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2020-07-21 Tue

#4103. ƬΤʬϤϤ1066ǯ [alliteration][prosody][meter][norman_conquest]

ޥαΧȤƤƬ (alliteration) ϡѸˤˤƤűѸ줫鸽ѸޤϢʤ³Ƥ롥ʸεȤߤȡΧŪˤʸŪˤ⡤űѸѸδ֤Τ䤬ȤƤ롥βϴˤϡɽŪˤƱƬԤʤ³Ƥ褦ˤߤƤ⡤ƬʤŪʱΧε§ܤС¤ˤݻƤ餺줿׷ǷѾƤˤʤѾ䤫ȤϸŤ餢뤬ʤȤ֤ΤޤޤηѾפǤʤȤ
ǤϡȤߤȤʬϤĺʤΤޤ«Τ褦ˡ1066ǯǤϤʤȻפäƤȤ֤¤1066ǯʤΤפȤ Minkova (339) εҤ˽в̿ä

The 1065 poem The Death of Edward is the last composition that can be described reasonably as belonging to the Classical metrical tradition of Anglo-Saxon versification. Very revealing in this respect are the statistics and the comments presented in Cable (1991: 54--5). He notes one single metrically dubious verse (soþfæste sawle 'soothfast soul' (28a)) in the sixty-eight verses of The Death of Edward, while on the other side of the 1066 chronological divide the next extant poem with prominent alliteration, Durham, composed c. 1100, shows a very high level of unmetricality. In Durham 38.1 per cent of the forty-two verses fail to conform to the classical rules. Thus, while the cataclysmic effect of the Norman Conquest with respect to changes affecting phonology and morphosyntax can be questioned, the demarcation line in terms of versification modes is clearer, at least within the inevitable limitations imposed by the surviving texts.


˥ԥݥȤ1066ǯȤȤĴƤ櫓ǤϤʤħŪˤϤϤꤳǯΤ褦ѤǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ⼫Ǥʾ塤ǯ˥ѤȤȤϹͤˤǤϱΧƱΧȴطϿΧΤΤǤϤʤʸεȤƬ§į硤ǯ򶭤1Ĥε§̤ε§˥ѲȤȤϤ뤫⤷ʤξε§ȤϼҲ٤˶ᤤΤǡҲ٤ȤϤ򶭤ˤƿ͡¾˰ռŪ˾괹뤳ȤǤʪ
űѸ The Battle of Maldon ʤɤǤŪʥꥺफϰæƤȸƤꡤʬȤƤ1066ǯ̤˼뤳ȤϤǤʤˤ衤ħŪʰյǧƤ褤

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Cable, Thomas. The English Alliterative Tradition. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1991.

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2020-02-25 Tue

#3956. ȱӤ褯פƤűѸȰפʤʤϤ᤿Ѹ [prosody][meter][syllable][french][loan_word][rsr]

(wordform) ȱ (foot) ϡơΩñ̤Ǥ롥Ϸֲñ̡⤦ϱΧñ̤Ȥơơۤʤ٥ôäƤ롥ξԤϰפ뤳Ȥ褯롥ºݡ2θϸ§ȤƱӤ˾
ŪˤߤȸȱӤΰ٤ϸˤ褦Ritt (122) Τ褦Ƥ롥

It seems that English changed from a language in which isomorphy between feet and wordforms was relatively common into one in which it was the exception rather than the rule. . . . Old English word stress fell, as a rule, on the leftmost syllable of the stem. Furthermore, Old English wordforms tended to consist of a stem plus inflectional endings, so that Old English wordforms would typically consist of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. Since this type of structure is practically identical with the optimal foot structure, it is easy to see why Old English wordforms very often tended to coincide with feet. It can be assumed that this tendency of feet and wordforms to coincide remained unchanged until well into the Middle English Period. Then, however, the relationship became unbalanced due to two factors. First, the number of monosyllabic words, which was already high in Old English, increased steadily until monosyllabism became typical of English wordforms. A comparison of Old English texts (Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon) and Middle English ones (The Owl and the Nightingale and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) shows that in Old English less than half of all wordforms used were monosyllabic, while in Middle English roughly two-thirds were. Second, a large number of French loan words were integrated into the English lexicon, and many of them were stressed on their final syllables. It is easy to see that the combination of these two factors must have decreased the probability of feet to coincide with wordforms considerably.


