
610ȯ衤ܥ֥ heldioƼ SNS 硹ŪŸƤ뿷رѸˤDzʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤNHKǿˤǤޤ2νŹ˽вäƤꡤѤ夬ߤƤޤ˼äƤäɼԤγ͡ˤ꤬Ȥޤ
ޤܽƤˤĤƤϡϤΥ٥ޤǤޤʹ˸Ƥޤ˺٤ʾФˤĤƤϸƤޤǤǡεǤϡܽΤ٤ƤξФޤǤ夷ǤܤܼȻפޤ
ع¤ܺ٤ܼįƤǤ⡤ʸˡظˤɤۤɥʥߥåʱѸˤΥɥޤƤ뤫ΰüäƤϤǤ
Ϥ
ѸϤɤΤ褦ˤƸߤλѤˤʤäΤ
1. ѸΥ롼Ĥ --- ĸ줫饲ޥ
2. űѸλ700ǯ~1100ǯ--- ˭Ȥο
3. Ѹλ1100ǯ~1500ǯ--- եι¿
4. Ѹλ1500ǯ~1900ǯ--- 첻ܤȵϤγΩ
5. ѸȤء1900ǯ~--- ȤƤγ¿Ͳ
1 ʸιȤߤϤθθ
1. ʤѸθ SVO ʤΤ
1. ֻסäޤסֱѸ
2. θθ
3. ܸȤϲ
4. űѸǤϸϲѤä
5. μ岽
6. 礹Ѳ
2. ʤѸʸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΤ
1. ܸǤϼϾάǤ
2. ĤƤαѸǤϼξάǽä
3. ĤƤαѸǤϼ줬ꤵʤʸä
4. θ경ȤϢư
5. Ѹˤν
3. ʤ¸ߤɽΤ There is/are .... ȤʸȤΤ
1. be ưθ˼줬
2. ư2̡פ
3. ȿ
4. ¸ߤɽܰؤȡʸˡפ there is ...
5. μ there
6. ʤ here ǤϤʤ there Ф줿Τ
7. ˿ʤʸˡ
4. ʤʸ do Τ
1. ؤ뵿ʸ
2. do 뵿ʸ
3. do ʸ
4. do ʸͭ
5. ʤ3ñ s ĤΤ
1. 3ñ s ؤε
2. Ѹ 3Τ
3. 1000ǯ "learn" ζ
4. ͣĤä 3ñ s
5. ѸΤָƤ "" Ȥ
6. ʤ will Ȥä̤ɽΤ
1. ̤פǤϤʤ̤ɽ
2. ĤƤαѸˤ̤ɽ¸ߤʤä
3. ֡
4. will ΰ̣Ѳ --- ִ˾פޤäơ̤פ
7. ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ɽΤ
1. ʸˡδ̯㳰롼
2. αѸǤϡ̤פֲˡפͥ褷
3. ˡοफ鸽߷κѤ
4. ̤ΤȤϸ߷Ǥɽ
8. ʤˡǤ if I were a bird ȤʤΤ
1. I was ǤϤʤ I were
2. ֲˡפȤϲ
3. ŤΤ˶̤Ƥ 2ĤΥ⡼
4. ΰӤɤäˡ
5. ۥ⡼ɡפȲ
9. ʤʬư̾Ʊ -ing ɽΤ
1. -ing ¿
2. ư줫̾ -ing --- ư̾ȯã
3. ư줫ƻ -ende --- ʬȯã
4. ʹԷΩ
5. ¿ϸդξ
2 Ѳϵ§ŪԵ§
1. ʤ foot ʣ feet ˤʤΤ
1. Ե§ʣ
2. 첻ȯΰ
3. ȯμХ
4. եƥեȤ
5. ХιϤʱƶ
6. 뤫ߤԵ§
2. ʤ child ʣ children ˤʤΤ
1. Ե§ʣ --- 2
2. űѸˤϤޤޤʣκ¸ߤ
3. űѸǤ "Ե§" ä child
4. ʣʣ
5. ʤȯϡ֥㥤ɥפˤʤʤΤ
3. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤ
1. Ե§ʲ
2. ̤ư줫ή
3. go β
4. 㤦츻θ줬ɽ
5. 褯ȤΤϤϤȤ
4. ʤƻӵˤ -er more Τ
1. ӤؤΤ
2. 3ӵ
3. more о
4. -er more Τʬ§β
5. ֵ§פޤѲ
3 ʤʸȯפʤΤ
1. ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΤ
1. Ѹϥӡ
2. lake ϡ֥顼פǤϤʤ֥쥤
3. Ѹ600ǯۤޤǤϥ١ä
4. γ
5. 첻ϺѲƤ
2. ʤ I ʸǽΤ
1. Ѹ I ʸǽ
2. ե٥åȤʸϤޤä
3. ѸΡֽϹ
4. y i Ѥ es ĤפΤϹλŶ
3. ֥ޥå eפȤϲ
1. 첻ΡûפĹפѲ
2. ֥ޥå e פ
3. e Τޤޤ
4. ʤ know high ˤȯʤʸΤ
1. ѸΥڥȯЪΥ
2. űѸѸǤ k gh ȯƤ
3. ȯѤäƤ⥹ڥѤˤ
4. ۻˤϤ뤫
5. ʤ one, two ϤΥڥǤȯʤΤ
1. ֥͡פȡ֥ȥ
2. one
3. ¤
4. two --- ȯΤ䤹
5. ȯȥڥʪ
6. ʤ eleven, twelve ȤΤ
1. Ѹοβ
2. ;ǿ eleven twelve
3. 12ˡ;
4. Ҥä֤ä thirteen
5. ɤǤ֤ fifteen
6. ̤桧û ten Ĺ -teen
7. ɤΤ褦ñ줴ȤΥȤΰ֤ޤΤ
1. ѸܸΥ
2. ñΥȰ֤Ե§
3. űѸǤϸƬȤ縶§ä
4. եȥƥ줫ξ
5. ȤαѸ첽Ⱥ
8. ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ
1. Z ϺǤ֤ξʤʸ
2. Z ޤñ
3. ԤȤƤ
4. ȯϡ֥פ֥åɡפ
4 ҲȤȤѤ³Ѹ
1. ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
1. Ѹ¿
2. űѸˤ ask Τߤ¸ߤ
3. Ѹ˥ե줫 inquire ή
4. Ѹ˥ƥ줫 interrogate ή
5. Ѹä 3ع¤
6. ܸ¿
2. ʤѸˤϾά줬¿Τ
1. Ȥβξά
2. 1εڤȤ
3. 2εڤŽ
4. 3ε˥
5. ˻λ
3. ñ they Ȥϲ
1. Everyone thinks they are right.
2. every ϡ֤٤ơפġˤȤ館
3. ֤ߤʡפǤϤʤϤ
4. ĤƤ̤ͥβʹѡ
5. ñ theyפ
ˡ
Ѹǯɽ
ʸ
δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

