hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

invisible_hand - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-12-03 Wed

#6064. ֤ΤۤإͥפǸѲˤָײ⤷ޤ [notice][invisible_hand][language_change][causation][link]



1130ˤ˸줿֤Τۤإͥפκǿ#390. ϤʤѲΤˤ⤤⤬뤬β⡤ǼϤޤhellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤѲ˴ؤָײ (invisible_hand theory) ˤĤƳȤʤޤ
󡤹®ƻϩʤɤǻΤ⹩ʤΤȯνڡפ˴ޤ줿Ȥ뤫ȻפޤѸǤϤ traffic jam out of nowhere ȸƤ֤ΤǤ¤ϤθݤȸѲΥᥫ˥ˤϡä٤ΤǤ
ưǤϡ󾧤 Rudi Keller ιͤ˴ŤޤϤθ̽ڤ㤨äϤƤޤƬμ֤դȤҤ˾®ȡ³֤Ͼͤ򤱤뤿˰ޡȤäơμ֤⾯˥֥졼Ƨߤޤ줬ظؤϢƤȤɤʤ뤫ǽŪˤϴߤθ³֤ΰ췲ϽڤˤϤޤ롤Ȥï˾Ǥʤä̤ޤƤޤΤǤ
ǽפʤΤϡɥ饤СïֽڤäƤפʤɤȤϹͤƤʤȤǤ1ͤҤȤϰꤿȤŪưǹưƤˤ⤫餺ʹưŪѤȡĿͤΰտޤȤϤΥơڤȤҲŪʸݤƤޤޤΡ֥ߥʸĿͤΰտޡפȡ֥ޥΤη̡פδ֤ˤѥɥåָפȸƤФΤΤǤ
ơϸѲˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤޤ䤿ʡܸʸˡѤƤפȤֱѸȯˤ˻Ĥ褦Ѳ褦פʤɤȤտޤäƸѤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤ܤˤޤ뤤ϾڤȯʤɤȤȻפĤġθդȯƤǤ̵ռĴεѤ߽Ťʤꡤ¿ο͡ŤƤȡǯɴǯȤѥǸȤˡ礭ʸѲȤʤäƸΤǤ
ưǤϡ夵Ȥä̤ơΰտޤ̤ˤΤ츫ȥ֥åܥåŪʡָפλȤߤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ࡦߥкѳؤ⤤ֿθפޤؤ˱ѤǤȤϡȰճ˻פ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤Ѳ1ĤͭϤʲǤΤǡưԤǤΥåڤǤФȻפޤ
ʤΥơޤˤĤƤ hellog βǤ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤưѤơ⤦ŪطʤΤꤿȻפ줿ϡ invisible_hand ΥդΤʤǤȤ櫓ʲε碌ƤɤߤС

#8. ̽ڤȸѲ ([2009-05-07-1])
#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1])

Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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2025-03-28 Fri

#5814. ܼȤȤƤӾҲļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand][toc][language_planning]


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ļ̦ءˤˤ롤ɤθ˴ؤҡرѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯˤˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ǻȤƤ
ϡƱγפĤिܼ󤲤Ƥ



ϡɤȤե
I
̱²ΤȤФѸ˼äؤ
ɤϱ󤯤ƶᤤ
ФΥ
ۤΤΡ񡤰
ѥ֤Ǽ򷹤
ϤǴʸ
II ʬΤȤ
ɤĤθ
ɸäޤ
ˤʤʤʤ뤳Ȥ --- ǽϤȵΤͤ
ɸǤĤʤ
Ѹ줿Թ
ʬΤȤФϥɸ
Ūʤ꤫Τ褦ʤ
Ūᰥ
III ǽ
Ȥ˳륢
եɤĤȤ
ܽΤƻ塤褳

ϡȤФѤʤȤ
I ȤФؤȤ
ɸΤƤƱѸΤ
Ŀ͡ߥ˥ƥ٥Ǥθ
̤Ť
II 鸽
ɤ˵ä
ؤװ
ΰؤ
ؤܤȸؤμҲ
III ߤ̤
ɸȤ --- 夫
޵äƤ
ƤΤΤȤϰ㤦ȤƤΥɸ
ɸ⤵ޤޤ
Ƥ륢ɸβ
ɻϰ¸

軰ϡɸؤλפѸؤλפ
ʤޤ򤭤
ؤؤλפ
ɸɤƤΤ
ѸɤƤΤ
ֱѸפȤ֥ɱѸס
ѸɤƤΤ
;ϡüԤθռˤޤ
ϤƤθĴ
ߥ˥ƥ
եɤǵŤ
ѤظˤüԤΰռ
do be θ쳰̣
ؤΰռ
ɤ餷ؤΰռ
ʸˡäФռ

޾ϡȤФΤʤΥɤ餷
I ɱѸΤ
ͭθ
ϤαѸϤॢɸ줫μѸ
ɱѸͭɽ

ʸˡΤߤˡָפߤ
αѸ
II ɽ
ְäѸ졩
ȼη
How long are you here? ΰ̣
ȼη
äΰ̣ be after λ
be after λ have λλȤʬ
II ¤ɽ
Ĵʸ꤬
'tis ʸʬʸ
ȤФƯƤ뤷
ɸߤй
ܤȤ
ϻϡȤФѤ뤳ȡؤ뤳
I ܿ
ܿؤˤȤäƤΥɱѸ̥
ѲɤΤ褦ˤߤ뤫
ʸˡΥΥ١
II ȤФѲȿ͡ε
ѸȼʬΤȤФȤδ֤Ǥ륢ǥƥƥ
ˤߤΤ
ɬ --- δȱѸ¿Ȥ줾

????????????
ʸ




(language_shift) ܿ (contact) (language_planning) ʤɡҲؤ¿θʤɡʱѡˡʸˤˡܤ

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2018-06-23 Sat

#3344. ָǡüԤա [functionalism][language_change][systemic_regulation][teleology][invisible_hand][causation]

Aitchison (175--76) ߤ뼫ǽ (systemic_regulation) 夲ĤġˡüԤդȤƤ롥ξǡȤβλˤ3ब̤ȽҤ١⤷Ƥ롥

[L]anguage has a remarkable instinct for self-preservation. It contains inbuilt self-regulating devices which restore broken patterns and prevent disintegration. More accurately, of course, it is the speakers of the language who perform these adjustments in response to some innate need to structure the information they have to remember.
   In a sense, language can be regarded as a garden, and its speakers as gardeners who keep the garden in a good state. How do they do this? There are at least three possible versions of this garden metaphor---a strong version, a medium version, and a weak version.
   In the strong version, the gardeners tackle problems before they arise. They are so knowledgeable about potential problems that they are able to forestall them. They might, for example, put weedkiller on the grass before any weeds spring up and spoil the beauty of the lawn. In other words, they practice prophylaxis.
   In the medium version, the gardeners nip problems in the bud, as it were. They wait until they occur, but then deal with them before they get out of hand like the Little Prince in Saint-Exupéry's fairy story, who goes round his small planet every morning rooting out baobab trees when they are still seedlings, before they can do any real damage.
   In the weak version of the garden metaphor, the gardener acts only when disaster has struck, when the garden is in danger of becoming a jungle, like the lazy man, mentioned by the Little Prince, who failed to root out three baobabs when they were still a manageable size, and faced a disaster on his planet.


