hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 1 (5)

gvs - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-23 Thu

#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ [scottish_english][scots][standard_english][sociolinguistics][variety][dialect][language_shift][contact][gvs][oe][literature][aureate_diction][old_norse][french][latin][celtic]

䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ󥰥˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ󡥤̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡ󥰥ɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11Υ󥰿ȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοե󥹤ȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥե󥹼Ѹ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ񤫤줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ򡤻䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤ­פͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤Ͻ񤭸դäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤ󡥤ϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥ񤭤ޤܤܤ򡥴Ϣơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-10 Mon

#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][etymology][personal_pronoun][case][oe][indo-european][link][hel_education][sound_change][gvs]

1025ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ7󤬡1ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפǤï⤬ΤĶܸǤʤ顤Ѹˤδ鸫ȡξñ I ϡû¿ΥɥޤŽ̤Ƥ뤳Ȥʬޤ
ιֺ¤ꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ؤѹȤʤꡤޤϥ饤ΤߤȤʤޤǤΥȤȤʤޤ¿ˤäտ夲ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1602. 1025īֺ¤ I --- 1;ñ̾ܡۿޤ hellog ˤơ#6021. 1025ڡˡīֺ¤ν1I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפ֤ޤ ([2025-10-21-1]) ƤƤޤ
1;ñ̾ I ˤϡޤ˱Ѹ˾βѲν̿ޤȤޤűѸ졤ñ ic ȤȤäƤޤѸѸˤƿβѲꡤη˷ҤäƤޤ
7ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤ


asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_07_20251025_mindmap.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤6ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])

꡼μ8ϡ1129ڡˤˡtake --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפꤷƳ֤ޤϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-10-21 Tue

#6021. 1025ڡˡīֺ¤ν1I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][personal_pronoun][person][case][indo-european][kdee][hee][etymology][sound_change][gvs][spelling][hel_education][helkatsu]


asacul_20251025.png



1ī㡼󥿡ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤򳫤Ƥޤǯ٤Υ꡼ϡ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡλͿ޽εҤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
轵1025ڡˤιֺ¤ϽνȤʤޤϡѸˤơǤûȶñ1ĤǤʤ顤ˤʪ᤿1;ñ̾ I ܤޤï⤬Τ褦˻ȤäƤ뤳ñǤΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤȡ¤¿Ƥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤʲI ˤĤƻפĤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

űѸǤ ic ֥åפȯƤޤ줬ˤƸΡ֥פȤȯѲΤǤ礦⤽ˤä c λҲϤɤؾäƤޤäΤǤ礦
ʤ I ϡʸǤʸǽ񤫤ΤǤ礦
ʤ I ʤΤˡŪˤϤޤäΰۤʤ me ѤΤǤ礦
It's me. It's I. ϡɤ餬פΤǤ礦ʸˡȼѤδͤƤߤȻפޤ
ǯˤ뤳Ȥ between you and I ȤɽʸˡŪˤɤǤΤǤ礦
ݤäܸˤϡֻס͡סֲפʤɡʤۤ¿1;̾줬ΤǤ礦ѸˤӤ뤳ȤǸƤΤꤽǤ

Τ褦ˡä1ʸñ I ظˤϡѲֻδʸˡ§ƸŪʻȤʬȤäѸuνץơޤŽ̤Ƥޤֺ¤Ǥϡ֤ε¤ʤ٤¿äƤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡꥪ饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤޤֻ֤ޤǤȰۤʤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤΤǡդֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
٤ιֺ¤ΤҲϡ heldio Ǥ#1602. 1025īֺ¤ I --- 1;ñ̾ܡȤƤäޤΤǡ⤪İ



ʤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤ǤǡֱѸˤνפڤߤޤ礦

- 71025ڡ 15:30?17:00I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪ
- 81129ڡ 15:30?17:00take --- 󥰤⤿餷Ķܸ
- 91220ڡ 15:30?17:00one --- ñʤ͡ˡعä

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-11-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-09-30 Tue

#6000. إߥʡˤơָѸȯȡ첻ܡספäޤ [notice][mindmap][gvs][phonetics][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel][academic_conference][vowel][diphthong]

#5965. Ѹȯȡ첻ܡ --- 928ˤθ塤ܲزβإߥʡˤƤäޤ ([2025-08-26-1]) ǤΤ餻Ȥꡤ928ˤĻرؤˤơܲزڰѰŤ35إߥʡˤ (gvs) ˤĤƤäƤޤߥʡԤ³Υå碌3ֶ᤯ĹǤ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤ¿ˤäˤȤäƤ⤿ؤ󽼼¤ȤʤޤüԤγ󡤤꤬ȤޤޤزĹκƣڰѰɻȤ櫓Ƶ٤Ǥäˤʤäλɧˤϴտ夲ޤ
ߥʡγפˤĤƤ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡ


lib/phonetics_seminar_re_gvs_20250928_mindmap_large.png



åǤ¿μ򤤤ޤ֤¤ˤꡤ٤Ƥˤ뤳ȤǤޤǤ塤ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ʤɤ̤Ƽ夲ƤȻפޤҺ첻ܡפˤܤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-09-17 Wed

#5987. غǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ʳҡ2015ǯˤ7 --- ѸѸ콸 [dictionary][review][notice][linguistics][terminology][glossary][gvs]


