hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 ڡ / page 1 (3)

infinitive - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-20 Mon

#6202. űѸ beon be ưλȤ [be][oe][aspect][oe_dialect][suppletion][imperative][infinitive]

űѸ be ưˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Ϥᡤ¿ε夲ƤűѸ be ưΥѥϡ佼ˡ (suppletion) ŵǤꡤ͡ʸ캬˴ŤŪѤƤȤ𤬤롥Ȥ櫓Ȥľˡ߻ôäƤ eom bēo ȤˡǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤȤʤ롥 (aspect) 㤬ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ Campbell (§768; p. 350--51) εҤɤǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥

The distinction of the pres. indic. tenses eom and bēo is fairly well preserved in OE: bēo expresses what is (a) an invariable fact, e.g. ne bið swylċ cwenliċ þeaw 'such is not a queenly custom', or (b) the future, e.g. ne bið þe wilna gad 'you will have no lack of pleasure', or (c) iterative extension into the future, e.g. biþ storma ȝehwylċ aswefed 'every storm is always allayed' (i.e. on all occasions of the flight of the Phoenix, past and to come); eom expresses a present state provided its continuance is not especially regarded, e.g.wlitiġ is se wong 'the plain is beautiful'.


ŪˡȤƤϡeom ϡä˷³ռªƤ븽ߤξ֡פɽ魯ΤФbēo ϡѤλ¡ס̤סȿפɽ魯ʸ̮塤κΤ˽Фʤ⤢뤳ȤϳΤ2Ĥηˡ̤ƤªƤ褤
ۤ̿ˡη֤ˤĤƤ⡤bēon ¾η¤ǹԤʤƤʲ Campbell (§768; p. 51) ̤ꡤˡΰ㤤Ȥκۤª٤ΤȤ

   The distinction of the imperatives bēo and wes is one of dialect, not of meaning. Broadly bēo is W-S and Merc., wes (woes, wæs) North.; but while bēo is never North., wes is found in W-S and Merc. . . .
   Similarly inf. bēon (bīon, bīan) is W-S and Merc., wosa North.; but Ru.1 has once wesa, Li. once bīan.
   The subj. forms bēo and sīe (sēo) are also dialectally distinguished: sīe is eW-S, Kt., VP, North., bēo is Ru.1 But already in eW-S bēo appears, and in lW-S it is the prevailing form (it does not appear, however, in KG). In North, it only appears in Li. (twice).


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2025-10-24 Fri

#6024. ʤ It is kind OF you to come. ʤΤ --- ֤Τۤإͥ׺ǿ [youtube][inohota][youtube][preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][metanalysis][sobokunagimon]



ʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤ͥΤۤإͥϡޤ¿ˤƤޤǿ#381. It is important for you to . . . It is kind of you to . . . äƻʸȻפ줬Ǥ롼Ĥޤäޤϡİ4ʾȹĴǤ¿Ū񿴤ɷ㤹뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȴ򤷤פäƤޤϡưƤ hellog Ȥ󤷤ĤġơޤȤʤäʸäƤޤ
ơιʸ It is kind of you to come. ɽ롤ͤιưɾƻѤʸǤعʸˡǤϡΰ̣μȼʸȤơŪ It is important for you to go. ιʸȥåȤdzؽ뤳Ȥ¿Ȼפޤơkind, foolish, wise Τ褦ʿʪɾηƻξˤֻȤ of important necessary Τ褦ʾˤ for Ѥ롤Ƴؽ⤤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʻ伫ȤޤˤǤˡ
ʤʪɾηƻ˸¤ä of ѤΤȤͳޤƧ߹Ƕ뤳ȤϾʤǤ礦ưǤŦƤ̤ꡤξԤɽŪˤֻ줬ؤʿŪʹʸ˸ޤŪʥ롼ĤϤޤäۤʤΤǤ
ޤimportant for you ιʸˤĤơϡȤ it is important for you ֤ϤʤˤȤäƽפפ to go ֹԤȤפȤ2ĤǤȤ߹蘆äƤǤΤǤĤޤꡤfor you important ŪˤֻäΤǤ֤ʤˤȤäơʽפˡפȤȤǤ͡Ȥyou ³ to go ΰ̣μǤ⤢뤳Ȥ顤ФˤĤ for you to go Τ1Ĥ礭ʼΤ褦˺Ʋᤵ褦ˤʤޤΰʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤФ븽ݤŵǤ
kind of you ιʸϤɤǤ礦ϰʬϤǤĤޤ󡥤ʤʤ顤of you Ǥϡ֤ʤˤȤäơʿڤˡפΰ̣ˤϤʤʤǤڤʤΤϡ֤ʤ׼ȤʤΤǤꡤΰ̣طªˤ̤βõɬפΤǤ
of ΤϡǤܥ֥ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) #4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹ԰ټԡס ([2020-08-04-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤֹ԰ټԡפ򼨤 of ȹͤΤǤŪǤѸǤϼư֤ι԰ټԤ by ǼΤ̤ǤѸ줫ѸˤƤ of ͥǤĤޤꡤof you "(done) by you" ʤʤˤäƤʤ줿ˤ˶ᤤ̣礤򤵤ƤΤǤ
OED ҤȤȡιʸθ It was a kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʡƻ줬̾ thing act, part ʤɤ򽤾äȤ狼ޤθˡֹ԰ټԤ ofפŬѤСa kind thing (done) by you ֤ʤˤäƤʤ줿ڤʤȡפȥࡼ˲ǤޤιʸȤ뤦ˡ֤ˤ thing Τ褦̾줬ά졤It was kind of you... Ȥη˲вƤäȤΤΤ褦Ǥ
Τ褦ˡ츫Ȼ̤ä2ĤιʸޤäۤʤȯηаޤäƤȤΤϡ⤷ȤǤ͡عʸˡǽвѤʵ¿ϡˤ̤뤳ȤǡΤ褦祤Ĥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ줳Ѹ˸̣Ǥ
ˤĤơܤϾ嵭 YouTube ưйǤޤǥ Voicy heldio ǤϢ󤬤Τǡ碌Ƥİ

heldio: #91. It's kind of you to come. of
heldio: #387. It is important to study. ιʸˤĤƱѸˤƤߤޤ

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2025-03-08 Sat

#5794. ʸˡѸȤƤư [verb][verbid][participle][gerund][infinitive][terminology][sobokunagimon][jespersen][voicy][heldio][pos]



Ⱥī heldio ˤơ#1377. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ󤫤餪󤻤ޤȾˡ#1378. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ󤫤餪󤻤ޤʸȾˡۿޤϡ224˥ꥹʡ÷ȤƸ#1366. ʤλפФαʸˡѸ򶵤ƤΥեåײǤheldio ꥹʡγˤϡ¿ΥȤ󤻤ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʸˡѸȤäƤԥ󤫤饭ޤǤޤŪѸ줫ؤνѸȤ٤Τޤ¿ޤ٥򵤤ˤˡȤˤפФΡˤʤ롿䤷ΡѸ󤲤ƤȤݤǡȤޤη̤ɤ߾夲ΤǤ2ĤۿǤ
ΤʤưȤѸ줬٤ڤƤޤѸǤ verbal verbid ȸƤФޤϤäΤȤǤ礦ؿѸؼŵ٤ verbal Ƥߤȡ(1) Ȥơֽưפβ⤬ޤ

(1) ʽưˡ (infinitive)ʬ (participle)ư̾ (gerund) Ρverbid Ȥ⤤ޤ (non-finite form) (infinite form)ư (non-finite verb) Ȥ⤤ʤư줬̾ŪѤ줿Τ̾Ūư (noun verbal) ޤưŪ̾ (verbal noun) ȤƻŪˡΤΤƻŪư (adjective verbal) ޤưŪƻ (verbal adjective) ȤȤ롥I'm thinking of going./I wish to go. ̾Ūư//melting snow ̷ƻŪư͡


ɽ䡤˺٤ʬѸ⤢ꡤ䤳Ǥ͡ˡOED verbid (NOUN) Ƥߤޤ礦

Grammar. Somewhat rare.

A word, such as an infinitive, gerund, or participle, which has some characteristics of a verb but cannot form the head of a predicate on its own. Also: (with reference to certain West African languages) a bound verb with in a serial verb construction.

