Stress Rule ǰƬ
(4) ̵ e ν
- ³첻ݤ߹ޤæ elision βǽǰƬ
- ήʤɤݤ߹ޤæ syncopation βǽǰƬ
(5) ¾ιθ
- ä13Ӥ trochaic substitution βǽǰƬ ([2011-06-25-1])
- ̵Ϣ³Ƹ anapest βǽǰƬ
- 1礯 headless line βǽǰƬ
äȤŵŪʻԤǤϡ(1), (2), (3) μǤ褽 scansion λ롥嵭ŪʼǤϰ̣ȻפΤǡGlowka (31--35) Dz⤵Ƥ̤ˡGP (ll. 19--20) couplet Ƥߤ롥
(1) ӱ˶
/ Befil that in that seson on a day, / In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
x / | | x /| / Befil that in that seson on a day, x / | | x /| / In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
x / | x / | x /|x / |x / Befil that in that seson on a day, x / | x / | x /|x / |x / In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
ѸαʸŵȤС13Ⱦ˻Ϥޤ The Poema Morale The Owl and the Nightingale ʤɤ iambic tetrameter 䡤Chaucer ɽ iambic pentameter 롥η嶯 ( iamb ) ζؤħȤ뤬ޤ˵§嶯ʤη֤ñĴˡˤε§ˤ ( trochee ) θ뤳Ȥ롥 trochaic substitution ȸƤФ졤ѸǤʤ
㤨С Chaucer λ (GP 105) Ǥϡ1Ӥ trochaic substitution Ƥ롥

trochaic substitution ˤֶפȤ3Ҥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬3ҼΤϸѸǤ̤ΤȤäOrmulum ʤɤᤤʳǤѸˤǧ롥ޤꥢʤΦλǤ2Ҥ3Ҥη֤η졤Ѹ3Ҥʷʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ԤΤɤΰ֡ʻӡˤ substitution 䤹Ĵ椬롥ʲϡLi (1995) οͤ˴Ť Minkova (191) Ƥ롤Chaucer αʸѥΤˤ substitution ΨǤ롥

̤˻ԤƬǼͳ٤⤯Ǽͳ٤㤤ͻ̤ʤΤϡӱ֤ǤꡤӱôɬȼʤФʤʤȤ뤿Ǥ롥ǡƬϵڤ˻Ϥ뤿ˡͻ̤䤹CT ǤȤ櫓 substitution Ψ⤤ΤϡƱʤˤΤ˭٤Ƥ褦˻פ
Minkova (191) ꡤƻӤ substitution 褦
- Redy to wenden on my pilgrimage (GP 21)
- Of his offryng and eek of his substaunce. (GP 489)
- Ful semely after hir mete she raughte. (GP 136)
- The smylere with the knyf under the cloke (KnT 1999)
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Verse" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 176--95.
Li, Xingzhong. "Chaucer's Metres." Diss. U of Missouri, Columbia. 1995.
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