Nakano-Eigogaku_front_cover_small.png



īۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơȤ򤤤Ѹˤ˴ؤѸ켭ŵȤΤϤΤǤ礦ȤϡȤФ뤷ʤȤФʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ޤ֤ʤפȤ¦̤顥ѸˤŪι⤤Х˥åΰǤ롥ʬѸ켭ŵԻǤˤϡʤμפޤʤФʤʤǤϥ˥åʱѸˤȤʬѸ켭ŵϡǰʤΩҤȤƽǤ줿ΤϤʤ
ˡ֤פȤ¦̤ˤĤơѸѸ켭ŵϾ嵭̤¸ߤʤΤΡϾͤȤ̤ꡤ1ľΥƥ꡼ǤֱѸءפѸ켭ŵǤСܸǤѸǤ⤤ĤǤƤ롥ϡ¼Ū˱ѸѸ켭ŵ̤ƤƤȤäƤ褤ѸˤμפʽѸϡƤѸءѸ˼ŵΩवƤ뤫ɽŪʱѸؼŵȤƤϡ#5830. Ѹ˳ν2025ǡˡ ([2025-04-13-1]) βΡֱѸˡѸؤλͿ޽פ򻲾Ȥ줿
ޤѸǽ񤫤줿ΤǤϡѸˤ˶ᤤʬʤ˸ (historical_linguistics) ò Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007) Ȥʾŵ롥ˡѸ˳δˤѸ콸 (glossary) դƤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭѤ
ơäˤᤷΤغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ʳҡ2015ǯǤ롥μŵˤϡ伫Ȥ⼹ɮԤ1ͤȤƴؤäƤ롥
Ѹ켭ŵκħϡѸءؤιϤʬ夷ĤġʬȤ˾ϤΩƤѸ⤷Ƥˤ롥11Ϥιϰʲ̤ꡥ



1ϡء


4ϡ̣

6ϡҲ
7ϡѸˡ˸

9ϡǧθ
10ϡѸ
11ϡѥء




7ϡֱѸˡ˸ءפܤ줿ξ (pp. 238--70) ϡ켫ΤΩѸѸ켭ŵȤѤǤ롥㤨СѸ˳ؽԤɬвѸ1ġ (gvs) ιܤƤߤ褦

Great Vowel Shift 첻ܡˡѸ줫ѸˡĤ٤ƤĹ첻˵ä絬ϤʲѲ򤤤Ķǡ鷺첻Ͼ徺첻첻첻첻ȶ첻ξ徺Τ줬˵äˤĤưոʬ롥⤽絬ϤϢǤäɤˤĤƤФƤ롥 DRAG CHAIN; PUSH CHAIN


¤줿Τʤǡݤ塤оݡơƳؽŪޤǤʷˤޤȤƤ롥Τ褦ˡѸˤΥɤ30ڡˤ錄äƲ⤵ƤꡤؼԤȤޤǡɼԤΥˡ˱ƤȤʤäƤ롥
ѸˤγؤϿͤ줾ǤѸ켭ŵ긵֤ƤȤϡؽפȤ礤ΩĤϤ󤴾Ҳ𤷤غǿѸءѸ켭ŵϡθȤơäƿǤ1Ǥ롥

δ ůͺʴƽˡغǿѸءѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2015ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-26 Tue

#5965. Ѹȯȡ첻ܡ --- 928ˤθ塤ܲزβإߥʡˤƤäޤ [notice][gvs][phonetics][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel][academic_conference][vowel][diphthong]

ܲزڰѰꤪ1ۤɸ92814:00--17:00 ˡ35إߥʡˤɸǤäƤȤˤʤޤѸˤˤƺǤ褯Τ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) ڤȤơѸȯᤰ¿ѲˤĤƵͽǤ
ʤñ name ϡ֥ʥפǤϤʤ /neɪm/ ȯΤroom Ϥʤ֥פǤϤʤ /ruːm/ ʤΤѸؽʤï⤬٤ѤʵǤ礦ѸֻȯδطϰǤϤԵ§ϳؽԡʤӶԡˤǺޤ礭װȤʤäƤޤΡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) طʤˤϡ͡ŪװäƤޤΤʤǤ⹭ϤʱƶڤܤΤѸѸˤȤ첻ܡפǤβѲϢܥ֥Ǥ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) Ϥᡤ¿εǼ夲Ƥޤ
첻ܤϡǤСαѸΤ٤ƤĹ첻βϢưƶͤΤ褦ѲݤǤҤ name ˤȤСĤ /naːmə/ ȯƤ첻 /aː/ 徺 /ɛː/ /e;ː/ ȤʤꡤǽŪ2첻 /eɪ/ Ȥʤޤ
βѲϹϤηŪޤ٤Ƥñˡ뤤Ϥ٤ƤϰǰΧŬѤ줿櫓ǤϤޤǤοƩԶѰӤθ̤βѲŪʸ̤ˤꡤѸˤߤȯ¿߽Ф˻ޤߤɸѸɸѸΰ㤤䡤Ѹ֤κۤˡ礭ʱƶڤܤƤΤǤ
ΥߥʡǤϡŪѲγפ⤹ȤȤˡ줬¿ͤʱѸȯˤɤΤ褦ʥѥȤͿƤΤˤƤȹͤƤޤ
ܥơޤϡؤѸˤȤϤΤȡѸܤѸ򶵤ޤؤǤ¿ˤȤäƤⶽ̣ơޤȤʤϤǤȤ櫓γعDZѸ򶵤ƤѸ춵ܻؤγˤȤäơ֤ʤѸ֤ȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿äƤΤפȤ̤κŪ䤤ˡŪʻ1ĤͿҥȤ뵡ˤʤȻפޤ
ܥߥʡϡĻرؤǤ̤ȥ饤 (Zoom) ǤΥϥ֥åɳŤȤʤޤؿΤϡҤäйǤʲˡز񥵥ȤߥʡΤ󤷤ޤ



