ε#6307. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ ([2025-11-06-1]) ³New Zealand English ʹħȯˤĤƼ夲롥Bauer (391) ˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
There is a small set of words such as known, thrown, which are regularly pronounced with two syllables, allowing distinctions between such pairs as groan/grown.
LPD äƤߤȡ줾ɸŪñȯμˡ§/ˈnəʊ ən/, §/ˈθrəʊ ən/, §/ˈgrəʊ ən/ 2ȯǺܤƤ롤LPD ˤ § ˤĤƤϡ"Pronunciations which are widespread among educated speakers of British English but which are not, however, considered to belong to RP (Received Pronunciation) are marked with the symbol §." (xix) ȤΤǡꥹѸǤRPȯȤƤϹʹΤΤ褦
2ȯ˻פ鷺ӹäƤޤΤϡ줬餯űѸŪȯͳѤǤ뤫űѸǤϾ嵭ưϤѲ7°ʬϤ줾 knāwen, þrōwen, grōwen Ȥʤ롥MED ѸθΤȡ2ܤ첻첻ĤäƤΤ⤢СĤäƤʤΤ⤢롥ʤȤѸʹߡñȯ2ȯ variants ȤƤԤʤƤȤʬ롥
űѸ줫1ǯλ֤ή졤¦ϤäƤ븽 NZE ˤơħŪ2ȯĤäƤȤΤϴ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ε#5860. ֤פȯμ¸ ([2025-05-13-1]) ³ܸ֤פˤޤĤꡥ碌¥֤áפˤĤƤͤ롥
ܸɴŵ٤ˡܸ첻פꤹ (pp. 251--52) ǡ¥˴ؤ붽̣ͻ롥ɽǤϻҲɽΤǻҲŪȲ뤳Ȥ¿ष첻ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤƶ252ǤѤ롥
ʤ¥ϰ츫ҲβȤԼΤ褦ˤפ뤬ϡ̣첻1ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ¥ϡ³ĺ䶹λ³ˤǤmnŋ ptk ǡֲִ뤤Ϥ˽ऺΡˤȰۤʤꡤष첻ʳλ³ˤ˻Ƥ롥ֻʥ١ʥáöפʤɸ治¥ϡ³ȼ褦¥°Ǥʤ³Ҳʥɤ d 䥿 tˤ°ȸ롥
ФѸ "bat" ʤɤ t ϡĺξԤޤ椨ܿͤˤϡ֥Хåȡפǡʹ롥̣¥ϡҲ nt ʤɤȶ̤줾 NTʤ뤤 QˤǡɽΤǤ̡ġ͡
ϲؤǤ⤢ꡤǤ⤢롥Ѹޤ¿θλ٤ȡܸΡü첻ǡפϳΤüǤϤ롥
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
ɸѤʵ¤ϸŪˤϴñˤʤ (syllable) ϲؤǤŪʳǰ¤ϰŪͿΤΤBussmann θѸ콸ɤǤߤ褦
syllable
Basic phonetic-phonological unit of the word or of speech that can be identified intuitively, but for which there is no uniform linguistic definition. Articulatory criteria include increased pressure in the airstream . . . , a change in the quality of individual sounds . . . , a change in the degree to which the mouth is opened. Regarding syllable structure, a distinction is drawn between the nucleus (= 'crest,' 'peak,' ie. the point of greatest volume of sound which, as a rule, is formed by vowels) and the marginal phonemes of the surrounding sounds that are known as the head (= 'onset,' i.e. the beginning of the syllable) and the coda (end of the syllable). Syllable boundaries are, in part, phonologically characterized by boundary markers. If a syllable ends in a vowel, it is an open syllable; if it ends in a consonant, a closed syllable. Sounds, or sequences of sounds that cannot be interpreted phonologically as syllabic (like [p] in supper, which is phonologically one phone, but belongs to two syllables), are known as 'interludes.'