ܤΥåȥںǡƥåȥɤˤ֤äƤȻפäƤХǥνŹˤդäΩꡤåȥɴϢêʿѤߤƤΤܤǤ롥
Ūåȥɻˤܤǡ2019ǯ˽Ǥ줿Τ2024ǯǤФ£7.99ǹݥåȥʤȤϤꥹήΡ֥ݥåȥפʤΤǡ352ڡȽŸǥݥåȤˤʤˤɤߤ䤹200ʾΥ饹ȤޤޤƤȤΤ˼椫줿ܤƤߤȡͽ۰ʾ˥饹ȡϿޡ̿ʤɤοǤ˭٤Υåȥɤʼ̿¿ޤޤƤΤǡϤ̿㤦ɤΤǤϤʤȻפۤɤ
§Ȥ12ڡûɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤǤŪˤд夫2023ǯޤǤСƤ롥ʸΤۤˤϡѸ콸դƤ롥ǯɽդƤʤΤǰΩƤ٤ΤܼΤޤάǯɽȤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤʲܼǺܤ롥
Introduction
Mesolithic Hunters and Fishermen
Neolithic Farmers
Stone Circles and Alignments
Beaker People
The Bronze Age
Iron Age
Celtic Migrations
Crannogs
Brochs
Duns, Souterrains and Wheelhouses
Roman Period, AD 80--401
Mons Graupius
Occupation of Southern Scotland to AD 105
The Antonine Wall
Campaigns of Septimius Severus
Final Roman Campaigns in Scotland
The Coming of Christianity, 397--664
Patrick and Columba
St Kentigern
Missionary Activity
The Synod of Whitby
The Peoples of Scotland
The Britons of Strathclyde
The Scots of Dalriada
The Angles of Bernicia
Nechtansmere, 685
Norse Invasions
Kenneth MacAlpin
The Emergence of Scotland, 844--1034
The Battle of Brunanburh, 934
Carham
The Conquest of Lothian, 1018--34
Development of English Influence
Macbeth, 1040--57
Malcolm III Canmore, 1057--93
Queen Margaret
English Clergy and Court
Anglicisation of the Scottish Church
Anglicisation of the Administrative System
Introduction of the Feudal System
David I, 1124--53
The Battle of the Standard, 1138
Malcolm the Maiden, 1153--65
The Treaty of Falaise, 1174
William the Lion, 1165--1214
Alexander II, 1214--49
Alexander III, 1249--86
The Battle of Largs, 1263
The Maid of Norway
Competition for the Throne
Claims of English Overlordship
John Balliol, 1292--96
William Wallace
Robert Bruce, 1306--29
Bannockburn, 1314
Declaration of Arbroath, 1320
Treaty of Northampton, 1328
David II, 1329--71
Halidon Hill, 1333
David II in France, 1334--41
The Auld Alliance
Neville's Cross, 1346
The Release of David II
Robert II, 1371--90
Robert III, 1390--1406
Albany, Rothesay and the Regency
Robert, Duke of Albany, 1406--20
St Andrews University
A Parliamentary System Established
James I, 1437--60
James II, 1460--88
Sauchieburn, 1488
James IV, 1488--1513
The Union of the Thistle and the Rose, 1503
Flodden, 1513
James V, 1513--42
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary in France, 1548--61
The Regency of the Queen Mother
The Reformation
Mary's Personal Rule, 1561--67
The Murders of Riccio and Darnley
Bothwell
Lochleven and Langside
Mary in England, 1568--87
James VI and I
The Ruthven Raid, 1582
James and Elizabeth
James and Spain
Religious Unrest, 1584--96
Further Plots and Conspiracies, 1587--1600
Union of the Crowns, 1603
Victory over the Church
Laud's Liturgy
The National Covenant, 1638
The Bishops' Wars, 1639--41
The Solemn League and Covenant, 1642
The Scots in the English Civil War
Agreement between the Scots and Charles I
Preston, 1648
Charles II Lands in Scotland
Dunbar, 1650
Scotland Under Military Occupation, 1651--60
The Restoration
Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, 1679
The Killing Time, 1680--88
James VII and II, 1685--88
Killiecrankie and Dunkeld, 1689
The Religious Settlement, 1690
The Massacre at Glencoe, 1692
The Darien Scheme, 1698--1700
Proposals for Union, 1702--03
Act of Union, 1707
Rise of Jacobitism, 1708
Hanoverian Accession: George I, 1714--27
The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715
Wade's Military Roads
The Highland Forts
The Black Watch
George II, 1727--60
The Porteous Riots, 1736
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Falkirk and Culloden, 1745--46
Aftermath of Rebellion
The Destruction of the Clan System
The Highland Regiments
Industrial Progress
Agricultural Improvements
Social Changes
Henry Dundas, 1775--1801
The Friends of the People
The Downfall of Dundas
The Age of Enlightenment
The Highland Clearances
The Industrial Revolution
The Radical War, 1819--20
Burgh and Parliamentary Reform
Chartism in Scotland
The Great Disruption, 1843
Religious Division
The Development of Heavy Engineering, 1840--1900
Shipbuilding
Tourism
The Crofters' Commission, 1886
Emigration and Immigration
Changes in Local and Central Government
The Birth of Socialism, 1890--1914
Edwardian Scotland
The First World War, 1914--18
Red Clydeside
Postwar Depression
The Rise of Scottish Nationalism
The Local Government Act, 1929
Special Areas
The Second World War
The New Towns
The Scottish Economy
Local Government Acts 1973 and 1994
Resurgence of Nationalism
The Thatcher and Major Years
Devolution and the Scottish Parliament
The Independence Referendum and the Future
Glossary
Recommended Reading
Picture Credits & Acknowledgments
Index
Mackay, James, ed. Pocket Scottish History: Story of a Nation. Broxburn: Lomond, 2024.
줿֤ΤۤإͥפưǤϡ#411. ܤǥԥѸ줬äƤΤϤꤷơαѸ˾ƤϢϡhellog ȤƤ#2559. αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ưǾҲ𤷤ܤǤϡαѸˤĤƤθڤϷڤʤƤΤߤहǤޤΤƤʤѸѼ (lesser-know_varieties) ¿Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ܼΤޤޤѼΰȤʤäƤΤǡƤ
1. Introduction
Part I: The British Isles
2. Orkney and Shetland
3. Channel Island English
Part II: The Americas and the Caribbean
4. Canadian Maritime English
5. Newfoundland and Labrador English
6. Honduras/Bay Islands English
7. Euro-Caribbean English varieties
8. Bahamian English
9. Dominican Kokoy
10. Anglo-Argentine English
Part III: The South Atlantic Ocean
11. Falkland Islands English
12. St Helenian English
13. Tristan da Cunha English
Part IV: Africa
14. L1 Rhodesian English
15. White Kenyan English
Part V: Australasia and the Pacific
16. Eurasian Singapore English
17. Peranakan English in Singapore
18. Norfolk Island and Pitcairn varieties
ѸǤȤϤѼ˸¤äƤΤƤʤΤ¿뤳Ȥ狼