ڡ35إߥʡѸȯȡ첻ܡס

: ܲز ڰѰĻرضʹֲʳֶʹֲʳظ
2025ǯ92814:00--17:00
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ʣ̤ȡʣ˥饤 (Zoom) Ʊϥ֥åɳ
ʣ̡Ļر Ļѥ1717410
150-8366 Խëë4-4-25
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ʣ˥饤Zoom󥯤ϡϿ줿᡼륢ɥ쥹˳ޤǤˤΤ餻ޤ
100̾饤400̾
ˡ ڻϿ 鷺ե (Peatix) 餪߲
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Ͽˤ Peatix ȤɬפǤȺˤϥ᡼륢ɥ쥹 Google ȤʤɤȤޤ
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Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-04-09 Wed

#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸ [helito][helgame][hel_education][helkatsu][terminology][homorganic_lengthening][gvs]


ito



helwa ꡦ˹ݲղˤơֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǤߤ lacolaco ƳƤɥ ito ʥȡ˴ؤơ3ε#5823. helito --- ɥ ito ѤѸˤͷӡ ([2025-04-06-1]) Ǽ夲ޤ
ͷˤĤƤϡץ쥤ڤ줿 lacolaco 󤴼Ȥ note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղӥץ쥤˻ä줿 MISATO (Galois) note helwaֹꥪղ״ۡ⤴Ȥ
ղǤΥबؤ夬äΤǡǯ٤رνȤǤ ito ͷǤޤȤȤǡѸˤ˴ؤ뤪ǤĤ ito ץ쥤Ƥߤޤ͸Ƥ helito
Ѹˤ칶11̾رȻ伫Ȥޤ᤿12̾ǡȤκǸ30ʬȤä helito ͷӤޤƥץ쥤䡼ۤ줿ɤ˽񤫤Ƥ1100ޤǤο򡤤οߤˡǶϤƽ褯¤٤ƤǤ.
ΤϡֱѸѸפȤޤ롼ȤƤϡǤ̾٤ι⤤ѸѸ100ۤȤΤƤʤѸѸ1ȤơƼۤ줿ɤοͤȤܤ̾٤αѸѸͤޤѸߤ󼨤뤳ȤǴŪˤοۤΤᤫ礤̤ʤǽŪˡʥɤ΢Τޤޤǡ㤤ɤ⤤ɤؤ¤٤褦ؤޤ
9ȤɤޤΤäƤ뤫ɤ̯ʶѸɬפ롤ʤʤ񤷤Ǥץ쥤䡼12̾⤤ȡɤοδֳ֤ͤޤäƤޤΤǡ̯ʿͤκռʤѸӤ򤷤ʤФʤޤ9ȤǺߤĤĤ⡤ϰ̤ˤ̾٤㤤ȤܤƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening) ӤޤѸˤѲǡ餫˥ޥʡѸǤΤʤǤϥ᥸㡼Ǥˡ
٤ƤΥץ쥤䡼Ʊ褦Ѹ󼨤θ20ʬۤɤƤǻ̩̥ࡥ̯ʤȤĤѸ줬³Ф˴٤ޤǽŪˤϤ٤ιդǤ褤襫ɤ򳫤碌򤹤֤Ȥʤޤ
Υɤ㤤֤줿ɤ1礢ꡤȤ9㤤Ѹ줬Ȥ⿴äĤġκ̤Υɤ򳫤ȡʤ10ο¤٤٤Ȥǽ2礬109ȵդˤʤäƤޤäΤǡʤۤĤƤޤޤǰ
θϡΤȤƽĴ˾¤٤ƤΤǤȤ˶ϺǽäȤ⤢ޤơϺɤ纹ǽäɥܥ1սǸ졤Υץ쥤䡼Kˤĥåߤ夬ϺǹĬˡito ̥Ϥ¤˰ФƤ줿K˴աʾСˡKΥɤäƤꡤˤɤѸ򤢤ƤäƤˤƤޤ礦
ʤߤ100Υɤץ쥤䡼ꡤ첻ܡסGreat Vowel ShiftˤѸ󼨤ƤޤϤ̳ʤȤȤǡΥɤǹ̤֤뤳Ȥ˰۵Ĥ򾧤ץ쥤䡼ϤޤǤ
ȤȤǡȽΥ㥤बĤƤˤ⤫餺ȱĹƳڤǤޤä "helito" θǤΤϲˤޤ礦

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-20-1]

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2025-03-25 Tue

#5811. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (3) [sobokunagimon][vowel][gvs][emode][variation][emode][orthoepy][orthography][variation]

ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED 񤭤 Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind Ϣñλ󤲤ʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦

The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)


16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻ׵Ĥפ鷺ˤϤʤ

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2025-03-24 Mon

#5810. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ (2) [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][homorganic_lengthening][homonymy][homonymic_clash][homophony]

ε#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲³ԡ
Ѹ첻ˤ Minkova (168--69) ϡƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤĤƲ⤹ʸ̮ǡ wind /wɪnd/ ˿Ƥꡤû첻¸üŦƤ롥

   The third cluster associated with Homorganic Cluster Lengthening is [-nd]. The long-term effect of this cluster is limited. It applies systematically only to the high vowels [i] and [u].