³ʸ̮ Aitchison ϡȤڵϸĤäƤʤȤ⤭ºݤ˼ϡ֤Υȼ夤2ĤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤդϡװͽɤˤޤǤϴؤʤβ꤬ŦǤȤȤϤ뤷뤤ޤɤޤ줿缣ŤܤȤȤ⤹롥üԡʤƸˤϡͽɰؤǤϤʤоˡȤդǤ롤ȤƤ褤⤷ʤ
ѲΡͽɡפȡּšפȤˤĤƤϡ#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1])#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ ([2010-10-25-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2018-06-06 Wed

#3327. ѲˤüԤ϶ŪǤ [language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][glottochronology][drift][indo-european][inflection]

#3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ ([2018-06-03-1]) ǡѲˤüԤŪǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ѲʤƤüͤθŪ϶ޤθ̤ƤʤϤʱƶηŪʾ׷ʤɤˤϵڤӤĤʤĤޤꡤѲȤüԤιưϡܴۤŪŪǤȤȤ
Joseph (128) ϤüԤζ򷫤֤ĥĤġդ˱ŪʸѲȽƤ롥㤨СĹ֤ʣˤ錄Ѳ٤ƤƤǯ (cf. #1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])) Τ褦ˡϡʤȤ롥ȤΤϡǯؤǤϡºݤüԤ褷Ƽ뤳ȤΤʤƻŪʴȤƤ뤫Ǥ롥㤨С2018ǯλƤ뤢ѸüԤǯδ֤ˡɤαñ̤ñ֤ʤиǯؤεꤹִΨãʤʤɤȤȤϡͤƤߤʤϤǤ롥ǯؤִΨϷиŪƳФ줿ͤǤϤ뤬򥴡˿ǡŪŪʸѲؤȲƤޤ
Ѹޤ˿ǯˤ錄äƤȤޤοʿȤή (drift) ˤĤƤƱͤǤ롥ˤ錄ꡤ˸줬ѲƤ褦ˤߤ뤫ȤäơġüԤŪʴѲƤȹͤΤϴְ㤤Ǥ롥ǤϤʤġüԤ϶ŪʴưʤƤˤ줬ޤǽŪ˺Ѥ̤ȤơѲؤȲʤ򤹤٤
ϡKeller ξ롤Ѳ˺Ѥָ (invisible_hand) ˤۤʤʤ#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ׻ȡ

Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.
Keller, Rudi. "Invisible-Hand Theory and Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 113--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-07-1]

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2018-06-03 Sun

#3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ [language_change][syntax][teleology][invisible_hand][lexical_diffusion]

ѲȤ櫓ѲοʹԤλˤĤơؤʬ䤹Ҳ𤷤Ƥ뤳ȤɾΤ Aitchison (100) Τ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

Syntactic change typically creeps into a language via optional stylistic variants. Particular lexical items provide a toehold. The change tends to become widely used via ambiguous structures. One or some of these get increasingly preferred, and in the long run the dispreferred options fade away through disuse. Mostly, speakers are unaware that such changes are taking place. Overall, all changes, whether phonetic/phonological, morphological, or syntactic, take place gradually, and also spread gradually. There is always fluctuation between the old and the new. Then the changes tend to move onward and outward, becoming the norm among one group of speakers before moving on to the next.


ѲϡˤäȿʹԤ뤿ˡ줬ƤüԤˤȤäƤƳŤʤΤǤ롥ξ¸֤ˤϡ#3318. Ѳκˤ뿷Ѱ۷äơ ([2018-05-28-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡξԤΤ˲餫δỤ̄Ѱΰ㤤ռ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤɰռ줺ˡ¾夿Ρɤ (fluctuation) ȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿Ѳϸä˥äƿʤफΤ褦ηŤƤǡ춦ƱΤǤ⤢üԤ̤üԤؤŤƤ (lexical_diffusion) Ѳ creep 礦ˤ褦˿ʤȤȤϡ̯Ǥ롥
ޤ̤βս Aitchison (107) ϡJoseph (140) Ѥʤ顤ѲΥ뤤϶˸ڤƤ롥

[S]peakers in the process of using --- and thus of changing --- their language often act as if they were in a fog, by which is meant not that they are befuddled but that they see clearly only immediately around them, so to speak, and only in a clouded manner farther afield. They thus generalize only 'locally' . . . and not globally over vast expanses of data, and they exercise their linguistic insights only through a small 'window of opportunity' over a necessarily small range of data.


ġüԤϡ礭ήΤʤˤѲṲ̄ϸƤ餺Ū˹ưƤǤ롥ѲΡָ (invisible_hand) Ū (teleology) ˤľ뤹븫Ǥ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡָѲ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤפΤʤΤ

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.
Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-07-1] [2018-06-06-1]

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2018-01-20 Sat

#3190. ѲζɬƱ̿ [language_change][causation][teleology][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand][drift]

#2867. Ѳζɬ ([2017-03-03-1]) 嵴¤Ρض٤ɤǡƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ɬ餫Ω복ǰǤ롥䤿ϤȤˡֶɬפɬŪפʤɤΥˤ롥ʤΤ褦̷⤷ɽǽʤΤ
嵴 (74) ˤСŪɬŪŪϷӤĤ䤹ŪŪŪɬϷӤĤ䤹Ĥޤְۼפ䤹Ȥ

褽ѤϤŰ줷ˤƤϰŪɬΤߤǧʤäưŪ¸ߤ;ϤϤʤŪŪɬꤷη̤ȤơŪŪǧ롥ʳŪѤϤηɽƤ롥ȿơŪѤŰŪʷäˤϡŪŪɬˤäƤΤ߰ڤ褦Ȥ롥äŪŪ¸ߤʤˡŪɬη̤ȤơŪ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ķؤΰջ֤ˤäƤ٤Ƥ硤Ụ̄ؤ¸ߤǧΤϤδط˴𤤤Ƥ롥ΰ̣ˤơŪɬŪŪȷ礷䤹ŪŪɬϰŪȷ礷䤹ֶɬפȤ褦ʵŪθϤβǽ˴ŤΤǤ롥


Ĥޤꡤ븽ݤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢פȤ1Ĥβϡ줬ŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶ǤȤȤΰۼβϡŪ (teleology) ǤϤʤ (mechanism) ΩβǤ롥äơŪ򤹤СѲޤɬǤ⤢Ǥ⤢׸ݤʤΤǤ롥
ΰۼȴϢơ嵴 (244) ̤βսǡֶȱ̿פˤĤͤƤʰʲ˵ϲ֤ˡ

