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ǽ: 2026-08-29 18:54

2026-07-10 Fri

#6283. ؤʤ󤿤󤲤٤ξܤܼ [notice][nazesantangen][nhkpb][toc]


poster_04_small.png



610ȯ衤ܥ֥ heldioƼ SNS 硹ŪŸƤ뿷رѸˤDz򤯱ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤNHKǿˤǤޤ2νŹ˽вäƤꡤѤ夬ߤƤޤ˼äƤäɼԤγ͡ˤ꤬Ȥޤ
ޤܽƤˤĤƤϡϤΥ٥ޤǤޤʹ˸Ƥޤ˺٤ʾФˤĤƤϸƤޤǤǡεǤϡܽΤ٤ƤξФޤǤ夷ǤܤܼȻפޤ
ع¤ܺ٤ܼįƤǤ⡤ʸˡظˤɤۤɥʥߥåʱѸˤΥɥޤƤ뤫ΰü򴶤äƤϤǤ



Ϥ
ѸϤɤΤ褦ˤƸߤλѤˤʤäΤ
    1. ѸΥ롼Ĥ --- ĸ줫饲ޥ
    2. űѸλ700ǯ~1100ǯ--- ޸˭Ȥο
    3. Ѹλ1100ǯ~1500ǯ--- ե󥹸ι¿
    4. Ѹλ1500ǯ~1900ǯ--- 첻ܤȵϤγΩ
    5. ѸȤء1900ǯ~--- ȤƤγ¿Ͳ
1 ʸιȤߤϤθθ
    1. ʤѸθ SVO ʤΤ
        1. ֻסäޤסֱѸ
        2. θθ
        3. ܸȤϲ
        4. űѸǤϸϲѤä
        5. ޸μ岽
        6. 礹Ѳ
    2. ʤѸʸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΤ
        1. ܸǤϼϾάǤ
        2. ĤƤαѸǤϼξάǽä
        3. ĤƤαѸǤϼ줬ꤵʤʸä
        4. θ경ȤϢư
        5. Ѹˤν
    3. ʤ¸ߤɽΤ There is/are .... ȤʸȤΤ
        1. be ưθ˼줬
        2. ư2̡פ
        3. ȿ
        4. ¸ߤɽܰؤȡʸˡפ there is ...
        5. μ there
        6. ʤ here ǤϤʤ there Ф줿Τ
        7. ˿ʤʸˡ
    4. ʤʸ do Τ
        1. ؤ뵿ʸ
        2. do 뵿ʸ
        3. do ʸ
        4. do ʸͭ
    5. ʤ3ñ s ĤΤ
        1. 3ñ s ؤε
        2. Ѹ 3Τ
        3. 1000ǯ "learn" ζ
        4. ͣĤä 3ñ s
        5. ѸΤָƤ "" Ȥ
    6. ʤ will Ȥä̤ɽΤ
        1. ̤פǤϤʤ̤ɽ
        2. ĤƤαѸˤ̤ɽ¸ߤʤä
        3. ֡
        4. will ΰ̣Ѳ --- ִ˾פޤäơ̤פ
    7. ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ɽΤ
        1. ʸˡδ̯㳰롼
        2. αѸǤϡ̤פֲˡפͥ褷
        3. ˡοफ鸽߷κѤ
        4. ̤ΤȤϸ߷Ǥɽ
    8. ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΤ
        1. I was ǤϤʤ I were
        2. ֲˡפȤϲ
        3. ŤΤ˶̤Ƥ 2ĤΥ⡼
        4. ΰӤ򤿤ɤäˡ
        5. ۥ⡼ɡפȲ
    9. ʤʬư̾Ʊ -ing ɽΤ
        1. -ing ¿
        2. ư줫̾ -ing --- ư̾ȯã
        3. ư줫ƻ -ende --- ʬȯã
        4. ʹԷΩ
        5. ¿ϸդξ
2 Ѳϵ§ŪԵ§
    1. ʤ foot ʣ feet ˤʤΤ
        1. Ե§ʣ
        2. 첻ȯΰ
        3. ȯμХ
        4. եƥեȤ
        5. ХιϤʱƶ
        6. 뤫ߤԵ§
    2. ʤ child ʣ children ˤʤΤ
        1. Ե§ʣ --- 2
        2. űѸˤϤޤޤʣκ¸ߤ
        3. űѸǤ "Ե§" ä child
        4. ʣʣ
        5. ʤȯϡ֥㥤ɥפˤʤʤΤ
    3. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤ
        1. Ե§ʲ
        2. ̤ư줫ή
        3. go β
        4. 㤦츻θ줬ɽ
        5. 褯ȤΤϤϤȤ
    4. ʤƻӵˤ -er more Τ
        1. ӤؤΤ
        2. 3ӵ
        3. more о
        4. -er more Τʬ§β
        5. ֵ§פޤѲ
3 ʤʸȯפʤΤ
    1. ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΤ
        1. Ѹϥӡ
        2. lake ϡ֥顼פǤϤʤ֥쥤
        3. Ѹ600ǯۤޤǤϥ١ä
        4. γ򾮤
        5. 첻ϺѲƤ
    2. ʤ I ʸǽ񤯤Τ
        1. Ѹ I ʸǽ
        2. ե٥åȤʸϤޤä
        3. ѸΡֽϹ
        4. y i Ѥ es ĤפΤϹλŶ
    3. ֥ޥå eפȤϲ
        1. 첻ΡûפĹפѲ
        2. ֥ޥå e פ
        3. e Τޤޤ
    4. ʤ know high ˤȯʤʸΤ
        1. ѸΥڥ󥰤ȯЪΥ
        2. űѸѸǤ k gh ȯƤ
        3. ȯѤäƤ⥹ڥ󥰤Ѥˤ
        4. ۻˤϤ뤫
    5. ʤ one, two ϤΥڥ󥰤ǤȯʤΤ
        1. ֥͡פȡ֥ȥ
        2. one
        3. 󥰥¤
        4. two --- ȯΤ䤹
        5. ȯȥڥ󥰤ʪ
    6. ʤ eleven, twelve ȤΤ
        1. Ѹοβ
        2. ;ǿ eleven twelve
        3. 12ˡ;
        4. Ҥä֤ä thirteen
        5. ɤǤ֤ fifteen
        6. ̤桧û ten Ĺ -teen
    7. ɤΤ褦ñ줴ȤΥȤΰ֤ޤΤ
        1. ѸܸΥ
        2. ñΥȰ֤Ե§
        3. űѸǤϸƬȤ縶§ä
        4. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫ξ׷
        5. ȤαѸ첽Ⱥ
    8. ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼
        1. Z ϺǤ֤ξʤʸ
        2. Z ޤñ
        3. ԤȤƤ
        4. ȯϡ֥פ֥åɡפ
4 ҲȤȤѤ³Ѹ
    1. ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
        1. Ѹ¿
        2. űѸˤ ask Τߤ¸ߤ
        3. Ѹ˥ե󥹸줫 inquire ή
        4. Ѹ˥ƥ줫 interrogate ή
        5. Ѹä 3ع¤
        6. ܸ¿
    2. ʤѸˤϾά줬¿Τ
        1. Ȥβξά
        2. 1εڤȤ
        3. 2εڤŽ
        4. 3ε˥
        5. ˻󲽤λ
    3. ñ they Ȥϲ
        1. Everyone thinks they are right.
        2. every ϡ֤٤ơפġˤȤ館
        3. ֤ߤʡפǤϤʤϤ
        4. ĤƤ̤ͥβʹѡ
        5. ñ theyפ
ˡ
Ѹǯɽ
ʸ




δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-05-06 Wed

#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤ [scotland][history][scottish_history][review][toc][timeline]


Mackay, James, ed. ''Pocket Scottish History: Story of a Nation''. Broxburn: Lomond, 2024.



