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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-09-26 Fri

#5996. khelf ɥij̴ Growth and Structure ϢܤϤƤޤ [khelf][jespersen][helkatsu][review][hel][notice]

khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤhel (halkatsu) Ÿ򼨤Ƥޤ
4ۤˡ#5861. khelf ߷󤬡֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץ꡼򳫻ϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ޤ߷ˤ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ仿³Ǥ123εƤꡤ1ĤҤȤǫ˵ܤƤޤɤ³ƤȡѸˤμμ¤Ƥޤ RSS եϿơɤƤС
⤦1ͤ khelf СˤϢܤϤޤޤرɥij̴ȤHPǻϤ᤿꡼ǤϢܥȥGrowth and Structure éѸˡǤɥĤ Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language (10th ed.) 1᤺ǫɤߡȤäƤȤǤ8ޤǤεƤꡤ꡼³ΥꥺबǤƤޤϢܤˤ RSS եѰդƤޤΤǡҥեƤС
ɥĤ󤬡ʤϢܤϤ줿ΤˤĤƤϡǽε0. Growth and Structure of the English Language ιɤϤޤ˵ƤΤǡҤɤߤ
hellog Ǥ̾˴ؤʲε2ܽ񤭤ޤ¤ϺɥĤϢܳϤƼɮΤǤ

#5990. Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language ([2025-09-20-1])
#5991. Jespersen G&S 1ǽ ([2025-09-21-1])

ǤҤ٤ȤꡤG&S ϴְ㤤ʤѸˤ˴ؤ̾1ĤǤɥĤܽɤϤᡤϢϢܤϤ᤿Ʊɤ߻Ϥ乥Υ󥹤ǤϢܤɤĤġˤ⤳̣̾äƤФȻפޤ


Jespersen-Growth_front_cover.png



Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-09-21 Sun

#5991. Jespersen G&S [review][jespersen][hel_education]

ε#5990. Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language ([2025-09-20-1]) Ǽ夲̾ G&S1 (p. 1) 򤽤ΤޤްѤΤǡԤΰյߤ򴶤Ƥ

1. It will be my endeavour in this volume to characterize the chief peculiarities of the English language, and to explain the growth and significance of those features in its structure which have been of permanent importance. The older stages of the language, interesting as their study is, will be considered only in so far as they throw light either directly or by way of contrast on the main characteristics of present-day English, and an attempt will be made to connect the teachings of linguistic history with the chief events in the general history of the English people so as to show their mutual bearings on each other, and the relation of language to national character. The knowledge that the latter conception is a very difficult one to deal with scientifically, as it may easily tempt one into hasty generalizations, should make us wary, but not deter us from grappling with problems which are really both interesting and important. My plan will be, first to give a rapid sketch of the language of our own days, so as to show how it strikes a foreigner---a foreigner who has devoted much time to the study of English, but who feels that in spite of all his efforts he is only able to look at it as a foreigner does, and not exactly as a native would---and then in the following chapters to enter more deeply into the history of the language in order to describe its first shape, to trace the various foreign influences it has undergone, and to give an account of its own inner growth.


ƽɤƤߤȡ伫ȤѸ˸ԤȤơhelȯԤȤơJespersen 餫ʤαƶƤ뤳ȤǧؤιֱֵѸˡפνˡָѸäƤʤ褦ʱѸˤϸʤפʤɤȹ줷ƤΤΤ餺Τ餺Τ G&S 1ߤĤƤäȤȤȽʻˤȤäƤäǤˡ
ޤJespersen ѸüԤȤƱѸˤ򵭽Ҥ뤳Ȥ򡤤षפȤƤ뤫Τ褦ɤŪǤ롥䤬 --- ƱѸѸüԤȤ --- Jespersen αѸˤ̥Ū˴Τ⡤ʤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ˡJespersen θȹ̱ľܷӤĤ褦ȤȤΥꥹˤĤƤǧ⡤פ֤˳ǧǤƿʻפäJespersen ϡΤˤǤϤʤΥꥹƤ롤ȻϹͤƤ롥Ԥ᤮Ƥꡤɤ٤ȤΩ
Ƭ1ɤ֤ƤߤơѸˤʤˤϡϤꤽ񤯿ͤιͤνʤΤȤȤǧǤȤ礭ɼԤϡƬɤΤ褦ɤΤˤĤƼȤιͤǡɤ߿ʤȤ褤Ȼפ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-26-1] [2025-09-20-1]