Schreier, Daniel, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. Schneider, and Jeffrey P. Williams, eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) ϡǥޡпȤ20ɽؼԡѸؼԤǤѸ˸ԤǤ⤢äŪ̾ʳؼԤȤ櫓ܤǤο͵֤⤤ܿͤαѸؼԤǡJespersen 鲿餫αƶƤʤԤϤۤȤɤʤΤǤϤʤºݤˡѸ˸ԤȤ Jespersen ¿ΤȤؤؤ³Ƥ롥⼹ɮ̤ޤο¿Ǥ⤫Ȥۤɤξ̤伫Ȥ͡ʥǥDZѸˤξȯƤ뤬Jespersen ȤϻƤǽ⡤⡤ѤǤǥۤʤȤϤؼԤɤǿ褦ȤƤΤ⤷ʤŪʤΤ
Jespersen ΤʤǤ⡤䤬夫鲿٤ɤ֤ƤΤҲ𤹤 Growth and Structure of the English Language Ǥ롥10Ǥɤ߷Ѥ줿̾ǡߤˤǤвäƤ褦䤬֤ɤǤΤ 10th ed. ǿΤΤǤȤƱǤ롥ʲܼ
I Preliminary Sketch
II The Beginnings[2025-09-21-1]
III Old English
IV The Scandinavians
V The French
VI Latin and Greek
VII Various Sources
VIII Native Resources
IX Grammar
X Shakespeare and the Language of Poetry
XI Conclusion
Phonetic Symbols. Abbreviations
Index
ŤѸ˽餷ΩƤϻäƥץJespersen ήθؼԤ̻ˤˤ⤹֤붯Τܼϳ̻ˤؤΤäƤºݤˡܤ̻ˤȳ̻ˤΥХ¤ˤߤȤʤΤ
Ȥ櫓䤬ǽɤȤݤ˻ĤäƤΤϡ4ϤθťΥɸ (old_norse) ˤƶΤJespersen Ȥ̲ͤǤΤǡѸˤΤʬ˻פ줬Τ뤬ˤƤҤƥǡɤϤȻߤޤʤʤ롥ѸüԤνѸ˽ϡʿѰʾˤ⤷ȳοƤ뤬λפθ Jespersen Τܤˤä褦˻פ롥
Ǥ1905ǯǤꡤθ³äȤϳΤ㤨СʸؤθؤнŤΩ¾Υ쥸ڻ뤹ܽħϡθؤοफߤСɬŪɾʤ⤷ʤޤ˱Ѹˤ֤ԤޤäƼˤ٤1Ǥ뤳ȤϡĴƤƤ褤ɽŪʱѸˤθŵŪ̾Ȥ Baugh and Cable 侩Ķɤ³ƤԤǤ뤬⤦1ȤʤСʤȤƤˤ Jespersen Growth and Structure ˤʤȹͤƤ롥ҳɤǤ1
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
إᥤȤ ari 711ˤȤ note #340ReviewA History of the English Language in 100 Placesꤹ뵭Ƥ롥ari ϡ鵤ˤʤäƤܡפȤƸڤƤˤȤäƤƱǡĤɤ⤦ȻפĤĤê̲餻Ƥֵˤʤܡפä