ФŪðۤ̿Фðۤη뤳Ȥ롥ʹ֤μ¸ˤȤäƳ˿ŪͳỤ̄ͭĤȤϱ̿ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ʊ̿ȤƤζϡɬȤΰۼˤäơɬԡפι¤򼨤ĶŪϤäƸȤƿʹ֤¸פΤǤ롥


ιͤˤС̿ȤϡͤˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פġŪˤɬŪŪˤ϶Ǥ븽ݤǤʿСͤˤȤäƤƽפʷ̤⤿餵줿硤ŪŪ˶ǤäȤƤ⡤ŪŪɬǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥޤꡤ̿ȸƤӤȤȤ
ѲˤơȤ˱̿ɽ뤳Ȥ⤢ drift ήˤˤĤơδͤƤߤȤ⤷²ǤϿǯδ֡ޤοȤ drift ³ƤȤ뤬ζưϤθǤ뤫ˤĤƤΤʽФƤʤäơ򤢤α̿ǤȤȤ館Ԥ롥Τ褦Ԥϡdrift ²ˤȤäơֳ˿ŪͳỤ̄פĤΤȿƤꡤ椨ŪŪɬθݤǤ뤫Τ褦˴ơ̿ȸƤǤΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤdrift Ȥݤ¿ʲͤ򤪤Ƥ뤫餳ҤäȤȶνˤʤΤ򡤱̿ȤĤ̾ǡðۤäƸƤӤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ѳζɬ̿ˤĤƤϡinvisible_hand spaghetti_junction ιͤ⻲Ȥ줿

嵴 ¤ض١ȽŹ2012ǯ

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2018-01-01 Mon

#3171. 1/f ? [language_change][variation][chaos_theory][invisible_hand][complex_system][lexical_diffusion][speed_of_change][1/f][dynamic_equilibrium]

2018ǯȤʤޤǯ hellog ³Ƥޤꤤפޤ
ǯǽϡ֤餮פˤĤơ¸ߤ餮ˤϵ§ŪȤΤ⤢СޤäͽԲǽʤΤ⤢뤬¿θݤˤƤϡȤϤȤ⤢ͽ¬Ǥ餮ǧ롥ʤǤ1/f 餮פȤΤƤΤϡȤβˤ¿ǧ졤Ȥ櫓ʹ֤򴶤ΤΤʤˤФдޤޤƤȸ롥Τ餮ϳܤǯءαλݤߡż֤ɤ졤ŤĮ¤ߡࡤܡҡݤΥꥺࡤȸȤХåϤ⡼ĥȤγڶʤʤɤˤߤۤ١˦¤ˤǧȤ1/f 餮פȤƾΤϡоݤΤ餮μȿ (frequency) ʬʬϤʬζŪäƥղȡľ뤳Ȥˤ롥1/f2 1/f-1 Ǥʤ 1/f ǤȤɤʹ֤ˤȤäƤβΥݥȤ餷ԡpp. 24--39ˡ
1/f 餮ʹ֤̩ܤʤȤ¿ȤΤϡηϡˤˤߤǽ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥ǸˤȤäƤ餮Ȥϲˤʤ롥Ū variation ꤹ뤳ȤǤѲ (language_change) (frequency) ® (speed_of_language_change) ʤɤˤ⸫뤫⤷ʤ㤨С1/f 餮óȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȴؤäƤ餪⤷
1/f 餮ϡʣ (complex_system) 䥫 (chaos_theory) Ȥ⿼ط롥ηϤʣϤǤꡤѲŬѤоݤȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥϡ#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1])#3142. ۥᥪ (1) ([2017-12-03-1])#3143. ۥᥪ (2) ([2017-12-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤȤС1/f 餮ޤ˴ͿƤǽ⤤ιͤˤⶦ̤ƤΤϡưƤ԰ʥƥळϤͽǤʤưŬ䤹Ȥ԰꤫꤬٤ޤ褦ʥƥǤ롥ŪʸˤϡưŪʰ괶פȤäƤ褤뤤ϺǶβʳؤΥɤǤСưŪʿա (dynamic_equilibrium) Ǥ롥ͷӡפˤ̤Τ롥
ȴϢơ (127--28) 1/f 餮򼨤ܤξˤĤƤζ̣Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

ܤʪΤθ¦˾碌ƤޤƾϡԥäȰΤȤ˻ߤޤäƤΤǤϤʤĤˤդդưƤΤǤ
ư1/f 餮˶ᤤΤǤ
ˤäˤäꡤ礳礳䤨ưƤΤϡưƤۤΤΰ֤ѤäȤˤ碌ľ䤹Ǥƥ˥꤬֤Ȥˡ­򾯤ƾΤ򺸱ɤäƤޤϻߤޤäƤȡܡ뤬ǤȤΤưʤǤ礦ܤξƱȤǤ
ޤϡ褦ȤΤ˹碌ƤΤ̤Τ褦ǤƤΤưȡƲܤ䤱ޤ⤷ʪΤ˹äƤȡΤƤ˹ԤäƤ⡤ܤ䤱ȤǤƱȤˤʤޤǤϾ碌ľΤˡɤ˾ưФ褤ΤȤäȽǤǤޤ󡥸ƤΤ⡤˾ޤäƤСΤ饺ƱưȤΤϤäꤷƤޤεդ˼ưСܤ䤱㤷ʤޤƱˡϾ󤯤˹碌ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ˤ餤ǤۤΤȤѲб䤹ȤȤǤ礦


ηϤˤ餤Ǥ뤫餳ʹ֤Υߥ˥ߵ䤨Ѳ¨ǤʥƥȤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤ1/f 餮θؤαѤ̤οؿ󤻤Ƥ

ؤ餮ȯۡ1/f 餮ˤޤ١Ƕ1994ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-16-1] [2018-01-06-1]

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2017-11-13 Mon

#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ [chaos_theory][language_change][invisible_hand][complex_system]