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2025-09-20 Sat

#5990. Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language [review][jespersen][toc][old_norse]


Jespersen-Growth_front_cover.png



Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) ϡǥޡпȤ20ɽؼԡѸؼԤǤѸ˸ԤǤ⤢äŪ̾ʳؼԤȤ櫓ܤǤο͵֤⤤ܿͤαѸؼԤǡJespersen 鲿餫αƶƤʤԤϤۤȤɤʤΤǤϤʤºݤˡѸ˸ԤȤ Jespersen ¿ΤȤؤؤ³Ƥ롥⼹ɮ̤ޤο¿Ǥ⤫Ȥۤɤξ̤伫Ȥ͡ʥǥDZѸˤξȯƤ뤬Jespersen ȤϻƤǽ⡤⡤ѤǤǥۤʤȤϤؼԤɤǿ褦ȤƤΤ⤷ʤŪʤΤ
Jespersen ΤʤǤ⡤䤬夫鲿٤ɤ֤ƤΤҲ𤹤 Growth and Structure of the English Language Ǥ롥10Ǥɤ߷Ѥ줿̾ǡߤ򿷤ˤǤвäƤ褦䤬֤ɤǤΤ 10th ed. 󸽺߼ǿΤΤǤȤƱǤ롥ʲܼ򵭤



I Preliminary Sketch
II The Beginnings[2025-09-21-1]
III Old English
IV The Scandinavians
V The French
VI Latin and Greek
VII Various Sources
VIII Native Resources
IX Grammar
X Shakespeare and the Language of Poetry
XI Conclusion
     Phonetic Symbols. Abbreviations
     Index




ŤѸ˽餷ΩƤϻäƥץJespersen ήθؼԤ̻ˤˤ⤹֤붯Τܼϳ̻ˤؤΤäƤºݤˡܤ̻ˤȳ̻ˤΥХ󥹤¤ˤߤȤʤΤ
Ȥ櫓䤬ǽɤȤݤ˻ĤäƤΤϡ4ϤθťΥɸ (old_norse) ˤƶΤJespersen Ȥ̲ͤǤΤǡѸˤΤʬ˻פ줬Τ뤬ˤƤ⵭Ҥƥ󥰤ǡɤ߻ϤȻߤޤʤʤ롥ѸüԤν񤯱Ѹ˽ϡʿѰʾˤ⤷ȳοƤ뤬λפθ Jespersen Τܤˤä褦˻פ롥
Ǥ1905ǯǤꡤθ³󤬤äȤϳΤ㤨СʸؤθؤнŤΩ¾Υ쥸ڻ뤹ܽħϡθؤοफߤСɬ⹥Ūɾʤ⤷ʤޤ˱Ѹˤ֤ԤޤäƼˤ٤1Ǥ뤳ȤϡĴƤƤ褤ɽŪʱѸˤθŵŪ̾Ȥ Baugh and Cable 侩Ķɤ³ƤԤǤ뤬⤦1󤲤ȤʤСʤȤƤ񤷤ˤ Jespersen Growth and Structure ˤʤȹͤƤ롥ҳɤǤ1

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-26-1] [2025-09-21-1]

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2025-07-08 Tue

#5916. Jespersen ˤ2ʣξ [numeral][jespersen][compound][morphology][syntax][conjunction][word_order]

21פΤȤѸDzȤ twenty-one Ǥ롥ŪˤϰۤʤɽˡäŪˤ one and twenty ̤äȤ twenty and one ⤢äʣϡ1ΰ̤10ΰ̤οΤɤ֤Τ³ and ѤΤȤäõȡɤưƤˤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȶʣ򸦵椷Ƥرꡤ⤳ˤϥƥʤĥäƤΤڤ˭٤ˤʤȤݤäƤ롥
2ʣˤĤơJespersen (§§17.14--6) ˾ѲѰۤ򳵴ѤƤ롥ͻϤȤơѤƤ

   17.14. In additions of 'tens' and 'ones' this 'one' now generally follows the 'ten' (twenty-one), but originally it always preceded it: one-and-twenty, a word-order which is still used except in numerals above 50.
   The only examples I have noticed of the latter word-order in numerals above 50 are the following: Sheridan 197 she's six-and-fifty if she's an hour | Coleridge 452 in Köhln . . . I counted two and seventy stenches | Wells TB 163 Fifty-three days I had outward . . . three and fifty days of life cooped up | Walpole ST 285 never in all his five-and-fifty years.
   17.15. We may find both types of word-order in close proximity: Sh H5 1.2.57 Untill foure hundred one and twentie yeeres . . . ib 61 Foure hundred twentie six | Defoe R 330 eight and twenty years . . . thirty and five years | Thack E 1.147 accepted the Thirty-nine Articles with all his heart, and would have signed and sworn to other nine-and-thirty with an entire obedience | Kipling PT 43 She was two-and-twenty, and he was thirty-three | Caine M 131 you are still so young. Let me see, is it eight-and-twenty? --- Twenty-six, said Philip | Jerome T 37 P. was forty-seven ... W. was three-and-twenty | Wells N 142 He was six and twenty, and I twenty-two | ib 199 I grew ... between three and twenty and twenty-seven.
   Mr. Walt Arneson states: "Used in U.S. only occasionally, for stylistic effect or facetiously."
   17.16. Compounds of two numerals denoting a number below one hundred have and between the two members if the small numeral precedes: one-and-twenty. If it follows the higher numeral, there is generally no connecting word: twenty-one. Especially in early authors we may find the type twenty-and-two, e.g. Malory 101 xx & viij knyghtes | AV Luke 15.7 ninety and nine iust persons | Swift P 132 there are thirty-and-two good bits in a shoulder of veal | Fielding T 1.17 | Goldsm 645 | Carlyle S 16 | Bennett A 50.
   If two neighbouring numerals are to be used, the type with the small number first is commonest, as in this case the higher numeral need not be repeated: Thack E 2.150 though now five or six and forty years | Locke CA 315 Between Nadia and him there was but a separation of two or three years; between Nadia and myself two or three and twenty | Crofts Cask 220 a girl of perhaps two or three-and-twenty.


ǤɽȤѤ one-and-twenty 50ʾοˤĤƤϡ줬ʤȤΤԲĻ׵ĤǤ롥ޤƱʸ̮ǰۤʤѥʣ줬ȤΤ϶̣Ǥʤˤ⿼ؤäƤꡤΰ֤ŤˤĤƤͻͤ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

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2025-03-08 Sat

#5794. ʸˡѸȤƤư [verb][verbid][participle][gerund][infinitive][terminology][sobokunagimon][jespersen][voicy][heldio][pos]



Ⱥī heldio ˤơ#1377. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ󤫤餪󤻤ޤȾˡ#1378. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ󤫤餪󤻤ޤʸȾˡۿޤϡ224˥ꥹʡ÷ȤƸ#1366. ʤλפФαʸˡѸ򶵤ƤΥեåײǤheldio ꥹʡγˤϡ¿ΥȤ󤻤ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʸˡѸȤäƤԥ󤫤饭ޤǤޤŪѸ줫ؤνѸȤ٤Τޤ¿ޤ٥򵤤ˤˡȤˤפФΡˤʤ롿䤷ΡѸ󤲤ƤȤݤǡȤޤη̤ɤ߾夲ΤǤ2ĤۿǤ
ΤʤưȤѸ줬٤ڤƤޤѸǤ verbal verbid ȸƤФޤϤäΤȤǤ礦ؿѸؼŵ٤ verbal Ƥߤȡ(1) Ȥơֽưפβ⤬ޤ

(1) ʽưˡ (infinitive)ʬ (participle)ư̾ (gerund) Ρverbid Ȥ⤤ޤ (non-finite form) (infinite form)ư (non-finite verb) Ȥ⤤ʤư줬̾ŪѤ줿Τ̾Ūư (noun verbal) ޤưŪ̾ (verbal noun) ȤƻŪˡΤΤƻŪư (adjective verbal) ޤưŪƻ (verbal adjective) ȤȤ롥I'm thinking of going./I wish to go. ̾Ūư//melting snow ̷ƻŪư͡


ɽ䡤˺٤ʬѸ⤢ꡤ䤳Ǥ͡ˡOED verbid (NOUN) Ƥߤޤ礦

Grammar. Somewhat rare.

A word, such as an infinitive, gerund, or participle, which has some characteristics of a verb but cannot form the head of a predicate on its own. Also: (with reference to certain West African languages) a bound verb with in a serial verb construction.

   1914We shall..restrict the name of verb to those forms that have the eminently verbal power of forming sentences, and..apply the name of verbid to participles and infinitives. (O. Jespersen, Modern English Grammar vol. II. 7)
   . . . .


OED Ǥν㤫顤줬 Jespersen ¤Ǥ뤳ȤΤޤ#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Jespersen ʻȤδϢ⡤̣¤Ǥ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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