˥ѥѥɤϤ֤뤪⤷Ρ־פܤƱѸˤȤۤϡѸ˵ҤˡȤۤƤ뤷ºݤ˴ոƤ褦˻פ롥夸äɤ߿ʤƤ٤ʬΤˤܼ100ξƤ
FOREWORD BY DAVID CRYSTAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH
(1) UNDLEY COMMON --- the earliest written English (c.475)
(2) CANTERBURY --- the adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)
(3) HAMMERWICH --- Mercian English, our ancestor dialect (c.700)
(4) MONKWEARMOUTH --- naming the English language (731)
(5) YORK --- the influence of Danish on the English language (866)
(6) WINCHESTER --- West Saxon English and King Alfred (871)
(7) CERNE --- Classical Old English (c.1000)
(8) HASTINGS --- the influence of French on the English language (1066)
(9) DUNFERMLINE --- the English language in Scotland (1068)
3. MIDDLE ENGLISH
(10) PETERBOROUGH --- the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the end of Old English (1155)
(11) READING --- the English language in popular song (c.1235)
(12) WESTMINSTER --- the recovery of the English language (1362)
(13) KILKENNY --- the English language in Ireland (1366)
(14) ALDGATE --- the development of Middle English (1374)
(15) CHANCERY STREET --- Chancery English (c.1419)
(16) ST PAUL'S CHURCHYARD --- the English language and the book trade (1456)
(17) PEMBROKE --- the English language in Wales (1457)
4. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNITY
(18) BRUGES --- the English language and the printing press (1474)
(19) COLOGNE --- the Bible in English (1525)
(20) PARIS --- the beginnings of punctuation in the English language (1530)
(21) CARLETON --- the influence of Latin on the English language (1531)
(22) NORTHOLT --- spelling and the Great Vowel Shift (1551)
(23) ARCHANGEL --- business English (1553)
(24) STRATFORD --- the development of Early Modern English (1564)
(25) CHICHESTER --- English grammar (1586)
(26) HAMPTON COURT --- the English language and the King James Bible (1604)
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORLD ENGLISH
(27) JAMESTOWN --- the English language in the Americas (1607)
(28) HAMILTON --- the English language in the West Indies (1609)
(29) THE MERMAID TAVERN --- the refining of English punctuation (1623)
(30) SALISBURY --- the English language and the language of the law (1631)
(31) HOLBORN --- making English the language of science (1660)
(32) TRINITY COLLEGE --- English proverbs (1670)
(33) PHILADELPHIA --- the development of Midland American English (1682)
(34) NÎMES --- using place names to make up new words (1695)
(35) BOSTON --- the development of New England English (1704)
6. THE STANDARDS AGENDA
(36) LICHFIELD --- setting standards for the English language (1709)
(37) TEMPLE --- the idea of an English Language Academy (1712)
(38) CANONGATE --- British spelling (1760)
(39) SMOCK ALLEY --- English elocution (1762)
(40) MONTREAL --- the English language in Canada (1763)
(41) KEW GARDENS --- botanical English (1771)
(42) KOLKATA --- the birth of linguistics and the origins of English (1786)
(43) MARYLEBONE --- the language of sport (1788)
(44) SYDNEY --- the English language in Australia (1788)
(45) ST MARY-LE-BOW --- Cockney English (1803)
(46) COUPVRAY --- the English language in Braille (1809)
(47) MONROVIA --- the English language in West Africa (1822)
7. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
(48) STOCKTON-ON-TEES --- the English language and the steam engine (1825)
(49) HARTFORD --- establishing an American standard for English (1828)
(50) CHENNAI --- the English language in India (1834)
(51) ST MARTIN-LE-GRAND --- the English language and the Uniform Penny Post (1840)
(52) WAITANGI --- the English language in New Zealand (1840)
(53) THE STRAND --- English as a language of satire (1841)
(54) BALTIMORE --- the English language and the telegram (1844)
(55) SALFORD --- literacy and free libraries (1850)
(56) HANNIBAL --- English comic writing (1851)
(57) HYDE PARK --- industrialization and its impact on English (1851)
(58) TIMES SQUARE --- The New York Times (1851)
(59) MANCHESTER --- the vocabulary of English and the thesaurus (1852)
(60) BERDICHEV --- exophonic English (1857)
(61) CHRISTCHURCH COLLEGE --- English nonsense (1865)
(62) LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLL --- English place names (1868)
(63) EXETER PLACE --- the English language and the telephone (1876)
(64) CAPE TOWN --- the English language in South Africa (1881)
(65) DUBLIN --- extreme English (1882)
(66) GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)
8. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
(67) POLDHU --- the English language and the radio (1901)
(68) NEWGATE --- the English language and prison patter (1902)
(69) NEW ORLEANS --- African American English (1902)
(70) FLEET STREET --- tabloid English (1903)
(71) NEW YORK --- the language of crosswords (1913)
(72) HAYMARKET --- rule English (1914)
(73) GUERNSEY --- modern English usage (1926)
(74) PORTLAND PLACE --- BBC English (1926)
(75) OXFORD --- the Oxford English Dictionary (1928)
(76) BLETCHLEY PARK --- English language and code (1939)
(77) EMPIRE STATE BUILDING --- the language of advertising (1941)
(78) ISLINGTON --- plain English (1946)
(79) ETON --- the English of the English upper class (1956)
(80) LIVERPOOL --- British urban English (1963)
(81) ATLANTIC CITY --- sexist English (1968)
9. THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
(82) SEA OF TRANQUILLITY --- English on the moon (1969)
(83) LOS ANGELES --- the language of e-mail (1969)
(84) BELMOPAN --- the English language in Belize (1970)
(85) ST PANCRAS --- the British Library (1973)
(86) ISLAMABAD --- the English language in Pakistan (1973)
(87) THE BRONX --- language of rap (1973)
(88) SAN JOSE --- the English language and text preservation (1975)
(89) SINGAPORE --- English in Singapore (1987)
(90) GENEVA --- the language of the World Wide Web (1991)
(91) HELSINKI --- the English language and texting (1993)
(92) SWARTHMORE --- the language of the blog (1994)
(93) NICHOLSON STREET --- global reading phenomenon (1995)
(94) WINDRUSH SQUARE --- multicultural London English (1998)
(95) SAN FRANCISCO --- Twitter English (2006)
(96) BEVERLY HILLS --- Teen Speak (2008)
(97) KIGALI --- English as an official language (2008)
(98) NEWCASTLE --- the English language and contemporary regional accents (2011)
(99) BEIJING --- English and Mandarin (2012)
(100) VIENNA --- English as a global lingua franca (2012)
10. AFTERWORD
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
餷줫 hellog Ǥޤ˿ƻȤƤ
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