ܤΥåȥںǡƥåȥɤˤ򿶤֤äƤȻפäƤХǥνŹˤդäΩꡤåȥɴϢêʿѤߤƤΤܤǤ롥
Ūåȥɻˤܤǡ2019ǯ˽Ǥ줿Τ2024ǯǤФ£7.99ǹݥåȥʤȤϤꥹήΡ֥ݥåȥפʤΤǡ352ڡȽŸǥݥåȤˤʤˤɤߤ䤹200ʾΥ饹ȤޤޤƤȤΤ˼椫줿ܤ򳫤Ƥߤȡͽ۰ʾ˥饹ȡϿޡ̿ʤɤοǤ˭٤Υåȥɤʼ̿¿ޤޤƤΤǡϤ̿㤦ɤΤǤϤʤȻפۤɤ
§Ȥ1᤬2ڡûɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤǤŪˤд夫2023ǯޤǤ򥫥СƤ롥ʸΤۤˤϡѸ콸޽񡤺դƤ롥ǯɽդƤʤΤǰΩƤ٤ΤܼΤޤάǯɽȤʤäƤ򤹤뤳ȤǤʲܼǺܤ롥



Introduction

Mesolithic Hunters and Fishermen
Neolithic Farmers
Stone Circles and Alignments
Beaker People
The Bronze Age
Iron Age
Celtic Migrations
Crannogs
Brochs
Duns, Souterrains and Wheelhouses
Roman Period, AD 80--401
Mons Graupius
Occupation of Southern Scotland to AD 105
The Antonine Wall
Campaigns of Septimius Severus
Final Roman Campaigns in Scotland
The Coming of Christianity, 397--664
Patrick and Columba
St Kentigern
Missionary Activity
The Synod of Whitby
The Peoples of Scotland
The Britons of Strathclyde
The Scots of Dalriada
The Angles of Bernicia
Nechtansmere, 685
Norse Invasions
Kenneth MacAlpin
The Emergence of Scotland, 844--1034
The Battle of Brunanburh, 934
Carham
The Conquest of Lothian, 1018--34
Development of English Influence
Macbeth, 1040--57
Malcolm III Canmore, 1057--93
Queen Margaret
English Clergy and Court
Anglicisation of the Scottish Church
Anglicisation of the Administrative System
Introduction of the Feudal System
David I, 1124--53
The Battle of the Standard, 1138
Malcolm the Maiden, 1153--65
The Treaty of Falaise, 1174
William the Lion, 1165--1214
Alexander II, 1214--49
Alexander III, 1249--86
The Battle of Largs, 1263
The Maid of Norway
Competition for the Throne
Claims of English Overlordship
John Balliol, 1292--96
William Wallace
Robert Bruce, 1306--29
Bannockburn, 1314
Declaration of Arbroath, 1320
Treaty of Northampton, 1328
David II, 1329--71
Halidon Hill, 1333
David II in France, 1334--41
The Auld Alliance
Neville's Cross, 1346
The Release of David II
Robert II, 1371--90
Robert III, 1390--1406
Albany, Rothesay and the Regency
Robert, Duke of Albany, 1406--20
St Andrews University
A Parliamentary System Established
James I, 1437--60
James II, 1460--88
Sauchieburn, 1488
James IV, 1488--1513
The Union of the Thistle and the Rose, 1503
Flodden, 1513
James V, 1513--42
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary in France, 1548--61
The Regency of the Queen Mother
The Reformation
Mary's Personal Rule, 1561--67
The Murders of Riccio and Darnley
Bothwell
Lochleven and Langside
Mary in England, 1568--87
James VI and I
The Ruthven Raid, 1582
James and Elizabeth
James and Spain
Religious Unrest, 1584--96
Further Plots and Conspiracies, 1587--1600
Union of the Crowns, 1603
Victory over the Church
Laud's Liturgy
The National Covenant, 1638
The Bishops' Wars, 1639--41
The Solemn League and Covenant, 1642
The Scots in the English Civil War
Agreement between the Scots and Charles I
Preston, 1648
Charles II Lands in Scotland
Dunbar, 1650
Scotland Under Military Occupation, 1651--60
The Restoration
Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, 1679
The Killing Time, 1680--88
James VII and II, 1685--88
Killiecrankie and Dunkeld, 1689
The Religious Settlement, 1690
The Massacre at Glencoe, 1692
The Darien Scheme, 1698--1700
Proposals for Union, 1702--03
Act of Union, 1707
Rise of Jacobitism, 1708
Hanoverian Accession: George I, 1714--27
The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715
Wade's Military Roads
The Highland Forts
The Black Watch
George II, 1727--60
The Porteous Riots, 1736
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Falkirk and Culloden, 1745--46
Aftermath of Rebellion
The Destruction of the Clan System
The Highland Regiments
Industrial Progress
Agricultural Improvements
Social Changes
Henry Dundas, 1775--1801
The Friends of the People
The Downfall of Dundas
The Age of Enlightenment
The Highland Clearances
The Industrial Revolution
The Radical War, 1819--20
Burgh and Parliamentary Reform
Chartism in Scotland
The Great Disruption, 1843
Religious Division
The Development of Heavy Engineering, 1840--1900
Shipbuilding
Tourism
The Crofters' Commission, 1886
Emigration and Immigration
Changes in Local and Central Government
The Birth of Socialism, 1890--1914
Edwardian Scotland
The First World War, 1914--18
Red Clydeside
Postwar Depression
The Rise of Scottish Nationalism
The Local Government Act, 1929
Special Areas
The Second World War
The New Towns
The Scottish Economy
Local Government Acts 1973 and 1994
Resurgence of Nationalism
The Thatcher and Major Years
Devolution and the Scottish Parliament
The Independence Referendum and the Future

Glossary
Recommended Reading
Picture Credits & Acknowledgments
Index




Mackay, James, ed. Pocket Scottish History: Story of a Nation. Broxburn: Lomond, 2024.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-16 Thu

#6198. ޤΤƤʤѸѼ [toc][variety][world_englishes][enl][lesser-know_varieties][caribbean][inohota][youtube]



줿֤ΤۤإͥפưǤϡ#411. ܤǥԥѸ줬äƤΤϤꤷơ޸αѸ˾ƤϢϡhellog ȤƤ#2559. ޸αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־޸ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ޸ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ưǾҲ𤷤ܤǤϡ޸αѸˤĤƤθڤϷڤʤƤΤߤहǤޤΤƤʤѸѼ (lesser-know_varieties) ¿Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ܼΤޤޤѼΰȤʤäƤΤǡ󤲤Ƥ



1. Introduction
   Part I: The British Isles
2. Orkney and Shetland
3. Channel Island English
   Part II: The Americas and the Caribbean
4. Canadian Maritime English
5. Newfoundland and Labrador English
6. Honduras/Bay Islands English
7. Euro-Caribbean English varieties
8. Bahamian English
9. Dominican Kokoy
10. Anglo-Argentine English
   Part III: The South Atlantic Ocean
11. Falkland Islands English
12. St Helenian English
13. Tristan da Cunha English
   Part IV: Africa
14. L1 Rhodesian English
15. White Kenyan English
   Part V: Australasia and the Pacific
16. Eurasian Singapore English
17. Peranakan English in Singapore
18. Norfolk Island and Pitcairn varieties




ѸǤȤϤѼ˸¤äƤ⹭ΤƤʤΤ¿뤳Ȥ狼


Schreier-Lesser_front_cover.png



Schreier, Daniel, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. Schneider, and Jeffrey P. Williams, eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-09-20 Sat

#5990. Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language [review][jespersen][toc][old_norse]


Jespersen-Growth_front_cover.png



Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) ϡǥޡпȤ20ɽؼԡѸؼԤǤѸ˸ԤǤ⤢äŪ̾ʳؼԤȤ櫓ܤǤο͵֤⤤ܿͤαѸؼԤǡJespersen 鲿餫αƶƤʤԤϤۤȤɤʤΤǤϤʤºݤˡѸ˸ԤȤ Jespersen ¿ΤȤؤؤ³Ƥ롥⼹ɮ̤ޤο¿Ǥ⤫Ȥۤɤξ̤伫Ȥ͡ʥǥDZѸˤξȯƤ뤬Jespersen ȤϻƤǽ⡤⡤ѤǤǥۤʤȤϤؼԤɤǿ褦ȤƤΤ⤷ʤŪʤΤ
Jespersen ΤʤǤ⡤䤬夫鲿٤ɤ֤ƤΤҲ𤹤 Growth and Structure of the English Language Ǥ롥10Ǥɤ߷Ѥ줿̾ǡߤ򿷤ˤǤвäƤ褦䤬֤ɤǤΤ 10th ed. 󸽺߼ǿΤΤǤȤƱǤ롥ʲܼ򵭤



I Preliminary Sketch
II The Beginnings[2025-09-21-1]
III Old English
IV The Scandinavians
V The French
VI Latin and Greek
VII Various Sources
VIII Native Resources
IX Grammar
X Shakespeare and the Language of Poetry
XI Conclusion
     Phonetic Symbols. Abbreviations
     Index




ŤѸ˽餷ΩƤϻäƥץJespersen ήθؼԤ̻ˤˤ⤹֤붯Τܼϳ̻ˤؤΤäƤºݤˡܤ̻ˤȳ̻ˤΥХ󥹤¤ˤߤȤʤΤ
Ȥ櫓䤬ǽɤȤݤ˻ĤäƤΤϡ4ϤθťΥɸ (old_norse) ˤƶΤJespersen Ȥ̲ͤǤΤǡѸˤΤʬ˻פ줬Τ뤬ˤƤ⵭Ҥƥ󥰤ǡɤ߻ϤȻߤޤʤʤ롥ѸüԤν񤯱Ѹ˽ϡʿѰʾˤ⤷ȳοƤ뤬λפθ Jespersen Τܤˤä褦˻פ롥
Ǥ1905ǯǤꡤθ³󤬤äȤϳΤ㤨СʸؤθؤнŤΩ¾Υ쥸ڻ뤹ܽħϡθؤοफߤСɬ⹥Ūɾʤ⤷ʤޤ˱Ѹˤ֤ԤޤäƼˤ٤1Ǥ뤳ȤϡĴƤƤ褤ɽŪʱѸˤθŵŪ̾Ȥ Baugh and Cable 侩Ķɤ³ƤԤǤ뤬⤦1󤲤ȤʤСʤȤƤ񤷤ˤ Jespersen Growth and Structure ˤʤȹͤƤ롥ҳɤǤ1

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-26-1] [2025-09-21-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-17 Sun

#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places [notice][review][toc][hel][historiography][100_places]

إᥤȤ ari 711ˤȤ note #340ReviewA History of the English Language in 100 Placesꤹ뵭Ƥ롥ari ϡ鵤ˤʤäƤܡפȤƸڤƤˤȤäƤƱǡĤɤ⤦ȻפĤĤê̲餻Ƥֵˤʤܡפä


Lucas-Mulvey-History_front_cover.png



˥ѥѥɤ߻Ϥ᤿֤뤪⤷Ρ־פܤƱѸˤȤۤϡѸ˵ҤˡȤۤƤ뤷ºݤ˴ոƤ褦˻פ롥夸äɤ߿ʤƤ٤ʬΤˤܼ󼨤100ξ󤲤Ƥ



FOREWORD BY DAVID CRYSTAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH

(1) UNDLEY COMMON --- the earliest written English (c.475)
(2) CANTERBURY --- the adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)
(3) HAMMERWICH --- Mercian English, our ancestor dialect (c.700)
(4) MONKWEARMOUTH --- naming the English language (731)
(5) YORK --- the influence of Danish on the English language (866)
(6) WINCHESTER --- West Saxon English and King Alfred (871)
(7) CERNE --- Classical Old English (c.1000)
(8) HASTINGS --- the influence of French on the English language (1066)
(9) DUNFERMLINE --- the English language in Scotland (1068)

3. MIDDLE ENGLISH

(10) PETERBOROUGH --- the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the end of Old English (1155)
(11) READING --- the English language in popular song (c.1235)
(12) WESTMINSTER --- the recovery of the English language (1362)
(13) KILKENNY --- the English language in Ireland (1366)
(14) ALDGATE --- the development of Middle English (1374)
(15) CHANCERY STREET --- Chancery English (c.1419)
(16) ST PAUL'S CHURCHYARD --- the English language and the book trade (1456)
(17) PEMBROKE --- the English language in Wales (1457)

4. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNITY

(18) BRUGES --- the English language and the printing press (1474)
(19) COLOGNE --- the Bible in English (1525)
(20) PARIS --- the beginnings of punctuation in the English language (1530)
(21) CARLETON --- the influence of Latin on the English language (1531)
(22) NORTHOLT --- spelling and the Great Vowel Shift (1551)
(23) ARCHANGEL --- business English (1553)
(24) STRATFORD --- the development of Early Modern English (1564)
(25) CHICHESTER --- English grammar (1586)
(26) HAMPTON COURT --- the English language and the King James Bible (1604)

5. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORLD ENGLISH

(27) JAMESTOWN --- the English language in the Americas (1607)
(28) HAMILTON --- the English language in the West Indies (1609)
(29) THE MERMAID TAVERN --- the refining of English punctuation (1623)
(30) SALISBURY --- the English language and the language of the law (1631)
(31) HOLBORN --- making English the language of science (1660)
(32) TRINITY COLLEGE --- English proverbs (1670)
(33) PHILADELPHIA --- the development of Midland American English (1682)
(34) NÎMES --- using place names to make up new words (1695)
(35) BOSTON --- the development of New England English (1704)

6. THE STANDARDS AGENDA

(36) LICHFIELD --- setting standards for the English language (1709)
(37) TEMPLE --- the idea of an English Language Academy (1712)
(38) CANONGATE --- British spelling (1760)
(39) SMOCK ALLEY --- English elocution (1762)
(40) MONTREAL --- the English language in Canada (1763)
(41) KEW GARDENS --- botanical English (1771)
(42) KOLKATA --- the birth of linguistics and the origins of English (1786)
(43) MARYLEBONE --- the language of sport (1788)
(44) SYDNEY --- the English language in Australia (1788)
(45) ST MARY-LE-BOW --- Cockney English (1803)
(46) COUPVRAY --- the English language in Braille (1809)
(47) MONROVIA --- the English language in West Africa (1822)

7. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

(48) STOCKTON-ON-TEES --- the English language and the steam engine (1825)
(49) HARTFORD --- establishing an American standard for English (1828)
(50) CHENNAI --- the English language in India (1834)
(51) ST MARTIN-LE-GRAND --- the English language and the Uniform Penny Post (1840)
(52) WAITANGI --- the English language in New Zealand (1840)
(53) THE STRAND --- English as a language of satire (1841)
(54) BALTIMORE --- the English language and the telegram (1844)
(55) SALFORD --- literacy and free libraries (1850)
(56) HANNIBAL --- English comic writing (1851)
(57) HYDE PARK --- industrialization and its impact on English (1851)
(58) TIMES SQUARE --- The New York Times (1851)
(59) MANCHESTER --- the vocabulary of English and the thesaurus (1852)
(60) BERDICHEV --- exophonic English (1857)
(61) CHRISTCHURCH COLLEGE --- English nonsense (1865)
(62) LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLL --- English place names (1868)
(63) EXETER PLACE --- the English language and the telephone (1876)
(64) CAPE TOWN --- the English language in South Africa (1881)
(65) DUBLIN --- extreme English (1882)
(66) GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)

8. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

(67) POLDHU --- the English language and the radio (1901)
(68) NEWGATE --- the English language and prison patter (1902)
(69) NEW ORLEANS --- African American English (1902)
(70) FLEET STREET --- tabloid English (1903)
(71) NEW YORK --- the language of crosswords (1913)
(72) HAYMARKET --- rule English (1914)
(73) GUERNSEY --- modern English usage (1926)
(74) PORTLAND PLACE --- BBC English (1926)
(75) OXFORD --- the Oxford English Dictionary (1928)
(76) BLETCHLEY PARK --- English language and code (1939)
(77) EMPIRE STATE BUILDING --- the language of advertising (1941)
(78) ISLINGTON --- plain English (1946)
(79) ETON --- the English of the English upper class (1956)
(80) LIVERPOOL --- British urban English (1963)
(81) ATLANTIC CITY --- sexist English (1968)

9. THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

(82) SEA OF TRANQUILLITY --- English on the moon (1969)
(83) LOS ANGELES --- the language of e-mail (1969)
(84) BELMOPAN --- the English language in Belize (1970)
(85) ST PANCRAS --- the British Library (1973)
(86) ISLAMABAD --- the English language in Pakistan (1973)
(87) THE BRONX --- language of rap (1973)
(88) SAN JOSE --- the English language and text preservation (1975)
(89) SINGAPORE --- English in Singapore (1987)
(90) GENEVA --- the language of the World Wide Web (1991)
(91) HELSINKI --- the English language and texting (1993)
(92) SWARTHMORE --- the language of the blog (1994)
(93) NICHOLSON STREET --- global reading phenomenon (1995)
(94) WINDRUSH SQUARE --- multicultural London English (1998)
(95) SAN FRANCISCO --- Twitter English (2006)
(96) BEVERLY HILLS --- Teen Speak (2008)
(97) KIGALI --- English as an official language (2008)
(98) NEWCASTLE --- the English language and contemporary regional accents (2011)
(99) BEIJING --- English and Mandarin (2012)
(100) VIENNA --- English as a global lingua franca (2012)

10. AFTERWORD

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY




餷줫 hellog Ǥޤ˿ƻȤƤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-28-1] [2025-08-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-05-05 Mon

#5852. ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯ [review][oe][me][hel_education][heldio][toc][kochushoho]


Helvillian_202505.png



ܸǽ񤫤줿űѸ졦ѸζܤȤŪ̾ܤǤܥ֥Ǥ⤿Ӥܽ򻲾ȡѤƤޤǤȤʤäƤޤΤǸŽŹ޽ۤǤǤޤ󡥽Ǥ1955ǯǤμ̿2Ǥ1986ǯΤΤǤ
1955ǯΡ֤Ϥ (vi) ǡԲϼΤ褦˽񤫤Ƥޤ

錄ܿͤȤƤϤɤޤǤ⸽Ѹθ˽Ť֤٤ǤꡤڤѸθϫ¿ƸΤǤȿԤǤ뤬ŪΩˤƤϸŤαѸΤʴŪɬפʤΤǤ뤫顤Ԥ̤αѸ츦Ԥˤ⻲ͤˤʤ褦˽񤤤ĤǤ롥


˴ؿΤͤ˼äߤȤ褦ʥåɤޤʤΡϫ¿ƸפȤΤդˤĤƤϡѨۤʤָʤפȤϤʤȡϹͤƤޤʡϫ¿ơפƱաˡ
ŤѸȤƤޤɤ߷ѤƤܤȻפΤǡʲܼ򵭤Ƥޤ (vii--viii)



Ϥ
Ϥ2ǡ

űѸ
I. ֤ȯ
II.
II. ˡ
IV. űѻˤĤ

TEXTS
I. From the Gospels of St. Matthew
II. Early Britain
III. The Coming of the English
IV. Alfred's War with the Danes
V. Orpheus and Eurydice
VI. Pope Gregory
VII. Apollonius of tyre
VIII. Beowulf
XI. The Riddles
X. Deor

Ѹ
I. Ѹ
II. Ѹβ
II. Ѳ

TEXTS
I. Peterborough Chronicle
II. The Ormulum
III. Ancrene Wisse
IV. The Owl and the Nightingale
V. Havelok the Dane
VI. Richard Rolle of Hampole
VII. The Bruce
VIII. The Pearl
XI. Piers the Plowman
X. Geoffrey Chaucer

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

GLOSSARY TO THE TEXTS
(1) OE
(2) OE




ʤߤˡʤΥߥ󥰤ܽҲ𤹤뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤĤƤ1 heldio ۿ#1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡİС



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-04-07 Mon

#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλ [academic_conference][contrastive_language_history][review][toc][heldio]


ܤΥ޻ (ԡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ǡ2025ǯ425



ܤΥ޻ (ԡˤؤȤФʸ18425ˤƴԤͽǤǯ4˿νФǯǤýϡָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλפǤý˻ƤƤޤ
оȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤΤϼʤѸ줫Ȼפޤ㤨бѸˤܸˤȤ餷碌Ʋ⤷ʤõ롤˸ؤȯΤοʥץǤۤʤˤȤ븦Ԥٶ򳫤ꡤزȯɽʤɤʤ顤줳8ǯۤɲǤǥǤθưϡ2022ǯ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯνǤȤƷ¤ޤ
ưϤθ³ƤꡤΤӾǽԼ3̾ Ϻ ԡ δˤǥ͡ȤʤꡤоȸŪץ򶯤ռĤġؤȤФʸ18ýȤळȤˤʤäǤý˴ƤƤΤϷ12̾Ρ줾ʩʤˡˤȤ뼹ɮԤǤ133Ǥλ򤤤Ƥ緿ýȤʤäƤޤ˻ꤵƤĤͤ˴ؤƤϡɮƱΤߤ˥Ȥ礤ǼȤǽǤѤꥸʥαФ˺ĩ路Ƥޤ
ʲýΥ饤ʥåפǤ



ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλ

- Խоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽 Ϻ ԡ δ
- ܸθäʸɽζ岽 Ϻ
- θȤܿˤʸζ岽¼
- ɽߤѴɽס? ͺ
- ܸˤäζ岽 ϱҡ
- ˤäȴζ岽 --- ̵γ׿¤
- Ѹäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸ δ
- 15Ѹ֤ΥХꥨȤμ« --- Pepys 2125 ܤλ㤫֤βͤʲ ջҡ
- Ѹ֤ --- ޤ滳
- ɥĸθäֻˡζ岽ʹ ԡ
- ɥĸˤˤʸζ岽 --- ǥ줿ʸ
- ե󥹸ζ岽ˤ뼭ι׸ ԡ
- ˭ʤ뺮 --- ͥ󥹴Υե󥹸ˤäγĥһ




¤Ϥý˱äǡ412ڡˤθ˵ؤˤƳŤѸ˸34ˤƥ饦ɥơָ֥äʸζ岽 --- оȸˤδ ---פ褵ƤޤɮԤΤ7̾ޤꡤýƤҲ𤷤ʤоȸŪ˵ͽǤܤϡ hellog #5801. Ѹ˸412ڡˤ˵ؤˤƳš ([2025-03-15-1]) Ѹ˸ˤäǽǤΤǡؿΤϤҤƤ
ؤȤФʸ18ϡAmazon ʤɤΥͥåȽŹǤͽʸϤƤޤѸ˸ȹ碌ơܤƤйǤ

ʰʲ嵭2025/04/09(Wed)
ýˤĤƤ heldio Ǥ#1410. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ



Ϻ ԡ δԡˡýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥ޻ҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ4254--136ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ롡ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-29 Sat

#5815. ··إ˥åܡ١ҡ2024ǯ [review][toc][manuscript][voynich][cryptology][cryptography]


· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ



ǯǺǤܡפȤ˥å (The Voynich Manuscript) ˤĤƤΡ˾ο񤬽Ǥ줿200ǼοΤʤˡ̤ɤΥ˥åܡʸˤ̥Ϥǻ˵ͤޤƤ롥ܽȾǤϡԤˤǿθ̤Ƥꡤ˥åƤǤʸǤϤʤظ˲餫θ줬Ƥ롤ĤޤɤͤƥȤǤ뤳Ȥĥ롥ˤϡԤʪؼԡ󹨻ȤŤ̤ͻҤƤꡤǸޤǥ說說ʤɤ³뤳ȤǤ롥
ʲܼܽ򼨤



1ϡᤤ˥å
1. ˥åܤȤ

ʸ޳
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ɤؤΥ
衧μܤ20¤
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ɥ2
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ʥҥ㡼
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4. ɤߤ
5. ŪʬϤ
6. ʸƸ
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3ϡǡ󥹤ȸŤ
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ǡ󥹤ȥӥåǡ
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ɲʸ䱣줿ʸβ
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4ϡ饹󥰤ˤʬϡɤβǽΤΤȽꤹ
1. ɤβǽȽ

2. ¸μ
Τή
ƥȥǡ
ȡ
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١ƱΤٻ
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4. 饹󥰷̤ɾ
о
饹󥰤ɾӷ
ڡ

5ϡ˥åܸΰյȹ
1. ʬϼˡȯŸ
2. 󥵥
3. ˥åܤαƶι
4. ΩΤˡͭѤʾ󸻤ξҲ

6ϡ˥åܤβǽȤ줫θ
Ť̡ · ·



Ǹˡ֥󥵥󥹡פؤθڤޤ¿ɼԤγ⡤ҥ˥åܲɤ˹׸ƤߤƤϤǤ礦

· · إ˥åܡ١ҡҿӡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-28 Fri

#5814. ܼȤȤƤӾҲļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand][toc][language_planning]


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ļ̦ءˤˤ롤ɤθ˴ؤҡرѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯˤˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ǻȤƤ
ϡƱγפĤिܼ󤲤Ƥ



ϡɤȤե
I
̱²ΤȤФѸ˼äؤ
ɤϱ󤯤ƶᤤ
ФΥ
ۤΤΡ񡤰
ѥ֤Ǽ򷹤
ϤǴʸ
II ʬΤȤ
ɤĤθ
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ˤʤʤʤ뤳Ȥ --- ǽϤȵΤͤ
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ɤ˵ä
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軰ϡɸؤλפѸؤλפ
ʤޤ򤭤
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޾ϡȤФΤʤΥɤ餷
I ɱѸΤ
ͭθ
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ɱѸͭɽ

ʸˡΤߤˡָפߤ
αѸ
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How long are you here? ΰ̣
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be after λ have λλȤʬ
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ѸȼʬΤȤФȤδ֤Ǥ륢ǥƥƥ
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????????????
ʸ




(language_shift) ܿ (contact) (language_planning) ʤɡҲؤ¿θʤɡʱѡˡʸˤˡܤ

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-24 Fri

#5751. ٸӡˡإǥȯۥե졼١ܷкѿʹǼҡ2014ǯ [review][methodology][toc]


Hori-Idea.png



#5647. ػ׹ˡ޴ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯˡ ([2025-01-20-1]) ӡ#5650. إӥͥե졼޴ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2018ǯˡ ([2025-01-23-1]) ˰³ȯˡ˴ؤҤҲ𤹤롥
ڤʸ˥68170Ρ֥ǥȯۤΩĥե졼ʸǥ롦ȤäͤȤߡˡ (p. 4) äͤޤƤ롥ʲܼ򼨤



IϡΥե졼
1顼Х


4ץ쥤
5եɡ󥿥ӥ塼
6롼ס󥿥ӥ塼
7֥饦
8ƥȥޥå
9饤
10åԥ㡼
11ӥͥǥʬ
Coffee Breakɥ꡼Ĥжʤ롩

IIϡͳȯۤΥե졼
12֥졼󥹥ȡߥ
13֥졼饤ƥ
14ץ֥
15ȥåˡ
16եåץ66ˡ
17ޥɥޥå
18ޥ顼
19ۥȡ꡼
20ԥ㡼
21θ
22ɥե
23ץ󡦥ڡƥΥ
Coffee Breakȯۤ˸ƤΤϲ

IIIϡžΥե졼
24ܡΥåꥹ
256Ĥ˹
265W1H
27ɷˡ
28ɥ
29륿
30ø
31ޥȥꥯˡ
32ˡ
33
34֥쥤
35ե졼ߥ
36ݥƥ֡ץ
37
Coffee BreakʹʸηäФ뤫

IVϡȯۻٱΥե졼
38KJˡ
39֥󥯥
40ˡ
41°ˡ
42ʬˡ
43ͥƥˡ
44NMˡ
45Х塼󥸥˥
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48̥롼׿
49TRIZʥȥ꡼
50KTˡ
51ե塼㡼
Coffee Break Ʃ̤̤ˤϡ

VϡڤΥե졼
52ǥ
53顼
54᥿ե
55᡼
56Сȡ꡼
57ȡ꡼ƥ
58å
59ץ
60ʥꥪץ˥
61꡼
Coffee BreakǶΥե졼Ϥɤ졩

IVϡɾΥե졼
62ɥåɼ
63PMIˡ
64SUCCESs
65ϥޥȥꥯ
66ɽ
67Who/What/When
68­٥ޥȥꥯ


ʻʸ
ȯۥե졼
Ȥӥͥե졼69



ܰܤꤹۤɤ¤̾Τ餺Ȥ⡤ï⤬ʻȤƤե졼ˤޤޤƤ롥ΤȤռǡǤȯˡ­ƧƤȤ⤤롥

ӡإǥȯۥե졼١ܷкѿʹǼҡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-23 Thu

#5750. إӥͥե졼޴ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2018ǯ [review][methodology][toc]


And-Business.png


3ε#5647. ػ׹ˡ޴ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯˡ ([2025-01-20-1]) ˰³Τλ׹ˡȤƤΩĥӥͥե졼ܤҲ𤷤褦ƱǸ¤Ϻ夲ҤΤۤ1ǯ᤯ǤƤ롥ܼΤޤޥե졼̾ˤʤäƤ롥



ϡե졼Ѥ뤿

1ϡꡦȯ
STEP1򤢤֤Ф
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-026W2H
-03ʤʤʬ
-04ȥǽԲǽ
STEP2
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ࡡ¾դȼդΤɤǹͤ뤫

2ϡԾʬϤ
STEP1ޥĶ伫ҤˤĤʬϤ
-09PESTʬ
-10ե֥եʬ
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-12SWOTʬ
STEP2ܵҤˤĤʬϤ
-13ѥ졼ʬ
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-15ڥ륽
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STEP3ˤĤʬϤ
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-194Pï˲ʬ
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ࡡ̡ΰ㤤򤭤ΤäƤ

3ϡΤΥǥ
STEP1¤ʤǥȯۤ
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-23ޥ顼
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-26ܡΥåꥹ
STEP2ǥˤƤߤ
-27ǥ
-28ȡ꡼ܡ
STEP3ǥɾ
-29ץɽ
-30SUCCESs
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4ϡάΩƤ
STEP1άͤ
-32ץȡݡȥեꥪޥͥ
-33󥾥դĹޥȥꥯ
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STEP2ɤΤ褦˼¸뤫ͤ
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-38
-39AIDMA
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STEP3ɸꤹ
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-45SMART
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5ϡ̳
STEP1̤򿶤֤
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-47YWT
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-52RACI
STEP3ͤ
-53ꡦʥˡ§
-54ECRS
-55̳ƥ
ࡡıĤô˲Ƥݥ

6ϡȿޥͥȤ
STEP1Ūͭ
-56ߥå󡦥ӥ󡦥Х塼
-57WillCanMust
-58NeedWantޥȥꥯ
STEP 2С֤δطμ
-59ϥ
-60ǧΡư롼
-61ȡߥåȥ
-62PM
-63ơۥʬ
STEP3СΥ١
-64ưդ
-65WillSkillޥȥꥯ
-66GROWǥ
ࡡĤԤݤϥɥ롼ꤷƤ

7ϡ¾Ԥ롦ͭ
STEP1
-67ʴ
-68٥ȴ
-69PREP
-70TAPS

Ͽ1ե졼γMAP
Ͽ2ե졼Ѿ̤ΰɽ
ʸWeb



ȯ衤ǥγȻȯˡγȯ̤θɽʤȤΩġѥѥ᤯äƵˤʤäˡ򡤺ƤŬѤǡĤǤⲿȤޤ줽

ҥɡإӥͥե졼޴աȤ衦ǥȯۥġ70١Ʊ˼ҡ2018ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-20 Mon

#5747. ػ׹ˡ޴ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯ [review][methodology][toc]


And-Shikouhou.png


ϸԤǤꡤӥͥޥǤбļԤǤʤΤӥͥϤλ׹ˡե졼ܤǤ롥Ʊꡤˡǥȯȼ«󼨤λʤɡˤ⻲ͤˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿
ɤ櫓Τλ׹ˡΤ褦ʽҤϤޤФƤʤԤϡؽѸμˡͭ¸ĤΥե졼˲Τ񹳤Τ⤷ʤȤȡʬϡषӥͥϤνҤɬפΤ
ͤƤߤС衤̣Ǥ rhetoric logic ȤȤŪư濴ʤƤϸˤӥͥˤ񤹤뤷ˤäˤäΩIJǽ⤤λ׹ˡե졼ϡθǤȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
ܤϤȤ뤬ػ׹ˡ޴ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯ󤲤ʲܼ󤲤뤬Τޤ͡ʻ׹ˡΰȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ



ϡ׹ˡѤ뤿

1ϡ׹ͤδϤ
01Ū׹͡ʥ롦󥭥󥰡
02ȽŪ׹͡ʥƥ롦󥭥󥰡
03Ū׹
04ǼŪ׹
05֥
06ʬ
07MECE
08PAC׹
09᥿׹
10ǥ١Ȼ׹
1ϤΥ
ࡧ׹ͤΥ।ȥॢ

2ϡǥȯϤ
11֥쥤󥹥ȡߥ
12׹
13ʿ׹
14׹
15IF׹
16ǿͻ׹
17ȥ졼ɥ׹
18ץ饹׹
19۾ˡ
20ȡ꡼׹
212׹
22޲׹
2ϤΥ
ࡧֳ䤤פȡĤ䤤

3ϡӥͥ׹Ϥ
23ƻ׹
24׹
25ˡ׹
26ǥ׹
27ӥͥǥ׹
28ޡƥ󥰻׹
29άŪ׹
30Ψ׹
31ջ׹
32ץ׹
33ӥʥ꡼׹
34󥻥ץ奢׹
3ϤΥ
ࡧ礭Ƥ

4ϡץȤοϤ
35Why׹͡Ūõ
36׹
37иؽǥ
38֥롦롼׳ؽ
39ץ׹
40Ū׹
41GTD
42ջ׹
43ݥƥֻ׹
44ABC
45ˡ
46Ū׹
47ݲ׹
4ϤΥ
ࡧYes, Andפǹͤ

5ϡʬϤ
48׹
49׹
50ե졼׹
51ܥȥͥåʬ
52եͥʬ
53ʬ
54ʬ
55ʬ
56Why׹͡ʸʬϡ
57̴طʬ
58̥롼
59ƥ׹
60KJˡ
5ϤΥ
ࡧ̡ǡȲ⸡

׹ͤ®ӥͥե졼
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⸦䤽¾ǡĤλ׹ˡѤƤ롥

ҥɡػ׹ˡ޴աҤ᤭衦ǥȯΥץ60١Ʊ˼ҡ2019ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-12-17 Tue

#5713. ʸˡȸѲѸˤݤ碌񤬽Фޤ --- Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯ [generative_grammar][language_change][grammaticalisation][syntax][review][toc][notice]


Nawata-Yanagi-Tanaka-Generative.png



ɸγҤο򤴸ܤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ҤˤֺǿѸءإ꡼פ20Ȥ֤Ťǡʸˡ߱ѸˡפκǿŪθޤȤƤޤ300ǤۤɤǡŪˤܳɤǤѸѲŪ˹ͻԡˤȤäơɬȤλͽǤ
ʲܼФƤߤޤ礦̥Ūȹ٤Ѹ줬¤Ǥޤ



I ʸˡˤѲ

1 ʸˡŪȤߤȸѲ
1. ϤˡѸˤλʬ
2. ʸˡŪȤ
3. ʸˡѲȤƤθѲ

2 ѲΥ
1. ʬϤȥѥ᥿Ѳ
2. ʸˡɸ to Ȥ
3. Ѳ
4. ๽¤ѲưȤ

II Ѹṽ¤Ѳ

3 Ѹṽ¤ưưξü
1. Ϥ
2. űѸ졦Ѹδܸ
3. űѸ졦Ѹṽ¤
4. ưư˭ʰפβ
5. ܼοưưξü
6. ʸˡˤư줫ưؤѲ
7. ޤȤ

4 ֤ȳƼﹽʸѲ
1. Ϥ
2. 칽ʸ
3. ֳʷиԼ칽ʸ
4. ¾ưʸ
5. that ׸
6. ޤȤ

III Ѹ̾ι¤ʬ

5 ¤ʤξüȳʤˤ̾ǧˡѲ
1. Ϥ
2. ʤ˴ؤиŪ¤Ū
3. Ϳ̾ȤʤʸŪ
4. Ϳ̾ǧĤǧˡѲ
5. ޤȤ

6 ̻ʬۤͷΥǽ̻Ū
1. Ϥ
2. Ѹˤ̻ʬ
3. Ū
4. ͷΥ̻ʬۤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲ
5. ̾ȿ̻θ
6. ޤȤ




ܽˤĤƤϡ1211 Voicy heldio ˤ#1291. Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯˡۿǤ⤴Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤܵȹ碌ƤİС



ܽȴϢơҤΡֺǿѸءإ꡼פ21 ջҡ δˡʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2022ǯɤꤤפޤ

Ƿ ͵ ʸˡȸѲ١ҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-25 Mon

#5691. ӾӰˡؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ʴȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯˤܼ [toc][history][review][germanic]