̸βüԤˤȤäľŪñ̤̤ǰƬˤƵҴŪ꼰褦ȻߤƤ⡤ޤʤĴؤİвؤ¦ޤϲŪʲʤɤΤΡɬ⤭줤ˤǤʤǤüԤϲȤñ̤ΤäƤפ餷ȤΤ顤ԻĤ
ᤰäƤϡhellog ǤϢ夲Ƥʲεʤɤȡ
#347. ñʿѲϤɤΤ餤 ([2010-04-09-1])
#1440. ٥ ([2013-04-06-1])
#1513. ʹ١ ([2013-06-18-1])
#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])
#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1])
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
#5618. īѤʵܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פ ([2024-09-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Voicy heldio īѤʵܥΥå with ϽؤˤơԤ40ʬ30ä餤study student <u> ʬȯλۤʤΤϤʤǤפȤ䤤夲Ƥޤ#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 ([2018-05-05-1]) ǤԽʬǤϤʤȤŦޤ
嵭ܥΥåפǤϼ긵˾ܤʤ֤Ǥ¨βäΤǤθ塤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡȹä𤬤褦Ǥstudy 1첻û첻ǤΤϡñ줬ȤȤϥƥͳǤʤ顤եͳƤȤаޤͿƤǤ
ˤĤƤϡѸ첻ˤ (339) ˼꤬꤬ä
F [= French] β̡OF [= Old French] 첻 CL [= Classical Latin] β̤ǤϤʤVL [= Vulgar Latin] IJǤûǤĹȤ§ѤME [= Middle English] βȿ F ̤Ƥοβ̤ФȿǤ롥
û첻ˤʤŪʲĶ3ۤɵƤΤ1Ĥˡ3ư졤̾졤ƻ1פp. 340ˡư study Ѹ studien ιܤ¿1ĤȤƵƤֻǼˡ
(3) 3ư졤̾졤ƻ1ᡧbanisshen (=banish)/ravisshen (=ravish)/vanisshen (=vanish)/perishen (=perish)/finishen (=finish)/florisshen (=flourish)/norishen (=nourish)/publisshen (=publish)/punisshen (=punish)/travailen (=travail)/honouren (=honour)/visiten (=visit)/governen (=govern)/studien (=study)/family/salary/memory/remedy/misery/chalaundre (=calendar)/chapitre (=chapter)/sepulcre/oracle/miracle/ministre (=minister)/vinegre (=vinegar)/covenant/rethorik (=rhetoric)/bacheler (=bachelor)/charitee (=charity)/vanite (=vanity)/jolitee (=jollity)/povertee (=poverty)/libertee (=liberty)/trinitee (=trinity)/facultee (=faculty)/vavasour/amorous/casuel (=casual)/natural/general/lecherous/seculer (=secular)/diligent
ư study ϡѸǤ studīen Τ褦3Ǥξ硤2 student Ȥϰۤʤꡤ1IJȤʤ뤿첻ûݤ롤ȤäȤʤޤ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ܸδˤСʿ̾Ρ֤פФơ֤ס֤פˤơ֤ס֤פФơ֤פΤ褦ˤդ롥˳ˤĤơФ뤿ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ϹԻҲ㳰Ȥơ§Ȥ̵Фͭ뤿εȤ롥ΤλˤϤۤܰӤƤꡤηŪǤ롥
Ѹ3 [f]/[v], [s]/[z], [θ]/[ð] ˤĤƤϡˡɤΤ褦ʽʬʤƤˤĤƤϡ1ۤ Mond ˴줿ܤγФ褦ʼؤβΤʤʬŪ˵
boss äƤʤ s դĤʤΡ8̼˼䤵ޤʤǤǤ

[f] [v] ˤĤƤϡ줾 <f> <v> ֤Τ縶§ǤꡤۤܰӤƤ롥of [əv] Τ褦ʸϤ뤬㳰Ū
[s] [z] νʬ˴ؤƤϡ嵭βǤ⡤ʤǤ뤳ȤŦ<s>, <ss>, <se>, <ce>; <z>, <zz>, <ze> ʤɤֻʣ߹äƤΤʤ٤ʬȤ̣Ϥ뤬˰Ȥϸ
[θ] [ð] ˻äƤϡ <th> Ȥ1ֻǽɽ蘆졤ʬѤϤʤŪˤСʬ褦ȤտޤϤⴶʤäȤ餤롥
ʾĤС
̾Ѥʬϡ֥ȥåʡ
[f]/[v] νʬϡֹʡ
[s]/[z] νʬϡ֥ꥮ
[θ]/[ð] νʬϡ
Ȥʤ롥νŤΥԥ졼ͿƤ줿Τ Daniels (64) μ1ʸǤ롤
Phonemic split sometimes brings new letters or spellings (e.g. Middle English <v> alongside <f> when French loans caused voicing to become significant; cf. also <vision> vs <mission>), sometimes not---English used <ð> and <þ> indifferently, even in a single manuscript, for both the voiced and voiceless interdentals, a situation persisting with Modern English <th> due to low functional load. Japanese, on the other hand, uses diacritics on certain kana for the same purpose.
ʤˤĤƤϡԤ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #95boss äƤʤ s 2ĤʤΡ217ۿˤǼ夲Ƥ롥
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1]) ǡܸβñ̤Ȥ⡼ (mora) νѸƳ McCawley (1968) ˿줿Daniels, p. 63 ȡˡ
McCawley ܸβ mora νѸƳǥꥸʥäΤΡmora Ȥǰؤ˻ǽοͤǤϤʤOED mora, NOUN1 ˤȡ 3.b. ѸȤƤ mora ǤꡤФ1933ǯȤ롥ʲˤθιѤ롥
3.b. Linguistics. The smallest or basic unit of duration of a speech sound. 1933-
1933 In dealing with matters of quantity, it is often convenient to set up an arbitrary unit of relative duration, the mora. Thus, if we say that a short vowel lasts one mora, we may describe the long vowels of the same language as lasting, say, one and one-half morae or two morae. (L. Bloomfield, Language vii. 110)
1941 In many cases it will be found that an element smaller than the phonetic syllable functions as the accentual or prosodic unit; this unit may be called, following current practice, the mora... The term mora..is useful in avoiding confusion, even if it should turn out to mean merely phonemic syllable. (G. L. Trager in L. Spier et al., Language Culture & Personality 136)
1964 Each of the segments characterized by one of the successive punctual tones is called a mora. (E. Palmer, translation of A. Martinet, Elements of General Linguistics iii. 80)
1988 The terms 'bimoric' and 'trimoric' relate to the idea that these long vowels consist of two, respectively three, 'moras' or units of length, rather than the single 'mora' of short vowels. (Transactions of Philological Society vol. 86 137)
McCawley ѤƤʤΤǰǤ롥ˤ衤mora Ҥ뼭ǤȤϤ缭ǤϤʤ OED ñǤۤɰפǰǤϤʤΤΤ褦Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#4624. ܸΥ⡼鴶С ([2021-12-24-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
McCawley, James D. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Ѹˤͭɡ [ŋ] /ŋ/ Ȥ1ĤβǤǧƤ롥[ŋ] ̤β /n/ ΰ۲ȤƤδġѸβηϤˤ [ŋ] /ŋ/ Ⱦüʰ֤ŤͿƤ롥βǡˤΰ֤Ťˤϡ줬ѸˤŪʳdzΩȤȴط롥δϢ뵭ȤưʲƤ
#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])
#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])
#3855. ʤֿסʤˤΥɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-11-16-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])
Minkova (138) ˤȡ /ŋ/ ˤ2Ĥð롥1ĤϡβǤ coda ˤʤȡ2Ĥˤϡ˲ä domain-final ˤʤȤǤ롥Ԥϲ١ǡԤϷ֡å١ȹͤƤ褤ԤͭΤˤСñ줴Ȥ˼¸ /ŋ/ /ŋg/ ۤʤΤաȽҤ٤ƤΤƱǤ롥
The distribution of contrastive /ŋ/ prompts some interesting phonological questions. Like PDF /h-/, which can appear only in onsets, /ŋ/ is a 'defectively distributed' phoneme: it can be distinctive only in coda position. The restriction reflects its historical origin since it is only through the loss of the voiced velar stop in the coda that /ŋ/ became contrastive: kin--king, ban--bang, run--rung. Before /k/, as in plank, sink, hunk, [-ŋ] remains a positional allophone followed by the voiceless stop. Thus, we get a three-way opposition in pin [pɪn]--ping [pɪŋ]--pink [pɪŋk], sin, sing, sink, and so on.
Another peculiarity of contrastive /ŋ/ is that it has to be domain-final, that is, the [-g-] is preserved stem-internally, rendering [-ŋ-] allophonic, as in Bangor, bingo, tango, single, hungry, Hungary, all with [-ŋg-]. Note that the preservation of [-g-] does not depend only on syllabification, because in forms derived with -ing or the agentive suffix -er, the [-g-] of the stem is not realised, and the derived form copies the shape of the base form: singing, singer with just [-ŋ-]. In addition to the most frequent -ing and -er, the majority of the native suffixes such as -y, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ish, -less, -ling, also -let (OFr), preserve the shape of the base: slangy, kingdom, thinghood, youngness, strongish, fangless, kingling, ringlet have [-ŋ-]. The addition of a comparative suffix, -er or -est, as in longer, strongest, youngly, however, results in heterosyllabic [ŋ].[g]. The addition of Latinate suffixes generally preserves the [g], as in fungation, diphthongal, but not always, as in ringette, nothingism. Then there is vacillation with some derivatives: prolong and prolonging are always just [-ŋ], prolongation varies between [-ŋ-] and [-ŋg-], and prolongate is always [-ŋg-]. There are some idiosyncrasies: dinghy, hangar allow both pronunciations, and so do English and England. The behaviour of [-ŋ] in clitic groups and phrases is also variable; the variability of [-ŋ] is of continuous theoretical interest. In our diachronic context, the deletion of the [g] and the possibility of phonemic [ŋ] in narrowly defined contexts in late ME and EModE is most notable as an addition to the inventory of contrastive sounds in English.
Ѹʹ [ŋ] ϲDz (phonemicisation) ФˤʬۤŰ줵椨ˡŪʰϺ˻ޤǾ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ε#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1]) ˰³ѸαΧоȤ롥ʲ (27--28) Ȥ롥
ܸϥ⡼ʲꥺ (mora-timed/syllable-timed rhythm) Ѹ϶ꥺ (stress-timed rhythm) ĤȤ롥
ܸΥ⡼ʲꥺȤϡƱĹñ̡ʥ⡼䲻ʤɤñ̤ǡܸξˤŵŪ˥⡼ˤϢ³ƸΤǡϢ³Υꥺ (rhythm of succession) 뤤ϡֵؽƥꥺ (machine-gun rhythm) ȤƤФ롥ѸüԤˤȤäơܸΥꥺϡ֥פΤ褦ñĴʤΤʹȤ
ѸζꥺȤϡΤ벻ȤʤȤŵŪ˸ߤ˸ΤǡָؤΥꥺ (rhythm of alternation) 뤤ϡ֥⡼륹ꥺ (Morse-code rhythm) Ȥ⤤롥ܸüԤˤȤäơѸΥꥺ϶ΥϥΤ벻βη֤ʹ롥ѸδŪʥꥺശϡΤ褦ŪоŪʤᡤߤ˰´礭
Ѹ줬ꥺĤȤϴְ㤤ʤѸˤδϡλ¤ǤвªƤɬפ롥űѸϽʶꥺθǤϤʤäȤ⤢뤷ѸǤФвꥺबʹ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ѸߤĤꥺळѸˤ̤˭٤ˤߤ첻ѲθưϤäȤ븫⤢롥Ѹˤˤꥺ (rhythm) ϡפΤۤ礭ʲεȡ
#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1])
#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])
#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 ([2019-04-19-1])
#4470. եꥫϤαѸˤߤꥺȶη ([2021-07-23-1])
#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1])
ס1ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
塤 (syllable) ȥ⡼ (mora) ϰۤʤñ̤Ǥ롥⡼Τۤñ̤ǤꡤƤĹ첻2첻ϲȤƤ1ȥȤ뤬⡼ȤƤ2⡼ȥȤ롥ܸ줫㤫顤ξԤδطƤʷp. 15ˡ
| ñ | ⡼ | |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------- |
| Х | 3 (o.ba.ma) | 3 (o-ba-ma) |
| ֥å | 2 (bus.syu) | 3 (bu-s-syu) |
| ȥ | 3 (ku.rin.ton) | 5 (ku-ri-n-to-n) |
| ȥ西 | 3 (to.yo.ta) | 3 (to-yo-ta) |
| ۥ | 2 (hon.da) | 3 (ho-n-da) |
| ˥å | 2 (nis.san) | 4 (ni-s-sa-n) |
ʹ֤θȥ⡼ʬͤϡ֤ΰ㤤ªƤǡȥ⡼¸Ǥʤñ̤ȤªȤϤǤ롥ºݤˤϡѸΤ褦ʡֲפˤ⡼ɬפǤꡤܸɸˤΤ褦ˡ֥⡼פȤˤⲻԲķȤʤ롥
㤨бѸǤϡ1θ¿1⡼θϵƤʤ[pin] pin [pi:] pea Ȥ2⡼1¸ߤ뤬[pi] Ȥ1⡼Ĺ1¸ߤʤ¸ߤʤΤǤϤʤ¤Ū˵ƤʤΤǤ롥ġġά͡ġĺǾϱѸΥե٥åȯˤɽƤꡤե٥åȤ1ĤĸȤȯˤ A [æ] ǤϤʤ [ei]B [b] [bi] ǤϤʤ [bi:] 2⡼ʰʾˤĹȯ롥
⡼ȤܸɸˤεҤˤⲻȤñ̤ԲķȤʤ롥㤨гû̷ˤϡά͡2⡼ʾפȤǤʤ2ʾפȤݤ롥祳ʡ祳졼ȡˤ䥹ȡʡ㥹ȥ饤ˤȤ22⡼ṳ̂ϤäƤ⡤*ѥʡѥեåȡˤ*ʡ㥷ݥˡ*ѡʡѡޥȡʥˡˤȤû̷ƤʤΤϤΤǤ롥2⡼βǻϤޤ3⡼ܤޤǤĤơ2û̷ʥѥաݡѡޡˤФ롥
顤ȥ⡼ΧȿŪñ̤ǤϤʤ1ĤθΤʤƱ路䴰Ūʴطˤñ̤ȤȤ館ɬפ뤳Ȥʬ롥ܸβ⡼ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ
#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1])
#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1])
#3720. ʤѸ make ܸ˼Ѥȸ첻 /u/ ΤĤ meiku /meiku/ ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-07-04-1])
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1])
#4624. ܸΥ⡼鴶С ([2021-12-24-1])
ס1ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
ѤʵϻĹ餯ʥäΤǤǶߤγ˻ŦƤ餦ꡤƹͤФǤfire -y դΤǤСΤޤ *firy Ǥ褵ʤΤǤʤ fiery ȤʤΤǤ礦expire expiry, mire miry, spire spiry, wire wiry ʤɤϤΤǤfire fiery Υפ¾㤬ʤ褦ʤΤǡޤޤԻĤǤ
Ū뤤ϥҥȤȤƤϡѸ fire 1ǤϤʤ2ǡfiery 2ǤϤʤ3ȯ줿ȤطΤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
ʽŪˤСѸ [fiːr], [ˈfiː ri] 첻 (gvs) ФƳơ [fəɪr], [ˈfəɪ ri] ѲޤĹ첻2첻ѲǡѲǤ줾첻ѲϤޤǤ
촴 r αƶǡľϤ겻Ȥۣ첻 [ə] 졤줬ΩγˤȤʤ褦ȯѸˤѰ۷Ȥ¸ߤ褦ʤΤǤפ fi-er, fi-e-ry Τ褦ʥץ饹1ΰ۷֤äȤȤǤ褦ʲĸˤĤơλݤƱ夫餢ޤJespersen ʡ11.11ˤεҤƤߤޤ礦
The glide before /r/ was even before that time [= 1588 or 1639] felt as a distinct vowel-sound [ə], especially after the new diphthongs that took the place of /iˑ, uˑ/. This is shown by the spelling in some cases after ow: shower < OE scūr bower < OE būr . cower < Scn kūra . lower by the side of lour < Scn lūra 'look gloomy'. tower < F tour; cf. on flower and flour 3.49. Thus also after i in brier, briar, frier, friar, ME brere, frere; fiery, fierie, fyeri (from the 16th c.) for earlier fyry, firy. The glide-vowel [ə] is also indicated by Hart's phonetic spellings 1569: [feiër/ fire (as /heiër/) higher) . /meier/ mire /oˑer/ oar . [piuër] pure . /diër/ dear . [hier/ here (hie r, which also occurs, many be a misprint).
פˡfire ηƻ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤȤȯ2Ǥꡤֻ2ˤߤͳ firy ⤢äɤ⡤ѸդˤȯϤ겻3Ȥʤꡤֻ⤽3ȯȿǤ fiery ʻѤ줿ȤȤΤ褦ǤơȤ̾ǤƱȤäƤȡ
ȤѸδ鿶֤äƤߤȡ̾ǤϤ겻ȿǤƤʤΤ褦 fire ֻɸȤƺѤ졤ƻǤϤ겻ȿǤΤ褦 fiery ֻɸȤƺѤƤޤä褦˸ޤɤ顤ѸˤǤŵŪʡʤȤ⡤դΡˡ֤ϤפǤⵯäƤޤäȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
뤤ϡ̣Ρַ㤷פĤʤϢۤƻ fierce Ȥֻ (analogy) ⤢ä⤷ʤȵäƤޤǤ礦
ΰѤǤƤޤflower flour Ʊ츻ƱȯǤʤ⡤ۤʤֻʬȡ϶ᤤ褦˻פޤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1])#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻 (heldio) ⻲Ȥ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
ܸĹ¥Τ褦ü첻ǤϡǤϰ̲Ȥβ (syllable) 뤳ȤϤǤʤΤΡܸüԤˤȤäƤϻ¾β1ñ̤ȤǧƤ롥ǧƤȤ⡤ܸβδפΤΤǤꡤ줬ʤܸβ²ΤжΩʤȤۤɤɬǤȤ롥
?ס֤áס֤פɽ蘆벻Ǥ֤ס֤ס֤פƱñ̡ʥ⡼ˤȤߤʤޤ礦ȤäȤǡܸ2ȤƳؽԤˤȤäƤ褦Ǥ롥ؿܸ춵ŵ٤ p. 16 ˼Τ褦ʰ롥
ܸ춵θǤϡüΥ⡼鴶Ф뤳ȤκĤޤꡤü1⡼ȤƤĹȯˤϤɤ褤뤳ȤĤȤ˻ŦƤ롥Ҳ뤤첻1ĤüϡҲ첻̾μΩʤȤСܡ/me/ֺ/sa/ʤɡˤ³֤ûΤΡܸüԤˤ1⡼ʬĹĤγФ롥⡼ȤǰϡܸΤߤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ⡼ȤܸǤϡ⡼Ȥñ̤ԲķǤ뤳Ȥءİвء쿴ءءǾʳؤʤɡޤޤʬθ椫餫ˤƤ롥
ܸˤȤäƤΥ⡼ȤϲʤΤܸؤˤǤꡤ䤬ʾ櫓ˤ⤤ʤȤƤľѤҴŪʸѸˤäư֤ŤȤħȤơ夲ƤߤΡ#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1]) εȡ
ؿܸ춵ŵ١ܸ춵ز ԡ罤۽Ź2005ǯ
ʸˤ⤷Ƥ Daniels (63) ˡܸβ̾ʿ̾Ҳ̾ˤ⡼˴ŤʸǤ뤳ȤڤƤ롥λ¤ΤΤܸؤǤ뤵ƤܿȤǤⲿǤʤ (syllable) ǤϤʤ⡼ (mora) ȤŪñ̤ؤ˻ޤ줿ۤʤܸ츦ˤäȤȤΤäܸβ̾ɽ䲻Τ˥⡼ȤǰȤɬפݡޤˤΤƳ줿ǰäΤ
The term 'mora' was introduced into modern linguistics by McCawley (1968) to render a term (equivalent to 'letter') for the characters in the two Japanese 'syllabaries' ('kana'), hiragana and katakana, which denote not merely the (C)V syllables of the language but also a syllable-closing nasal or length.
⡼Ȳۤʤñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥϡʲ㤫ʬ롥פˡĹ¥Τ褦ü첻ǤϡΩˤϤʤʤΩ⡼ˤϤʤ롥
֤ʤ (Nagasaki) 4⡼4
֤ (Ōsaka) 4⡼3
֥åȡ (roketto) 4⡼3
֤֤ (shimbun) 4⡼2
Ȥϰۤʤ뤬ܸüԤˤȤäƤ餫ΩʤȤߤʤƤ⤦1ĤβŪñ̡줬ܸΥ⡼Ǥ롥̾γʸˤϡ褽줤1ĤΥ⡼餬бƤ롥
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
McCawley, James D. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
ˤ͡ʱѸѼ郎ꡤҤä World Englishes New Englishes ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿䥢եꥫˤŪʷаޤ ESL (English as a Second Language) Ѽ郎¿¿ΥեꥫѼ˶̤Ƹ뱤ΧħĤŦƤ롥Ǥ2褦1Ĥ "syllable-timing" ȸƤФꥺ (rhythm) ⤦1Ĥϸζ (stress) ΰ֤˴ؤ뷹Ǥ롥ʲ Mesthrie and Bhatt (129) ȤƲ⤹롥
syllable-timing Ȥϡꥺδθ1ĤǡɸѸ줬 stress-timing ֤ΤǤ롥Ԥϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡܸե줬Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡɸѸɥĸ줬cf. #1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1])#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 ([2019-04-19-1])ˡ
եꥫϤνˤ syllable-timing ĤΤ¿δؤξ˾äƤ ESL Ѽˤ syllable-timing ΥꥺबۤȤȤ㤨СɷեꥫѸ졤ͷեꥫѸ졤쥢եꥫѸ졤ʥꥢѸ졤ʱѸ졤ɱѸ졤ѥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤եԥѸʤɤ syllable-timing Υꥺħ̤ħȤơѼˤϡ첻ˤ첻ŪƤݤȤ⤢롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥϡsyllable-timing ΥꥺϤ̣ǤͥȤäƤ褤
Ѽˤϡζ˴ؤƤⶦ̤Ƥߤ뷹롥ФɸѸȤϰۤʤ֤˶֤뤳Ȥrealíse Τ褦˶֤¦˴ΤȤ櫓¿롼ѸʤɤǤ adólescence Τ褦˺¦˴Τߤ롥ޤѼǤɸѸ ábsent (adj.) absént (v.) Τ褦ʡʻˤäƶ֤ư븽 (diatone) ϤߤʤȤ
ŪˤСظαƶβDZΧε§άΤȤäƤ褤ܸüԤˤȤäơͥױΧħǤꡤŸˤܤƤ
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
(wordform) ȱ (foot) ϡơΩñ̤Ǥ롥Ϸֲñ̡⤦ϱΧñ̤Ȥơơۤʤ٥ôäƤ롥ξԤϰפ뤳Ȥ褯롥ºݡ2θϸ§ȤƱӤ˾
ŪˤߤȸȱӤΰ٤ϸˤ褦Ritt (122) Τ褦Ƥ롥
It seems that English changed from a language in which isomorphy between feet and wordforms was relatively common into one in which it was the exception rather than the rule. . . . Old English word stress fell, as a rule, on the leftmost syllable of the stem. Furthermore, Old English wordforms tended to consist of a stem plus inflectional endings, so that Old English wordforms would typically consist of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. Since this type of structure is practically identical with the optimal foot structure, it is easy to see why Old English wordforms very often tended to coincide with feet. It can be assumed that this tendency of feet and wordforms to coincide remained unchanged until well into the Middle English Period. Then, however, the relationship became unbalanced due to two factors. First, the number of monosyllabic words, which was already high in Old English, increased steadily until monosyllabism became typical of English wordforms. A comparison of Old English texts (Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon) and Middle English ones (The Owl and the Nightingale and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) shows that in Old English less than half of all wordforms used were monosyllabic, while in Middle English roughly two-thirds were. Second, a large number of French loan words were integrated into the English lexicon, and many of them were stressed on their final syllables. It is easy to see that the combination of these two factors must have decreased the probability of feet to coincide with wordforms considerably.
űѸθŵŪˡ1θ촴ʶˡ1ζʼˡפȤʤΤǡ2αӤȤ줤˽Ťʤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤѸˤƶष1θƤȡ1ĤθΤߤ1ĤαӤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤֲȱΧ߹ʤʤäƤ롥Ѹˤϡۼʶ§ (= Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ĥե줫μѸ줬̤ήѸΡֶפθȤȤˡּ嶯פʤɤθƤơ跿αӤɬʤȤ¿ʤäƤĤޤꡤűѸ줫ѸˤƤΰϢѲ̤ơѸŪˤäƸȱӤפ䤹פθ줫פˤפθؤȥեȤƤȤˤʤ롥
ŪʥեȤϲ̣Τ͡ʴߤȻפ뤬1ĤˤϱΧκѤ줬ֲñ̤ǤʷˤȤ⡤礭ʶȤäñ̤ذܤѤäȤȤ롥ֲñ̤Ǥʷˤ¦ߤСΧΥץå㡼ʤʤꡤʬΧˤǤβѲä̤ѲˤȤä̤äСʷˤꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤοȸʷˤ1ᲽˤĤƤϡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζο ([2016-07-05-1]) ȡޤޤοȥեѸƳȤ2ĤװϡˤȤɤޤ餺ѸαΧ͡ʷǥѥȤͿȹͤ뤬ŦƤ٤⤦1Ĥνפϵӱ (rhyme) ƳȤδطǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) ȡ
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ñβṽ¤ˤϸ롥a, the ʤɤμĵǽΤ rhyme ʤȤ2⡼ǹƤʤФʤʤȤΤǤ rhyme Ȥϲṽ¤ñ̤ΤȤǡ#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1]) Ρ첻ʡܻҲˡפʬؤ
ʬ2⡼ʤФʤʤȤȤϡפ˺Ȥơû첻1Ҳ (VC) Ĺ첻2첻 (VV) Τ줫ǤʤФʤʤȤȤƬ (onset) ˻Ҳ뤫ɤʤʬû첻פΤߤǽ褦ñϵʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤû첻פζĸϤʤֻҲû첻פǤ롥Τ˵ǽμ /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɒ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /ə/ Τ褦ʸϤʤ˲餫ƬҲäθ¸ߤʤѸˤơβṽ¤˶㳰ˤĤƤϡ#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) ([2019-08-29-1]) ȡˡ
¤Ϥޥ췲˶̤ΤΤǤ롥ޥɤȯã North-West Germanic ȸƤФʳǡβṽ¤η줿ͳ餫ǤϤʤˤû첻Τߤǽ붯ĸϸˡ٤ȤʤäŪû첻ǽäƤˤϡ§ȤĹ첻Ȥǥ롼˹碌뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥Ϣ Minkova (70) Ѥ롥
. . . we noted the absence of word-final stressed short, lax, non-peripheral vowels [ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ] in PDE; words such as *se with [-ɛ], *decrí with [-ɪ], *bru with [-ʊ] are ill-formed. This constraint on the shape of the final stressed syllable in English can be traced back to OE and even earlier. In all North-West Germanic languages the final vowels of lexical monosyllables became uniformly long, that is, they were lengthened if the original vowel was short. In some instances the long vowel appears to be a compensation for the loss of PrG final /-z/: PrG */hwaz/ > OE hwā 'who', PrG /wiz/, OE wē 'we'. Lengthening without loss of a syllable coda is attested in OE nū 'now', Goth. nu, OE swā 'so', Goth. swa; in this second set the process is evidently driven by the preference for co-occurrence of stress and syllable weight.
ϡ1˴ؤˡΡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ˤ⡤ŪʤαƤȤƤˤʤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸŪˤͭɸβפǤIJ¿ĸǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤѸβѲĬήįƤߤȡѸ̵ɸγָƤȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
ƣ߷ĤϸѸˤߤ r Ʋ (flapping; city, data ʤɤ t [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽)l ΰƬ (pharyngealization; feel, help ʤɤ l Ť [ɫ] Ȥʤ븽)Ҳæattem(p)t, exac(t)ly, mos(t) people ʤɡˤȤä夲ⲻλҲؤäƤꡤβ˶ŤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲβѤ褦 (70)
Ʋϡ˳ /t/ 첻ŪʶIJѤ븽ݤǤꡤϰ첻 (vocalization) ȹͤ롥ᤤäǤϡbetter [bɛ́r] Τ褦ˡƲ줿 /t/ æ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤ/l/ ΰƬǤϡΤ˰ưä뤬ܼŪ첻ŪưǤꡤ/l/ ܸΡ֥פΤ褦첻˶Ťºݡfeel [fíːjo] Τ褦ˡ/l/ 첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ/l/ ΰƬ⡤IJ /l/ 첻˶Ť첻ȹͤ롥Ҳæϡ첻ǤϤʤIJˤ벻λҲϢñ㲽븽ݤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡĤθݤϡ⡤λҲ첻ꡤæ뤳ȤˤäơǸ夬첻ǽ볫˶Ť褦ȤƤ븽ݤǤꡤǽŪˤ϶̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥άܼŪ˳ָѸϡޤޤʲݤʤ顤IJ˶Ť褦ȤƤȹͤ롥
ϲѲṽ¤ΤȴϢƤȤβṽ¤Τ켫ȤϡꥺȤäΧˤäƷꤵƤȤ⤤롥ϲѲ˴ؤʲǤ롥#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) ȡ
ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ
ĸθ캬ˤϡȤˤƬҲȤ s 졤̤ȤˤϸʤȤθ캬롥s νפΥѥͽ¬Ǥʤ "s mobile root" ȸƤФ롥캬ŵʤɤǤ *(s)ker-, *(s)pek-, *(s)tenə- Τ褦ˡs åˤƤ뤳Ȥ¿
Ȥ *(s)teg- (to cover) 褦ꥷȿǷ stégō (I cover) Ǥ s Ƥ뤬ƱˤΤܤƥ toga ʥȡԸ̱γաˤǤ s ʤѸؤμѸǹͤƤߤСꥷ줫 stegosaur ʷεƥ륹ˤǤ s 뤬ƥ줫췲 detect, protect, tectorial, tegument, tile Ǥ s ʤޥñȤƤ thatch deck ƱˤΤܤ뤬s ʤ
츫ȳƸˤưĸ *s ˴ؤ벻ŪۤʤäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ºݤΤȤ1ĤθįƤߤƤ s ɤϴѻ졤ͽ¬Ǥʤñ줴Ȥ s ̵ͭޤäƤ褦äơ캬ΤΤ˥åդ s ȤʤäƤ롥
s ǻϤޤƬҲοϡΰĸˤȤ̤ˡѸ첻ˤˤƤ꤬¿Ϣơ#2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1])#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
(blend) ˤĤơ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1])#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
Ȥ麮ߤƤߤȡ⤷뤳Ȥ˵Ťβʥ⡼ˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2ñΤȾθʱ¦ˤβʥ⡼ˤ˰פȤ¤Ǥ롥
(102--03) ˤ롤ܸȱѸ줫褦
| ʥ⡼ | |
| ȡܥ | 3 + 4 4 |
| ޥܥɥ ޥޥɥ | 2 + 4 4 |
| ܥå å | 1 + 3 3 |
| smokefogsmog | 1 + 1 1 |
| breakfastlunchbrunch | 2 + 1 1 |
| lunchsupperlupper | 1 + 2 2 |
ε#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡפȤߤȡܸȱѸоŪʸǤѸϻҲǽIJ (closed syllable) 줬¿ޤܸǤϵǤΤᡤIJıñܸ˼ƤäơIJ˲餫ĴäƳ (open syllable) ؤѴΤԹǤȤ櫓ϳѴȤǤΤ褦ĴΤǤñˡ1ĤϡҲ첻ä뤳ȤǤǸIJϡƤܸμʲפȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ɸǹͤƤߤޤ礦Ѹ make /meɪk/ ϻҲ /k/ ǽIJθǤܸȤˤϡ /k/ ΤȤ첻1źƤФ褤ΤǤŪˤ /u/ äơ֥ᥤ /meiku/ Ȥޤ̤Ȥ /mei.ku/ 23⡼ˤȤʤޤ̵˳Ȥʤޤ
ϡʤ첻 /u/ Ǥ뤫ȤǤmap ʥޥåס, lobe ʥ֡, dog ʥɥå, tough ʥա, love ʥ֡, rice ʥ饤, rose ʥ, dish ʥǥå, cool ʥ, game ʥ, sing ʥ ʤɤǤ⡤б륫ʸͤƤߤȡ٤Ƹ /u/ ղäƤޤ
ŪŤμѸǤ cake ʥˤ brush ʥ֥饷ˤΤ褦 /i/ ղäߤޤwatch ʥå, badge ʥХåˡgarage ʥ졼ˤʤɤƱͤǤĴŪˤϡȯ˴ޤޤƤŸ /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ 첻 /i/ ȤϿ⤤뤳ȤϤǤȤϻפޤ
/u/ /i/ ȤϻĤޤʤ¾첻ǤϤʤ2ĤΤƤΤǤ礦ϡξԤȤ첻Ȥʹ (sonority) Ǥ㤯û첻ȹͤƤޤۡpp. 55--56ˡˤϤʤ첻ΤǤ顤ƤäѷäȤϤʤ٤ΩʤѹˤȤɤƤȤǤDzŪ˱Ƥ /u/ /i/ ȤȤΤ褦Ǥ
פ㳰ޤñβ˸ /t/ /d/ ˤĤƤϡܸ첽 /i/, /u/ ǤϤʤ /o/ äΤŪǤcat ʥåȡˡbed ʥ٥åɡˤतǤϡ⤷ /u/ /i/ ղäȡܸβȤƵƤʤ [tu, ti, du, di] Ƥޤᡤ/u/ μ˹⤤ /o/ ѤΤȤޤܸ첽 [tsu, tʃi, dzu, dʒi] ȤƻȤƤϤ⤷ޤˡϺΤޤǤ
֥ᥤפ֥פ֥åȡפ⡤ܸ첻˰Ĥ̤βȤȤä櫓Ǥ
Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ
첻ǽ벻 (open syllable)Ҳǽ벻IJ (closed syllable) ȸƤ֡⤿ʤϤʤIJ⤿ʤϤꤦΤǡΥפȤƤԤ̵ɸԤͭɸȤȤˤʤ롥
ܸǤ¥ȤȤäIJ⤢ˤϤ뤬ΰŪ¿90%ۤɡˤϳǤۡp. 55ˡפȤƤϡŵŪʳ (open syllable language) ȸƤǤ褤¾γȤƤϡꥢ졤ڥ졤ե졤иʤɤ롥
ѸIJ¿ΤǡפȤƤIJ (closed syllable language) ȤߤʤƤ褤 (55) ˤȡø850Ǥߤȡ85%IJȤ¾γȤƤϡī줬롥
̵ɸħĸȤԤͭɸħĸ2ȤƳؽ褦ȤݤˤϡФкȼȤСܸüԤIJԴʤᡤIJǤѸݤ
ʤѸIJȤϤäƤ⡤#1440. ٥ ([2013-04-06-1]) Ǽ褦ˡΥȡ٤ǤгϷ褷ƾʤʤȤոƤ
Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ
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