إŪ٤ԥ奢 (481--82) ˤȡˤĤƶ̣ȤϡȤζܤ˶ᤤ֥ձפˤơʤ̲äƤȤȤǤ롥

ʣϥγǰξۤΤǤ롥ºݡʣˤ뤵ĤޤȤܸ졽뤤ϤΤˤϴѶ硽ϡ֥ΤդձˡפȤǤ롥ȵ§ࡤ֤ǤǤ׻ųݤαΤ褦ˡĤΥƥñʻǤդޤݤ򼨤ƥϤäȤäʣʻǤդޤζüȤơʬҤΤȤƤΥʱư롥֤ˤ륷ƥϡäȶ̣ΤդޤʣǤϤ뤬ѥż褦ʤդޤ򼨤ʣǤϤ뤬ȿ줿ƥϡޤȥδ֤ܾ֤ˤ褦˸ơ줳֥ձפʤΤǤ롥ǼΤϡˤ뤤ϳؽˤäƥƥबζ˹ԤĤȤȤǤ롥ޤñʥƥϡŪĶΤʤǤĤʤʤʤ顤ʣ̯ʥƥϤε§򿩤ʪˤ뤳ȤˤäñʥƥФȴ뤫Ǥ롥ʤ⤷⤢븽͢Ҥμ֤轵θ˶Ԥ餪ꡤΤƱ롼Ȥ̤ä͢Ȥ顤ϤȤñ˸⶯å餺뤳ȤǤˤޤäʥƥޤĤʤʤʤ餽ƥϡΤʥҡȤʡˤȤϲʤ뤲ʤǤ롥ʤ⤷⸽֤͢ޤäʥ롼ȤȤȤ顤Ԥ夹ޤǤ˻֤ޤˤꤹ夹ˤλŻ̤βҤåƤޤˤ顤ĤȤǤϡΤȤƤι¤򼺤äƤʤʤ٤ˤǤ뤫ʣΤפˤʤΤǤ롥ʲ륷ƥϡձˤȤɤޤ褦ƤΤǤ롥


ηϤ⡤ĶѲ˽ŬηϤǤ롥Ѱۤܿϡ֥ձפȤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤˤǺǤ⤪⤷ݤ깭Ƥ롥ϡĤƤñ㤹ʣ⤷ʤ1ĤΥƥʤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1])#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1]) ⻲ȡ

奢ȡˡ ס¼ ˡˡإŪʣϤβʳؤء١ȼҡ1998ǯ

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2017-11-03 Fri

#3112. ȸѲ (2) [chaos_theory][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][complex_system]

ε ([2017-11-02-1]) ˰³ƤꡥȸѲܤѸ˸Ԥ Smith 롥Smith (194) ϡѲˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Change . . . is the result of the complex interaction of extralinguistic and intralinguistic developments, and any resulting change itself interacts with further developments to produce yet more change. The conception is therefore a dynamic one . . . .


Smith (195) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ǡΤ褦¿ͤ¦̤ĸѲ֥פ븽ݤȤ󼨤Ƥ롥

   Such a multifarious conception of language change . . . seems to correspond to the most recent paradigm in both the natural and human sciences: 'chaos-theory'. Chaos-theory is really about order, about the way in which order results from complex interaction. The best-known popular example of this process --- the butterfly stamping in the forest causing a storm a thousand miles away --- is really about how a tiny innovation can make a difference, by interacting with other innovations to produce a snowball effect. If language is a metastable system deployed by interacting innovative and conservative language-users, it does not, in a chaotic world, require or imply some divine plan or overall grand design. Rather, living languages are the result of what Dawkins has called a 'blind watchmaker' effect, whereby order comes out of chaos.
   Such an approach is hardly revolutionary, and . . . no claims of special newness are made here.


Smith ϡѲ򡤸˴ͿǤ "complex interaction" ΤޤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥Smith θѲѤˤĤƤϡ#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) 򻲾ȡΰѤˤ⤢ "blind watchmaker" ȤȴϢơteleology invisible_hand εɤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2017-03-03 Fri

#2867. Ѳζɬ [language_change][causation][teleology][entropy][unidirectionality][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand]

ʵڤӤΩȤƤɬˤȤϲȤ䤤ůؾѲθõݤˤ򤱤̤櫓ˤϤʤ׳ؼԡΨԤǤˤֶפ˴ؤ뿷ɤǤߤ
ϡֶɬŪʪ (139) Ȥɽ󤵤Ƥ褦ˡɬΩ복ǰȤϡषȤ߹蘆äƸݤϢ³ŪưǤȹͤƤ롥㤨СʪʲˤĤơѰۤεˤϤʤΰϤΤȤǡѤ߽ŤͤˤפȽҤ٤Ƥ (138) ѰۼΤϤޤǡֶפζθΤäΤˤäơΰ褬ޤꡤ褬ФΨޤ롥Τ褦˲⤫ʤǤˡǽŪˤ褬1Ĥ˹ʤ졤Ψ1ʤɬפȤʤ롥ʤֶפȯʤ⡤ˡפʤ졤ĤˤϡɬפؤϢʤ롤Ȥ櫓
̤ȹ̤2ĤλԤͤƤߤ褦ޤ1λԡˤƱ̤ȹ̤äƤȤ롥̵٤1ĤФ̤̤Ͽ᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤줫ζ̤ФΨϡˡ§ˤ1/2Ȥʤ뤳ȤϼǤ롥Ǥϼ2λԡǤϡ̵٤1ļФˡƱΤ⤦1Ĥζ̤ä᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤Ƥߤ롥ǽμФǤοФ뤫γΨ1/2㤨Фޤ̤ФȤơ᤹ݤˤϡ⤦1Ĥ̤ä᤹ΤǡμФ˺ݤƤγΨη׻ϡ̤ͭʼؤѤμ㴳ͭ椨˼ºݤ˼β̤ФȤȡμβˤϤ̤ͭȤʤŤͤ뤴Ȥ̤ͭǽŪˤ̤ФΨϸ¤ʤ1˶ŤƤϤǤ롥ǽ϶äΤǸˤϤۤɬȤʤäƤޤǤ롥
2ĤλԤ顤Ѥˡ2ढ뤳Ȥʬ롥1ܤǤϤĤޤǤäƤ1/2ȤΨѤ餺ष㲽ƤΤ褦Сȥԡ硤뤤Ͼ̤θǤ롥2ܤϡǽζˤˤФäƤǽŪɬ˶ŤƤϡȥԡθ뤤Ͼ̤Ȥ (74) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Τʶ̤ˤơ֥ȥԡˡ§פȡ־ˡ§פȤƯƤȻפĤޤꡤˤɬȤʤȤΤ¸ߤƶˤˡ§Ω褦ʡ˸¤ˤƴʰ⤿餹ΤΤȡѤ뤳ȤˤäƾȤƯδĶβǿФ褦ʤΤȤब롥Ԥζϥȥԡ⤿餹ԤϾ̤⤿餹ΤǤ롥ܤС˺Ф줿󥷥ƥˤäª뤳Ȥˤäơꤷݻ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥


븽ݤǤ⤢ɬǤ⤢ȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ뤬Τ褦˹ͤĴ¤롥θϡѲˤ¿μͿƤ롥㤨СѲ˴ؤˡunidirectionality invisible_hand spaghetti_junction ȸƤФ벾⤬ʡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡޤˤ륨ȥԡˤĤƤ entropy γƵǰäƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

ضȤϲѶỤ̄١ȽŹҴȿӡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-20-1]

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2016-12-24 Sat

#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand]

ļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκɤδ֡ɤǿʹԤƤɸ줫Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ʿפʸΤǡܺ٤Ƥ롥եɥ̤ƹ̱οˤޤ⤦ȤĴ١ɱѸθŪʬϡܿ˴ؤŪʹ׸ܸ⤦ƤȴʤȤηپʤɡɤߤɤ¿奢ɤθˤĤơΤ褦˰̸ɤߤ䤹񤫤줿ܤФȤϴޤ٤Ǥ롥
ԤϡɤˤؤȤʼҲ˸ŪʸԤʤäơŻǤϤʤüԽŻ٤Ȥ뤳ȤƤ롥

錄ϸ򤽤ΤޤޤʸݤȤȤ˹ͤȤޤѼԡʤüԤ򤽤濴֤ȤФᤰ뤵ޤޤʸݡʤȤСܿѲѡɡå󥰡ˤϤ٤üԤβߤΤȤˤ롥Τ褦ʤȤϤޤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ٤Τ褦ʸƤ줿ɼԤϡʳθ򤷤Ť餤⤷ʤºݤƤƤʬӹͻˤƤϡޤޤװΤȤ˸ѤˤüԡפξݤơܼʳŪ˲褦ȤߤΤΤȤۤƤطʤ⤢롥ġp. 55


ѤˤȤꡤؤɮƬȤ˴ؤǤϡüԤμξݡפӻǤ롥Ȥ櫓üԤŻ뤹ϤʬǤҲؤǤ顤ʤǤ֤ˡĤΤޤˤüԤδ餬ʤʤäƤ뤳ȤФФǤ롥
üԡʵڤӥߥ˥˴ؤ뤽¾ο͡ˤʤи줿ꤨʤȤ¤ƳǧȤüԤξݤؤչԤͤޤȤưפǤ롥ؤüԤߤȤɬפʤΤΤȤϡܥ֥Ǥ⼡εʤɤǷ֤Ƥ

#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])
#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1])

ȤϤϰפǤ롥δȤΤϤޤΤǡȴȡüԤδθʤؤäƤޤηϤΤΤΩӤؤΤ٤ƤȤ櫓Ǥʤηϡˤüԡʽġˤͻ硦Ĵ¤ָ (invisible_hand) Τ褦ʸѲܤƤƤʡ#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡؤȤƤ⡤ηϡˤüԡʽġˤδطˤĤƺ٤äͤƤߤƤ褦˻פ롥

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-04-09 Sat

#2539. ָפˤѲ [invisible_hand][language_change][causation][functionalism][spaghetti_junction]

ǯθѲθǤϡѲβָ (invisible_hand) θˤ褦Ȥ Keller λߤΤ褦ˤʤäƤܥ֥Ǥ⡤#8. ̽ڤȸѲ ([2009-05-07-1])#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1]) ʤɤεǰäƤ
Keller (123) ޼Ƥ "invisible-hand explanation" ˡ徯äΤ򲼤˷Ǻܤ褦

        (micro level)                                                                    (macro level)
    intentional                         causal        
                              actions           consequence                               
                                                              
                                invisible-                                            
                         hand             explanandum       
                               process                                              
                                                                
                                                                                    
                                                      
   ecological conditions

ü micro level ˤϡ־ΤȤǥߥ˥ԤʤġüԤ롥ġüԤϰտŪ˸ưԤʤ줬ŪʹưȤƤޤȤȡϤȤ invisible-hand process ȸƤФ֥åܥåäƤνϤϡɬŪʰΧ˴Ťü٤츽ݤؤȰľ˸
Ѳ츽ݤοϺü桤üΤ줾ȢˤĤƤξܺ٤ޤǤʤФʤʤΡפ¿ϡüȢ ecological conditions ΤĤŦΤߤä㤨СƱ۵ͤȤΥޥȤФ˸ؤˤơפȤƤϿΰǤʤ Keller ϻŦ롥ơKeller (120) ˤпȤϡ

An invisible-hand explanation consists --- ideally --- of three levels:

(a) The depiction of the personal motives, intentions, goals, convictions, and so forth, which form the basis of the individual actions: the nature of the speaker's language and the world he lives in, as far as they are relevant for the speaker's choice of action and his choice of linguistic means.
(b) The depiction of the process that explains the generation of structure by the multitude of individual actions. This process is called the invisible-hand process.
(c) The depiction of the generated structure.


Ρָפˤϡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1]) ȡ#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1]) ˤ spaghetti_junction ȤطꤽǤ롥

Keller, Rudi. "Invisible-Hand Theory and Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 113--27.

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2016-04-03 Sun

#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) [terminology][pidgin][creole][language_change][terminology][tok_pisin][cognitive_linguistics][communication][teleology][causation][origin_of_language][evolution][prediction_of_language_change][invisible_hand]

ε ([2016-04-01-1]) ˰³"spaghetti junction" ˤĤơϡθݤ˴ؤ Aitchison 1989ǯʸɤΤǡݡȤ롥
Aitchison ϡѥץ˥塼˥ǹä Tok Pisin λꡦˡηϤ͡ʼʤκʤäƤȤȤ˰ӤΤˤʤäƤͻҤѻ "spaghetti junction" θ̤ˤΤTok Pisin ˸뤳Τ褦ηϤѲϡϢʤ¾Υԥ䥯쥪ǤѻƤꡤΤ2ĤΩͤ󵯤ƤȤ1Ĥ Bickerton ʤɤؼԤĥ褦ˡʸˡ˶ŪƯƤꡤѲɬŪˤηϤ˽뤹롤ȤΤΩϡŪ󤬥ҥȤΰҤȤ߹ޤƤꤹ뤿ᡤ"bioprogram" ȸƤФ롥⤦1Ĥιͤϡ졤ǧΡߥ˥˴ؤ͡ʰۤʤߤ˺Ѥ̡ǽŪ˻褦ʲФȤΤΩ줬 "spaghetti junction" Ǥ롥Aitchison (152) ϡ2ܤθʲΤ褦ٻƤ롥

This second approach regards a language at any particular point in time as if it were a spaghetti junction which allows a number of possible exit routes. Given certain recurring communicative requirements, and some fairly general assumptions about language, one can sometimes see why particular options are preferred, and others passed over. In this way, one can not only map out a number of preferred pathways for language, but might also find out that some apparent 'constraints' are simply low probability outcomes. 'No way out' signs on a spaghetti junction may be rare, but only a small proportion of possible exit routes might be selected.


Aitchison (169) ϡ2ĤΩΰ㤤͡ʸɽƤ롥"innate programming" Ф "probable rediscovery" ǤȤѲ "prophylaxis" ͽɡˤФ "therapy" ʼšˤǤʡͽɡפȡּšפˤĤƤϡ#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡAitchison ϡξΩȿΤȤϡŪ⤷ʤȹͤƤ褦
"spaghetti junction" ΩĤΤǤСθѲβϡФ䤹ƻڡפ򤤤ͽ¬뤫ȤȤˤʤAitchison (170) ϡʸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

A number of principles combined to account for the pathways taken, principles based jointly on general linguistic capabilities, cognitive abilities, and communicative needs. The route taken is therefore the result of the rediscovery of viable options, rather than the effect of an inevitable bioprogram. At the spaghetti junctions of language, few exits are truly closed. However, a number of converging factors lead speakers to take certain recurrent routes. An overall aim in future research, then, must be to predict and explain the preferred pathways of language evolution.


Τ褦ʸ̤ϸȯȽȯãˤ⿷ʸƤƤ뤫⤷ʤ͡褬ä˽װˤФ䤹ƻڡפѤ졤ˤĤʤηǤΤǤϤʤȡ

Aitchison, Jean. "Spaghetti Junctions and Recurrent Routes: Some Preferred Pathways in Language Evolution." Lingua 77 (1989): 151--71.

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2016-04-01 Fri

#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" [terminology][pidgin][creole][language_change][terminology][invisible_hand]

ŪˤΥ줿2ĤΥ쥪줬˻ȯŸ򤿤ɤꡤ˻ħ˻뤳ȤФФ롥Aitchison (233--34) ˤȡΤ "bioprogram" "spaghetti junction" ȤȤԤ Bickerton ξǤꡤʹ֤ˤʪŪ˥ץव줿ļ̿ꡤ쥪ˤߤŪħϤɬŪ߽ФȤ (see #445. ԥȥ쥪ε˴ؤ ([2010-07-16-1])) Ԥϡ¿ƻϩ򺹤 spaghetti junction Τ褦ˡԥ줫饯쥪줬ȯãˤϡ͡ʲǽ߽ФΤΡǽ褬ˤФޤꡤǽŪˤ1Ĥνиؼ̤Ȥʥꥪ
ŪˤξȤꤹ뤳ȤǤ뤬ĴƤߤȡ٤ƤΥ쥪줬Ʊϩ򤿤ɤ櫓Ǥʤħȯ櫓ǤʤʤΤǡspaghetti junction ⤬ǤȡAitchison (234) Ƥ롥
spaghetti junction ⤬Ѳδ鶽̣Τϡ쥪ȯã˴ؤƤФǤϤʤ̾θѲ˴ؤƤƱ褦ˡꤹ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥ̾θѲˤ͡ʷϩΥץ󤬤Ȼפ뤬ΨŪˤϡˤ٤ηʤͽ¬ǽʬʤ꤬ѻΤ¤Ǥ롥ΰ̣Ǥϡۤɺ߹äƤʤ spaghetti junction ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ쥪ȯãȰۤʤΤϡȯã®٤ޤ®ⶹʣ¿ spaghetti junction 椷Ƥ褦ˤߤ
̾θѲȥ쥪ȯãΰ㤤⤷Τ褦®٤¸ˤʤΤǤСԤѻ뤳ȤϡԤǤѻ뤳ȤˤۤʤʤȤȤˤʤ롥쥪츦ȸѲϡߤˤΤ褦ʴطˤΤ⤷줺ΤξԤϢưդƤɬפ롥Aitchison (234) ۩

. . . the stages by which pidgins develop into creoles seem to be normal processes of change. More of them happen simultaneously, and they happen faster, than in a full language. This makes pidgins and creoles valuable 'laboratories' for the observation of change.


Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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2016-03-30 Wed

#2529. evolution evolution (3) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][causation][language_myth][drift][exaptation][terminology]

2֤ˤ錄ɸε ([2016-03-28-1], [2016-03-29-1]) ˤĤƤ3ơϡevolution 3θߤʪؤǼƤ˸Ѳ˱Ѥ줦뤫ˤĤƹͤ롥McMahon (334) ꡤ3θǧƤ

the development of a race, species or other group ...: the process by which through a series of changes or steps any living organism or group of organisms has acquired the morphological and physiological characters which distinguish it: the theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other preexisting types, the distinguishable differences being due to modifications in successive generations.


ˤʤäƤƤˤ evolution εκüϡޤˤθǤ evolution ȤƤ롥ޤǤ2εǸƤ褦ˡ1920θȾˤơؤˤ evolution ȤѸˤϼ깤ĤƤޤäؤˤơѸϥβʳŪ򼨤ʤ⡤üʲʹѤӤӤƤ뤳ȤŪʥåƥŽƤʪʳءˤȸʳءˤ°פӤƤ椨ǤꡤǫξԤʿʿСͭѤȤǤ³ǽϻĤ롥Ӥκݤ˵äΩĤ٤ evolution Ȥϡ嵭θ evolution Ǥ롥ˤϴޤޤƤʤʪʲʬǹƤ mutation, variation, natural selection, adaptation ʤɤѸ졦ǰ򡤤˸Ѳ˱ѤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
McMahon (334--40) ϡʪʳءˤȸʳءˤΡʿˤĤƤιͻΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥ߤΰƱ褯򤷤ǤСˡ˸ؤˡʪؤؤ֤٤Ȥ¿षԤΤƤΰǤȼĥƤ롥McMahon (340) ᤯ϼ̤

[T]he Darwinian theory of biological evolution, with its interplay of mutation, variation and natural selection, has clear parallels in historical linguistics, and may be used to provide enlightening accounts of linguistic change. Having borrowed the core elements of evolutionary theory, we may then also explore novel concepts from biology, such as exaptation, and assess their relevance for linguistic change. Indeed, the establishment of parallels with historical biology may provide one of the most profitable future directions for historical linguistics.


ʪʳءˤȸʳءˤΡʿˤĤƤϡ#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-05-1] [2016-03-31-1]

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2016-03-29 Tue

#2528. evolution evolution (2) [evolution][history_of_linguistics][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][causation][language_myth][drift][terminology]

ε ([2016-03-28-1]) ˰³Ѳˤ evolution βˤĤơ evolution Ū (teleology) Ūʴްդ2θ"A series of related changes in a certain direction" ܤä (1) Ⱥθ (2) ϸѲȤˤƶ̤Ƥ뤬(1) ˥٥ˤĹŪʲʹѤȼä˴طΤФơ(2) ϲʹѤѤΤΡѲˤŪˤϱ̿Ť줿Ťȼĥ롥
üŪˤСŪȤ "effects precede (in time) their final causes" ȤȯۤǤ (qtd. in McMahon 325 from p. 312 of Lass, Roger. "Linguistic Orthogenesis? Scots Vowel Length and the English Length Conspiracy." Historical Linguistics. Volume 1: Syntax, Morphology, Internal and Comparative Reconstruction. Ed. John M. Anderson and Charles Jones. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1974. 311--43.) ̾ŪΩ X ³ Y Ȥ̴طʪ򤹤뤬ŪˤƤϡ Y 뤳ȤǤ褦 X 롤롥2ϸȿФ1ĤθѲФȤƻȤƤޤȤפǤ롥㤨СΤʳ [mb], [md], [mg], [nb], [nd], [ng], [ŋb], [ŋd], [ŋg] λҲϢ³ƤƤΤʳǤ [mb], [nd], [ŋg] 3路ƤʤʤäȤ롥̾βŪˤСƱﴱƱ (homorganic assimilation) פȤʤ뤬ŪŪѤȡĴ䤹뤿ƱﴱλҲϢ³ȤʤäפȤʤ롥
ػˤˤƤϡ͡ԤŪȤäƤȿԤƱ餤Ƥ㤨 Jakobson ŪԤäθѤŪοǻBloomfield Lass ϡŪΩ˸ȿФƤ롥McMahon (330--31) ⡤ŪŪŪ (teleology of purpose) ȡֵǽŪ (teleology of function) ʬˤ뤳ȤŪŪܤƤơΥˤĤŪŪƱ˲ǽǤȿMcMahon ηѤơ2ΰ̣ evolution ƹͤȤ

There is a useful verdict of Not Proven in the Scottish courts, and this seems the best judgement on teleology. We cannot prove teleological explanations wrong (although this in itself may be an indictment, in a discipline where many regard potentially falsifiable hypotheses as the only valid ones), but nor can we prove them right; they rest on faith in predestination and the omniscient guiding hand. More pragmatically, alleged cases of teleology tend to have equally plausible alternative explanations, and there are valid arguments against the teleological position. Even the weaker teleology of function is flawed because of the numerous cases where it simply does not seem to be applicable. However, this rejection does not make the concept of conspiracy, synchronic or diachronic, any less intriguing, or the perception of directionality . . . any less real.


McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-31-1] [2016-03-30-1]

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2015-08-12 Wed

#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. [language_change][sociolinguistics][causation][invisible_hand][methodology][contact]

ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤ˴ؤ뵭Ʊ餤Ѳ (language_change) ˴ؤ뵭񤤤ƤѲȤѸ䳵ǰȤƤطʤˤ򤷤ƤʤФʤʤȤ롥ϡѲ (linguistic change) üԺ (speaker-innovation) ζ̤Ǥ (Milroy 77) 줬ѲΤϡüԤո뤫Ǥ롥
üԤոȤäơ줬Ѳľ뤹Ȥϸ¤ʤ٤η֤뤳ȤΤʤˤʤ⤷ʤĿŪѰۤˤȤɤޤ뤫⤷ʤ줬ηϤΤʤ夷춦Ʊ˳ȤäƤϤơѲȤ롥ֽǤСüԺϸѲԤ롥ޤüԺߤθѲϤꤨʤȤȤǤ⤢롥ΤȤϹͤƤߤмǤϤ뤬䤿ϡָѲפݤˡФиηϤΧΤȤưüԤƤɤ롥ռŪˤΤ褦ˡΤäƤΤǤϾʤȻפ뤬ոκμΤüԤǤȤ¤ϡǰƬˤƤɬפ롥
ѲμΤüԤȸΤưפˤؤΤϡѲؤΰܹԤ˴ؤᥫ˥ब褯ƤʤǤ⤢롥Υᥫ˥1ĤȤ (invisible_hand) ƤƤ뤬ޤơθȤäƤ褤
褦ѸηǰȤơüԡʽġˤɤܿƤˤ⤫餺ФСָܿ (language contact) ȤȤ롥ܿȤΤΤ꤬櫓ǤϤʤäƾüܿȤǧοǤ롥
ѲüԺζ̤üԺߤθѲˤĤƤϡʲεˤƤΤǡȤ줿

#546. ѲϸĿͤδ˾̤˿ʤޤʤ ([2010-10-25-1])
#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1])
#837. Ѳˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1])
#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])
#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2014-09-27-1])
#1992. Milroy ˤ쳰Ūװؤʸ ([2014-10-10-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])

Milroy, James. "A Social Model for the Interpretation of Language Change." History of Englishes. Ed. Matti Rissanen et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 72--91.

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2015-03-13 Fri

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ [exaptation][grammaticalisation][syntax][generative_grammar][unidirectionality][drift][reanalysis][evolution][systemic_regulation][teleology][language_change][invisible_hand][functionalism]

#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸˤƤפѲϤֵǽƤȯפȤª뤳ȤǤ뤬ϡֵǽ͹¤γŬפȴ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ衤޸οȼäƸ͹¤ (Lexical Projection) ǽ͹¤ (Functional Projection) ؤȺʬϤˤƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ǽƤ濴Ȥ빽¤ؤȳŬƤäȤΤ
ʸˡεǤϡʪʲʬŪѤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) ȤǰѤ褦ˤʤäƤݺ (151) Τ狼䤹

ŬȤϡȤСʪʲ¦̤ǤϡȤβݻΤ¸ߤƤӤΩ줬¸Ŭ夲̤ȤʤꡤĻؤοʲĤʤäȤͤǤά͡Lass (1990) ϤγǰѲ˱Ѥư DO ȯãγŬʤȤȻưäΤ̵̣¸ߤȤʤꡤ̤Ӥ˳Ѥ줿ˤƤޤܽǤϡιͤʤᡤ¤ޤŬȼĥȻפޤά͵ǽƤϤȤȰĤ FP (Functional Projection) ȹͤ졤Ŭη̡ޤޤʹ¤Ȥƶ񸽲Ȥ櫓ǤѸϤ̻ŪѲβǡ̾ưζ޷֤ξüȶˡ濴ι¤鵡ǽ濴ι¤ؤȰܹԤƤȹͤ졤η̡졤ư졤ư֡λʹԷ¿ͤʬۤȸ櫓Ǥ


Τ褦ʸѲѤϡɭοʲȤͤˤĤʤ롥ҥȤͭθȯȿʲָʲפȸƤ֤ȤС嵭Τ褦ʸѲϡָξʲפȤߤ뤳ȤǤȤĴ碌ʤֿʲפȤߤǸ椬ʤƤ롥
ݺ (158) ϡμȿκѤ˿ʤ顤κǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ롥

켫ΤĤƻõѤϡ뼫ȿʼȯŪȤޤˤȸʤȤǽǤȿȤη뾽䥷ޥޤΥ֥ͭ̾ǤʪŪʪŪ¦̤ФǤʤȤСϤĻФԷ֡ʰδֳֻ֤ѡˡݸݡкѥƥҲΩʤɤˤڤӤޤξʲޤˤΰȤƹͤ졤ưŪŬѲᥫ˥ߤ¸ߤȤǤ줳ȤФοʲƳָפȸΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤʸˡθݤϤޤˤιǤꡤѲθ椬ʣηϤʳؤĤμʤˤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ƤƤΤǤ


Ѳ礭1ĤβǤ롥

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2014-09-27 Sat

#1979. ѲŪˤĤƺƹ [language_change][causation][teleology][unidirectionality][invisible_hand][drift][functionalism]

εǰѤ Luraghi ƱʸǸѲŪ (teleology) ˤĤƤ롥teleology ˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤˤƤäƴϢǰˤĤƤɬפ롥
ޤѲ therapy ʼšˤ prophylaxis ͽɡˤȤ롥#835. ǽŪʸѲѤؤȽ ([2011-08-10-1]) ָѲˤ therapy or pathogeny ([2011-08-12-1]) Ǽ夲ˤƤȤƵǽŪʸѲ (functionalism) 롥Kiparsky "language practices therapy rather than prophylaxis" (Luraghi 364) Ȥΰ⤤ĤƤ뤬Lass ʤɤϤɤǤʤȤƤ롥
Ǥϡfunctionalism teleology ƱΤʤΤۤʤΤʤΤˤĤƤ⡤Ȥδ֤ǰոϰפƤʤLass Ʊ뤷Ƥ褦Croft ʤɤҤԤ "functional proper"Ԥ "systemic functional" Ȥƶ̤Ƥ롥"systemic functional" ϸ teleology 򼨤"functional proper" üԤΰտޤˤᥫ˥ؤޤüԤΰտޤˤᥫ˥ȤƤ "functional" ȤɽѰۤѲ򼨤ˤĤƤѤ¤ˤơüԤΤǤϤʤ˸ "functionalism" äƤ褤⤷ʤ줬°ؤΤüԤ°ؤΤ̤ƤȤפ

Teleological explanations of language change are sometimes considered the same as functional explanations . . . . Croft . . . distinguishes between 'systemic functional,' that is teleological, explanations, and 'functional proper,' which refer to intentional mechanisms. Keller . . . argues that 'functional' must not be confused with 'teleological,' and should be used in reference to speakers, rather than to language: '[t]he claim that speakers have goals is correct, while the claim that language has a goal is wrong' . . . . Thus, to the extent that individual variants may be said to be functional to the achievement of certain goals, they are more likely to generate language change through invisible hand processes: in this sense, explanations of language change may also be said to be functional. (Luraghi 365--66)


ΰѤˤ⤢褦ˡפʤȤϡָ줬ѲפȡüԤפȤǰ̤ƤȤǤ롥#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡζ̼Τˤ⤢꤬ޤޤƤ뤬ޤüԡʽġˤäƤθǤꡤѲǤ롥üԼΤθѲˤƤ teleology ֤ϤʤȤLuraghi (365) ۩

Croft . . . warns against the 'reification or hypostatization of languages . . . Languages don't change; people change language through their actions.' Indeed, it seems better to avoid assuming any immanent principles inherent in language, which seem to imply that language has an existence outside the speech community. This does not necessarily mean that language change does not proceed in a certain direction. Croft rejects the idea that 'drift,' as defined by Sapir . . ., may exist at all. Similarly, Lass . . . wonders how one can positively demonstrate that the unconscious selection assumed by Sapir on the side of speakers actually exists. From an opposite angle, Andersen . . . writes: 'One of the most remarkable facts about linguistic change is its determinate direction. Changes that we can observe in real time---for instance, as they are attested in the textual record---typically progress consistently in a single direction, sometimes over long periods of time.' Keller . . . suggests that, while no drift in the Sapirian sense can be assumed as 'the reason why a certain event happens,' i.e., it cannot be considered innate in language, invisible hand processes may result in a drift. In other words, the perspective is reversed in Keller's understanding of drift: a drift is not the pre-existing reason which leads the directionality of change, but rather the a posteriori observation of a change brought about by the unconsciously converging activity of speakers who conform to certain principles, such as the principle of economy and so on . . . .


Ϣ drift, functionalism, invisible_hand, unidirectionality γƵ⻲ͤˤ줿

Luraghi, Silvia. "Causes of Language Change." Chapter 20 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 358--70.

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2014-09-25 Thu

#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) [contact][language_change][causation][linguistic_area][invisible_hand]

˸ؤΥϥɥ֥åꡤDrinka ˤܿɤܿؤҲ𤷤ΰյĥȤŪǽ񤫤줿ʸϤǤꡤͽ̤Ѳˤ볰ŪװνĴƤΡ褯ͤƤȤݤ
Drinka ϡܿؤʬǿʱƶϤ Thomason and Kaufman μĥˤ褽褤ʤ顤ܿξ̤ͻˤäƺǽפΥѥ᡼ϡɤθŪǤϤʤܿμ̤Ǥ롥ޤMilroy Mufwene μĥ˱äơѲüԸĿʹ֤ܿüȯ줬ƱΤعޤäƤ椯ΤǤȤΩȤ롥ˡ̾θѲ⡤ (linguistic_area) ⡤ԥ䥯쥪ˤߤ㤷Ѳ⡤ᥫ˥ƱǤȸƤꡤѲˤܿϰ̤˿Ƥ礭Ĥդ줿ΤǤȼĥ롥Τ褦Ωϡ¾ Normalfall "[contact . . . viewed as] potentially present in some way in virtually every given case of language change" ȰѤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
Drinka ͤηѤ褦

In conclusion, contact has emerged in recent studies as a more essential element in triggering linguistic innovation than had previously been assumed. Contact provides the context for change, in making features of one variety accessible to speakers of another. Bilingual or bidialectal speakers with access to the social values of features in both systems serve as a link between the two, a conduit of innovation from one variety to another. When close cultural contact among speakers of different varieties persists over long periods, linguistic areas can result, reflecting the ebb and flow of influence of one culture upon another. When speakers of mutually unintelligible languages encounter one another in the context of social symmetry, such as for purposes of trade, contact varieties such as pidgins may result; in contexts of social asymmetry, such as slavery, on the other hand, creoles are a more frequent result, reflecting the adjustments which are made as the contact variety becomes the native language of its users. As Mufwene points out, however, the same principles of change appear to be in operation in contact varieties as in other varieties---it is in the transmission of language and linguistic features from one individual to another, through the impetus of sociolinguistic pressure, where change occurs, and these principles will operate whether the transmission is occurring within or across the boundaries of a variety, as long as sufficient social motivation exists. (342--43)


ºݤΤȤ伫ȤѲˤäƸܿν򤷤ФмĥƤΤǡڤˤ Drinka ΰոˤϻǤ롥ä Drinka Keller (invisible_hand) ؤθڤʤɡȤ¿

. . . self-interested individuals incorporate new features into their repertoire in order to align themselves with other individuals and groups, with the unforeseen result that the innovation moves across the population, speaker by speaker. (341)


ϢơѲˤŪŪװʲε⻲ͤˤ줿

#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])

ƶϤ礭 Thomason and Kaufman θܿˤĤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])

Drinka, Bridget. "Language Contact." Chapter 18 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 325--45.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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