ܸǽ줿űѸ졦ѸζܤȤŪ̾ܤǤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤܽȡѤƤޤǤȤʤäƤޤΤǸŽŹۤǤǤޤǤ1955ǯǤμ̿2Ǥ1986ǯΤΤǤ
1955ǯΡ֤Ϥ (vi) ǡԲϼΤ褦˽Ƥޤ
錄ܿͤȤƤϤɤޤǤ⸽Ѹθ˽Ť֤٤ǤꡤڤѸθϫ¿ƸΤǤȿԤǤ뤬ŪΩˤƤϸŤαѸΤʴŪɬפʤΤǤ뤫顤Ԥ̤αѸ츦Ԥˤ⻲ͤˤʤ褦˽ĤǤ롥
˴ؿΤͤ˼äߤȤ褦ʥåɤޤʤΡϫ¿ƸפȤΤդˤĤƤϡѨۤʤָʤפȤϤʤȡϹͤƤޤʡϫ¿ơפƱաˡ
ŤѸȤƤޤɤ߷ѤƤܤȻפΤǡʲܼƤޤ (vii--viii)
Ϥ
Ϥ2ǡ
űѸ
I. ֤ȯ
II.
II. ˡ
IV. űѻˤĤ
TEXTS
I. From the Gospels of St. Matthew
II. Early Britain
III. The Coming of the English
IV. Alfred's War with the Danes
V. Orpheus and Eurydice
VI. Pope Gregory
VII. Apollonius of tyre
VIII. Beowulf
XI. The Riddles
X. Deor
Ѹ
I. Ѹ
II. Ѹβ
II. Ѳ
TEXTS
I. Peterborough Chronicle
II. The Ormulum
III. Ancrene Wisse
IV. The Owl and the Nightingale
V. Havelok the Dane
VI. Richard Rolle of Hampole
VII. The Bruce
VIII. The Pearl
XI. Piers the Plowman
X. Geoffrey Chaucer
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY TO THE TEXTS
(1) OE
(2) OE
ʤߤˡʤΥߥܽҲ𤹤뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤĤƤ1 heldio ۿ#1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡİС
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ

ܤΥ (ԡˤؤȤФʸ18425ˤƴԤͽǤǯ4˿νФǯǤýϡָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλפǤý˻ƤƤޤ
оȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤΤϼʤѸ줫Ȼפޤ㤨бѸˤܸˤȤ餷碌Ʋ⤷ʤõ롤˸ؤȯΤοʥץǤۤʤˤȤ븦Ԥٶꡤزȯɽʤɤʤ顤줳8ǯۤɲǤǥǤθưϡ2022ǯ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯνǤȤƷ¤ޤ
ưϤθ³ƤꡤΤӾǽԼ3̾ Ϻ ԡ δˤǥ͡ȤʤꡤоȸŪץռĤġؤȤФʸ18ýȤळȤˤʤäǤý˴ƤƤΤϷ12̾Ρ줾ʩʤˡˤȤ뼹ɮԤǤ133ǤλƤ緿ýȤʤäƤޤ˻ꤵƤĤͤ˴ؤƤϡɮƱΤߤ˥Ȥ礤ǼȤǽǤѤꥸʥαФ˺ĩ路Ƥޤ
ʲýΥ饤ʥåפǤ
ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλ
- Խоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽 Ϻ ԡ δ
- ܸθäʸɽζ岽 Ϻ
- θȤܿˤʸζ岽¼
- ɽߤѴɽס? ͺ
- ܸˤäζ岽 ϱҡ
- ˤäȴζ岽 --- ̵γ¤
- Ѹäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸ δ
- 15Ѹ֤ΥХꥨȤμ« --- Pepys 2125 ܤλ㤫֤βͤʲ ջҡ
- Ѹ֤ --- ޤ滳
- ɥĸθäֻˡζ岽ʹ ԡ
- ɥĸˤˤʸζ岽 --- ǥ줿ʸ
- եζ岽ˤ뼭ι ԡ
- ˭ʤ뺮 --- ͥΥեˤäγĥһ
¤Ϥý˱äǡ412ڡˤθ˵ؤˤƳŤѸ˸34ˤƥ饦ɥơָ֥äʸζ岽 --- оȸˤδ ---פ褵ƤޤɮԤΤ7̾ޤꡤýƤҲ𤷤ʤоȸŪ˵ͽǤܤϡ hellog #5801. Ѹ˸412ڡˤ˵ؤˤƳš ([2025-03-15-1]) Ѹ˸ˤäǽǤΤǡؿΤϤҤƤ
ؤȤФʸ18ϡAmazon ʤɤΥͥåȽŹǤͽʸϤƤޤѸ˸ȹ碌ơܤƤйǤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/04/09(Wed)
ýˤĤƤ heldio Ǥ#1410. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסȤƾҲ𤷤ƤޤҤİ
Ϻ ԡ δԡˡýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ4254--136ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ롡ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

ǯǺǤܡפȤ˥å (The Voynich Manuscript) ˤĤƤΡ˾οǤ줿200ǼοΤʤˡ̤ɤΥ˥åܡʸˤ̥Ϥǻ˵ͤޤƤ롥ܽȾǤϡԤˤǿθ̤Ƥꡤ˥åƤǤʸǤϤʤظ˲餫θ줬Ƥ롤ĤޤɤͤƥȤǤ뤳Ȥĥ롥ˤϡԤʪؼԡȤŤ̤ͻҤƤꡤǸޤǥ說說ʤɤ³뤳ȤǤ롥
ʲܼܽ

ļ̦ءˤˤ롤ɤθ˴ؤҡرѸȤɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯˤˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ǻȤƤ
ϡƱγפĤिܼƤ

#5647. ػˡա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯˡ ([2025-01-20-1]) ӡ#5650. إӥͥե졼ա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2018ǯˡ ([2025-01-23-1]) ˰³ȯˡ˴ؤҤҲ𤹤롥
ڤʸ˥68170Ρ֥ǥȯۤΩĥե졼ʸǥ롦ȤäͤȤߡˡ (p. 4) äͤޤƤ롥ʲܼ

3ε#5647. ػˡա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯˡ ([2025-01-20-1]) ˰³ΤλˡȤƤΩĥӥͥե졼ܤҲ𤷤褦ƱǸ¤Ϻ夲ҤΤۤ1ǯǤƤ롥ܼΤޤޥե졼̾ˤʤäƤ롥