Ikegami-Germany.png



ȥ˥ΥɥĻδɥĤˤ򤿤ɤޤΥ꡼ǤͤɤǤ⤿ؤٶˤʤ1ǤƤϱѸˤȤϼФδطˤʤޤ֥ޥ̱²פ򤷤ƤȤϡѸˤγؤӤˤȤäƤפǤʲܼܽ󤲤Ƥޤ



Ϥ

ޥοȤλ
ȵ
ޥͤοȥ˴
ե󥯲ηʬ

ޥοȤο
ʤ
ομο
ηäߡϥࡦ
ʸȤη³
泤Φ

˵
ǤƮط
ˮʬΩλ
̱ξ
̱ϤʤɬפäΤ
ξ˳򤹤μ礿
褤ԻԷ
ϥƱȳᤰԻ
ץƽƻ
βȤȤƤ
դϤĽƻ

פȼ
륿ȽƮ
ˮ
ɥ̱ȼ
֥å󻳤
ο
ʤɥĤ¿äΤ
ܤ줿ۻĮ顼
եåȤȹۻȯ
Ϥ˻ФۻĮ
٤ԻԤȯŸ
ؤϣ
饦СΡإɥĤ˱ɡ

ϥץ֥륯񤫤ɥ
ǯȤη
ץХȥꥢ
ˮԻ
ե꡼ɥåȥ㥬
ɥķؼɾ
ξνиȲǤδ
μȲ
ιѤ

ȯŸȻλʪ
¤ФʤҲ
ʥݥ쥪󤬴
ץˤ
򼣾
Υ
лλ
ŴݶȤк
롼νŹȤȯŸ
ߤ³֥ᥤɡ󡦥㡼ޥˡ
ʤ͢
ʤ饤
ɥʥȥ
ˤߤ뼫β
򤢤ɥġޥʸ
ٳͭλ

Ҥ
ӥޥ륯줫إο
켡ȯȥ磻ޡ
ҥȥ顼
եˤϤޤԤ
ȥͥư
Ф餷Ӷ
Ӥȥƥ
̵ռȤ
ֲڤιɥġפο
ʤ
ʥȼݸ
饤󥬥ƥư

к񤫤饨
衼åѤΥɥ
ɥĺ
ιϤǤΤ
٤Ƥ̱
٤¤
Ȥοؤ
ȷӤĤ
ؾ
ɵ
Ķʹ

Ȥʻʸ
ɥĻǯɽ




Ӿ Ӱ졡ؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-14 Sun

#5557. ¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯ [toc][grammaticalisation][idiomatisation][idiom][composite_predicate][syntax][lexicology][frequency][lexicalisation][preposition][phrasal_verb][voicy][heldio]


 ¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ



¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤ򻲾ȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ



¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1Ϥܼ󤲤ޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ



ǤϤ
Ϥ


1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)

2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò

ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6

2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8

3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5

4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5

5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6

6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5

7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8

8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5

9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10

10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5

11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5

12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4

13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6





ʸ


̾




¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-09 Tue

#5552. ܴҡˡˤ򤿤ɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ʳҡ2024ǯ [review][toc][history_f_o\di[hel_education][language_change]


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



5˳ҤǤ줿̸αѸ˽ܴҡˡˤ򤿤ɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ʳҡ2024ǯҲ𤷤ޤ̻ˤ̻ˤζѹդμ줿7ϤʤѸ˽ǡ̻ˤˤĤƤʸˡ꤬¿ΤΡɸŪƤϤä겡ƤޤʲΥ٥ޤܼǺܤޤ



Ϥ
1ϡ7Υޥޤ
ȿͤΥ֥ƥ
޿ͤˤ
ޥ̱²ư

English ʱѸˤ England ʥ󥰥ɡ
󥰥Ҳ
ȿ̵ͤǰ
ꥹȶοƩ
ǡͤν
եå粦
Υޥ
2ϡűѸ
ɡ衼åѸ²
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̾
̾졦
ƻ졦
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3ϡɴǯȱѸ
Ѹ
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4ϡѸ
ޤñ㲽
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̾졦졦
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ư
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ȼѸ
ʬŪؤƻ
5ϡͥ󥹤1900ǯޤ
ҲѲ
ŪʥƥʱѸ
ͥ󥹤ȸ
ԥα
̳̿
Ωزȥե󥷥١
ʳس̿
󡦥å
ϼλ
ꥫΦο̱
6ϡѸ

̾
̾졦졦
ƻ졦
ư
ư
ֻ
ʸι¤
ȼѸ
ꥫαѸ
ѸϤɤޤ褿
7ϡѸ
800ǯ
ΤƤΡĤ

ˡư
̾
ȳ
;βȤ
ʸ
ľ
ɬ׽ʬ
η
ظ
ꥹѸȥꥫѸ
ѸϤɤʸˤʤäΤ
ˡ
ʸ




ܽκ̥Ϥϡǽ7Ϥ᥿ȥ뤫鼨褦ˡɡɴǯѲη̡ѸϤɤʥפθˤʤäΤȤ䤤ФԤʤͿƤ뤳ȤǤѸϼ˶ѸѲη̤ȤƽϤ줿ΤǤθѲطʤ˲äΤפ䤤Ȥʤޤ
Ѹ˽¿ǤƤޤ줾ȼޤɤ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥᤷޤҡ#5462. Ѹ˳ν2024ǯǡˡ ([2024-04-10-1]) 򤴻Ȥ
ʤҲ𤷤ܤˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio ˤ#1131. ܴҡˡˤ򤿤ɤбѸ줬狼١ʳҡ2024ǯˡǤ夲Ƥޤ⤼ҤİС



ҡˤ򤿤ɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-07-08 Mon

#5551. Ѹֻ˴ؿʤ顤ޤ Cook The English Writing System (2004) [review][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][writing][orthography][punctuation][toc][typography]

ܥ֥ǤϱѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ¿夲Ƥΰ1ĤȤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ܤαѸؽԤؿ䤹ȥԥåȤȤиΤäƤ뤫Ǥ⤢롥
ѸֻȤˤᤰäƤϡޤޤʸ̽񤬽ǤƤǶΩäȤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.إڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯȤƻ伫ȤȤƽǤƤаޤ⤢롥
ϡɤߤ䤹ѽȤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ѡȤƤ Vivian Cook ˤ The English Writing System (Hodder Education, 2004) Ҳ𤷤񤭸̤꤫⤭Ѹֻˡˡˡֻؽˤ꤬ڤ֡㼨ꡤ§ɽɡʸƤꡤɤ߼ͥʲܼ򼨤


Cook, Vivian. ''The English Writing System.'' London: Hodder Education, 2004.





1 Ways of writing
1.1 Meaning-based and sound-based writing
1.2 Two ways of processing written language

2 The multi-dimensions of spoken and written English
2.1 Differences between the visual and acoustic media
2.2 Special features of written English

3 Approaches to English spelling
3.1 Basic rules for English
3.2 Venezky: correspondence rules and markers
3.3 Albrow: three systems of English spelling
3.4 Noam and Carol Chomsky: lexical representation

4 Punctuation and typography
4.1 Grammatical and correspondence punctuation
4.2 The typography of English

5 Learning the English writing system
5.1 English-speaking children's acquisition of spelling
5.2 Acquisition of English spelling by speakers of other languages

6 Historical changes
6.1 Before English
6.2 Old English
6.3 Middle English
6.4 From Early Modern English to Modern English

7 Variation in the English writing system
7.1 Differences of region: 'British' and 'American' spelling styles
7.2 Novel spellings of pop groups and business names
7.3 Adapting English to modern means of communication

References

IPA transcription of English phonemes

Index




ѸֻθѤܤǤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-06-10 Mon

#5523. The Long Journey of English (Peter Trudgill) [review][hel_education][toc][geography][geolinguistics][world_englishes][sociolinguistics][helkatsu]


Trudgill, Peter. ''The Long Journey of English: A Geographical History of the Language''. Cambridge: CUP, 2023.



콤ءˤä򤹤뵡񤬤ꡤؤμȤɸ The Long Journey of English: A Geographical History of the Language ƥȤȤѤƤȤΤȡǯǤ줿Ҳؤ Peter Trudgill ˤѸˤܤǤŪʱѸ˽Ȥϡꡦ꤫ɤ߼̤ꡤѸˤܤȤäۤʬ䤹Ȼפޤʤ顤Ѹ (world_englishes) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢƤޤ̤ɤǤ®Ϥޤ줫ɤ߿ʤĤġγȤȤ˵ʡʤɤȻפäƤޤ
ޤܼܽ󤲤Ƥޤ礦



Prologue: A View from the Birthplace
1 Where It All Started: The Language Which Became English
2 The Journey Begins: The First Movement South
3 Interlude: A View from the Celtic Island
4 Heading West Again: The North Sea Crossing, 400--600
5 Anglo-Saxons and Celts in the British Highlands, 600--800
6 And Further West: Across the Irish Sea, 800--1200
7 Atlantic Crossing: On to the Americas, 1600--1800
8 Onwards to the Pacific Shore
9 Across the Equator: Into the Southern Hemisphere, 1800--1900
10 Some Turning Back: English in Retreat
11 Meanwhile . . . Britain and the British Isles from 1600
12 Transcultural Diffusion: The New Native Englishes
Epilogue: Sixteen Hundred Years On




ȥ "Geographical" äƤ̤ꡤܽˤϿޤ˭٤ǤޤˤϻʸȺդƤޤɤǤߤޤ󤫡
ʤϡhel (helkatsu) ȤȤ note DZѸ˴Ϣε񤫤ƤĤȤääƤޤܽФƤ뤫⤷ޤ͡ؤڤߤǤ

Trudgill, Peter. The Long Journey of English: A Geographical History of the Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2023.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-06-02 Sun

#5515. ѸοȰʤ˶ᤤΡ --- Fransson ܼ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][me][toc]

ܥ֥ǤǤϡ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơѸο̾١ˤĤơ¿ε񤤤Ƥ˰͵򤷤ƤԸ Fransson ˤ Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350 Ǥ롥20ȾθŤʬθȤƤϺǤǤ⽼¤ʸ1ĤǤ롥ºݡθܼƸǡѸοȡ̾ˤ褽ΤȤäƤ褤Fransson (5--7) ƸƤߤ褦



Bibliography
Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
      A. Scope and Aim. Explanatory Notes
      B. A Short Survey of Middle English Surnames
         1. The Rise of Surnames
         2. Surnames in Latin and French
         3. Classification of Surnames
      C. Surnames of Occupation
         1. Surname and Trade. A Comparison
         2. Specialized Trades
         3. Names not Found in NED. Antedating
      D. The Heredity of Surnames
      E. Two Suffixes of Obscure History
         1. The Ending -ester
         2. The Ending -ier
MIDDLE ENGLISH SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION
   Ch. I. DEALERS, TRADERS
      A. Merchant, Dealer
      B. Pedlar, Hawker, Barterer
   Ch. II. MANUFACTURERES OR SELLERS OF PROVISIONS
      A. Miller, Sifter
      B. Corn-Monger, Meal-Monger
      C. Baker, Maker or Seller of Bread
      D. Cook, Sauce-Maker
      E. Maker or Seller of Cheese or Butter
      F. Maker or Seller of Spices, Garlics, Oil
      G. Maker or Seller of Salt, Soap, Candles, Wax
      H. Butcher, Poulterer
      I. Seller of Fish
      J. Brewere, Vintner, Taverner
   Ch. III. CLOTH WORKERS
      A. Manufacturers of Cloth
         1. Flax-Dresser, Comber, Carder
         2. Spinner, Roper
            a. Spinner, Winder and Packer of Wool
            b. Maker of Ropes, Strings, Nets
         3. Weaver or Seller of Cloth
            a. Weaver, Webster
            b. Maker or Seller of Woollen Cloth
            c. Maker or Seller of Linen or Hempen Cloth
            d. Maker or Seller of Silk, Pall, Curtains
            e. Maker of Sacks, Bags, Pouches
            f. Maker of Quilts, Blankets, Mats
            g. Felt-Maker, Worker in Horsehair
         4. Fuller, Teaseler, Shearman
         5. Dyer and Bleacher of Cloth
            a. Dyer, Lister
            b. Dyer with Woad, Cork, Madder
            c. Blacker, Bleacher, Washer
      B. Manufacturers of Clothes
         1. Tailor, Renovator of Old Clothes
         2. Maker of Cowls, Jackets, Pantaloons
         3. Maker or Seller of Hats, Caps, Hoods, Plumes
   Ch. IV. LEATHER WORKERS
      A. Tanner, Skinner, Currier
      B. Saddler, Girdler
      C. Furrier, Glover, Purse-Maker
      D. Maker of Bellows or Bottles
      E. Parchmenter, Bookbinder, Copyist
      F. Shoemaker, Cobbler
   Ch. V. METAL WORKERS
      A. Goldsmith, Gilder
      B. Coiner, Seal-Maker, Engraver
      C. Maker of Clocks
      D. Copper-Smith, Brazier, Bell-Founder
      E. Tinker, Pewterer, Plumber
      F. Blacksmith, Shoeing-Smith
      G. Locksmith, Lorimer
      H. Needler, Nailer, Buckle-Maker
      I. Maker or Furbisher of Armour
      J. Maker of Military Engines, Swords, Knives
      K. Maker of Bows or Arrows
   Ch. VI. WOOD WORKERS
      A. Sawyer, Maker of Laths or Boards
      B. Carpenter, Joiner
      C. Maker of Carts, Wheels, Ploughs
      D. Maker of Ships, Boats, Oars
      E. Maker of Coffers, Boxes, Organs
      F. Turner, Maker of Spoons, Combs, Slays
      G. Cooper, Hooper
      H. Maker of Baskets or Sieves
      I. Maker of Hurdles or Palings
      J. Maker of Spades or Besoms
      K. Maker of Charcoal, Potash, Tinder
   Ch. VII. MASONRY AND ROOFING WORKERS
      A. Mason, Plasterer, Painter
      B. Thatcher, Tiler, Slater
   Ch. VIII. STONE, CROCKERY, AND GLASS WORKERS
      A. Miner, Quarrier, Stone-Cutter
      B. Lime-Burner, Tile-Maker
      C. Potter, Glazier
   Ch. IX. PHYSICIAN, BARBER
      A. Physician, Surgeon, Veterinary
      B. Barber, Blood-Letter
EXCURSUS. TOPONYMICAL SURNAMES
      A. Surnames Ending in -er
      B. Surnames Ending in -man
A list of Compound Surnames
Index of Surnames




ŪȤݤΤǤϤʤºݤˤϤǤȴƤȤϤΤޤȤ٤ꤹ٤ʸǤȤͳʬΤǤϤʤ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-05-09 Thu

#5491. ӾӰˡإ衼åѻ硡ؤư١ʴȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2021ǯˤܼ [toc][history][history_of_europe][review]


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Ӿ Ӱ졡إ衼åѻ硡ؤư١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2021ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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