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drift - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-05-01 Fri

#4022. ѸˤˤʸˡѲĬήǤС礫ʬϤء [synthesis_to_analysis][inflection][morphology][unidirectionality][drift][terminology][typology]

Ѹˤ1500ǯʾˤ錄ޤδ֤ʸˡѲĬήɽʤС礫ʬϤءפ˿Ԥޤ⤷ƥȤDZѸˤʸˡѲ⤷ʤȤ䤤Ф줿ʤСΥե졼񤤤Ƥ10060ϼޤʢΥƥȤǤϤñäǤϤʤǤ줯餤פȤȤȤƲᤷƤˡ⤦ǫʤСֱѸŪʸ줫ʬŪʸؤȥեȤƤפȤʤޤ
ѸϡűѸ줫ѸФƶʸѸ˻ˤΤʤǡ෿žƤޤűѸŪ (synthetic) Ȥ졤ḽѸʬŪ (analytic) ȤޤѲϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis to analysis) ؤΰȤȤˤʤޤ
ǤˤơפʬϡפȤϤ⤽ⲿΤȤǤ礦ޤɤѸǤϤʤȾפäƤΤǤĹ餯ΩƤޤäƤΤǻʤȤäƤޤäޤ礦
ˤפȤϡ˴ؤŪʻɸΤȤǤŪʸǤϡŵŪ˸Ūʰ̣ɽ魯ʡʸ촴ˤʸˡŪʵǽôʡʶ޸ʤɡˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤԤˤʣʸˡǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤʾʬǤʤ1Ĥξʶ޸ˡʣʸˡǽŪפ˵ͤƤȤ櫓Ǥʱñ synthesis ϡۤʤΤ1ĤȢ˵ͤ礹륤᡼Ǥˡ
פФơʬϡפޤʬŪʸǤϡѡĤγơŵŪ1ĤεǽбƤꡤ֤ȵǽɳդаñǤʱñ analysis ϡĤäܰܲ򤭤ۤ᡼Ǥˡ
㤨СűѸǡֲȡΡפ̣ hūsa (hūs + -a) ͤƤߤޤ礦촴 hūs Ụֲ̄ȡפô޸ -a ʣͭʤʸˡǽôäƤޤ-a ϷŪˤϤʾʬǤʤǾñ̤Ǥ˿ȳʤ˴ؤ2Ĥξ󤬵ͤޤƤ櫓Ǥ顤θŪ򼨤ƤȤޤѸǡֲȡΡפбɽ of houses Ȥʤꡤhouse- Ụֲ̄ȡפôäƤϸűѸӤǤޤʣ -s ˤäơ°ʡʽͭʡˤ of ˤäɽ蘆Ƥޤȳʤγơεǽ̡ΥѡĤɽ蘆Ƥ櫓Ǥ顤θʬŪȤޤ
ѸˤŪϤ˴ѻޤư3ñ -s ʤɤϡθƤ̤̾ꡤ1ʤ뾮ʤΤʤ3;ΡñߡʡľˡˤȤʣʸˡ󤬵ͤޤƤꡤŪǤޤ;̾Ǥ I, my, me ʤɤΤ褦˸Ѳ뤳ȤǰۤʤʤɸƤΤ⡤Ū򼨤ΤȤޤ̾졤̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤμ׸θˤĤƸűѸȸѸӤƤߤʤСѸ줬޸οȤ̤ơˤ򸺤ʬƤȤϵ褦Τʤ¤Ǥ
Τ褦˱Ѹˤˤϰ̤ˡ礫ʬϡפؤή줬졤ήοʤ߶ˤäƻ礭3ʬˡŪ˺ΤƤޤűѸ϶޸ζ̤褯ݻƤִʶޤλ (period of full inflection)Ѹ϶޸ϻĤäƤΤ1Ĥθ˼̤Ƹߤ˶̤ʤʤäƤֿʿޤλ (period of levelled inflection)ƶѸ϶޸;üּ줿ޤλ (period of lost inflection) ȤޤơŪʻ塤礫ʬϤؤβϴŪ򼨤塤ʬŪʻȸƤǤ褤Ǥ礦Ѹˤˤߤ뤳Ĭήϡ¤ϥޥˤ䡤ҤƤϰˤȤˤƤǧĬήǤ⤢ޤ
ˤ˹ߤ롤޸οˤäư줿ŪμޤϡĬήפȤˤȤɤޤ餺ФСή (drift) ȤߤʤƤޤdrift Ȥϡꥫθؼ Edward Sapir (150) "Language moves down time in a current of its own making. It has a drift." ȽҤ٤ΤǽȤޤƥޥɤν졤Ȥ櫓ѸϡήˤήƤ1ĤɾƤޤ
⤽ʤѸɮƬȤưˤΤ褦ήΤǤ礦Ĺ餯ƤƤǤޤ̤ǤѲˤήϥήǤϤʤή򼨤ޤ⡤û֤ήǤϤʤĹϤäƻ³ήǤԻ׵ĤʤΤϡѲμΤǤϤüԤγơѤݤ˲θѲήʤɰռƤʤˤ⤫餺θѲή䤷ʤᡤƱή򼡤ؤȰѤǤ椯ȤǤѲήȤϡüԤΰռĶȤǺѤƤ롤ߤϤʤΤǤ礦Ȥ⡤ưϤ̤ΤȤˤΤǤ礦Ǥ
ήθϤƤѸʸˡ礫ʬϤءѲƤȤϳΤǤʸˡˤθϡñ㲽ƤС礫ʬϤءפȤӤعˡ͡ʳ٤ŤܤդꤷƤΤȤäƤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹˡ˴ϢΥ֥ΤפʤΤʲ˵󤲤Ƥޤɤߤ

#2669. ѸܸʸˡˤĬή ([2016-08-17-1])
#522. ˤ෿ ([2010-10-01-1])
#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])
#1816. drift ˬ ([2014-04-17-1])
#656. "English is the most drifty Indo-European language." ([2011-02-12-1])
#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο ([2016-07-05-1])

Sapir, Edward. Language. New York: Hartcourt, 1921.

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2020-03-02 Mon

#3962. Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θ [vowel][sound_change][phonology][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc][trish][drift][emeqa]

Ϣε Ritt ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤űѸ줫ѸˤϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ˾ƤƤŪˤϡ첻Ĺû˴ؤʲ4ĤѲǤ롥

ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)
Ҳû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters; shocc)
3û (Trisyllabic Shortening; trish)
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl)

褳첻ѲϤ줾ΩݤȤƲᤵƤε#3961. 3ûλ ([2020-03-01-1]) κǸǤ⿨줿̤ꡤ¤䴰Ūʴطˤꡤ1Ĥζή (drift) ȤȤ館ФƤƤ롥Ritt Ϥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment ȸƤǤ롥
2ĤĹˤĤƤϡ#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ ([2020-02-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1ĤδؿȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ƤθǤƤ

MEOSL Formula

2ĤûˤĤƤΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ûĹϸ䴰ŪǤꡤû¥ʤĶǤĹ졤εդޤǤ롥ȡûθϡĹθžФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Ritt (95--96) ε󤲤Ƥûθϼ̤ꡥ

Shortening Formula

      The probability of vowel shortening was proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

      and inversely proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority


ޤСĹûθȤ߹碌ơ礭1Ĥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θΩƤ뤳ȤǤ (Ritt 96)

EMEQA Formula

Ritt βοĺϡΤ褦˲ĶȲѲδطΨȤư츫ߤΩѲӤĤƤߤˤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-03-01 Sun

#3961. 3ûλ [sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][trish][compound][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][drift]

ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__C(C)σσ


Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ󤲤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

heafodu PL'head'
cicenu PL'chicken'
linenes GEN'linen'
æniȝe PL'any'
ærende'errand'
æmette'ant'
suþerne'southern'
westenne DAT'waste (desert)'
deorlingas PL'darling'
feorþinȝas PL'farthing'
feowertiȝ'forty'
freondscipe'friendship'
haliȝdaȝ'holiday'
alderman'alderman'
heringes PL'herring'
stiropes PL'stirrup'
Monenday'Monday'
Thuresday'Thursday'
seliness'silliness'
redili'readily'
bretheren PL'brethren'
evere'ever'
othere ACC'other''
redeles PL'riddle'
boseme ACC'bosom'
wepenes PL'weapon'


ȤȤ3Фۤʣ3ˤʤäΡ̾ʣʤɤζ޸դ3ˤʤäΤˤ뤳ȤäˤꡤѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơʣ southern, holiday, Monday Ǥû첻ȤʤäƤͳ롥¾ζˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1])
#260. ([2010-01-12-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1])

֤εǡѸ쳫Ĺ (meosl)ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening)Ҳû (shocc) ʤɡűѸ줫ѸϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ򰷤äƤ餬ߤ䴰طˤäȤܤͤ롥ˤСζή (drift) ϼλΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˤĤʤäƤΤǤꡤˤ錄Ĺѥפ٤ȤȤʬ롥

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط ([2020-01-16-1])
#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1])

ʸ嵭2020/03/02(Mon)̾ϻ moon Ĺ첻ŦޤơΡָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻ĤΤФơפָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơפ˽ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-01-16 Thu

#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط [gvs][stress][vowel][sound_change][drift][metrical_phonology][meosl]

ε#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū ([2020-01-15-1]) κǸ˼褦ˡ˱Ѹ첻Ǥϡ̵ͭꥺʤɤαΧ첻Ѳˤδ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȹͤƤ롥
Ѹ¾ΥޥǤϡΤΤ褦ˡζζ̡ҤƤ첻ζζ̤ǽŪ˽Ż뤵롥ˤꡤΧΥꥺˤηи뤳ȤˤʤꡤηĴ¤첻⤽μ̤ѲѰۤƤȤθˤĤƤϡ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1])#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤϱѸˤˤפĹ첻Ѳ˴ؤ븦路 Stenbrenden ηꡤݤεѤ (318)

. . . stressed syllables and vowels behave differently from unstressed syllables and vowels. Since stress in Gmc involves intensity (perceptual loudness and more muscular and respiratory force) in addition to pitch prominence, various articulatory features are a consequence of stress: stressed vowels are longer and usually more peripheral (in terms of the vowel space), fortis plosives have more aspiration, etc. Lack of stress, on the other hand, involves little muscular effort and perceptual 'softness', and often low/level pitch; unstress therefore has articulatory consequences like shorter and more centralised vowels (or at least loss of vowel contrasts . . .), vowel reduction, vowel and consonant elision, and little to no aspiration of fortis plosives, etc. Thus, what is known as the 'syncopation period' in early Gmc may be interpreted as only the beginning of a long process involving the gradual reduction and loss of unstressed vowels and syllables, the last major instance of which is witnessed (in English) in the loss of final schwa. Related to this reduction process are the lOE and ME processes that lengthen vowels in open syllables and shorten vowels in words of two or more syllables. Clearly, metrical considerations play a crucial role here . . . .


ΰѤκǸǡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ʤɤ˿Ƥꡤ첻 (gvs) ˤƤʤΤΡԤޤƥޥɺή (drift) ͤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤפ첻Ѳ¿餫ηǴϢƤꡤΰ̣ǤϤ٤ƤҤä "chain shift" ʤΤȤͤǤ롥

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1]

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2020-01-15 Wed

#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū [gvs][vowel][sound_change][drift][isochrony][prosody]

ε#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1]) ǰѤ Stenbrenden ϡ첻ܡ (gvs) ĹŪʻѻ礭첻Ѳɺή (drift) ΰǤȺɾǤϡɺήȤΤϡʤ¸ߤʤΤStenbrenden (316) ϡĴоݤȤĹ첻ȡ줬ŪˤɤäƤѲפʲΤ褦˰ˤĤѲפ֤¤ܤ

ME and eModE long-vowel shifts

OE vowel, PDE reflexType of changeDate of beginning of change
ȳ > ī > /aɪ/unrounding950
 diphthongisation1250
ēo > ø̄ > ē > /iː/monophthongisation11th century
 unrounding12th--15th centuries
 raising1250
ā > ō̜ > ō > [ou] > /əʊ/rounding11th century
 raising16th century
 diphthongisation16th century
ǣ > > ē > /iː/ or /eɪ/raising/ɛː/ 11th c.; /eː/ 15th c.; /iː/ 16th c.
 (diphthongisation)(16th--17th centuries)
ē > /iː/raising1225
ō > /uː/ or /ʊ/ ? /ʌ/raising1225
 shortening; unrounding14th--15th centuries;
NF: ō > [üː](often fronted in PDE)15th--16th centuries
 NF: fronting and raising(late) 13th century
ī > /aɪ/diphthongisation1250
ū > /aʊ/diphthongisation1250


֤ѲפȤ raising, fronting, diphthongisation, monophthongisation ʤɤΤȤؤ餬ߤ̵طƤȤϹͤˤषˤ "cyclical nature" ʽ۴Ūˤ򸫽ФȤǤˤСѸΤߤʤ餺¿Υޥˤ۴Ū첻Ѳɺήߤ뤳Ȥ顤ޥ줹ͤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ҥȤȤʤΤϡRitt ʤɤμĥ "rhythmic isochrony" θʤȼ夤᤬Τ˶̤졤餬ߤ˸뱤Ӥγơ褽ƱĹäȯȤΧħǤ롥rhythmic isochrony 첻ѲδطˤĤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-16-1]

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2020-01-14 Tue

#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤ [gvs][vowel][sound_change][drift]

첻 (gvs) ˴ؤǿθ Stenbrenden 롥ܤˤĤƤϡ#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1])#3659. 첻ܤ5Ĥ (2) ([2019-05-04-1]) Ǥñ˼夲ΤȤƼ٤෼ȯŪƤθǤ롥
Stenbrenden ϡǯξʤԤƱͤˡ첻ܡפ̣ͭñ̤ȤߤƤʤѸѸˤŸηŪ첻ѲȤޤߤä첻ܡפϡ¤ΤȤޤ᤿Ĺ֤Ϥߤ˴Ϣ첻ѲΰʤƤˤΰʬ夲ơ첻ܡפʤɤ̾դΤϥߥ꡼ǥ󥰤Ǥ롤ȤΩ
ŪˤСStenbrenden (312) ϰʲΤ褦ʼ첻ѲĴơѲλʬŪ˽ʣʤ⡤ΤȤƤ1118ȾФޤǤˤ錄äƤȷŤƤ롥13--15ˤ¿첻Ѳ椷ƤΤ̩٤ǻȤ뤬⤢ޤǤ礭ɺή (drift) ΰȤȤ

 10001100120013001400150016001700
OE ȳ > [iː]***************     
OE ēo > [eː]  *****************    
OE ā > [ou]  ****************************  
OE ǣ > [iː]  *************************  
OE ō > [üː] N   **********    
OE ō > [uː] S   **********    
OE/ME ē > [iː]   **********    
OE ū > [au]   *********************  
OE ī > [ai]   *********************  
lME ā > [ei]   *********************  


ޤȤȤơStenbrenden (312) 2ĤۤɰѤ롥

. . . this comprehensive ME long-vowel shift started in the eleventh century at the latest, and did not come to a halt (if indeed it did) until perhaps the mid-eighteenth century.


The findings summarised in 9.1 [= the table above] indicate clearly that the traditional 'GVS' is only one part of some long-term drift in English (and other Gmc languages), and that the conventional definition of the shift is untenable.


Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1] [2020-01-15-1]

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2019-01-19 Sat

#3554. 첻ܤξ岼Ⱥ [gvs][phonology][sound_change][vowel][drift]

#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) 첻 (gvs) ˤޤĤפۤˤϢ꤬ѤƤ롥ε#3553. 첻ܤγƲѲǯ ([2019-01-18-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻շǤȤξȾʬ첻ʹ첻ˤѲŪᤤǯƤ뤬Ⱦʬ첻첻ˤǤϿǯ1ۤɤ٤Ƥ롥ΤȤϢŪʿܤꤹΤǤСĻ֤ƤΤϼ֤Τ礭ˤϡ1Ĥ礭ʿܤȤߤΤǤϤʤ2ġʰʾˤξʿܤΩȲ᤹ۤ褤ΤǤϤʤ1Ĥܤȼĥ뤿ˤΤɤΤ餤λ˼ޤäƤФ褤Τ50ǯۤɤʤOKǡ100ǯǤϥʤΤҴŪʴϤʤξȾʬȲȾʬϢ롦ʬΥ첻ܤξ岼פȸƤǤ
⤦1ġ첻ܤκפȸƤ٤꤬롥Ū첻ܤǤϡ¦첻첻ˤȱ¦첻ʸ첻ˤʿŪ˾夲2첻ФȤˤʤäƤꡤоϤʤȤƤ롥¦ѲɬŪ˱¦Ѳʤ뤤ϤεաˤȤȤä˲Ū˻ٻ櫓ǤϤʤؤˤʤʡ#1405. ̤ ([2013-03-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡǤʤȸʤСоȤƤ褤ȹͤ뺬ߤ뤤ŪĹ첻ξ夲򼨤ή (drift) ѸˡʤʤϸˡˤˤϤȤȤǤʤСϤꤽξڵߤ
Krug ϡ־岼פȡֺפȤɽϻȤ鷺Ȥξ˸ڤʤ顤첻ܤ͡ΩϡѲλ¤˴ؤ븫Ȥϡ˴ؤ븫ȸڤ롥Ω⡤켫ΤǤȤäƤȤ⤤ʤȤȤ

In terms of the classic musical chairs analogy, we might ask: how long may it take for a chair (or a gap in the system) to be filled to still qualify as one and the same game? For those theorists who allow a gap of up to 150 years . . . the whole series of changes . . . can be interpreted as forming a unitary Great vowel Shift --- even though . . . it would seem preferable to speak of one shift in the back and one in the front since the two are not interrelated. For those who require lockstep or a maximum time gap of 50 years, however, it will be two smaller shifts (affecting the upper half of the ME vowel inventory) followed by another small chain shift raising ME /aː/ and /ɛː/ in the first half of the 17th century plus an individual, but roughly contemporaneous change from ME /ɔː/ to [oː]. Both of these positions are legitimate and neither one is inherently superior from an analytic point of view.


Krug, Manfred. "The Great Vowel Shift." Chapter 14 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 241--66.

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2018-06-06 Wed

#3327. ѲˤüԤ϶ŪǤ [language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][glottochronology][drift][indo-european][inflection]

#3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ ([2018-06-03-1]) ǡѲˤüԤŪǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ѲʤƤüͤθŪ϶ޤθ̤ƤʤϤʱƶηŪʾ׷ʤɤˤϵڤӤĤʤĤޤꡤѲȤüԤιưϡܴۤŪŪǤȤȤ
Joseph (128) ϤüԤζ򷫤֤ĥĤġդ˱ŪʸѲȽƤ롥㤨СĹ֤ʣˤ錄Ѳ٤ƤƤǯ (cf. #1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])) Τ褦ˡϡʤȤ롥ȤΤϡǯؤǤϡºݤüԤ褷Ƽ뤳ȤΤʤƻŪʴȤƤ뤫Ǥ롥㤨С2018ǯλƤ뤢ѸüԤǯδ֤ˡɤαñ̤ñ֤ʤиǯؤεꤹִΨãʤʤɤȤȤϡͤƤߤʤϤǤ롥ǯؤִΨϷиŪƳФ줿ͤǤϤ뤬򥴡˿ǡŪŪʸѲؤȲƤޤ
Ѹޤ˿ǯˤ錄äƤȤޤοʿȤή (drift) ˤĤƤƱͤǤ롥ˤ錄ꡤ˸줬ѲƤ褦ˤߤ뤫ȤäơġüԤŪʴѲƤȹͤΤϴְ㤤Ǥ롥ǤϤʤġüԤ϶ŪʴưʤƤˤ줬ޤǽŪ˺Ѥ̤ȤơѲؤȲʤ򤹤٤
ϡKeller ξ롤Ѳ˺Ѥָ (invisible_hand) ˤۤʤʤ#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ׻ȡ

Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.
Keller, Rudi. "Invisible-Hand Theory and Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 113--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-07-1]

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2018-05-26 Sat

#3316. ѲװŪ˼ҲŪǤ [sound_change][phonetics][sociolinguistics][drift][gvs][language_change]

Prins (267--68) αѸ첻˳κǸˡѲˤĤƤͤĤƤ롥äȤȤ٤ΤʤΤ¤ˤ줿ƤʸϤ첻 (gvs) ƤꡤβѲȤʤäƤ롥Ū¤Ūװˤ벻Ѳ⤢뤳ȤǧĤġŪװϼҲŪʤΤǤȳˤƤ롥ͤΰǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓̣ɤͤΤʬȴФ

Though it may be difficult to account for a given change, it is possible to account for the possibility of change as such. Language is a social phenomenon and apart from the psychological causes operative in linguistic phenomena, it is obvious that social causes must have been largely responsible for or instrumental in sound-changes like the Great Vowel Shift in English, to which I shall confine my attention. The fundamental condition which makes sound-changes of this kind possible is the fact that phonemes are not always realized in the same manner by all people and in all circumstances, but that there are generally several allophones. If the phoneme had the unalterable rigidity of the signals, say, of the Morse code, evolution in language would be impossible. Since this is not the case and a certain latitude in the phonetic realization of phonemes is found, a certain allophone in a certain number of words may become the normal phonetic realization, which may then spread to other words and subsequently to all words containing that phoneme. Hence after a lapse of time the phoneme /i:/ may come to be realized as [əɪ] and later as [aɪ] and this may even --- though not necessarily --- affect the organically related back-vowel /u:/, which will then be realized as [əʊ], subsequently [ɑʊ]. Similarly the phoneme /e:/ may come to be realized as [i:], and the corresponding back-vowel /o:/ may --- but need not necessarily --- come to be realized as [u:].
This drift, then, to diphthongization of the high vowels can also be observed in Present Day English, though there is no evidence of the tendency to raise the mid-vowels /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ in PDE. Why the drift or tendency takes that particular direction is difficult to say, but that the change is socially conditioned is obvious. Such a tendency is often held in check or prevented by a strong formal tradition as observed in schools or universities or influential educated sections of the population, but when such traditions are weakened owing to social upheavals like domestic wars or internal migration or the mixing of population groups or the rise into power of other classes, such tendencies may spread and what was at one time a vulgar, regional or dialectal pronunciation may become the standard. This would also account for the fact that though linguistic change is a continuous process, there are periods when it is definitely accelerated. These will be found to coalesce with periods of social change, when standards of pronunciation break down. The result is a so-called independent sound-change. These few remarks must suffice here. A full discussion of the problem would require a book in itself.


203ȾȤŪᤤʳǡҲŪʴ鲻ѲȤ館ƤȤ˶äҲŪѤȼ춦ƱΤɤθήˤꡤͭϤʲηϡˤƬƤȤʥߥåªϡǤˤȤɤޤ餺˲Ǥ餢롥

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2018-03-27 Tue

#3256. ήʸˡΰ [grammaticalisation][drift][unidirectionality][language_change][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][teleology]

ˤˤή (drift) ȡʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ĥѲΰ (unidirectionality) ϸߤ˴طοǰΤ褦˻פ롥ξԤδطˤĤơ#685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1])#1971. ʸˡˤӸݤ ([2014-09-19-1]) Ǥ⿨Ƥ Hopper and Traugott ε̤ƤͤƤߤ
Sapir ǽήȸƤȤǰƬˤäΤϡѸˤޤξüӱŪɽȯãΤȤä礫ʬϤءפȤήΤȤǤ (cf. synthesis_to_analysis) θԤϡ෿Ūʰ̣絬ϤʸѲȤƤȤ館ĤޤꡤʸˡΤȤƤɤƻڤȤƤǤ롥
ʸˡʸ̮ǤФѤȤϡˤŪѲˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤʤʸˡ¤ɤȤƻڤˤĤƤγǰѸǤꡤפˤäȶɽŪʰ̣礤ǻȤȤȤ

Drift has to do with regularization of construction types within a language . . ., unidirectionality with changes affecting particular types of construction. (Hopper and Traugott 100)


ήȰϡŪɽŪ絬ϤϤʸפε§˴ؤΤġιʸפѲ˴ؤΤȤ顤ߤ˰ۤʤΤȤƤȤ館Τ褵ְפȤѸ줬ѤȤˤϡѸȤƤǤϤʤƤʸˡȤѲνѸȤѤȤȤռƤʤȡ㤤ǽΤդǤ롥

Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2018-01-20 Sat

#3190. ѲζɬƱ̿ [language_change][causation][teleology][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand][drift]

#2867. Ѳζɬ ([2017-03-03-1]) 嵴¤Ρض٤ɤǡƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɬ餫Ω복ǰǤ롥䤿ϤȤˡֶɬפɬŪפʤɤΥˤ롥ʤΤ褦̷⤷ɽǽʤΤ
嵴 (74) ˤСŪɬŪŪϷӤĤ䤹ŪŪŪɬϷӤĤ䤹Ĥޤְۼפ䤹Ȥ

褽ѤϤŰ줷ˤƤϰŪɬΤߤǧʤäưŪ¸ߤ;ϤϤʤŪŪɬꤷη̤ȤơŪŪǧ롥ʳŪѤϤηɽƤ롥ȿơŪѤŰŪʷäˤϡŪŪɬˤäƤΤ߰ڤ褦Ȥ롥äŪŪ¸ߤʤˡŪɬη̤ȤơŪ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ķؤΰջ֤ˤäƤ٤Ƥ硤Ụ̄ؤ¸ߤǧΤϤδط˴𤤤Ƥ롥ΰ̣ˤơŪɬŪŪȷ礷䤹ŪŪɬϰŪȷ礷䤹ֶɬפȤ褦ʵŪθϤβǽ˴ŤΤǤ롥


Ĥޤꡤ븽ݤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢פȤ1Ĥβϡ줬ŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶ǤȤȤΰۼβϡŪ (teleology) ǤϤʤ (mechanism) ΩβǤ롥äơŪ򤹤СѲޤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢׸ݤʤΤǤ롥
ΰۼȴϢơ嵴 (244) ̤βսǡֶȱ̿פˤĤͤƤʰʲ˵ϲ֤ˡ

ФŪðۤ̿Фðۤη뤳Ȥ롥ʹ֤μ¸ˤȤäƳ˿ŪͳỤ̄ͭĤȤϱ̿ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ʊ̿ȤƤζϡɬȤΰۼˤäơɬԡפι¤򼨤ĶŪϤäƸȤƿʹ֤¸פΤǤ롥


ιͤˤС̿ȤϡͤˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פġŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶Ǥ븽ݤǤʿСͤˤȤäƤƽפʷ̤⤿餵줿硤ŪŪ˶ǤäȤƤ⡤ŪŪɬǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤꡤ̿ȸƤӤȤȤ
ѲˤơȤ˱̿ɽ뤳Ȥ⤢ drift ήˤˤĤơδͤƤߤȤ⤷²ǤϿǯδ֡ޤοȤ drift ³ƤȤ뤬ζưϤθǤ뤫ˤĤƤΤʽФƤʤäơ򤢤α̿ǤȤȤ館Ԥ롥Τ褦Ԥϡdrift ²ˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פĤΤȿƤꡤ椨ŪŪɬθݤǤ뤫Τ褦˴ơ̿ȸƤǤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤdrift Ȥݤ¿ʲͤ򤪤Ƥ뤫餳ҤäȤȶνˤʤΤ򡤱̿ȤĤ̾ǡðۤäƸƤӤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ѳζɬ̿ˤĤƤϡinvisible_hand spaghetti_junction ιͤ⻲Ȥ줿

嵴 ¤ض١ȽŹ2012ǯ

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2017-08-25 Fri

#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ [subjunctive][lmode][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][sociolinguistics][synthesis_to_analysis][drift][mandative_subjunctive]

Ѹˤˤ³ˡϡͿˤ򤿤ɤäƤȤäƤ褤Τ˸Ǥⴰ˾ä櫓ǤϤʤ#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1]) #325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1]) Ǥ⿨줿̤ꡤǴ궯Ѥ³ƤꡤषѤƤȤܤΰ褹餢롥³ˡοϡ礫ʬϤظѸˤΰŪʸѲĬή (synthesis_to_analysis) ˾äƤꡤ˾塤硹Ūʵή򼨤ȤϤʤ
硹ŪʵήϤʤäΤΡäȤήǤиѸˤä16޷˿ष³ˡϿΰӤéäƤ18Ⱦ19ˤơȤڵ򤬤롥Tieken-Boon van Ostade (84--85) Ϥͳ򡤸μҲư (social mobility) ȵʸˡαƶϤˤȤߤƤ롥

The subjunctive underwent a curious development during the LModE period. While its use had rapidly decreased since the end of the sixteenth century, it began to rise slightly during the second half of the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth, when there was a sharp decrease from around 1870 onwards . . . . The temporary rise of the subjunctive has been associated with the influence of normative grammar, and though, this may explain the increased use during the nineteenth century, when linguistic prescriptivism was at its height and its effects must have been felt, in the second half of the eighteenth-century it must have been because of the strong linguistic sensitivity among social climbers rather than the actual effect of the grammars themselves. This is evident in the language of Robert Lowth and his correspondents: in Lowth's own usage, there is an increase of the subjunctive around the time when his grammar was newly published, and with his correspondents we found a similar linguistic awareness that they were writing to a celebrated grammarian . . . .


Tieken-Boon van Ostade ϡʸˡαƶϤäȤƤ⤪餯ŪǤꡤȤ櫓18Ⱦ³ˡäΤäȶ "social climbers" ԡˤξ徺ָȿǤռˤȤߤƤ롥
³οѸˤΡּʡήȤߤʤΤǤСѸΤäȤήϡʹּҲΤֿ͹Ūˡ߽ФήȤȤˤʤ#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1]) Ȥפʤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2016-07-05 Tue

#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο [inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][vowel][final_e][ilame][drift][germanic][historiography]

Ѹˤ礭Ĭή1Ĥˡɸθݤ롥ĬήϡޥĸΤ鸽ѸˤĹ³Ƥ뷹Ǥꡤdrift ήˤȤƾΤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ʹԤΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ롥Baugh and Cable (154--55) βüŪ󤷤Ƥս

Decay of Inflectional Endings. The changes in English grammar may be described as a general reduction of inflections. Endings of the noun and adjective marking distinctions of number and case and often of gender were so altered in pronunciation as to lose their distinctive form and hence their usefulness. To some extent, the same thing is true of the verb. This leveling of inflectional endings was due partly to phonetic changes, partly to the operation of analogy. The phonetic changes were simple but far-reaching. The earliest seems to have been the change of final -m to -n wherever it occurred---that is, in the dative plural of nouns and adjectives and in the dative singular (masculine and neuter) of adjectives when inflected according to the strong declension. Thus mūðum (to the mouths) > mūðun, gōdum > gōdun. This -n, along with the -n of the other inflectional endings, was then dropped (*mūðu, *gōdu). At the same time, the vowels a, o, u, e in inflectional endings were obscured to a sound, the so-called "indeterminate vowel," which came to be written e (less often i, y, u, depending on place and date). As a result, a number of originally distinct endings such as -a, -u, -e, -an, -um were reduced generally to a uniform -e, and such grammatical distinctions as they formerly expressed were no longer conveyed. Traces of these changes have been found in Old English manuscripts as early as the tenth century. By the end of the twelfth century they seem to have been generally carried out. The leveling is somewhat obscured in the written language by the tendency of scribes to preserve the traditional spelling, and in some places the final n was retained even in the spoken language, especially as a sign of the plural.


ѸʸˡηϤ¿ʱƶͿǤꡤαѸ˾ȵڸ̤󤹤ȥ꤬ʤۤɤָ캬פȯʡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])ˡ礫ʬϤؤĬή (synthesis_to_analysis)ƻޤξü (ilame) -e (final_e) ʤɡѸ˾¿طʤˡֶ޸οפؤäƤ롥θݤθ̤ǫСDZѸ̻ˤ򤢤ٵҤȤˤʤΤǤϤʤȤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-01-1] [2020-02-25-1]

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2016-03-30 Wed

#2529. evolution evolution (3) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][causation][language_myth][drift][exaptation][terminology]

2֤ˤ錄ɸε ([2016-03-28-1], [2016-03-29-1]) ˤĤƤ3ơϡevolution 3θߤʪؤǼƤ˸Ѳ˱Ѥ줦뤫ˤĤƹͤ롥McMahon (334) ꡤ3θǧƤ

the development of a race, species or other group ...: the process by which through a series of changes or steps any living organism or group of organisms has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it: the theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types, the distinguishable differences being due to modifications in successive generations.


ˤʤäƤƤˤ evolution εκüϡޤˤθǤ evolution ȤƤ롥ޤǤ2εǸƤ褦ˡ1920θȾˤơؤˤ evolution ȤѸˤϼ깤ĤƤޤäؤˤơѸϥβʳŪ򼨤ʤ⡤üʲʹѤӤӤƤ뤳ȤŪʥåƥŽƤʪʳءˤȸʳءˤ°פӤƤ椨ǤꡤǫξԤʿʿСͭѤȤǤ³ǽϻĤ롥Ӥκݤ˵äΩĤ٤ evolution Ȥϡ嵭θ evolution Ǥ롥ˤϴޤޤƤʤʪʲʬǹƤ mutation, variation, natural selection, adaptation ʤɤѸ졦ǰ򡤤˸Ѳ˱ѤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
McMahon (334--40) ϡʪʳءˤȸʳءˤΡʿˤĤƤιͻΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥ߤΰƱ褯򤷤ǤСˡ˸ؤˡʪؤؤ֤٤Ȥ¿षԤΤƤΰǤȼĥƤ롥McMahon (340) ᤯ϼ̤

[T]he Darwinian theory of biological evolution, with its interplay of mutation, variation and natural selection, has clear parallels in historical linguistics, and may be used to provide enlightening accounts of linguistic change. Having borrowed the core elements of evolutionary theory, we may then also explore novel concepts from biology, such as exaptation, and assess their relevance for linguistic change. Indeed, the establishment of parallels with historical biology may provide one of the most profitable future directions for historical linguistics.


ʪʳءˤȸʳءˤΡʿˤĤƤϡ#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-05-1] [2016-03-31-1]

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2016-03-29 Tue

#2528. evolution evolution (2) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][causation][language_myth][drift][terminology]

ε ([2016-03-28-1]) ˰³Ѳˤ evolution βˤĤơ evolution Ū (teleology) Ūʴްդ2θ"A series of related changes in a certain direction" ܤä (1) Ⱥθ (2) ϸѲȤˤƶ̤Ƥ뤬(1) ˥٥ˤĹŪʲʹѤȼä˴طΤФơ(2) ϲʹѤѤΤΡѲˤŪˤϱ̿Ť줿Ťȼĥ롥
üŪˤСŪȤ "effects precede (in time) their final causes" ȤȯۤǤ (qtd. in McMahon 325 from p. 312 of Lass, Roger. "Linguistic Orthogenesis? Scots Vowel Length and the English Length Conspiracy." Historical Linguistics. Volume 1: Syntax, Morphology, Internal and Comparative Reconstruction. Ed. John M. Anderson and Charles Jones. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1974. 311--43.) ̾ŪΩ X ³ Y Ȥ̴طʪ򤹤뤬ŪˤƤϡ Y 뤳ȤǤ褦 X 롤롥2ϸȿФ1ĤθѲФȤƻȤƤޤȤפǤ롥㤨СΤʳ [mb], [md], [mg], [nb], [nd], [ng], [ŋb], [ŋd], [ŋg] λҲϢ³ƤƤΤʳǤ [mb], [nd], [ŋg] 3路ƤʤʤäȤ롥̾βŪˤСƱﴱƱ (homorganic assimilation) פȤʤ뤬ŪŪѤȡĴ䤹뤿ƱﴱλҲϢ³ȤʤäפȤʤ롥
ػˤˤƤϡ͡ԤŪȤäƤȿԤƱ餤Ƥ㤨 Jakobson ŪԤäθѤŪοǻBloomfield Lass ϡŪΩ˸ȿФƤ롥McMahon (330--31) ⡤ŪŪŪ (teleology of purpose) ȡֵǽŪ (teleology of function) ʬˤ뤳ȤŪŪܤƤơΥˤĤŪŪƱ˲ǽǤȿMcMahon ηѤơ2ΰ̣ evolution ƹͤȤ

There is a useful verdict of Not Proven in the Scottish courts, and this seems the best judgement on teleology. We cannot prove teleological explanations wrong (although this in itself may be an indictment, in a discipline where many regard potentially falsifiable hypotheses as the only valid ones), but nor can we prove them right; they rest on faith in predestination and the omniscient guiding hand. More pragmatically, alleged cases of teleology tend to have equally plausible alternative explanations, and there are valid arguments against the teleological position. Even the weaker teleology of function is flawed because of the numerous cases where it simply does not seem to be applicable. However, this rejection does not make the concept of conspiracy, synchronic or diachronic, any less intriguing, or the perception of directionality . . . any less real.


McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2015-12-31 Thu

#2439. 첻ܤαѸ첻˾ΰյ [gvs][vowel][diphthong][drift][teleology][language_change][historiography]

ε#2438. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (2) ([2015-12-30-1]) ǡ첻ܤαѸֻˤˤյˤĤƹͻκɾߤǤϡ첻ܤαѸ첻˾ΰյϲ첻ܤϡʤ1Ū˲ѲǤ뤫顤δΰյɾǽפǤ롥
Ѥ Brinton and Arnovick (313) 첻ܤβ˾ΰյˤĤƾܤΤƤ롥

[The Great Vowel Shift] eliminated the distinction between long and short vowels that had characterized both the Old and Middle English phonological systems. The long vowels were replaced by either diphthongs or tense vowels, which contrasted with the lax short vowels. Thus, the vowel system underwent a significant change from one based on distinctions of quantity (e.g. OE god 'deity' vs gōd ('good') to one based on distinctions of quality. While modern English does have long and short vowels (e.g. sea vs ceased), this distinction is now merely an allophonic difference, completely predictable by the voicing qualities or number of consonants that follow the vowel.


첻ܤȤơѸ첻ηϤ̤˴ŤΤ˴ŤΤؤƤ뤲ȤλŦϡŪĽפƶǤ롥緶ˤСҲγ̿ž褦ѿȤ֤ǤϤʤ첻̤ζ̤Ż뤹ܸΤ褦ʸüԤˤȤäơѸβγؽϰפʤ첻ܤǤΰüȤȤˤʤ롥ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ첻ܰ첻ηϤΤۤߤ䤹ä˰㤤ʤ
벻Ѳ򤽤θβ˾˰֤ŤŪɾȤߤϡޤǤԤƤ㤨С첻Ѳ˴ؤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬϡ ([2015-01-07-1]) ƤȤǤ롥
Τ褦Ūɾ켫Τϡä˸ؤˤƲ̣ΤʤΤΤ褦ɾطʤˤϡή (drift) Ū (teleology) ȤäѲѤε̣⸫줹롥첻ܤ̤ơ˵ (historiography) ȤĤߤˤĤƺƹͤ뵡Ȥʤä
2015ǯ hellog ɡ꤬Ȥޤ2016ǯꤤޤ

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-24-1]

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2015-08-16 Sun

#2302. ȻŪѲΰ [lexical_diffusion][language_change][causation][schedule_of_language_change][unidirectionality][drift]

#2299. Ȼζư3 ([2015-08-13-1]) ǰѤ De Smet (3) ϡѲγȻ˷֤2Ĥħ˿Ƥ롥"gradualness" "unidirectionality"

   . . . diffusional changes do have two recurrent characteristics. First, they are gradual and their gradualness is context bound, which means that different environments are affected by change at different times or in a different pace. This context-bound gradualness has been disputed for some changes . . . ; yet in many cases, . . . context-bound gradualness is immediately apparent from the data. While this suggests that gradualness is perhaps more pronounced for some changes than for others, there is no denying that it is a central aspect of some major grammatical developments.
   Second, diffusional changes are unidirectional, in the sense that once an environment has been conquered by change it is not normally yielded back. Unidirectionality here does not mean that diffusion proceeds indefinitely but simply that there is a time window in which distributions can grow continuously, without any serious fallback or fluctuation. This consistency of change sometimes seems natural. For instance, in actualization it might be thought of as a systematic bearing out of the logical consequences of syntactic reanalysis. In grammaticalization, consistent collocational expansion often follows from semantic bleaching. But in other cases, . . . a single straightforward explanation for directionality seems lacking, making the directionality observed all the more mystifying.


De Smet ε󤲤1ĤħѲϴĶȤ˽˳ȻƤȤħϡΤ˼Ƥ褤Aitchison ήˤ "rule generalisation" (95) ˤäơĿʤǤΤŵǤ롥
2ĤħѲΰ (unidirectionality) ˤĤƤϡ٤꤬Ĥ褦˻פ롥ޤDe Smet ѤκǸѲΰ "mystifying" Ǥ뤳ȻŦƤ褦ˡθ餫ˤȤ礭꤬ĤƤ롥ϡSapir drift ήˤͿ "mystical" Ȥɾפ (see #685. ʤѲˤ drift Τ (1) ([2011-03-13-1]))
ˡѲγȻˤϡܺäƤޤΡ뤤ϰŪǤϤήꡤʤȤ֥졼äꤹ륱뤳ȤǤ롥㤨С伫ȤιԤäѸˤ̾ʣ -s γȻȤǤϡˤưŪй -n δꡤ-s γȻˤϤष֥졼äθ塤-s γȻᤷΤǡǽŪˤϡפȤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲΰƤ褤ΤʤΤƹͤ¥ǤϤ롥
De Smet ⡤Τ褦㳰ˤߤβǽǰƬ֤ʤ顤Ť "unidirectionality" ȤǰƤ褦ǤϤ롥â񤭤1Ĥ "a time window" ¤ϡ줬ԹΤ褹복ǰ֤ʤΤǤϤʤȤפäƤ롥Ǥ -s ǤСȻ˥֥졼ľޤǤ1ĤλȤСΤ˰˿ʤǤ褦ˤߤ롥ޤ֥졼ľ夫⤦1ĤλȤСޤ˿ʤǤ褦ˤߤ롥뤿ˤϡԹ褯ꤹ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פ롥

De Smet, Hendrik. Spreading Patterns: Diffusional Change in the English System of Complementation. Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-17-1]

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2015-03-13 Fri

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ [exaptation][grammaticalisation][syntax][generative_grammar][unidirectionality][drift][reanalysis][evolution][systemic_regulation][teleology][language_change][invisible_hand][functionalism]

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸˤƤפѲϤֵǽƤȯפȤª뤳ȤǤ뤬ϡֵǽ͹¤γŬפȴ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ衤޸οȼäƸ͹¤ (Lexical Projection) ǽ͹¤ (Functional Projection) ؤȺʬϤˤƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ǽƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ؤȳŬƤäȤΤ
ʸˡεǤϡʪʲʬŪѤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) ȤǰѤ褦ˤʤäƤݺ (151) Τ狼䤹

ŬȤϡȤСʪʲ¦̤ǤϡȤβݻΤ¸ߤƤӤΩ줬¸Ŭ夲̤ȤʤꡤĻؤοʲĤʤäȤͤǤά͡Lass (1990) ϤγǰѲ˱Ѥư DO ȯãγŬʤȤȻưäΤ̵̣¸ߤȤʤꡤ̤Ӥ˳Ѥ줿ˤƤޤܽǤϡιͤʤᡤ¤ޤŬȼĥȻפޤά͵ǽƤϤȤȰĤ FP (Functional Projection) ȹͤ졤Ŭη̡ޤޤʹ¤Ȥƶ񸽲Ȥ櫓ǤѸϤ̻ŪѲβǡ̾ưζ޷֤ξüȶˡ濴ι¤鵡ǽ濴ι¤ؤȰܹԤƤȹͤ졤η̡졤ư졤ư֡λʹԷ¿ͤʬۤȸ櫓Ǥ


Τ褦ʸѲѤϡɭοʲȤͤˤĤʤ롥ҥȤͭθȯȿʲָʲפȸƤ֤ȤС嵭Τ褦ʸѲϡָξʲפȤߤ뤳ȤǤȤĴ碌ʤֿʲפȤߤǸ椬ʤƤ롥
ݺ (158) ϡμȿκѤ˿ʤ顤κǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

켫ΤĤƻõѤϡ뼫ȿʼȯŪȤޤˤȸʤȤǽǤȿȤη뾽䥷ޥޤΥ֥ͭ̾ǤʪŪʪŪ¦̤ФǤʤȤСϤĻФԷ֡ʰδֳֻ֤ѡˡݸݡкѥƥҲΩʤɤˤڤӤޤξʲޤˤΰȤƹͤ졤ưŪŬѲᥫ˥ߤ¸ߤȤǤ줳ȤФοʲƳָפȸΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤʸˡθݤϤޤˤιǤꡤѲθ椬ʣηϤʳؤĤμʤˤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤƤΤǤ


Ѳ礭1ĤβǤ롥

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-01-07 Wed

#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬ [phonology][gvs][vowel][diphthong][meosl][drift][teleology]

#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ȡ#2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1]) ǰѡȤƬ (Ikegashira) ϡ"A Dependency Approach to Great Vowel Shift" ꤹʸǡ¸ (dependency phonology; DP) Ȥߤ첻 (gvs) ʬϤƤ롥ϰ¸ˤĤƤ̵ΤʬϤˤ첻ܤޤ᤿ѸμפʲѲˤϰӤ򸫤ȤǤȵƤꡤؿäΤʸɤǤߤƤꡤǿͤˤ񤷤äݤ߹᤿Ȼפ
¸ΩӤʬϤˤȡ첻ܤβѲϡӤƲṽ¤ڤ ("lightening") ǺѤȤ¸ˤַڤפϹ٤ŪǤˤŪΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤݥȤ첻ܤƲѲӤäƤꡤäưӤƵҤ뤳ȤǤȤĥǤ롥Τ褦ʼĥʤ뤫ˤϡή (drift) ѲŪ (teleology) Ȥ̵طǤϤʤºݡIkegashira (42) ϱѸˤˤӤ "lightening" ή˸ڤǤ롥줫顤첻ܤƲѲƱĥƤ롥

GVS is a change which is caused by that 'drift' (or tendency) of English to make the total weight of words lighter. To make all the 'long' vowels lighter, the phonological element |a| is made less powerful either by lowered (sic) to the the dependent position from the governing position or by deletion. In the cases of the vowels where there is no |a|, [i:] and [u:], the only way to make them lighter is to change the 'middle weight' phonological elements [i] and [u] with the lightest one |ə|. / . . . . As a result of lightening, the vowels have been raised or made into diphthongs. The problem of the starting point of this change thus has no meaning. It was 'simultaneous'. It is quite natural to suppose that GVS occurred at the same time as a result of the long and continuous 'trend' of English to lighten words in some way.


ŪˤϡʣŪʲѲӤǤΤϳΤ̥ϤǤ롥Ʊ褦ư顤Ritt Ρ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⡤drift ȤŤؾäΤȻפѤʵȤơӤŪȳ첻ѲƱȤɤΤ褦ľܤ˷ӤĤΤ첻ܤӤ "lightening" ܻؤƤȤ줿ȤƤ⡤ϳƲѲƱ˵äȤưŪ˴ްդΤ夲 (push chain) Ǥ夲 (drag chain) ǤʤȤ̣Ǥϡ#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) Ȥ̤ΥХХȸäƤ褵ŪȤƤ٤
ʤƱ¸ʬϤˤС첻ܤΩѸγĹ (meosl) ϡϤû첻γơ˲ |a| ղä줿ΤȤưӤƵҤȤ (Ikegashira 35) ̥ϤȲƳǧǤǤ롥

Ikegashira (Kadota), Atsuko. "A Dependency Approach to Great Vowel Shift." Ľظʸ22桤2007ǯ31--43ǡ

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2014-12-20 Sat

#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ [drift][vowel][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc]

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) ǡGörlach ˤѸˤˤ첻Ѳ򳵴Ѥ첻Ѳˤ˰ӤƤߤĬήȤơRitt ϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦˶ˤ򾧤Ƥ뤬̤γ٤顤⤦1Ĥɸ˷ǤĬήŦǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ƭ (128--29) ϡ (117--42, 142--51) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹˤˤ첻μפĹû򡤻头Ȥ˰ʲΤ褦ƤʸűѸ줫ѸˤƤѲˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

ҸűѸ
(1) ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening)
gōld, lāmb, fīndan 'find' lāng
Ѹ
(2) Ĺ (Open Syllable Lengthening)
bāke mēte 'meat' hōle lōve < OE lufu week < OE wike
(3) 첻³Ĺ (Hiatus Lengtheningե󥹼)
gīant < giant pōet < poet
ҽѸ
(4) ̵໤Ĺ (lengthening before voiceless fricatives)
(/a/, /ɔ/ ___ [f, s, θ]) blāst mōss stāff sōft bāth clōth

ҸűѸ
(5) 3Ҳû (shortening before three consonants)
godspell deoppra 'deeper' wundrian 'wonder'
(6) 2Ҳû (shortening before two consonants, ŻҲޤ)
fifta 'fifth' sohte '(he) sought' læssa 'less'
(7) 3û (Trisyllabic Shortening)
laferce 'lark' halidæġ 'holiday' emetiġ 'empty'
Ѹ
(8) Ʊû (Homorganic Shortening)
land wind enden 'end'
(9) /u:/-û / ___ [x, v, m]
ruf < rōugh 'rough' plume < plūme 'plum'
ҽѸ
(10) ûҲû (shortening before a single consonant)
breath dread blood good cloth
(11) û (Open Syllable Shortening)
heavy weapon pleasant seven
(12) 2û (shortening in two syllabic words)
nickname < ēkename breakfast twopence


첻Ĺûˤ򤳤Τ褦ǡƬϡûĹ¿ѻĹΤΤû㤬ŦѸΤȤƤߤȡûͥǤꡤĹФ¤ޤäƤȤĬή롥Ƭ (129--30) ۩

űѸ衤ѸǤĹ첻Фʸ̮¤ޤäƤȹͤ롥űѸˤ첻ǤäƤĹû¸ߤĹ첻иĶä¤ƤʤäȤᤤĹ첻Ѥ³3Ҳ֤ˤĹ첻ʤʤ(5)3Ҳûˡ³2ҲǤĹ첻Ǥʤʤä(6)2ҲûˡѸûҲǤûä(10)ûҲûˡΤβṽ¤˴ؤΤǤϡűѸ˸3ܤĹ첻ʤʤ(7)3ûˡѸä2θ2ܡ1ˤǤûä(12)2ûˡΤȤƤϡűѸˤʤĹ첻Ф¤ޤäȹͤ롥


嵭ŪʱѸ첻˴ѤȤ⤤뤬ǤϤʤΤ褦ĬήΤϱѸ첻ˤεŪʲ

Ƭġ˽ҡ"Consonant cluster" ȲѲðȲṽ¤ᤰäơס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ127--43ǡ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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