ϸԤǤꡤӥͥޥǤбļԤǤʤΤӥͥϤλˡե졼ܤǤ롥Ʊꡤˡǥȯȼ«λʤɡˤ⻲ͤˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿
ɤ櫓ΤλˡΤ褦ʽҤϤޤФƤʤԤϡؽѸμˡͭ¸ĤΥե졼˲ΤΤ⤷ʤȤȡʬϡषӥͥϤνҤɬפΤ
ͤƤߤС衤̣Ǥ rhetoric logic ȤȤŪư濴ʤƤϸˤӥͥˤ뤷ˤäˤäΩIJǽ⤤λˡե졼ϡθǤȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
ܤϤȤ뤬ػˡա١ʳҥɡƱ˼ҡ2019ǯʲܼ뤬Τޤ͡ʻˡΰȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ

ɸγҤοܤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ҤˤֺǿѸءإפ20Ȥ֤Ťǡʸˡ߱ѸˡפκǿŪθޤȤƤޤ300ǤۤɤǡŪˤܳɤǤѸѲŪ˹ͻԡˤȤäơɬȤλͽǤ
ʲܼФƤߤޤ礦̥Ūȹ٤Ѹ줬¤Ǥޤ
I ʸˡˤѲ
1 ʸˡŪȤߤȸѲ
1. ϤˡѸˤλʬ
2. ʸˡŪȤ
3. ʸˡѲȤƤθѲ
2 ѲΥ
1. ʬϤȥѥѲ
2. ʸˡɸ to Ȥ
3. Ѳ
4. ¤ѲưȤ
II Ѹṽ¤Ѳ
3 Ѹṽ¤ưưξü
1. Ϥ
2. űѸ졦Ѹδܸ
3. űѸ졦Ѹṽ¤
4. ưư˭ʰפβ
5. ܼοưưξü
6. ʸˡˤư줫ưؤѲ
7. ޤȤ
4 ֤ȳƼﹽʸѲ
1. Ϥ
2. 칽ʸ
3. ֳʷиԼ칽ʸ
4. ¾ưʸ
5. that
6. ޤȤ
III Ѹ̾ι¤ʬ
5 ¤ʤξüȳʤˤ̾ǧˡѲ
1. Ϥ
2. ʤ˴ؤиŪ¤Ū
3. Ϳ̾ȤʤʸŪ
4. Ϳ̾ǧĤǧˡѲ
5. ޤȤ
6 ̻ʬۤͷΥǽ̻Ū
1. Ϥ
2. Ѹˤ̻ʬ
3. Ū
4. ͷΥ̻ʬۤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲ
5. ̾ȿ̻θ
6. ޤȤ
ܽˤĤƤϡ1211 Voicy heldio ˤ#1291. Ƿ ͵ ˡʸˡȸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯˡۿǤ⤴Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤܵȹ碌ƤİС
ܽȴϢơҤΡֺǿѸءإפ21 ջҡ δˡʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2022ǯɤꤤפޤ
Ƿ ͵ ʸˡȸѲ١ҡ2024ǯ

ȥ˥ΥɥĻδɥĤˤɤޤΥǤͤɤǤ⤿ؤٶˤʤ1ǤƤϱѸˤȤϼФδطˤʤޤ֥ޥ̱²פƤȤϡѸˤγؤӤˤȤäƤפǤʲܼܽƤޤ
Ϥ
1ϡޥοȤλ
ȵ
ޥͤοȥ˴
եηʬ
ޥοȤο
ʤ
ομο
ηäߡϥࡦ
ʸȤη³
泤Φ
2ϡ˵
ǤƮط
ˮʬΩλ
̱ξ
̱ϤʤɬפäΤ
ξ˳μ礿
褤ԻԷ
ϥƱȳᤰԻ
ץƽƻ
βȤȤƤ
դϤĽƻ
3ϡפȼ
륿ȽƮ
ˮ
ɥ̱ȼ
֥å
ο
ʤɥĤ¿äΤ
ܤ줿ۻĮ顼
եåȤȹۻȯ
Ϥ˻ФۻĮ
٤ԻԤȯŸ
ؤϣ
饦СΡإɥĤ˱ɡ
4ϡϥץ֥륯ɥ
ǯȤη
ץХȥꥢ
ˮԻ
եɥåȥ㥬
ɥķؼɾ
ξνиȲǤδ
μȲ
ιѤ
5ϡȯŸȻλʪ
¤ФʤҲ
ʥݥ쥪
ץˤ
Υ
лλ
ŴݶȤк
롼νŹȤȯŸ
ߤ³֥ᥤɡ㡼ޥˡ
ʤ͢
ʤ饤
ɥʥȥ
ˤߤ뼫β
ɥġޥʸ
ٳͭλ
6ϡҤ
ӥޥ륯줫إο
켡ȯȥ磻ޡ
ҥȥ顼
եˤϤޤԤ
ȥͥư
Ф餷Ӷ
Ӥȥƥ
̵ռȤ
ֲڤιɥġפο
ʤ
ʥȼݸ
饤ƥư
7ϡк饨
衼åѤΥɥ
ɥĺ
ιϤǤΤ
٤Ƥ̱
٤¤
Ȥοؤ
ȷӤĤ
ؾ
ɵ
Ķʹ
Ȥʻʸ
ɥĻǯɽ
Ӿ Ӱ졡ؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯ

¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1ϤܼޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ
ǤϤ
Ϥ
1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)
2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò
ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6
2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8
3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5
4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5
5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6
6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5
7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8
8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5
9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10
10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5
11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5
12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4
13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6
ʸ
̾
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ

5˳ҤǤ줿̸αѸ˽ܴҡˡˤɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ʳҡ2024ǯҲ𤷤ޤ̻ˤ̻ˤζѹդμ줿7ϤʤѸ˽ǡ̻ˤˤĤƤʸˡ꤬¿ΤΡɸŪƤϤä겡ƤޤʲΥ٥ޤܼǺܤޤ
Ϥ
1ϡ7Υޥޤ
ȿͤΥ֥ƥ
ͤˤ
ޥ̱²ư
English ʱѸˤ England ʥɡ
Ҳ
ȿ̵ͤǰ
ꥹȶοƩ
ǡͤν
եå粦
Υޥ
2ϡűѸ
ɡ衼åѸ²
ʸλϤޤ
̾
̾졦
ƻ졦
ư
ֻ
ʸι¤
ȼѸ
űѸϤɤʸäΤ
3ϡɴǯȱѸ
Ѹ
̵ؿ
ɴǯ
¤Ƚ̱
Ѹ
ѹη
4ϡѸ
ޤñ㲽
̾
̾졦졦
ƻ졦
ư
ֻ
ʸι¤
ȼѸ
ʬŪؤƻ
5ϡͥ1900ǯޤ
ҲѲ
ŪʥƥʱѸ
ͥȸ
ԥα
̳̿
Ωزȥե١
ʳس̿
å
ϼλ
ꥫΦο̱
6ϡѸ
첻
̾
̾졦졦
ƻ졦
ư
ư
ֻ
ʸι¤
ȼѸ
ꥫαѸ
ѸϤɤޤ褿
7ϡѸ
800ǯ
ΤƤΡĤ
ˡư
̾
ȳ
;βȤ
ʸ
ľ
ɬʬ
η
ظ
ꥹѸȥꥫѸ
ѸϤɤʸˤʤäΤ
ˡ
ʸ
ܽκ̥Ϥϡǽ7Ϥȥ뤫鼨褦ˡɡɴǯѲη̡ѸϤɤʥפθˤʤäΤȤ䤤ФԤʤͿƤ뤳ȤǤѸϼ˶ѸѲη̤ȤƽϤ줿ΤǤθѲطʤ˲äΤפ䤤Ȥʤޤ
Ѹ˽¿ǤƤޤ줾ȼޤɤ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥᤷޤҡ#5462. Ѹ˳ν2024ǯǡˡ ([2024-04-10-1]) Ȥ
ʤҲ𤷤ܤˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio ˤ#1131. ܴҡˡˤɤбѸ줬狼١ʳҡ2024ǯˡǤ夲Ƥޤ⤼ҤİС
ҡˤɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ҡ2024ǯ
ܥ֥ǤϱѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ¿夲Ƥΰ1ĤȤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ܤαѸؽԤؿ䤹ȥԥåȤȤиΤäƤ뤫Ǥ⤢롥
ѸֻȤˤᤰäƤϡޤޤʸ̽ǤƤǶΩäȤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. ꡤإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯȤƻ伫ȤȤƽǤƤаޤ⤢롥
ϡɤߤ䤹ѽȤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ѡȤƤ Vivian Cook ˤ The English Writing System (Hodder Education, 2004) Ҳ𤷤̤꤫⤭Ѹֻˡˡˡֻؽˤ꤬ڤ֡㼨ꡤ§ɽɡʸƤꡤɤͥʲܼ

1 Ways of writing
1.1 Meaning-based and sound-based writing
1.2 Two ways of processing written language
2 The multi-dimensions of spoken and written English
2.1 Differences between the visual and acoustic media
2.2 Special features of written English
3 Approaches to English spelling
3.1 Basic rules for English
3.2 Venezky: correspondence rules and markers
3.3 Albrow: three systems of English spelling
3.4 Noam and Carol Chomsky: lexical representation
4 Punctuation and typography
4.1 Grammatical and correspondence punctuation
4.2 The typography of English
5 Learning the English writing system
5.1 English-speaking children's acquisition of spelling
5.2 Acquisition of English spelling by speakers of other languages
6 Historical changes
6.1 Before English
6.2 Old English
6.3 Middle English
6.4 From Early Modern English to Modern English
7 Variation in the English writing system
7.1 Differences of region: 'British' and 'American' spelling styles
7.2 Novel spellings of pop groups and business names
7.3 Adapting English to modern means of communication
References
IPA transcription of English phonemes
Index
ѸֻθѤܤǤ
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