űѸθŵŪˡ1θ촴ʶˡ1ζ޸ʼˡפȤʤΤǡ2αӤȤ줤˽Ťʤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤѸˤƶ޸ष1θƤȡ1ĤθΤߤ1ĤαӤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤֲȱΧ߹ʤʤäƤ롥Ѹˤϡۼʶ§ (= Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ĥե󥹸줫μѸ줬̤ήѸΡֶפθȤȤˡּ嶯פʤɤθƤơ跿αӤɬʤȤ¿ʤäƤĤޤꡤűѸ줫ѸˤƤΰϢѲ̤ơѸ෿ŪˤäƸȱӤפ䤹פθ줫פˤפθؤȥեȤƤȤˤʤ롥
෿ŪʥեȤϲ̣Τ͡ʴߤȻפ뤬1ĤˤϱΧκѤ줬ֲñ̤ǤʷˤȤ⡤礭ʶȤäñ̤ذܤѤäȤȤ롥ֲñ̤Ǥʷˤ¦ߤСΧΥץå㡼ʤʤꡤʬΧˤǤβѲä̤ѲˤȤä̤äСʷˤꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤοȸʷˤ1ᲽˤĤƤϡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο ([2016-07-05-1]) 򻲾ȡޤޤοȥե󥹼ѸƳȤ2ĤװϡˤȤɤޤ餺ѸαΧ͡ʷǥѥȤͿȹͤ뤬ŦƤ٤⤦1Ĥνפϵӱ (rhyme) ƳȤδطǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-02-13 Thu

#3944. prosody meter δط [prosody][meter][terminology][stress][methodology]

ɸ2ĤѸ prosody {{cat('meter')} (or metre) ζ̤ϰճ񤷤ԤˤäƤơλؼΤۤʤäƤ⤢뤷ФˤäξȤֱΧפ롥ŪʲˤäƤС⶯ȡꥺʤɤ˴Ϣ뤬prosody äդ°ŪʸݤǤꡤmeter ϻ°üʸݤȤ롥Minkova (323) ϡξԤδطˤĤƼ٤ͿƤ롥

The term prosody, as used here is restricted to stress phenomena in the spoken language, so 'prosody' is short for 'speech prosody' . . . . Meter describes the modes of versification, where linguistic material is arranged in specific recursive frames; as used here, 'meter' is short for 'verse or poetic meter'. Meter always draws on the prosodic structures available in the language. The two systems rely on the same fundamental distinctive categories and relations, though meter obeys verse-specific conventions such as repetition, alliteration and end-rhyme, and not all prosodic features have to be harnessed into a specific verse form. Nevertheless, there are important correspondences between the structure of verse and the structure of the ambient language. This makes meter a valuable source of information about language. The linguistic competence of the poet provides the raw material for verse; the way in which that material is manipulated to fit the metrical constraints of a particular tradition reveals the poet's, or the copyist's intuitions about prosody.

 
Ѹˤޤ᤿˸ؤˤơǽҤ٤Ƥ prosody meter ߴط򤷤ƤȤϡȤƤפǤ롥¿ξ硤¸뤫ĤƤν񤭸դλ˴Ťơбäդ prosody 뤳ȤϺˤ롥ʸɤ߼ meter ꤬ˡȿǤƤꤵŪäդ prosody ʤΤʤˤˤ򡤤٤Ǥǽ롥prosody meter ˴Ū󶡤meter ϤѤƻȤȤˡprosody Ƥ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2018-11-10 Sat

#3484. ѻη [poetry][prosody][literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][shakespeare]

(71) ˤСűѸ衤ѻηϡꥺࡤˡԹ¤Ȥˤ礭Ѳ뤲Ƥ

a. ꥺࡧ夫嶯
b. Ƭӱ
c. Թ¤ĹʲˤޤäĹʲˤ
d. ࡧñη¿ͤʷ


űѸѸءƶѸʹߤؤȡѻηϳΤѲ˸ƤطʤˤϡѸβѲ䳰λαƶȤʥߥåװͿƤ롥줾λɽŪʻμħ򡤲ˤ꼨

ΡűѸƬ(p. 71)

a. 1ԡĹԡlong-lineˤϡĤȾ (half-line) 鹽Ƥ롥
b. ȾԤβ3ʾꤷƤʤ
c. Ƭʬ᲻ϡ1ȾԡȾˤ˺ġ2ȾԡʸȾˤ˰ġ
d. ȾƬʬ᲻ޤ಻᤬ȤʤꡤαΧ¸롥

ΡѸƬ(p. 73)

a. ĹԤñ̡ʤβǽ⤤ˡ
b. ƬҲޤ줬1Ԥ˺ǾġǻͤġĤξ礬¿
c. ƬȤ˸ġȼλ롥

ΡѸ͡ʵӱ(p. 75)

a. 8ӤεӱϢ硧116ᡥ嶯8ӡ21ȡ4ӤΤȤٻ (caesura) Ⱦǵӱ
b. (Alexandrine) 112ᡥ嶯6ӡǵӱ
c. 嶯5 (iambic pentameter) 110ᡥ嶯5ӡǵӱ
d. 嶯4 (iambic tetrameter) 18ᡥ嶯4ӡǵӱ
e. 嶯3 (iambic trimeter) 16ᡥ嶯3ӡ쥰Ԥʬ䤷Ρ
f. Ϣ (stanza) ʣԤʤԤΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
g. (couplet) 2Ԥ鹽Ԥΰ̣ΤޤȤޤꡥ
h. (tail rhyme) 61Ȥǵӱ aabccb λƥλΤ顥
i. (rhyme royal) 7Ϣμ嶯5ʤλǡӱ abcbbcc
j. ܥ֡Ϣ (bob-wheel stanza) 5ԤεӱԤǡ1ԤΥܥ֤1³4ԤΥγƹԤ3ӱ ababa
k. ХåΧ (ballad meter) 4Ϣ (quatrain) ܤλ嶯4ʤȼ嶯3ʤ2ϢĤ鹽롥3ʻԤιӱ

ΡѸʹߤεӱ(pp. 76--79)

嶯5˳ (iambic pentameter) 濴ȤĤĤ⡤ (anapestic meter) (trochaic meter) (dactylic meter)̵ (blank verse)ͳ (free verse) ʤɾʤȤ11λи
ӤȼºݤΥꥺδ֤԰ (mismatch) 롥ӤW֤˶᤬֤԰׷ˤϵ§ꡤ칽¤Ȥ˰̲Ǥ롥
Shakespeare Υͥåȡ嶯5ʡ4Ϣ32ԡפȤǡababcdcdefefgg εӱ򼨤
ޤ (enjambment) λѡбʤݡ߹ (end-stopped line) 椵롥

ѻμ˭٤ϡˤΤޤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ ([2016-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

ˡ4ϡΧˡס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ71--88ǡ

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2016-11-07 Mon

#2751. T. S. Eliot ˤѸλ˭ [literature][alliteration][rhyme][meter][stress][prosody][french][poetry]

ŵˡݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ٤ɤǤơʸϤ˽вäT. S. Eliot (1888--1965) Ѹλ˭ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤսǤ롥

ʸ¿ͤʳϰʸˤäƹƱˡ˾̤ʸ³ƤʤФʤʤꥪåȤˤȤäơɤ䥹åȥɡ륺ʸ󥰥ʸȷӤĤǡˤ礭ʥ衼åѤʸΰüôȤפǤäդ˸С衼åʸȤϲŪʤΤǤäƤϤʤʤȤΤꥪåȤγοǤä
ΤȤϻͤǤ륨ꥪåȤˤȤäơܼŪʽäƤȤΤ⡤θȤѸλ˭ϡѸ줬衼åѤ¿ͤʸ줫줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹뤫Ǥ롥¸³ʥ󥰥²ȤȤ˥֥ƥ˿ޥ̱²ΰġѹδäĤˤαΧΥޥե󥹡ʥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ濴Ȥʤäե󥹲Υޥ͡ˤαΧ륺αΧˤϥƥ䥮ꥷλθˤäơѹλ˭ʤΤˤʤäȤ򥨥ꥪåȤ϶Ĵ롥 (75)


ѸλϡŪˤä˸áֻΧ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤬ΧȤƱʸʸؤˤ⤪ȿǤƤ롥ǽҤ٤Ƥ֥Υޥե󥹡פαƶä礭űѸƬ (alliteration) Ѹʹߤ˵ӱ (rhyme) ˻¾֤Ȥž⤿餹ȤˤʤäǤϡե󥹸ˤӱѸλľܱƶڤܤȤȤϤޤǤʤΤۤˤ⡤#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬̤ήȤˤꡤե󥹸켰ζѥ󤬤⤿餵졤ӱԹΤ褤郎äȤ⤢ä
Ƭ⡤̲ˤѸʹߡޤ̮ȼѤƤȤ¤Ǥ (see #943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1])) ȤСḽληˤĤơ󥰥ȥΥޥ󡦥ե礷Ƥɽ뤳ȤϡޤäʤȤǤ롥

ŵݼȤϲȿե󥹳̿鸽ܤޤǡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-10-1] [2016-11-17-1]

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2011-07-02 Sat

#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ [rhyme][alliteration][meter][stress][prosody][romancisation][french]

ѸαΧηϡѸθŪѲΤΤϢưƤ롥
űѸŵŪʱΧϡԤ˰ζۤΧ (accentual meter) ǤꡤĸƬҲ碌Ƭ (alliteration) ħŤƤȤѸˤʤȱΧμήϸűѸζΧ˲äԤ˰β᤬ۤᱤΧ (syllabic meter) ǤǤ롥ʤġ첻ʡܻҲˤ碌ӱ (rhyme) ӤˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƱΧ180٤žиΤ褦ǤꡤžظˤθŪѲäΤǤϤʤȵ롥
űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡѸˤˤƷŪѲλΧžˤܤаʲ2˹ʤ롥

(1) ޤοȼñ줬
(2) ե󥹸줫̤μѸˤꡤǽᤢ뤤ϺǸ夫2ܤβ˶ĸ줬

ޤ (1) ˤĤƤűѸθζϡƬ§Ȥ1 ([2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]) ħƬˤȤäƤԹ礬褫äӱˤȤäƤԹäӱôʬΤʤ޸ˤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤѸˤƶޤषƤȡ켫Ȥñ줬¿ʤ롥ƬˤȤääˤʤѲǤϤʤӱˤȤäƤͭѲȤʤäޤޤοտŪֻưȯãߤŪˤֻ̾פֽưưפΤ褦ʼ嶯 (iamb) äӱˤȤäƹԹʾ郎äƤä
(2) ˤĤƤϡե󥹸줫̼ѤˤꡤѸ˥ե󥹸췿ζѥ󤬤⤿餵줿ȤȤ̣ ([2011-04-15-1], [2009-11-13-1]) θ˶ĥե󥹼ѸϵӱˤϤäƤĤκȤʤä (1) (2) װˤäơΤȤƸνΤۤ˶ĸ줬ӱѤǤû񸻤˭٤ˤʤä
Ѹλˤ벻ᱤΧȵӱϡľŪˤϥե󥹡ꥢäƤƳǤ롥ŪμäƤʤСѸˤߤ줿褦ʱ߳ƳϤʤäűѸ줫ѸˤƤθѲϡΧѶŪ˸ƤӴ󤻤ȤϸȤ⡤줬ꤷȤϸ

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2011-06-27 Mon

#791. iambic pentameter Υ [meter][chaucer]

ԤαΧʬ (scansion) ϡ§ŬǽϤȤŪ󥹤ɬפȸ뤳Ȥ⤢̤ꡤǤϤʤʣ scansion ǽʡΤ׻Ԥ⾯ʤʤ˷礯Ȥ⤢롥äȤŵŪȤ褦ʻԤǤϤ줤˵§ƤϤޤΤΤǤꡤʤȤ⤳Τ褦ʾˤϵ§μ롥
Chaucer iambic pentameter ˡscansion μºݤ­궵Ƥ붵ܤ Glowka 롥Glowka ˽iambic Ԥ scansion μޤ¤٤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) ӱ˶򿶤
(2) ¿ˤĤƶ򲾤ᡤζޤ iamb
- ǤƬǤʤ¤1˶뤳ȤǰƬ
(3) ¾λӤ餫 iamb ȤʤΤ򸫤Ĥ
- μʱ¦ˤ֤Ȥ Nuclear Stress Rule ǰƬ
- ʣ1ǡʺ¦ˤ֤Ȥ Compound Stress Rule ǰƬ
(4) ̵ e ν
- ³첻ݤ߹ޤæ elision βǽǰƬ
- ήʤɤݤ߹ޤæ syncopation βǽǰƬ
(5) ¾ιθ
- ä13Ӥ trochaic substitution βǽǰƬ ([2011-06-25-1])
- ̵᤬Ϣ³Ƹ anapest βǽǰƬ
- 1礯 headless line βǽǰƬ

äȤŵŪʻԤǤϡ(1), (2), (3) μǤ褽 scansion λ롥嵭ŪʼǤϰ̣ȻפΤǡGlowka (31--35) Dz⤵Ƥ̤ˡGP (ll. 19--20) couplet 򥹥󤷤Ƥߤ롥

(1) ӱ˶򿶤

	                               /
	Befil that in that seson on a day,
	
	                                 /
	In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay


(2) ¿ˤĤƶ򲾤ᡤζޤ iamb
	 x / |       |  x   /|         /
	Befil that in that seson on a day,
	
	x   /  |        | x  /|          /
	In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay


(3) ¾λӤ餫 iamb ȤʤΤ򸫤Ĥ
	 x / |  x  / |  x   /|x  / |x  /
	Befil that in that seson on a day,
	
	x   /  | x   /  | x  /|x   / |x  /
	In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay


Glowka, Arthur Wayne. A Guide to Chaucer's Meter. Lanham, Md.: UP of America, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-27-1]

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2011-06-25 Sat

#789. Chaucer trochaic substitution [chaucer][meter]

ѸαʸŵȤС13Ⱦ˻Ϥޤ The Poema Morale The Owl and the Nightingale ʤɤ iambic tetrameter 䡤Chaucer ɽ iambic pentameter 󤲤롥η ( iamb ) ζؤħȤ뤬ޤ˵§嶯ʤη֤ñĴ򾷤ˡˤε§ˤ ( trochee ) θ뤳Ȥ롥 trochaic substitution ȸƤФ졤ѸǤʤ
㤨С Chaucer λ (GP 105) Ǥϡ1Ӥ trochaic substitution Ƥ롥

An Example of Trochaic Substitution in Chaucer


trochaic substitution ˤֶפȤ3Ҥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬3ҼΤϸѸǤ̤ΤȤäOrmulum ʤɤᤤʳǤѸˤǧ롥ޤꥢʤΦλǤ2Ҥ3Ҥη֤η졤Ѹ3Ҥʷʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ԤΤɤΰ֡ʻӡˤ substitution 䤹Ĵ椬롥ʲϡLi (1995) οͤ˴Ť Minkova (191) 󼨤Ƥ롤Chaucer αʸѥΤˤ substitution ΨǤ롥

Trochaic Substitutions in Chaucer


̤˻ԤƬǼͳ٤⤯Ǽͳ٤㤤ͻ̤ʤΤϡӱ֤ǤꡤӱôɬȼʤФʤʤȤ󤬤뤿Ǥ롥ǡƬϵڤ˻Ϥ뤿ˡͻ̤䤹CT ǤȤ櫓 substitution Ψ⤤ΤϡƱʤˤΤ˭٤򼨤Ƥ褦˻פ
Minkova (191) ꡤƻӤ substitution 󤲤褦

- Redy to wenden on my pilgrimage (GP 21)
- Of his offryng and eek of his substaunce. (GP 489)
- Ful semely after hir mete she raughte. (GP 136)
- The smylere with the knyf under the cloke (KnT 1999)


Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Verse" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 176--95.
Li, Xingzhong. "Chaucer's Metres." Diss. U of Missouri, Columbia. 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-06-27-1]

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