(7) OE <-ind> and <und> lengthening:

Early OE ME
blind [blind] blind [blnd] 'blind'
grindan [grindən] grind(en) [grndən] 'grind'
(be)hindan [-hindən] bihinde [-hnd(ə)] 'behind'
grund [grund] ground [grnd] 'ground'
hund [hund] hound [hnd] 'hound'
pund [pund] pound [pnd] 'pound'

The pair wind, n. - wind, v. is a special case, probably best explained on the grounds of homophony avoidance. Rhyme evidence suggests that the forms were actually homophonous into the late seventeenth century. The restriction of the lengthening effect to the high vowels leaves a whole set of common OE lexemes such as band, hand, land, sand, bend, blend, end, rend, send, spend, tender, wend with short vowels in PDE.


Minkova ϡƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) ˤ򼨺ƤΤΡĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤ첻ˤĤηŪ˺ѤƱĹλ¿ˤĤνĤæƤ뤫Τ褦 wind /wɪnd/ ü⤭ĦˤʤꡤβͭյƳǧ롥
첻Ȥ i Τߤʤ餺 u ʿŪ˹ͤȤȡ㤨С֤ʤ fund û첻򼨤ΤפƱͤƤ褤ȤˤʤĴٻϤȻäƤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-25-1]

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2025-03-22 Sat

#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][homorganic_lengthening][homonymy][homonymic_clash][oed][homophony]

إᥤȤ ari note #227ڿ-ind -ing ȯΰ㤤뤤 wind ȯˤĤơꤹ뵭񤫤ƤĤ꤬夲Ƥ뤬Ȥ櫓 wind ˤ /wɪnd/ û첻ȯΤϤʤȤ䤤̣äΤŪͽۤ2첻 */waɪnd/ ȤʤꤽʤΤºݤƱְ۵ wind ʶʤ꤯ͤˤ /waɪnd/ ȯʤΤǡԻ׵ĤǤ롥
ari ʬŪ˰ѤƤ뤬OED wind (n1) ȯˤ˴ؤեǰѤ褦

Pronunciation

The phonological development of this word differs from that of nouns with a similar phonological shape in Middle English, such as hind n.1 and rind n.1, and similarly the verb wind v.1 These show the result of lengthening of the vowel before the homorganic consonant cluster -nd in Old English. The evidence of the early modern orthoepists shows that there was considerable variation in early modern English between pronunciations with a short vowel or a long vowel (or its diphthongal reflex after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift); this variation appears to have been unusually persistent in the case of the present word (compare discussion in E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §12), for which the pronunciation with a short vowel is the one that became usual in later standard English. Until the 18th cent. the diphthongal pronunciation appears to have been more usual, but by the end of the century had been largely supplanted in ordinary speech by the short-vowel pronunciation. Walker (1791), while listing both, puts the pronunciation with short vowel first, and notes: 'These two modes of pronunciation have been long contending for superiority, till at last the former seems to have gained a compleat victory, except in the territories of rhyme.' The poetic convention allowing rhyming use of the diphthongal pronunciation continued well into the 19th cent. (compare e.g. quot. 1811 at Phrases P.1n.ii, quot. 1820 at spring n.1 III.17a).

The preservation of the short vowel in this particular word is difficult to account for; it may have been aided by the large number of occurrences in compounds and derivatives, in which failure of vowel lengthening would have been more likely; it may also partly reflect a functional pressure to distinguish this word from wind v.1, which would otherwise have been homophonous. Frequent collocation with winter n.1 (with short vowel) could also have played a part.

Pronunciation with a diphthong (reflecting a Middle English long vowel) survives in some regional varieties and is occasionally reflected in forms such as wine and weind at α forms.


򤹤ˤϡ嵭 OED βΤɤ߲ɬפꡤΤˤϱѸβˤûˤγפΤäƤʤФʤʤȤ櫓ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening) (Great Vowel Shift: gvs)Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) ˴ؤ򤬷礫ʤ
OED ǤΤϽФƤʤΤǡΥ֥Ǥ⤦Ĵ٤Ƥari 󶡤꤬Ȥޤ

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2023-06-07 Wed

#5154. ʤ height ϤֻǤȯʤΡ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][sobokunagimon][gvs][analogy][vowel][consonant][spelling][pronunciation]

ƻ high ̾ height ϡ줾 /haɪ/, /haɪt/ ȯޤֻȯδطˤĤơԤϵ§̤ȹͤޤԤ㳰ŪǤϤʤǤ礦
ޤ high ֻȯȯã򿶤֤äƤߤޤ礦űѸ hēah Ѹˤ hēh > hēih > heih/hīh ȯãޤǸʳǰ۷2ĸޤԤ hīh 첻ܤФƸѸ high /haɪ/ ˻ޤԤ heih ѸǤϤषͭϤǤ high ˼ʤϤޤ
ʤߤˡűѸ nēah "near" ޤäƱȯã뤲ƤޤѸˤ nēh > nēih > neih/nīh Ѳޤǽʳΰ۷ΤԤ neighbour 1Ǥ˸ƤꡤԤ nigh Ϣʤޤ
ơ̾ height θűѸη֤ hēhþu ǤϷƻ hēah Ĵ·ѸˤƸȯãƤhēhþ > hēihþ > heiht ˵夷ޤƻȰۤʤꡤǸʳͽۤ۷ *hīht ϤޤǤ̾˴ޤޤ þ ³ĶǤϡƻˤѲ޻ߤ줿Ǥ
ơֻ̾ˤĤƤϡθֻμ㴳ѲФĤĤ height 夭ޤȤȯΤۤϷƻ˰Ĥ褦ˤ /haɪt/ 夷ޤȯֻʣȯãѤη̡ height /haɪt/ ȤϤʴطˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ʾ塤Prins (97) 򻲾ȤƼɮޤϢơheldio #595. heah/hih/high --- ֤إ饸פӽФ̻Ūѥ򤴻Ȥ

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-01-02 Mon

#4998. ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ܤ˽Фޤ [notice][philology][history_of_linguistics][methodology][youtube][gvs][bunkengaku]

ǯε#4985. Фޤ --- ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ ([2022-12-20-1]) Ǹɽޤ褿112ʹߤ˿ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ȯȤʤޤA5ǡ264ڡǹ3,960ߤǤǤ Amazon ͽǽȤʤäƤޤ

 ջҡ δʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ



θϤޤǤΤǡ轵塦θ6ۿƤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥοư褬ͼ˸ޤ89ֲջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2023ǯˤΤҲ --- ؤƱ濴դءǤǿʸؤȱѸ˸٤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤйǤ



ѸˤǤϤʤѸ˸Υɥ֥åȤݤܤǤҤΡֺǿѸءإ꡼פ21Ȥơ꡼μݤ˱äơ1980ǯʹߤαѸ˸򿶤֤ꡤαѸ˸Ÿ˾򼨤ƤȤʤäƤޤ
ľ40ǯۤɤαѸ˸򳵳礹ȤäƤ⡤ѥؤҲζδʤ¿ο³ǤΤǡ1.5cmۤɤκܤǤϤʤʤСޤܽǤϸ§ȤŪʸؤζʬ˽äơֻʬȤ˸ġΡפ夲Τɤ¦̤椵ƤƤꡤɤ¦̤̤ʤΤƤޤġˤĤơʤ٤¿λʸդȤ򿴤ޤ
1򼨤ޤ䤬ɮô36첻ܡפǤϡѸ˾褯Τ줿꤬οǯ֤δ֤ˤɤΤ褦˰ƤơǯϤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤ3ڡۤɤλdz⤷ƤޤĤΥݥȤ򼨤ޤ

첻 (gvs) ϡͤƤ褦ʰβѲǤϤʤȤ餫ȤʤäƤƤꡤǯθǤϡ첻ܡפȳդǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤ
βѲθˤĹ Krug (2017) ˤ褯󤵤Ƥ뤳
ǯκǤפʸȤ Stenbrenden (2016) 󤲤뤳
첻ܡפϤδϢ첻Ѳȹ碌ơΤȤƵҤɬפ뤳
Ritt (2012) 첻פˤϥꥺץ饹θ궯ȤäΧŪʴͻäɬפȼĥƤ뤳

ܽϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˾γˤĤʤͻĴˤĤʤ󼨤뤳ȤܻؤƤޤĹѸ˸ΤȤƤд򤷤¸ޤ
ɮԤȤƤϤʤʤ񻺤ܤǤΤǡƾ尴뱿ӤȤʤȤƤޤԤˤ뿷Ҳϡnote ΤΥڡֿҲ𡧲 ջҡ δʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2022ǯˡ༡ȯƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥ

ջҡ δʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-11-1]

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2022-11-15 Tue

#4950. ǶαѸѲΤͤ --- إ˥¼ŵ6ǤΤޤ [notice][language_change][neologism][word_formation][shortening][gvs][singular_they][net_speak][genius6]

#4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ ([2022-09-18-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ8ǯ֤βǤȤʤإ˥¼ŵ6Ǥ118ȯȤʤޤ36ñΤȤǥֱѸQ&AפƤƤƤޤꤤޤ

إ˥¼ŵ6Ǥߥڡ



6ǤޤƬˡ8ǯ֤ۤɤαѸ괬ˡѲΤͤפäȤƤޤ

إ˥¼ŵ5ǤȯԤ줿2014ǯʹߡǥ벽γ硤󥿡ͥåȤοƩĹʲҡ˴ؤҲѲʤɤȿǤơѸθáʸˡʸ̤ѲΤ꤬ͤ䤨ʤää̤ǤϾ嵭μҲݤȿǤ뿷ä SDGs, LGBTQ ʤɤάˤѲȤʸˡ̤ˤⲡ󤻤ϡΤ heפοࡤñ theyפƬǤ롥Ѹ1400ǯƬˤ顤Ѹ1600ǯȾˤˤƵä첻ܡ (The Great Vowel Shift) ˤʤ館ƻˡThe Great Pronoun Shift ̾ܡˡפȤƤФ졤̾Ȥߤ񤭴뤫⤷ʤۤɤѲǤ롥ʸΡʥԡ٥ˤ˴ؤƤȡޤǤϽ񤭤ȤС(())äȤС((ά)) Ȥǰä󥿡ͥåȤ SNS ֥ʤɤǤϡä褦˽񤯡פȤΤήǡΡä褦˽񤯡ץ뤬󥿡ͥåȰʳν񤭤ȤФˤ礷ơΤȤƤߤС񤭤ȤФΥեޥ벽ʤǤ롥


ˤϡǯαѸѲΤ꤬ͤΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥Τ˿̾ܡ񤭤ȤФΥեޥ벽ΤλŦ⡤˼Ҳؤ˸Ω줫륿꡼Ǥ롤ޤΤ褦ʷ餯֤äƤȤϤΤ鷺ǯۤɤδ֤߲ƤȤˤϲƶäؤʤۤɸѲ⥹ԡɤ®Τ
إ˥¼ŵ٤οǤϡ嵭Τ褦ʱѸʤӱѸؽˤ괬ǶѲ˴դߡ礭8Ĥ¦̤ˤƲäȤ󤹤 (1) Ͽäθľ(2) ѥѤΥ󥯤θľ(3) ȯɽθľ(4) 졦˴ؤŪʸľ(5) ˡν¤ȥåץǡȡ(6) ֤ĤʤʶˡפȤƤƳ(7) ֱѸQ&AפȡָΤߡפοߡ(8) ̥ǥΰ쿷8Ǥ롥
䤬ɮƤֱѸQ&AפοߤϡǶαѸѲΤͤȤδߤСŵˤŪʥݥȤˤߤ뤫⤷ʤ嵭Τ褦˺򺣱ѸϤû֤δ֤ˤĤѲ뤲Ƥꡤ⤳ή³ƤȤͽۤ롥ĤޤꡤѸؽԤϤΤ褦ʸѲȤɬǤ餤ĤƤȤ;ʤΤǤ롥θѲ®١ࡤϤ˵Ťб뤿ˤϡȤƸΩĻαѸƤѲ®١ࡤϤ򤷤ƤȤΩġ
αѸѲϳΤϲαѸƤѲαĹˤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥Ѹˤ˿ƤळȤϡв뤳Ȥ˹׸ޤˤŪª뤳ȤǽˤƤ
ʥǤϤޤֱѸQ&Aפ򤽤Τ褦ʴ̣äƤйǤ

͸ ˡԽ紴ˡإ˥¼ŵ6ǡ罤۽Ź2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-22-1]

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2022-03-23 Wed

#4713. 춵饨2020Υݤǡ첻ܡפˤĤƤäޤ [academic_conference][notice][slide][elt][gvs][heldio]

36 14:40--16:10 ˡZoom Ť춵饨2022ΥݥֱѸˤѸ춵פˤƤäƤޤطˤϥݥνޤǤؤäˤʤޤä줿ͤˤ⡤ؤ󵮽Ťʤո䤴ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
䤬äܤϡ֡첻ܡפαѸ춵ƸƤʶǯθưƧޤơˡפǤ伫Ȥ첻 (gvs) ˤĤƥꥸʥοߤ櫓ǤϤޤäʤޤdzػˤ򿶤֤äǤͽơפɤ
ΩĤ⤷ޤΤǡȯɽѤ饤ɻޤ100ǯʾˤ錄äƱѸ˸Ԥ̥λƤ첻ܡפιԤ˻פϤƤФȡʲϥ饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯤Ǥ

1. 첻ܡפαѸ춵ƸƤʶǯθưƧޤơ
2. ܼ
3. 1. Ϥ
4. GVS 첻շǼ
5. 2. GVS θ˳
6. 3. GVS 5W1H
7. Ūñ
8. 4. GVS Ρ㳰
9. 4Ĥ
10. /ɛː/ > /eː/ > /iː/ 2ʳξ夲
11. GVS Ѳη
12. ʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹˤ
13. GVS ̵첻û첻Ȥ̵
14. ڥˤߤ첻Ĺû
15. ڥˤߤ첻Ĺû㳰
16. 5. GVS β
17. GVS δŰ٤ˤäưۤʤ
18. ơ첻ѲʬŪˤϴϢäƤΤΡΩѲǤ
19. GVS ʹɽ
20. űѸѸޤǤĹˤ錄͡첻Ѳΰ
21. 6.
22. ʸ
23. Ѥʵ (1)nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ
24. Ѥʵ (2)֤ʤ friend ϤֻǤȯʤΤǤ

ʤߤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 Ǥʻ⤷ʤ첻ܤˤĤƤ٤äФʤΤǾҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤ첻ܤΰϤ̥Ϥ̣äƤߤƤ

첻ܡԡˡ2022ǯ38
첻ܡʸԡˡ2022ǯ39

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2022-03-11 Fri

#4701. ڥ <ae> б벻 [spelling][ligature][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][greek][latin][loan_word][gvs][combining_form][mond]

Ѹ <ae> Ȥڥ󥰤ϵǤ롥2ʸȤ߹碌1ʸȤ (ligature) Ǥ <æ> ˻äƤϡȯСˤޤޤɤ̾ϤܤˤʤΰǤ encyclopædia mediæval ʤɤΥڥ󥰤̤ˤߤ줿ߤǤϹǤϤʤ2ʸʬ encyclopaedia mediaeval ֤褦ˤʤꡤꥫǤϤ⤽ <ae> Ѥ <e> ǺѤޤ encyclopedia medieval Υڥ󥰤ŪǤ롥
űѸ衤<æ> <ae> Υڥ󥰤򷫤֤ƤűѸǤ <æ> ϥե٥åȤʸǤꡤ̤Ѥ줿Ȥ12--13ˤϿषб첻ñ <a> ֤褦ˤʤäcf. #3998. ʤ apple a ̤Ρ֥פǤϤʤ֥פ˶ᤤȯʤΤǤ ([2020-04-07-1]
Ȥꥷƥ줫Ѹ줬̤ή16ˡθŵ˴ޤޤƤ ai ae ѸˤƤ <æ> ʸǼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤХХ̤嵭Τ褦˶ḽˤƹ <æ> 2ʸ <ae> ֤ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ <e> ˴ά뤳Ȥ¿ʤꡤߤ˻롥ߤǤ <ae> <æ> ܤ򸫤ʤڥ󥰤̤ƤƤ (Upward and Davidson 179--80)
<ae> Υڥ󥰤ݻƤΤϡۤܤ٤ƥꥷ <ai> ޤѸ졤뤤Ϥ줬ƥͳ <ae> ѲΤͳ褹ȤäƤ褤ѸǤϸŤϸ§Ȥ <ae> /eː/ бطä첻 (gvs) ФơǤ <ae> /iː/ бطŪǤ롥Carney (283) ꡤĤñ򼨤

in Greek words --- aegis, aeon, aesthetic, anaemia, anaesthetist, archaeology, encyclopaedia, leukaemia, paean, etc.;
in classical names --- Aegean, Aeneas, Aesop, Athenaeum, Caesar, Judaea, Bacchae, Mycenae, Thermopylae;
the Latin feminine plural in scientific terms --- alumnae, aortae, lacunae,, lamellae, ulnae, etc.


Ȥ<ae> <r> ³˴ؤƤȼλ𤬤ꡤ <aer> /ɛə(r)/ ΩƤ롥aeration, aerial, aerobic, aerodrome, aeronaut, aerosol, anaerobic ʤɤǤ롥ۤܤ٤Ƥꥷͳ褷μѸ졦¤ȤϢ (combining_form) aero- ޤǤ (Carney 282) 츻Ūˤ̣Ūˤ air /ɛə(r)/ ȴϢ뤿ᡤ ߤȯӤĤ줿ȤưפǤ롥ʤߤˡԵפ̣ airplane ˤĤơꥹѸǤ aeroplane θֻ
ʤܵϡMond˴󤻤줿 aerobics ʤɤƬ aero- 򡤡֥פȯΤϤʤǤ礦Ȥ䤤ʲĤƼɮؤβɤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2022-01-20 Thu

#4651. ʤ fire ƻ fiery ϤֻʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][adjective][gvs][vowel][syllable][analogy][suffix]

ѤʵϻĹ餯ʥäΤǤǶ᥼ߤγ˻ŦƤ餦񤬤ꡤƹͤФǤfire -y դΤǤСΤޤ *firy Ǥ褵ʤΤǤʤ fiery ȤʤΤǤ礦expire expiry, mire miry, spire spiry, wire wiry ʤɤϤΤǤfire fiery Υפ¾㤬ʤ褦ʤΤǡޤޤԻ׵ĤǤ
Ū뤤ϥҥȤȤƤϡѸ fire 1ǤϤʤ2ǡfiery 2ǤϤʤ3ȯ줿ȤطΤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
ʽŪˤСѸ [fiːr], [ˈfiː ri] 첻 (gvs) ФƳơ [fəɪr], [ˈfəɪ ri] ѲޤĹ첻2첻ѲǡѲǤ줾첻ѲϤޤǤ
r αƶǡľϤ겻Ȥۣ첻 [ə] 졤줬ΩγˤȤʤ褦ȯѸˤѰ۷Ȥ¸ߤ褦ʤΤǤפ fi-er, fi-e-ry Τ褦ʥץ饹1ΰ۷֤äȤȤǤ褦ʲĸˤĤơλݤƱ夫餢ޤJespersen ʡ11.11ˤεҤ򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦

The glide before /r/ was even before that time [= 1588 or 1639] felt as a distinct vowel-sound [ə], especially after the new diphthongs that took the place of /iˑ, uˑ/. This is shown by the spelling in some cases after ow: shower < OE scūr bower < OE būr . cower < Scn kūra . lower by the side of lour < Scn lūra 'look gloomy'. tower < F tour; cf. on flower and flour 3.49. Thus also after i in brier, briar, frier, friar, ME brere, frere; fiery, fierie, fyeri (from the 16th c.) for earlier fyry, firy. The glide-vowel [ə] is also indicated by Hart's phonetic spellings 1569: [feiër/ fire (as /heiër/) higher) . /meier/ mire /oˑer/ oar . [piuër] pure . /diër/ dear . [hier/ here (hie r, which also occurs, many be a misprint).


פˡfire ηƻ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤȤȯ2Ǥꡤֻ2ˤߤͳ firy ⤢äɤ⡤ѸդˤȯϤ겻3Ȥʤꡤֻ⤽3ȯȿǤ fiery ʻѤ줿ȤȤΤ褦ǤơȤ̾ǤƱȤäƤȡ
ȤѸδ鿶֤äƤߤȡ̾ǤϤ겻ȿǤƤʤΤ褦 fire ֻɸȤƺѤ졤ƻǤϤ겻ȿǤΤ褦 fiery ֻɸȤƺѤƤޤä褦˸ޤɤ顤ѸˤǤŵŪʡʤȤ⡤դΡˡ֤ϤפǤⵯäƤޤäȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
뤤ϡ̣Ρַ㤷פĤʤϢۤƻ fierce Ȥֻ (analogy) ⤢ä⤷ʤȵäƤޤǤ礦
ΰѤǤ⿨Ƥޤflower flour Ʊ츻ƱȯǤʤ⡤ۤʤֻʬȡ϶ᤤ褦˻פޤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1])#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻 (heldio) ⻲Ȥ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

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2022-01-04 Tue

#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ʸܡ [gcs][gvs][syntax][verb][complementation][terminology][gerund][infinitive]

Ѹˤκǽץɤ1ĤǤ "Great Vowel Shift" ʡ첻ܡ; gvsˤˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥˤʤ̾դ줿 "Great Complement Shift" ʡʸܡ; gcsˤˤĤƤϡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥ̾˸ڤ٤ǤۤȤɼ夲ƤƤʤäϡѸ˾塤ưʬ¤ (complementation) 礭ѲƤݤؤʬͼԤǤ Rohdenburg (143) פʸƬǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Over the past few centuries, English has experienced a massive restructuring of its system of sentential complementation, which may be referred to as the Great Complement Shift.


ʸ¤ѲȤäƤ⡤ºݤˤ͡ʼѲޤޤƤ롥餬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطĤΤ餫ˤƤʤRohdenburg ϤޤȤ GCS ȸƤǤ롥Rohdenburg (143--45) ϡΤ褦̻ŪѲʤ뤤Ϥ򼨺붦ŪѰۡˤ󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) She delighted to do it. She delighted in doing it.
(2) She was used/accustomed to do it. He was used/accustomed to doing it.
(3) She avoided/dreaded to go there. She avoided/dreaded going there.
(4) He helped (to) establish this system.
(5) They gave us some advice (on/as to) how it should be done.
(6) a. He hesitated (about) whether he should do it.
b. He hesitated (about) whether to do it.
(7) a. She was at a loss (about) what she should do.
b. She was at a loss (about) what to do.
(8) a. She advised to do it in advance.
b. She advised doing it in advance.
c. She advised that it (should) be done in advance.
(9) a. He promised his friends to return immediately.
b. He promised his friends (that) he would return immediately.

夳1ĤΥפȤळȤ񤷤ưʸȤư̾졤졤that ᡤֻʤɤΤΤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲƤȡƸߤǤ⤷ФжŪѰۤߤȤȤGCS μݤǤ롥

Rohdenburg, Günter. "The Role of Functional Constraints in the Evolution of the English Complement System." Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500--2000. Ed. Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt, and Herbert Schendl. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006. 143--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-05-1] [2022-01-05-1]

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2021-11-11 Thu

#4581. ξʤ /i/ γĹ [meosl][sound_change][phonetics][vowel][gvs][diphthong]

ѸĹ (meosl) ϡ첻 (gvs) ϤȤʤ벻ϤѲȤƱѸ˾פôäƤ롥βѲˤĤƤ͡ꡤߤǤ³Ƥ뤬Ūˤäƹ첻ˤĤƤϤФŬѤʤȤΤƤ롥㤨С/i/ ǤгĹĶˤ /eː/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΥ롼ȤФñϾʤ
ʤǤ⤳βѲФƸɸѸäȹͤΤ Prins (108) ꤤĤ󤲤褦

OE ieME iME e:MoE i:
wicuwik gen. wikes > wēkes // wēkweek 
ifelivelēvelevil
clipianclipenclēpen 
bitelbitelbētelbeetle
wifelwivelwēvelweevil


űѸ /i/ ѸˤƳĹФ /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬ѸˤƤ첻ܤϤȤʤäơǽŪ /iː/ Ϥ줿Ƚ٤ȡפ /i/ /iː/ ؤĹ첻̤ȤʤäƤ롥ʤ /i/ ʤ /u/ˤγĹ㤬ʤΤϱѸˤˤ̤ȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2021-10-15 Fri

#4554. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ8֤ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][link][gvs]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ11ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢܤƤֱѸΥܥʵפ8ȤʤäƤޤϱѸ첻ɤߤ˴ؤ롤Ѥʵ֤ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΡפ夲Ƥޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ11



ܥ֥ɼԤ¿ϡε䤬ѸˤǤȤΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˴ؤΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ꤫ȻפޤϢܤоɼԤȤΤǤΤǡѸФȤϹȹͤޤơؤѸ䳵ǰʤɤȤ뤳ȤϤǤޤ󡥤ȤȤǡ̤첻ܤŪܤȤϤʤ٤פߺդ褦ؤޤ̤Ȥơ첻ΤߤˤȤɤƸ첻ˤĤƤϿʤǤʤɡ򤷤ˤʤꤽʬפڤäƳ䰦ޤΤ褦ʼǡϻˤȤä1ĤĩȤʤޤʤɤΤ餤Ƥ뤫ʬޤͤˡ
첻ܤζʽŪȤƤܥ֥Ρ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) ɤ⤦ܤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ٤1.32.5򤴻ȤŪˤ gvs γƵǰäƤޤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

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2021-09-12 Sun

#4521. Ѹ˾μפ첻Ѳ [sound_change][vowel][phonetics][phonology][diphthong][gvs][r]

#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 첻Ǥ񤤤ƤʤäΤǡϱѸˤˤ첻βѲˤĤơפʤΤޤȤ᤿
ȤϤäƤ⡤Ѹ˾βѲϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⼨褦ˡ첻ѲΤۤäȼ䵬ϤäơμѲˤޤȤ夲Τ񤷤ǡCruttenden (72) ˽äơűѸȸѸ첻ηϤоȤȤ˺ΩĥݥȤ6󤲤뤳Ȥǡ̤βȤ

(1) OE rounded front vowels [yː, ʏ] were lost by ME (following even earlier loss of [øː, œ]).
(2) Vowels in weakly accented final syllables (particularly in suffixes) were elided or obscured to [ə] or [ɪ] in ME or eModE.
(3) All OE long vowels closed or diphthongised in eModE or soon after.
(4) Short vowels have remained relatively stable. The principal exception is the splitting of ME [ʊ] into [ʌ] and [ʊ], the latter remaining only in some labial and velar contexts.
(5) ME [a] was lengthened and retracted before [f,θ,s] in the eighteenth century.
(6) The loss of post-vocalic [r] in the eighteenth century gave rise to the centring diphthongs /iə,eə,ɔə,ʊə/ (later /ɔə/ had merged with /ɔː/ by 1950 and /eə/ became /ɛː/ by 2000). The pure vowel /ɜː/ arose in the same way and the same disappearance of post-vocalic [r] introduced /ɑː,ɔː/ into new categories of words, e.g. cart, port


(3) 첻ܡ (gvs) ˴ϢѲǤ롤
Ѹ˾¿첻ѲΤʤDzŻ뤷ͭյȤ뤫ȤΤϤʤʤ񤷤ʤΤƾιܤ˹ʤä󼨤̯Ǽ롥˻ͤˤʤꥹȤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-10-1]

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