콤ءˤä뵡ꡤؤμȤɸ The Long Journey of English: A Geographical History of the Language ƥȤȤѤƤȤΤȡǯǤ줿Ҳؤ Peter Trudgill ˤѸˤܤǤŪʱѸ˽Ȥϡꡦ꤫ɤ̤ꡤѸˤܤȤäۤʬ䤹Ȼפޤʤ顤Ѹ (world_englishes) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢƤޤ̤ɤǤ®Ϥޤ줫ɤ߿ʤĤġγȤȤ˵ʡʤɤȻפäƤޤ
ޤܼܽƤޤ礦
Prologue: A View from the Birthplace
1 Where It All Started: The Language Which Became English
2 The Journey Begins: The First Movement South
3 Interlude: A View from the Celtic Island
4 Heading West Again: The North Sea Crossing, 400--600
5 Anglo-Saxons and Celts in the British Highlands, 600--800
6 And Further West: Across the Irish Sea, 800--1200
7 Atlantic Crossing: On to the Americas, 1600--1800
8 Onwards to the Pacific Shore
9 Across the Equator: Into the Southern Hemisphere, 1800--1900
10 Some Turning Back: English in Retreat
11 Meanwhile . . . Britain and the British Isles from 1600
12 Transcultural Diffusion: The New Native Englishes
Epilogue: Sixteen Hundred Years On
ȥ "Geographical" äƤ̤ꡤܽˤϿޤ˭٤ǤޤˤϻʸȺդƤޤɤǤߤޤ
ʤϡhel (helkatsu) ȤȤ note DZѸ˴ϢεƤĤȤääƤޤܽФƤ뤫⤷ޤ͡ؤڤߤǤ
Trudgill, Peter. The Long Journey of English: A Geographical History of the Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2023.
ܥ֥ǤǤϡ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơѸο̾١ˤĤơ¿εƤ˰͵ƤԸ Fransson ˤ Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350 Ǥ롥20ȾθŤʬθȤƤϺǤǤ⽼¤ʸ1ĤǤ롥ºݡθܼƸǡѸοȡ̾ˤ褽ΤȤäƤ褤Fransson (5--7) ƸƤߤ褦
Bibliography
Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
A. Scope and Aim. Explanatory Notes
B. A Short Survey of Middle English Surnames
1. The Rise of Surnames
2. Surnames in Latin and French
3. Classification of Surnames
C. Surnames of Occupation
1. Surname and Trade. A Comparison
2. Specialized Trades
3. Names not Found in NED. Antedating
D. The Heredity of Surnames
E. Two Suffixes of Obscure History
1. The Ending -ester
2. The Ending -ier
MIDDLE ENGLISH SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION
Ch. I. DEALERS, TRADERS
A. Merchant, Dealer
B. Pedlar, Hawker, Barterer
Ch. II. MANUFACTURERES OR SELLERS OF PROVISIONS
A. Miller, Sifter
B. Corn-Monger, Meal-Monger
C. Baker, Maker or Seller of Bread
D. Cook, Sauce-Maker
E. Maker or Seller of Cheese or Butter
F. Maker or Seller of Spices, Garlics, Oil
G. Maker or Seller of Salt, Soap, Candles, Wax
H. Butcher, Poulterer
I. Seller of Fish
J. Brewere, Vintner, Taverner
Ch. III. CLOTH WORKERS
A. Manufacturers of Cloth
1. Flax-Dresser, Comber, Carder
2. Spinner, Roper
a. Spinner, Winder and Packer of Wool
b. Maker of Ropes, Strings, Nets
3. Weaver or Seller of Cloth
a. Weaver, Webster
b. Maker or Seller of Woollen Cloth
c. Maker or Seller of Linen or Hempen Cloth
d. Maker or Seller of Silk, Pall, Curtains
e. Maker of Sacks, Bags, Pouches
f. Maker of Quilts, Blankets, Mats
g. Felt-Maker, Worker in Horsehair
4. Fuller, Teaseler, Shearman
5. Dyer and Bleacher of Cloth
a. Dyer, Lister
b. Dyer with Woad, Cork, Madder
c. Blacker, Bleacher, Washer
B. Manufacturers of Clothes
1. Tailor, Renovator of Old Clothes
2. Maker of Cowls, Jackets, Pantaloons
3. Maker or Seller of Hats, Caps, Hoods, Plumes
Ch. IV. LEATHER WORKERS
A. Tanner, Skinner, Currier
B. Saddler, Girdler
C. Furrier, Glover, Purse-Maker
D. Maker of Bellows or Bottles
E. Parchmenter, Bookbinder, Copyist
F. Shoemaker, Cobbler
Ch. V. METAL WORKERS
A. Goldsmith, Gilder
B. Coiner, Seal-Maker, Engraver
C. Maker of Clocks
D. Copper-Smith, Brazier, Bell-Founder
E. Tinker, Pewterer, Plumber
F. Blacksmith, Shoeing-Smith
G. Locksmith, Lorimer
H. Needler, Nailer, Buckle-Maker
I. Maker or Furbisher of Armour
J. Maker of Military Engines, Swords, Knives
K. Maker of Bows or Arrows
Ch. VI. WOOD WORKERS
A. Sawyer, Maker of Laths or Boards
B. Carpenter, Joiner
C. Maker of Carts, Wheels, Ploughs
D. Maker of Ships, Boats, Oars
E. Maker of Coffers, Boxes, Organs
F. Turner, Maker of Spoons, Combs, Slays
G. Cooper, Hooper
H. Maker of Baskets or Sieves
I. Maker of Hurdles or Palings
J. Maker of Spades or Besoms
K. Maker of Charcoal, Potash, Tinder
Ch. VII. MASONRY AND ROOFING WORKERS
A. Mason, Plasterer, Painter
B. Thatcher, Tiler, Slater
Ch. VIII. STONE, CROCKERY, AND GLASS WORKERS
A. Miner, Quarrier, Stone-Cutter
B. Lime-Burner, Tile-Maker
C. Potter, Glazier
Ch. IX. PHYSICIAN, BARBER
A. Physician, Surgeon, Veterinary
B. Barber, Blood-Letter
EXCURSUS. TOPONYMICAL SURNAMES
A. Surnames Ending in -er
B. Surnames Ending in -man
A list of Compound Surnames
Index of Surnames
ŪȤݤΤǤϤʤºݤˤϤǤȴƤȤϤΤޤȤ٤ꤹ٤ʸǤȤͳʬΤǤϤʤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

衼åѻˤȤͥ줿ȥ˥ˤ2ΤȤƼɮƤ뤬ơΩɤळȤǤ롥ܤΤϤ1ǡŤΰ²λ夫ե̿ޤǤ⤵롥¤줿Τʤǡ衼åѻˤθ塤夬ޤΤ褯ޤȤΤȶò롥ʤȤƤʤȤɸ崶
ʲܼܽƤѸˤγؤӤΤˤɤ
ޤ --- 衼åѤȤϲ
1ϡ衼åѤ --- 奮ꥷ㡦ޤΰ仺ʸ
ͼ̱²
²ȥ衼åѽ
ե٥åȤȯ
ꥷΰ
ȥ衼å
ХХˤĤ
ꥹȶ
λʶͤ
2ϡޥͥȥ衼åѤγΩ --- Ⱦ
ȤƤΥե
ӥХȤʡ¾ԡפȤƤΥ顼ඵ
եǤλȡʿ¡פι
֥ꥹȶפη
ն
졻ǯȥޥͥ
ӥϥ衼åѤ
ȤϲäΤ
μ
3ϡȽ --- ζԻԡȾ
ȯŸ¯
Τȵƻ
ʸ
Ȱü
䶵̥ꥹȶ
ԻԤΥ衼åѤȾȯŸ
ġ롤
4ϡؤư --- Ρȯפȥͥס15~17
θȱ
ڥݥȥγʽФȲʳ̿
ȥå۶λ̾
ͥʸε
ץƥƥо
̱ȷϤȽ
Ѥξ
λ
ȼҲŪΧ
褤礦衼åѽ
мȳ̱
ʳس̿ȼˡ
Хåȸŵ
ʸ
Ȥ
衼åѻǯɽࡦ̾
Ӿ Ӱ졡إ衼åѻ硡ؤư١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2021ǯ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow