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gvs - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-03-31 Wed

#4356. friend ֻȯˤĤ­ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][trish][shocc][gvs][diphthong]

ε#4355. friend ֻȯ ([2021-03-30-1]) ǡ<friend> /frɛnd/ Ե§ˤĤŪܤäƻȤŵ򼨤Ƥޤ Jespersen (4.312) 顥

The short [e] now found in friend OE frēond must be due to the analogy of friendship, friendly, in which /e/ is the usual shortening; in friend we have early /iˑ/ (< /eˑ/) in B 1633, while D 1640, J 1764, W 1775, 1791 etc.. have short /e/, and G 1621 and others a short /i/ due to a shortening subsequent on the transition of /eˑ/ > /iˑ/. Cf. fiend OE fēond, which kept its vowel because no derived words were found to influence it.


ϢơJespersen (3.241) give, live ʤɤ⤫ĤƤĹ첻äƤȤ˿Ƥ롥
Upward and Davidson (178) ꡥ

In late Old English, short vowels were lengthened before consonant sequences such as /mb/, /nd/, /ld/ and /rd/. This lengthening was lost again in many cases by the end of the Middle English period. With the action of the GVS, one sees modern reflexes of the remaining long vowels in words such as climb, bind, mild, yield, old, etc. However, in some words there was a subsequent shortening of the vowel, leading to pairs of words similar or identical in spelling in Modern English but with different pronunciations: wind (verb, with /aɪ/) but wind (noun, with /ɪ/), fiend and friend, etc.


ˡDobson (Vol. 2, 9) ⻲Ȥ

Shortening of OE ē to occurs in a number of words beside forms that preserve the long vowel. The shortening is normal in bless and brethren, but for both of these Hart shows [i:] < ME ę̄. The comparative liefer (OE lēofra) has four times beside ę̄ once in Bullokar. In friend the shortening is probably due to derivatives (friendly, friendship) in which the vowel occurs before a group of three consonants in words which (in the case of friendly in oblique forms) were trisyllabic and had a secondary stress; but it might also tend to occur in oblique cases of the simplex in which the n and d were separated by the syllable-division. ME is recorded by Levins and eleven later sources (including Robinson, Hodges, and Cooper); but ę̄ is retained by Salesbury, Cheke, Laneham, Bullokar, Wharton (followed by J. Smith), and Price (followed by Lye and The Protestant Tutor). Fiend is not recorded with ME .


Dobson (Vol. 2, 11) ⤦1ġ

Friend has in the Welsh Hymn, Mulcaster, Gil, Wallis, Lloyd, Poole, Coles, Lye (beside ę̄), WSC (beside ), Price's 'homophone' list (though elsewhere he records [i:]), the rhymes of Poole and Coles, and perhaps in Ray . . . . Fiends has in the Welsh Hymn and the 'homophone' lists of Hodges ('near alike'), Price, Coles (Eng.-Lat. Dict.), and WSC (the pairing is with fins); it has [i:] in Wallis. Bullokar rhymes field on (cf., probably, Chaucer's hild 'held' and fil 'fell' < earlier hę̄ld, fę̄ll).


friend ȯֻ˴ؤѤʵΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲѰۤεϸ¤ʤ̤Ǥ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.

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2021-03-30 Tue

#4355. friend ֻȯ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][trish][gvs][diphthong][sobokunagimon]

ܸʤ⡤ֻȯбȤ餹ȡȤƤĤʤԵ§Ǥ롥<friend> Ȥֻ /frɛnd/ ȯȤʤΤϡ̤ǤǤʤۤ <ie> /ɛ/ ȤʤΤϡꥹѸˤ lieutenant /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ 餤 (cf. #4176. ʤ lieutenant ȯ /f/ ФΤ ([2020-10-02-1]
ˤ򤵤ΤܤäƤߤ褦űѸ frēond ̣ͧˤˤƤϡ첻ֻ̤ /eːo/ äеǤ fēond Ũ> PDE fiend /fiːnd/ˤƱͤǡĹ2첻 /eːo/ 򼨤ƤǤϡξƱαθȯãⶦ̤ȤʤϤäθ frēond fēond ϰۤʤƻڤ򤿤ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
frēond ߤƤߤ褦Ĺ2첻 /ēo/ ѸˤƳ경Ĺ첻 /eː/ ȤʤäĹ첻ϡ frēondscipe (> PDE friendship) ʤɤˤ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening = trish) Ф /e/ Ȥʤäȯ (analogy) δפȤʤꡤΤ friend ΤΤ첻û /e/ Ȥʤä餷줬û첻 /frɛnd/ εǤ롥
Ĺ첻 /eː/ ˤȯޤǻĤä褦ǡ줬첻 (gvs) Ф /iː/ ȤʤäޤûСǤ /i/ ⸽줿Ĥޤ friend 첻ϡѸʹ /eː/, /e/, /iː/, /i/ 4ĤѰۤ򼨤ƤȤȤǤ롥
ǡе fēond (cf. PDE fiend /fiːnd/) ܤƤߤ褦 friend ȥ롼ĤϤۤƱŪʲѲ򤿤ɤäĹ2첻 /eːo/ Ĺ2첻경 /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬첻ܤǾ夲Ф /iː/ ȤʤꡤѸȯ /fiːnd/ ˻롥
ȯηаޤϰʾ̤friend, fiend ֻ <ie> ˤĤƤϴñǤϤʤܤϡ#4082. chief, piece, believe ʤɤˤߤ <ie> /i:/ ([2020-06-30-1]) ɤǤ嵭 /iː/ ʳֻ <ie> ȷӤĤ줿ΤޤǻĤäƤȹͤФ褤

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-31-1]

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2020-12-27 Sun

#4262. ʤ have, has, had ϤΤ褦ȯֻʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][gvs][sound_change][vowel][spelling_pronunciation_gap][pronunciation][spelling][have][conjugation][3sp][verb][consonant][phonetics]

ưȤƤưȤƤĶٸǤ have ĶٸǤԵ§ʤȤ䤹ȤȤϡ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤȻפޤǤhave μդˤϤޤԵ§ʤȤ¿Ǥ͡
ޤ<have> ֤ä /hæv/ ɤळȤ餷̯Ǥgave /geɪv/, save /seɪv/, cave /keɪv/ Ȼ褦ֻǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤϤʤޤhave ֤Ƭ be- Ĥ behave ͽ̤ /biˈheɪv/ Ȥʤ뤳ȤͤȡޤޤԻ׵ĤǤ
ˡ3ñ *haves ǤϤʤ has ȤʤΤ̯Ǥˡʬ˷ *haved ǤϤʤ had ȤʤΤ⡤ƱͤǤޤ󡥤ʤ̤ *haves *haved ȤʤäƤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ3ĤεˤĤơѸˤΩ줫Ƥߤޤ礦ɤ



Ǥ¤Ѹˤ /hɑːvə/ ʤĹ첻 have ȯ̤ˤäΤǤ줬³ƤС첻 (gvs) ͳƸޤǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤäƤϤǤޤ٤⤤Ǥ뤿ˡû첻ƤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ
Ʊͤˡ3ñʬ˷ȤƤ⡤ѸˤϺǤϥ haves haved ѤƤޤ13ʹߤ˸ /v/ Ͼü뷹򼨤Ȥ櫓ĶٸȤȤ⤢äƤηɽ졤̤Ȥ has had ˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ/v/ ξüϡhead, lord, lady, lark, poor θˤؤäƤޤʵդˤСθˤ /v/ ޤޤƤ櫓Ǥˡ
츫Ե§ˤߤطʤˤϡٸǤ뤳ȡƲѲȤ¸ߤΤǤŪͳ櫓Ǥ͡˴ؿäϡ##4065,2200,1348εåˤƾܤɤߤ

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2020-11-18 Wed

#4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][vowel][pronunciation][sound_change][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][centralisation][spelling]

<oo> Ȥֻ book, good, look, stood ϡû첻 /ʊ/ ȯޤƱ <oo> ֤ޤfood, pool, tooth, doom ǤĹ첻 /uː/ ȤʤäƤޤûĹɤ첻ˤʤΤñˤäƷޤäƤꡤŵ뤷ޤ󡥤ʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤΤǤ礦İ



Ūˤ <oo> ֤줿嵭ñϡȤȤϤ٤Ĺ /uː/ ȯƤޤΰ book, good, look, stood ɤ櫓û첻뤳Ȥˤʤޤˡû첻ñΤʤǡФ줷2 --- blood flood --- ɤ櫓岽 (centralisation) ޤ2ˤĤƤ -lood Ȥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤȤäơʤ2ĤФ줿ΤɬƤޤ󡥲ѲȤΤϡΤ褦˵ޤʤȤޤ
room /ruːm/ ǤϤʤ /rʊm/ û첻ĤĤˤ⿨ޤ⺣奦åƤȤǤ͡
˴Ϣ뵭Ȥơ##547,1353,2293,2290εå

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-20-1]

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2020-09-29 Tue

#4173. Palsgrave Υե󥹸ʸŵ [french][orthoepy][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling_reform][oed][emode]

ե󥹸츦ԤǤؼԤä16Ⱦ˳ꥹ John Palsgrave ϡѸʳء˻˾פǤ롥ե󥹸츦ԤȤ1530ǯ˱Ѹǥե󥹸ʸŵ Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse 路äȤ褯Τ줿ե󥹸ʸŵȤʤä#3836. ե󥹸ˤǯɽ ([2019-10-28-1]) ̾󤲤뤯餤Ǥ뤫顤αƶϤϤΤǤϤʤ
Palsgrave ϥɥޤ졤֥åؤ˳ؤӡѥǽι񤷤ƥե󥹸춵դȤʤ Thomas More ʤɤȤƸ򿼤᤿αѸػ˾κζӤϡǤե󥹸ֲɽפˤȤäƤ褤¾ȯҴŪ˵ҤȤβؤδŪʻϻϤʪǤp. 38ˡ
16ϡPalsgrave Τ褦ؼԤ¿ڽФǤ롥첻 (gvs) βѲʹԤȯֻΥå (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ĤĤʤǡֻ (spelling_reform) ʤ͡ʿرĤʤƤ츦ԤȯҴǤ롥Palsgrave ⡤㳰ǤϤʤѸȯֻ¡ʤ̴ؿ򼨤 (orthoepy) ̤äΤǤ롥ʤ츦Ω줫Ѹȯֻ˴ؿ򼨤ѸΡƱ֡פȤƤϡۤ De pronunciation Graecae (1555) 路 J. Cheke Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) 路 J. Wallis ⤤жp. 616ˡ
Palsgrave Τ⤦1Ĥܤ٤ϡOED ΰʸξϢǤ뤳ȤOED ϡ Lesclarcissement 5418ĤƤƤꡤλθõҤ¿ʹ׸ʤƤcf. #642. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (4) ([2011-01-29-1])ˡϸؽǤ뤫顤եȤǤ OED ԻԤˤȤäơʤ繥ʪפǤ롥ԻԤΤ褦ʿ޷Τ񤫤ʤȤ櫓ʸˡѸʤɤΡ˸ä򽸤Ƥʤ櫓ʤ
ʾ塤Palsgrave Ѹʳء˻˾ҤȤɤοʪȤƤطʤñ˾Ҳ𤷤

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-10-1]

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2020-07-24 Fri

#4106. gaunt, aunt, lamp, danger --- Ū /a(u)NC/ ɤä4ĤΥ롼 [sound_change][vowel][diphthong][gvs][phonology][phonetics][anglo-norman][french][loan_word]

Ū /a(u)NC/ βϢäƤѸϡɸ㼨̤ꡤѸˤ4ȯʤɤˤ򼨤롥[ɔː ? ɑː], [ɑː ? æ(ː)], [æ(ː)], [eɪ] Ǥ롥4֤ζ̤ϡĶˤꡤƤ٤ޤǤϼѤΥˤ롥Ū /a(u)NC/ 줬ɤäƤ4ĤΥ롼ȤޤȤ᤿ Minkova (241) ˤɽ¿Ѥǰʲ˵󤲤褦

SourceOutputExamples
/aNC/ (AN <-aunC>)[ɔː ? ɑː]gaunt, haunt, laundry, saunter
/aNC/ (OFr <-anC>)[ɑː ? æ(ː)]aunt, grant, slander, sample, dance
/aNC#/[æ(ː)]lamp, champ, blank, flank, bland
/aNC (palat. obstr.)/[eɪ]danger, change, range, chamber


gaunt פϤ褽󥰥Υޥͳ褷aunt פϸš˥ե󥹸ͳ褹롥lamp פϡβϢ˴ѻ롥danger פϡŵŪˤ [ʤ] λҲؤˤߤ졤첻Ѳ (gvs) ФĹ첻2첻Ѳ̤򼨤ƤˤƤѸ [aː] ١Ȥʤä褦ˡ
ΥפˤĤƤ⡤ѸΥڥ󥰤ȤƤ첻ʬ <a> Τߤʤ餺 <au> 򼨤Ȥ¿첻շβˤƲ¸ɤ줬͡ˤäȤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-06-30 Tue

#4082. chief, piece, believe ʤɤˤߤ <ie> /i:/ [spelling][digraph][orthography][vowel][gvs][french][loan_word][etymological_respelling]

ѸαѸ춵Ǥ褯Τ줿ڥ󥰤Υ롼뤬롥"i before e except after c" ȤΤĹ첻 /iː/ б륹ڥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡ#2205. proceed vs recede ([2015-05-11-1]) #2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦¿बǧ뤬Τ2Ĥ <ie> <ei> 롥ɸθΤ褦 <ie> ΤΤ¿receive, deceive, perceive Τ褦 <ei> 򼨤⤢ꡤؽ庮򾷤䤹ǡ嵭Υ롼뤬櫓Ǥ롥Ūʥ롼ǤϤ롥
ϡʤɸΤ褦ʸ췲 <ie> /iː/ бطߤΤѸˤδɤäƤߤޤбط򼨤 Carney (331) ꤤĤ󤲤ƤꥹȤθȾˤϸͭ̾ޤࡥ

achieve, achievement, belief, believe, besiege, brief, chief, diesel, fief, field, fiend, grief, grieve, hygiene, lief, liege, lien, mien, niece, piece, priest, reprieve, shield, shriek, siege, thief, thieves, wield, yield; Brie,, Fielden, Gielgud, Kiel, Piedmont, Rievaulx, Siegfried, Siemens, Wiesbaden


ꥹȤ츻δįƤߤȡbelieve, field, fiend, shield ʤɤαѸޤޤƤȤϤե󥹸ƥ줫μѸ줬Ωġºݡλ¤ҥȤˤʤ롥
brief /briːf/ Ȥ˼ϥƥǡûפ̣ brevis, brevem ͳ褹롥Υƥñϸθťե󥹸ˤѾ줿ŪѸ˱ƶڤܤ Anglo-French Ǥ bref ȤѤ줿ѸϤΥڥ󥰤Ʊñ줿Ѹ <e> ɽ蘆줿Ĺ첻 /eː/ ǤꡤѸˤ첻 (gvs) ФƸѸ /iː/ Ϣʤ롥Ĥޤꡤȯ˴ؤƤϡѸʹߡͽ¬ƻ򤿤ɤäȤˤʤ롥
ڥ󥰤˴ؤƤϡä𤬤äťե󥹸ȤäƤ롥Anglo-French Ǥ bref ȤäƤե󥹸Ǥ brief ȤѸѸˤϤۤ Anglo-French bref ˽äƤ16ˤơե󥹸θҤˤư۷ȤѤƤ brief Ȥ˿ȯơڥ󥰤˴ؤ bref brief ؤȾ괹ΤǤ롥
̤˽ѸˤϸҤ륹ڥ󥰤ؤƴݤƤꡤƴоݤϼȤƥƥ䥮ꥷäΤˤäƤϤΤ褦˥ե󥹸ˤΥڥ󥰤ؤηФȤ⤢ä (Upward and Davidson (105))
ơѸˤơĹ첻б <e> 16ˤ <ie> ؤ֤ľ뵤εȯüե󥹸줫μѸä䤬ƱѸޤ嵭θ췲ˤŪ֤ʤŬѤ졤˻롥
٤ߤСҤηаޤˤ̯Ϥ롥Jespersen (77) ˤСե󥹸Ǥ achieve chief б <ie> ǤϤʤ <e> ֤ƤꡤѸ줬ƴΥǥȿ٤ <ie> ˤϤʤäϤcf. ե󥹸 achever, chefˡ
Ǥ⡤¿ñ줬褽Ʊߥ󥰤 <e> <ie> ؾ괹Ȥ¤ϽפǤ롥Τˤи츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤϸƤӤˤޤबѼȤȤ館뤳ȤϤǤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-30-1]

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2020-06-17 Wed

#4069. ʤ live ȯưǤϡ֥סƻȡ֥饤פʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][fricative_voicing][aphaeresis]

ѸˤμȤǴ󤻤줿ѤʵǤˤСܲŪʹߤƤɾ "Black Lives Matter" (BLM) Τ褦ʡ̾ life ̿ˤʣȤƤ lives /laɪv/ Τ褦2첻Ȥʤꡤû첻򼨤ư live /lɪv/ Ȥϰ褷ޤƱ츻̤뤳ȤȻפ뤳θ줬ۤʤ첻򼨤ΤϡäʤʤΤǤ礦
ư live Ω򸫤Ƥޤ礦űѸǤϡưʸˤ libban Τ褦û첻򼨤ƤޤҲȤ v ǤϤʤ b 򼨤ȤΤ⤪⤷Ǥ͡cf. #74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1])ˡäȤ⡤ΤˤϤΥȥˤ֤ǤꡤϤΥ󥰥ꥢǤ lifian Τ褦 f ȯȤƤ /v/ˤ򼨤ƤޤǤ첻ܤ¤ꡤưϸűѸ줫鸽ޤǰӤû첻򼨤ƤꡤǤŪ˲̤ʤȤäƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥾βѲϤޤѸư live /lɪv/ ϸűѸꤪ褽ȥ졼Ȥ˼ѤƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
̾ life /laɪf/ ΩƤߤޤ礦ưפȤꡤ̾ life ư live ϥޥĸΥ٥Ǹ캬ͭƤޤ̾ϸűѸǤϤǤĹ첻ȼä līf /liːf/ ȯƤޤɤ饲ޥĸʳ顤̾ưδ֤첻Ĺΰ㤤ä褦Ǥ̾Ĺ첻 /iː/ ϡäȸθѸ줫ѸˤƿʹԤѸ˾̾첻 (gvs) Фơ§Ū˸Ѹ2첻 /aɪ/ ˵뤷ޤ̾ʣ lives /laɪvz/ ˤĤƤ⡤ñƱϩ2첻򼨤˻ޤ촴ҲˤĤ /f/ /v/ ͭƤܤͤޤλˤĤƤϡǤϿΩޤ󤬡ܵμεˤطޤΤǡҰʲεɤߤ

#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ ([2013-01-21-1])
#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1])
#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) ([2018-05-08-1])
#3299. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (2) ([2018-05-09-1])
#3300. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (3) ([2018-05-10-1])

ơǸ˷ƻ live /laɪv/ ΩǤư̾줬űѸѤƤΤȤоŪˡηƻϽФѸȤճȿǤθϡ̤ηƻ alive θƬ a ƤǤ (aphaeresis) Ǥꡤд¸θΤäȤάȤ֤ŤʤΤǤ͡ηƻ alive Ⱦάηƻ live ȤǤϡˡʬʤƤΤΡʾΤ褦طʤޤΤǡѸǤƱ /(ə)ˈlaɪv/ ͭƤ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤϤޤ
Ǥ⤽ⴰ alive 2첻򼨤ΤϤʤǤ礦ϡalive 츻̤ȡֻ on + ̾ lifeפȤΩǤShe is alive. ϡäƤߤ She is on life. ȤȤʤΤǤalive θȾʬϤäƵŪ̾Ǥ顤ҤΤ褦˸űѸǤĹ첻 /iː/ 򼨤ޤθ塤첻ܤФ /aɪ/ ؤȵ뤷Τ⡤̾ξʿŪǤ촴Ҳ /f/ /v/ ؤͭ⡤ƱʿŪǤ
⤬ĹʤޤɸμüŪʤмΤ褦ˤʤޤ⤽űѸꡤưû첻̾Ĺ첻򼨤Ƥꡤ̤ˤĤƺäȤȤǤѲ¿ޤŪˤϤβ̤κޤǼѤƤˤʤȤȤˤʤޤ
live, life, alive ȤϢΤɤäƤˤΤ褦įƤޤȡƻ alive θƬƷƻ live ޤ줿ꡤƽ f v ͭʤɡܤ٤Ѳճ¿ؤäƤȤ˵Ťޤºݡ3ˤƤʤǥפʡ˸ءפ뤳ȤǤޤȤޤ˴ؿäϡalive ˸ءʤ뤤ϡ#2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ͳǡˤɤߤ

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2020-06-15 Mon

#4067. Ĺ첻 /r/פФѲ [rhotic][r][vowel][diphthong][triphthong][sound_change][gvs]

ѸΡĹ첻 /r/פ뤤ϡ2첻 /r/פβϢϡѸˤƤĤθߤ̩ܤʲѲФƤʲMinkova (279) 󤲤ƤƸ褦ǰƬˤ륿ॹѥϡѸ줫18?19ˤƤǤ롥

Late ME to EModESchwa-insertionLength adjustment/-r/-lossExamples
-əir ? -ʌir-aiər-aɪər-aɪəfire (OE fȳr)
-eː̝r ? -iːr-iːər-ɪər-ɪədeer (OE dēor)
-ɛːr ? -e̝ːr ? -iːr-iːər-ɪər-ɪəear (OE ēare)
-ɛːr ? -eːr-eːər-ɛər-ɛəpear (OE pere)
-æːr ? -ɛːr-ɛːər-ɛər-ɛəhare (OE hara)
-ɔːr-ɔː(ə)r-ɔ(ː)(ə)r-ɔ(ː)(ə)oar (OE ār)
-oːr-ɔː(ə)r-ɔ(ː)(ə)r-ɔ(ː)(ə)floor (OE flōr)
-oː̝r ? -uːr-uːər-ʊər-ʊəpoor (AN pover, pour)
-əur ? -ʌur-auər-aʊər-aʊəbower (OE būr)


Τ褦 Minkova (278) ϡ(1) schwa-insertion, or breaking, (2) pre-shwa-laxing, or length adjustment, (3) /-r/-loss Ȥ3ĤβͿȤȤƤ롥ޤ̩˾嵭νDzʹԤɤϳǤʤΤΡnon-rhotic Ѽ郎éäϩΥǥȤơ嵭󼨤ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
non-rhotic ѼǤϡβѲη̤ȤơĤο2첻3첻줿Ȥˤʤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-06-13 Sat

#4065. ʤ have ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥إפǤϤʤ֥ϥפȯΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][have][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][degemination][gvs]

2ε#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-11-1])#4064. ʤ were ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-12-1]) ˰³ơɸѤʵǤ2ĤεȤޤäƱǤΤǡɤɼԤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
have Ķ٤εǽǤΤǡˤäˤ̤Ʋμ岽ȶ򷫤֤ƤޤűѸʸˤ habban Ȥ֤ǡ촴첻û첻Ǥcf. #74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1])#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1]) <bb> ɽƤ2ŻҲѸˤæŻҲ (degemination) Ϣưûä촴첻Ĺơ[haːvə] Τ褦ʲˤʤޤĹ첻ѤƤС첻 (gvs) ФơǤ [heɪv] ȤʤäƤǤ礦ºݡƬ be- դ behave ϡͽۤȯ򼨤ޤ
have ΤΤĶ٤εǽǤʤˤˤƤӼ岽첻û뤳Ȥ򤱤ޤǤѸʹߤ [hav] [hæv] Фơߤ˻ޤ (cf. #3998. ʤ apple a ̤Ρ֥פǤϤʤ֥פ˶ᤤȯʤΤǤ ([2020-04-07-1]))
are, were, have ΤˤƤ⡤ȯˤĤƤϼ岽鶯ѲФƤޤڥ󥰤Ѹդ꤫̯˰ꤷƤȤΤߥǤĶٸħʤΤ⤷ޤ󡥴Ϣơ#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1]) ɤ
ޤ᤿3֤εϡJespersen (1299--30; 4.432) ˰͵򤷤Ƽɮޤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

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2020-06-12 Fri

#4064. ʤ were ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][be][bre][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][gvs]

ε#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-11-1]) ˰³Ǥwere ϡѸˡ§§äȯ here, mere, sphere ʤɤȵӱƧ [wɪə] Ȥʤ뤫뤤 ere, there, where ʤɤȵӱƧ [wɛə] դˤʤꤽǤºݤˤ [wəː] ʤɤȯޤϤʤǤ礦
ϡ are Ʊͤ were ޤĶ٤εǽȤƼ岽ȶ򷫤֤Ƥ̤ȤޤбűѸη֤ϡɸŪȤ West-Saxon wǣre wǣron Ǥcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])ˡ줬Ѹˤ [wæːrə] [wɛːrə] [wɛːr] ȵ§ŪȯãޤޤǤ there where ʤɤƱϩ򤿤ɤäƤޤ
θ were ֤ʬޤĶ٤εǽȤƤʤˤǡ岽첻û [wɛr] Ȥʤޤ -er ¿θ­¤ߤ·첻§Ūȯã[wə] Ȥʤޤߡ夯ȯȤȯ [wə] ǤȤ˿˶Ĺˤȯޤ졤ߤ̾ȯ [wəː] 夷Ȥ櫓Ǥ (Jespersen (130; 4.432))
ˤΤʳ were there where ֤ʬäȽҤ٤ޤ¤ɬ⤽ä櫓ǤϤޤ֤ʬȯãȤܤthere where ȵӱƧ [wɛə] ȯ⡤ޥʡȤϤߤǤԤʤƤ뤫ǤLPD Preference poll ˤȡȯϡꥹѸǶȤƻѤ6%ȤǤϤޤΤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼ޤʢ⥤ꥹںˤȯ褯İޤˡ

Pronunciation of

εΥʬ were ˴ؤƷ֤Ȼפޤwere ϡĶ٤εǽǤ뤬椨ˡˤ̤Ƽ岽ȶβˤ餵Ƥޤ͡ʷ֤ƤϾäȤץ򷫤֤̤ȤơΤʤΤ줫η֤ɸѸˤޤӤƤȤȤˤʤޤˤäƤϡ¤ˡ֥פä⤷ʤΤǤʡ֥פϼºݤ6%θȯˡߤǤɸȯõƤߤС͡ʷ֤ĤäƤϤǤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-13-1]

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2020-06-11 Thu

#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][be][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][gvs]

be ư are ϡѸˡ§§äȯ [ɛə] ȤʤϤǤƬ̤λҲʻˤäƤߤФ狼Ȥꡤbare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, rare, ware ʤɤǤϤ [ɛə] ǵӱƧߤޤare Ķ٤ñǤꡤƤɤߴƤ⤤뤿ˡʤΥڥ󥰤ȯԵ§ˤϵŤޤ󤬡¤ϤбطˤʤäƤΤǤϤäƤߤޤ礦
are θ츻ϡűѸ Anglia ʣб be ưη aron (Old Northumbrian) earun (Old Mercian) ˤޤϸűѸɸŪȤ줿 West Saxon ʤɤǤѤʤäΤǡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ζɽˤϸƤޤ󡥸űѸ aron earun ϡѸ˸岽are Τ褦ʷ֤ؤȿʿƤޤ
ѸǤΤθȯϡĹ촴첻򼨤첻ۣ첻ȤƤĤäƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ/aːrə/ ۤɤȯǤθ塤⤷̾βȯã뤲ƤʤСcare [kaːrə] [kaːr] [kɛːr] [kɛər] [kɛə] ѲƤΤʿŪˡ[aːrə] [aːr] [ɛːr] [ɛər] [ɛə] ȤʤäƤϤǤ (cf. Minkova 279) are ˴ؤƤϤϤʤޤǤʤǤ礦
ˤ⿨줿褦 are ĶٸǤꡤⵡǽǤ뤿Ǥbe ưޤư졤̾졤ֻʤɤεǽϡѤ뤿ᡤȯ긺äƼ岽Ǥޤ˼岽ƤѤ­ޤΤǡռŪʶܤơȯ򤷤äꤷΤ˺ޤθϡ˾ˤ˼岽ȶ򷫤֤Ƥޤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1]
δ are ȯȯãߤƤߤޤ礦ѸǤ [aːrə] [aːr] ޤǿʤߤޤθ塤촴첻μ岽äȶŪˤû[ar] Ȥʤޤû첻Ȥʤäʾ塤Ĺ첻Τߤ˺ѤѸˤƤ첻 (gvs) 뤳Ȥʤcare ʤɤȤ֤ʬʤ顤ѸǤ⤳ [ar] ݤ³ޤʤĹ첻ͳ褹֤ɸŪˤϻ¸ain't ߽ФȤƶ⤢ޤ (Jespersen (130; 4.432))ˡ
Ѹ [ar] Ϥ˼ޤäơ[a] [ə] Ȥʤꡤ줬 we're, they're Τ褦˥ݥȥեȼäάȤ֤ȯޤռŪʶФ֤Ȥơñ첻Ĺ [aːr] ȯãޤ줬ߤ̾ȯǤ [ɑə] [ɑː] ˽夷ޤ
are ϡĶ٤εǽǤ뤬椨ˡˤ̤Ƽ岽ȶβˤ餵Ƥޤ͡ʷ֤ƤϾäȤץ򷫤֤̤ȤơΤʤΤ줫η֤ɸѸˤޤӤƤȤȤˤʤޤˤäƤϡ¤ˡ֥פä⤷ʤΤǤߤǤɸȯõƤߤС͡ʷ֤ĤäƤϤǤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-13-1] [2020-06-12-1]

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2020-03-01 Sun

#3961. 3ûλ [sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][trish][compound][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][drift]

ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__C(C)σσ


Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ󤲤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

heafodu PL'head'
cicenu PL'chicken'
linenes GEN'linen'
æniȝe PL'any'
ærende'errand'
æmette'ant'
suþerne'southern'
westenne DAT'waste (desert)'
deorlingas PL'darling'
feorþinȝas PL'farthing'
feowertiȝ'forty'
freondscipe'friendship'
haliȝdaȝ'holiday'
alderman'alderman'
heringes PL'herring'
stiropes PL'stirrup'
Monenday'Monday'
Thuresday'Thursday'
seliness'silliness'
redili'readily'
bretheren PL'brethren'
evere'ever'
othere ACC'other''
redeles PL'riddle'
boseme ACC'bosom'
wepenes PL'weapon'


ȤȤ3Фۤʣ3ˤʤäΡ̾ʣʤɤζ޸դ3ˤʤäΤˤ뤳ȤäˤꡤѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơʣ southern, holiday, Monday Ǥû첻ȤʤäƤͳ롥¾ζˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1])
#260. ([2010-01-12-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1])

֤εǡѸ쳫Ĺ (meosl)ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening)Ҳû (shocc) ʤɡűѸ줫ѸϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ򰷤äƤ餬ߤ䴰طˤäȤܤͤ롥ˤСζή (drift) ϼλΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˤĤʤäƤΤǤꡤˤ錄Ĺѥפ٤ȤȤʬ롥

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط ([2020-01-16-1])
#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1])

ʸ嵭2020/03/02(Mon)̾ϻ moon Ĺ첻ŦޤơΡָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻ĤΤФơפָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơפ˽ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-01-16 Thu

#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط [gvs][stress][vowel][sound_change][drift][metrical_phonology][meosl]

ε#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū ([2020-01-15-1]) κǸ˼褦ˡ˱Ѹ첻Ǥϡ̵ͭꥺʤɤαΧ첻Ѳˤδ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȹͤƤ롥
Ѹ¾ΥޥǤϡΤΤ褦ˡζζ̡ҤƤ첻ζζ̤ǽŪ˽Ż뤵롥ˤꡤΧΥꥺˤηи뤳ȤˤʤꡤηĴ¤첻⤽μ̤ѲѰۤƤȤθˤĤƤϡ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1])#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤϱѸˤˤפĹ첻Ѳ˴ؤ븦路 Stenbrenden ηꡤݤεѤ (318)

. . . stressed syllables and vowels behave differently from unstressed syllables and vowels. Since stress in Gmc involves intensity (perceptual loudness and more muscular and respiratory force) in addition to pitch prominence, various articulatory features are a consequence of stress: stressed vowels are longer and usually more peripheral (in terms of the vowel space), fortis plosives have more aspiration, etc. Lack of stress, on the other hand, involves little muscular effort and perceptual 'softness', and often low/level pitch; unstress therefore has articulatory consequences like shorter and more centralised vowels (or at least loss of vowel contrasts . . .), vowel reduction, vowel and consonant elision, and little to no aspiration of fortis plosives, etc. Thus, what is known as the 'syncopation period' in early Gmc may be interpreted as only the beginning of a long process involving the gradual reduction and loss of unstressed vowels and syllables, the last major instance of which is witnessed (in English) in the loss of final schwa. Related to this reduction process are the lOE and ME processes that lengthen vowels in open syllables and shorten vowels in words of two or more syllables. Clearly, metrical considerations play a crucial role here . . . .


ΰѤκǸǡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ʤɤ˿Ƥꡤ첻 (gvs) ˤƤʤΤΡԤޤƥޥɺή (drift) ͤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤפ첻Ѳ¿餫ηǴϢƤꡤΰ̣ǤϤ٤ƤҤä "chain shift" ʤΤȤͤǤ롥

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1]

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2020-01-15 Wed

#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū [gvs][vowel][sound_change][drift][isochrony][prosody]

ε#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1]) ǰѤ Stenbrenden ϡ첻ܡ (gvs) ĹŪʻѻ礭첻Ѳɺή (drift) ΰǤȺɾǤϡɺήȤΤϡʤ¸ߤʤΤStenbrenden (316) ϡĴоݤȤĹ첻ȡ줬ŪˤɤäƤѲפʲΤ褦˰ˤĤѲפ֤¤ܤ

ME and eModE long-vowel shifts

OE vowel, PDE reflexType of changeDate of beginning of change
ȳ > ī > /aɪ/unrounding950
 diphthongisation1250
ēo > ø̄ > ē > /iː/monophthongisation11th century
 unrounding12th--15th centuries
 raising1250
ā > ō̜ > ō > [ou] > /əʊ/rounding11th century
 raising16th century
 diphthongisation16th century
ǣ > > ē > /iː/ or /eɪ/raising/ɛː/ 11th c.; /eː/ 15th c.; /iː/ 16th c.
 (diphthongisation)(16th--17th centuries)
ē > /iː/raising1225
ō > /uː/ or /ʊ/ ? /ʌ/raising1225
 shortening; unrounding14th--15th centuries;
NF: ō > [üː](often fronted in PDE)15th--16th centuries
 NF: fronting and raising(late) 13th century
ī > /aɪ/diphthongisation1250
ū > /aʊ/diphthongisation1250


֤ѲפȤ raising, fronting, diphthongisation, monophthongisation ʤɤΤȤؤ餬ߤ̵طƤȤϹͤˤषˤ "cyclical nature" ʽ۴Ūˤ򸫽ФȤǤˤСѸΤߤʤ餺¿Υޥˤ۴Ū첻Ѳɺήߤ뤳Ȥ顤ޥ줹ͤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ҥȤȤʤΤϡRitt ʤɤμĥ "rhythmic isochrony" θʤȼ夤᤬Τ˶̤졤餬ߤ˸뱤Ӥγơ褽ƱĹäȯȤΧħǤ롥rhythmic isochrony 첻ѲδطˤĤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-16-1]

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2020-01-14 Tue

#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤ [gvs][vowel][sound_change][drift]

첻 (gvs) ˴ؤǿθ Stenbrenden 롥ܤˤĤƤϡ#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1])#3659. 첻ܤ5Ĥ (2) ([2019-05-04-1]) Ǥñ˼夲ΤȤƼ٤෼ȯŪƤθǤ롥
Stenbrenden ϡǯξʤԤƱͤˡ첻ܡפ̣ͭñ̤ȤߤƤʤѸѸˤŸηŪ첻ѲȤޤߤä첻ܡפϡ¤ΤȤޤ᤿Ĺ֤Ϥߤ˴Ϣ첻ѲΰʤƤˤΰʬ夲ơ첻ܡפʤɤ̾դΤϥߥ꡼ǥ󥰤Ǥ롤ȤΩ
ŪˤСStenbrenden (312) ϰʲΤ褦ʼ첻ѲĴơѲλʬŪ˽ʣʤ⡤ΤȤƤ1118ȾФޤǤˤ錄äƤȷŤƤ롥13--15ˤ¿첻Ѳ椷ƤΤ̩٤ǻȤ뤬⤢ޤǤ礭ɺή (drift) ΰȤȤ

 10001100120013001400150016001700
OE ȳ > [iː]***************     
OE ēo > [eː]  *****************    
OE ā > [ou]  ****************************  
OE ǣ > [iː]  *************************  
OE ō > [üː] N   **********    
OE ō > [uː] S   **********    
OE/ME ē > [iː]   **********    
OE ū > [au]   *********************  
OE ī > [ai]   *********************  
lME ā > [ei]   *********************  


ޤȤȤơStenbrenden (312) 2ĤۤɰѤ롥

. . . this comprehensive ME long-vowel shift started in the eleventh century at the latest, and did not come to a halt (if indeed it did) until perhaps the mid-eighteenth century.


The findings summarised in 9.1 [= the table above] indicate clearly that the traditional 'GVS' is only one part of some long-term drift in English (and other Gmc languages), and that the conventional definition of the shift is untenable.


Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1] [2020-01-15-1]

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2019-06-18 Tue

#3704. ֲѲϿ̤Τ褦ʤΡ [sound_change][grimms_law][gvs]

Ѳ (sound_change) Τ񤷤ˤˤƤϺǤ⤢դ줿ѲμǤˤ⤫餺ޤ˴˿ʹԤ뤿ˡƤüԤˤȤäƤۤȤɵդʤǤ롥ѸˤˤƤܸˤˤƤ⡤ѲλꥹȲС餯ɴϵ󤬤ˡӸؤ˴ؤƤСοǯΤ˵äȤŪʲѲ󤹤С줳ڤʤۤɤοˤʤѲϡθƤʤΤΡˤƤӤθݤǤ롥
ѸˤˤƤϡˡ§ (grimms_law) 첻 (gvs) Ȥä̾ʲѲ̤¸ߴ򼨤ƤꡤѲβ뤫ˤĤƳƤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ뤬Τ褦ʺΩäѲΤߤҲ𤹤ȤΤϡ¤ϥߥ꡼ǥ󥰤Ǥ롥ŪˤϡޤǤϤʤϤ礭ʤ̤̾դƤʤѲΤۤŪ¿Ǥ롥֥ˡ§פ첻ܡפϡ̣DzѲΥ꡼Υ꡼ȤȤ٤ǤꡤܤƤޤȲѲܶ¿ɬ⤦ޤʤȤˤʤäƤޤΤۤȤɤβѲϡäȤĤޤΩʤΤǤ롥
դλ򤦤ޤˡϤʤȻפäƤȤ䤬֤Ƥعֺ¡ֻŪء˻äƤѸֲѲϿ̤Τ褦ʤΡפǤ礦ȡ礭ʥҥȤ򤤤ϵǤϺ羮Ͽ̤Ƥ롥ˤ̵羮Ͽ̤餳ǵäƤ櫓̾Ĥ졤Τ褦ˤʤäΤϡ̺ҡס֥ޥȥ鲭Ͽ̡ס֥ե󥷥Ͽ̡פʤɤζˤƿﳲ⤿餷ΤΤ˸¤졤̵ξϿ̤ˤ̾ĤʤϿ̤ϸźĤǤɤǤˤ˵äƤˤ⤫餺Ū뤤ϸŪʰյǧΡȤ櫓פʤΤ̾ĤƤΤǤ롥
ѲƱͤǤ롥źɤθˤⲻѲˤ˵äƤ롥γơޤܶǤꡤ­ʤΤ˻פΤǡưĤҤȤĤ̾Ĥ뤳ȤϤʤ¿ϡ໤פȤûפʤɤȤŪʥ٥ŽƤޤǤ롥ѥȤΤȤ櫓꡼ȤΤߤͭ̾˻롥Ͽ̤ȲѲϡǻƤ롥줿ȤȻפ

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2019-05-31 Fri

#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][suffix][latin][diatone][-ate]

ε#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1]) ˰³-ate ĸȯưǤ /eɪt/ Ȥʤ̾졦ƻǤ /ɪt/ ȤʤˤĤơ
Carney Ǥ⤳꤬ƽǰƤꡤä p. 398 ˤθݤ򼨤ñꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ˺ƸƤŪǤϤʤȻפ뤬ʰǤ롥

aggregate, animate, appropriate, approximate, articulate, associate, certificate, co-ordinate, correlate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, duplicate, elaborate, emasculate, estimate, expatriate, graduate, importunate, incorporate, initiate, intimate, moderate, postulate, precipitate, predicate, separate, subordinate, syndicate


Carney ΥꥹȤ󤲤ƤΤϡʻˤäȯؤतñ줬ȤˤƤǤ롥¾μȤƤϡؤ̾ư (diatone) 󤲤Ƥ뤷 -ment ĸˤƤ롥̾ưȤݤȤŪطʤˤĤƤˤĤƤϡǤܥ֥Ǥ diatone γƵܳŪ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤʻˤäȯؤפȤݥȤ -ate ȤĤʤäƤȤΤϡȯä
-ment ˤĤƤϡưǤΤ첻 /-mɛnt/ Ȥʤ뤬̾졦ƻǤۣ첻 /-mənt/ Ȥʤ롥Carney (398) 곺ñΥꥹȤ󤲤Ƥcomplement, compliment, document, implement, increment, ornament, supplement.

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1]

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2019-05-30 Thu

#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][analogy][suffix][latin][sobokunagimon][-ate]

ɸˤĤƼ䤬󤻤ޤȤ appropriate ưȤƤϡֻѤ˶סƻȤƤϡŬڤʡפǤơȯ /əˈproʊpriˌeɪt/, /əˈproʊpriˌɪt/ Ȥʤޤ첻 /eɪt/ ̸ /ɪt/ ǰۤʤäƤޤϤʤǤ礦
ư /eɪt/ ȯϡֻȾȤ餷碌Ф狼褦ˡ첻 (gvs) θ̤Ƥޤ<-ate> Ȥֻɽ蘆ȯ /-aːt(ə)/ Ѹ첻ܤˤ /eɪt/ ؤѲǤޤƱֻ̾졦ƻ -ate ǤϡΤ褦ȯѲϵäƤޤ󡥤Ѳϡष첻μ岽Ǥꡤ/ɪt/ ؤȵ뤷Ƥޤ
ΰ㤤ϡ첻ܰζΤΰ㤤˵ޤŪˤСappropriate Τ褦Ĺñξ硤ưˤƤϸβ2֤ޤƻ졦̾ˤƤ֤ʤȤޤappropriate ˤĤƶŪˤСưȤƤ4 -ate ˡ2˶֤ޤ̾졦ƻȤƤϤ줬֤ʤȤȤˤʤޤ
ǻפФ٤ϡ첻ܤϡֶΤĹ첻פˤƺѤ벻ǤȤȤǤĤޤꡤ-ate ưˡˤƤϡ2ǤϤޤ˶֤Τǡξ˹פ /-aːt(ə)/ /eɪt/ ޤ̾졦ƻˡˤƤϡ֤ʤΤ첻ܤȤ̵طˤळȤˤʤޤ̾졦ƻˡǤϡ /-aːt(ə)/ ֻȤƤ <-ate> ݤʤ⡤ȤƤ϶򼺤ȤȤ /-at/ ؤû /-ət/ /-ɪt/ ؤۣ첻ΤǤ
Τ褦ʷаޤǡ-ate ʻˤäȯ㤨Ȥʤޤä󤳤ηޤꡤѥ󤬤Ǥȡθϼºݤȯ䶯֤ˤ餺ȤˤΩѥŪŬѤ褦ˤʤޤơ-ate ȯ롼뤬ΩΤǤ
Ϣơ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ⤴Ȥ-age ʤɤ˴ؤƤ⡤ۤƱƤϤޤȻפޤ (310, 313) ׻ȡ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1] [2019-05-31-1]

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2019-05-04 Sat

#3659. 첻ܤ5Ĥ (2) [gvs][history_of_linguistics][phonology][sound_change][teleology]

gvs 򰷤äǶܳŪʸȤơStenbrenden Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling (2016) 롥첻ܴѤ˽ŪʸäȤ⡤Ԥˤ碌첻ܤθǤϤʤĹ첻ܤθȼĥ첻ܤȸʤȤˡԤΥݥȤ뤫
Stenbrenden ϡ#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) ǵ󤲤첻ܡȤʬŪ˽ʣ뤫Ǥʤ⡤ȼλ5ĤˡŦƤ (1--3)

1ܤϡ"functional explanations seem to be teleological, suggesting that languages in a sense know where they are heading and hence resort to chain-shifts to avoid mergers" (2) Ȥ¤Ūȯۤ˴ŤϢŪ (chain shift) Ū (teleology) ФܼŪȽǤ롥
2ܤϡ"push chain", "drag chain", 뤤ƱѲȤäܤν֤˴ؤ뽾ϡƲǤΰ۲Ѱۤιڻ뤷ƤȤŦǤ롥ǤȰ۲δطϤäʣʤΤǤꡤθǤñ㤹Ȥ櫓
3ܤϡ"push chain" "drag chain" Ȥ̾դϡޤǸݤ򵭽ҤƤˤθݤƤΤǤϤʤˤ⤫餺̾դˤäƤʤ줿Τ褦˺ФƤޤäƤȤ꤬롥٥뤬Žդ­Ƥޤλ׹ߤ˴٤äƤޤȤȽ
4ܤϡϡŪʴפϤäΤǡҤȤ˲ʤ෿ˤȤƤȤ館ƤȤǤ롥ĴİСΧȤäŪʥץǡƤΤǤϤʤ
5ܤϡŬ (Optimality Theory; ot) ϤȤŪʥץϡ㤤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤϤʤȤȽˤäθݤ򤦤ޤǤʤ硤QŪˤ¦꤬ȹͤΤ̤ФиݤΤۤΤǤϤʤȤȯŸ뤳ȤȤǤžݤǤ롥

ʤʤ긷ȽǻŦƤΤϡ첻ܤ5ĤפȤ첻5ĤפȤäۤ褤

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-14-1]

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