   1914We shall..restrict the name of verb to those forms that have the eminently verbal power of forming sentences, and..apply the name of verbid to participles and infinitives. (O. Jespersen, Modern English Grammar vol. II. 7)
   . . . .


OED Ǥν㤫顤줬 Jespersen ¤Ǥ뤳ȤΤޤ#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Jespersen ʻȤδϢ⡤̣¤Ǥ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2024-10-03 Thu

#5638. ƻʸȤ to 줬³6ĤΥ --- LGSWE [infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction]

#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. ([2024-09-28-1]) ˰³ƱʸˤĤơ̤ʸˡ򻲾ȤȡۤʤʬबʤƤ롥 LGSWE (= Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English) §9.4.5.2 򻲾ȤǤηƻΰ̣ˤäơ6פ̤Ƥ롥

9.4.5.2 Adjectives taking post-predicate to-clauses

   CORPUS FINDINGS

- Only one adjectival predicate is notably common controling to-clauses in post-predicate position: (un)likely. This form occurs more than 50 times per million words in the LSWE Corpus.
- Other adjectival predicates occurring more than ten times per million words in the LSWE Corpus are: (un)able, determined, difficult, due, east, free, glad, hard, ready, used, (un)willing.
- Other adjectival predicates attested in the LSWE Corpus:
     Degree of certainty: apt, certain, due, guaranteed, liable, (un)likely, prone, sure
     Ability or willingness: (un)able, anxious, bound, careful, competent, determined, disposed, doomed, eager, eligible, fit, greedy, hesitant, inclined, keen, loath, obliged, prepared, quick, ready, reluctant, (all) set, slow, (in)sufficient, welcome, (un)willing
     Personal affective stance: afraid, amazed, angry, annoyed, ashamed, astonished, careful, concerned, content, curious, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, embarrassed, free, furious, glad, grateful, happy, impatient, indignant, nervous, perturbed, pleased, proud, puzzled, relieved, sorry, surprised, worried
     Ease or difficulty: awkward, difficult, easy, hard, (un)pleasant, (im)possible, tough
     Evaluation: bad, brave, careless, crazy, expensive, good, lucky, mad, nice, right, silly, smart, (un)wise, wrong
     Habitual behavior: (un)accustomed, (un)used


Ǥϡ줾Υפηƻ줬Ѥ to 줬ɤΤ褦ʰ̣ôäƤΤȤˤĤƤϿƤʤLGSWE ³սˤʤ⤬ΤǡҤȤ

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2024-09-30 Mon

#5635. easy-to-please ʸˤߤưŪ [middle_voice][passive][voice][semantic_role][infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction][adverb]

ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ

   The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).

(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)


(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ

The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).

(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)

From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.

(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)


easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.

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2024-09-29 Sun

#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η [infinitive][syntax][adjective][complementation][construction]

ε#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. ([2024-09-28-1]) ǡַƻ + to פ͡ʥѥǧޤ7פؤζʬϤʤ٤ΤǤǤ Fischer et al. ˽绨Ƥ2פ˶ʬޤ礦ɸˤȤꡤeager-to-please ʸ easy-to-please ʸ2Ǥ (170--71)

In the so-called eager-to-please construction in (22a), the main clause subject functions also as agent-argument of the infinitive. In the easy-to-please construction, the main clause subject corresponds to the patient-argument of the infinitive. The easy-to-please construction is therefore somewhat reminiscent of the modal passive . . . expressing a passive-like meaning without passive marking.

(22) a [Eager-to-please construction]
Andropulos was a bit reluctant to go (BNC)
b [Easy-to-please construction]
He was lying in wait in the hallway, where he was impossible to overlook (BNC)


ιʸˤϸŤǤ˸űѸʸڤޤ (171)

Both the eager-to-please construction and the easy-to-please construction were already available in OE, as shown in (24) and (25), respectively. . . .

(24) ic eom gearo to gecyrrenne to munuclicere drohtnunge
I am ready to turn to monastic way-of-life (ÆCHom.I,35 484.251)
'I am ready to turn to a monastic way of life.'
(25) ðis me is hefi to donne
This to-me is heavy to do (Mart.5(Kotzor)Se.16,A.14)
'This is hard for me to do.'


⤷ΤϡԤ eager-to-please ʸϡűѸ줫ŪʸڤΤǤˡŪʰ̣ӤӤơưȯŸΤФƤƤ뤳ȤǤFischer et al. ³ưѤޤ (171)

The eager-to-please construction has been essentially stable throughout the history of the language. It is interesting to note, however, that some adjectives in the construction developed into modal markers. A straightforward example is bound, originally meaning 'under a binding obligation' but now typically used to mark epistemic necessity.


Ǥ be bound to 㤬ƤޤۤβսǤ be sure to be certain to ˤڤޤεƤȤ碌ợäƤС

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

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2024-09-28 Sat

#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. [adjective][complementation][infinitive][syntax][construction][semantics][helmate][helwa]

Quirk et al. (1226--27; §16.75) ˡ"Adjective complementation by a to-infinitive clause" ꤹब롥

We distinguish seven kinds of construction in which an adjective is followed by a to-infinitive clause. They are exemplified in the following sentences, which are superficially alike:

  (i) Bob is splendid to wait.
 (ii) Bob is slow to react.
(iii) Bob is sorry to hear it.
 (iv) Bob is hesitant to agree with you.
  (v) Bob is hard to convince.
 (vi) The food is ready to eat.
(vii) It is important to be accurate.

In Types (i--iv) the subject of the main clause (Bob) is also the subject of the infinitive clause. We can therefore always have a direct object in the infinitive clause if its verb is transitive. For example, if we replace intransitive wait by transitive build in (i), we can have: Bob is splendid to build this house.
   For Types (v--vii), on the other hand, the subject of the infinitive is unspecified, although the context often makes clear which subject is intended. In these types it is possible to insert a subject preceded by for; eg in Type (vi): The food is ready (for the children) to eat.


ιʸɽŪˤϡַƻ + to פƱͤ줾˸ͭỤ̄Ūħ롥ĴǤϤ뤬餯Ūȯãηϩߤ礭ۤʤΤ¿
ܲ helwa ꥹʡʤ Discord αѸ˥ߥ˥ƥˤ֥̥ޤ롪ʸˡץͥˤơHe is sure to win the game. Τ褦ʹʸȤʤäƤ롥Ρsure + to פιʸϡQuirk et al. ˤ (iv) פ°Ȥɬ⤿䤹ʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2024-07-30 Tue

#5573. ʬΥؤ꤬ʤä19 [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][infinitive][syntax][word_order][complaint_tradition]

ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥʤ뤤εå򻲾ȡˡ

#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1])
#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])
#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])
#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1])
#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" ([2022-12-16-1])

ʬΥϡѸȾФ˰ٲФȤʤäƤ1819ˤƽ̤ƤȤϤɬ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ⤷19--20ˤƾ٤Ƥǽ⤢ä⤷ʤβǽϵʸˡȤȽˤ٤ƤޤäΤǤ롥19ηаޤˤĤ Visser (Vol. 2, 1936--37) βѤ褦

   When, towards the end of the eighteenth century, the usage was resuscitated in the written language, it soon spread with a remarkable rapidity, and in the nineteenth century it was to be found in the works of writers of every standing including several of great name. The usage, however, was of an occasional character so that one had to read hundreds of pages before finding an example. It is worth notice that one type of splitting, common in Middle English, was not revived, namely that with a (pro)noun between to and the infinitive, e.g. 'to hine finde', 'to þee defend', 'to temple go'.
   The usage might have become general and more habitual instead of occasional in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries but for the adverse judgment on it by grammarians. According to 1882 Fitzedw. Hall (On the Separation by a Word and Words of 'to' and the Infinitive) the earliest objection to this usage appeared in print in 1840), when Richard Taylor expressed his dissatisfaction with the idiom in the following words: "Some writers of the present day have a disagreeable affectation of putting an adverb between to' and the infinitive." In 1864 Dean Alford (The Queen's English p. 171) observes: "'To scientifically illustrate'. But surely this is a practice entirely unknown to English speakers and writers. It seems to me, that we ever regard the to of the infinitive as inseparable from its verb." In 1867 the idiom is also categorically condemned by Mason (English Grammar p. 181): "The to of an infinitive mood should never be separated from its verb by an adverb. Such phrases as, 'To rightly use', 'To really understand' are improper." It is noticeable that these early censurers, and many others with them for that matter, did not know of (or ignored?) the occurrence of the idiom in earlier English. The result of the disapproval so strongly expressed was that splitting the infinitives became one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher, and that minor writers, or those that yet had to win themselves a name, afraid of running the risk of being censured for being ignorant of linguistic conventions, avoided it. Newspaper tradition used to be strong against splitting and sub-editors and correctors of the press were seduously (sic) watching for trespasses of this kind.


ѸȾ "one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher" Ȥ̤ꡤʬΥϡ19衤Ѹ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ǤŵŪθʸˡܤȤʤäΤǤ롥

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-05-26 Sun

#5508. be to do ʸθűѸǤˡϸ§ȤƼưŪä [be_to_do][syntax][infinitive][auxiliary_verb][oe][construction][latin][voice]

ε#5506. be to do ʸϸűѸ줫餢ä ([2024-05-24-1]) ˰³ be to do ʸˤˤĤơ
ιʸϸűѸ줫ѻ뤬ŪȤơƥбʸΤʤǤϤʤȤ롥طʤˤϡ˥ƥ줫ʸ˸뤳ȡƥƥбʸϢưƼư (passive) ΰ̣ѤΤ̤ǤȤ¤طʤˤ롥ۤʤ⤢ΤǿŤ˵ɬפ뤬Ǥϥƥƶٻ Mustanoja (524--25) ꡤϢսѤ褦

               PREDICATIVE INFINITIVE

   INFINITIVE WITH 'To' AS A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (THE TYPE 'TO BE TO'). --- The construction to be to, implying futurity and often obligation (the infinitive being originally that of purpose), is comparatively infrequent in OE and early ME, but becomes more common in later ME and early Mod. E. It probably arose under Latin influence, the infinitive with to being used to render the Latin future participle (-urus) or gerundive (-ndus), as in wæron fram him ece mede to onfonne ('aeterna ab illo praemia essent percepturi') and he is to gehyrenne ('audiendus est'). In OE this infinitive occurs mostly in a passive sense (he is to gehyrenne; --- hu fela psalma to singenne synt 'quanti psalmi dicendi sunt'). This usage continues in ME and even today. ME examples: --- þi luve . . . oþer heo is to ȝiven allunge oþer he is for to sullen, oþer heo is for to reaven and to nimen mid strengþe (Ancr. 181); --- that ston was gretly for to love (RRose 1091). The periphrastic passive appears in the 14th century: --- þey beþ to be blamed (RMannyng HS 1546).
   In OE the predicative infinitive of this type is comparatively seldom found with an active meaning (wæron ece mede to onfonne 'aeterna praemia . . . essent percepturi'). This use continues to be rare in early ME, but becomes more frequent later in the period. In many instances the implication of futurity is faint or practically non-existent: --- þes fikelares mester is to wrien ant te helien þet gong þurl (Ancr. 36); --- al mi rorde is woning ant to ihire grislich þing (Owl&N 312); --- myn entencioun Nis nat to yow of reprehensioun To speke as now (Ch. TC i 685). In many instances, however, the implication of futurity is prominent: --- Crystes tresore, Þe which is mannes oule to save, as God seith in þe Gospel (PPl. B x 474); --- whan the sonne was to reste, so hadde I spoken with hem everichon (Ch. CT A Prol. 30). There are scholars who believe that this construction is used as a real future equivalent in late ME.


ʤ뤤ϤŪưˤǽưŪǤäƤ̣ϼưŪѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ ([2019-03-17-1])
#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1])

Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤ be to do ʸϸǽưŪˤѤ褦˳ĥߤ˻äƤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-05-24 Fri

#5506. be to do ʸϸűѸ줫餢ä [be_to_do][syntax][infinitive][auxiliary_verb][oe][impersonal_verb][construction][grammaticalisation]

Ѹˤ be to do ʸȤΤ롥be ưθ to 줬³ʸǡͽꡤ̳̿̿ᡤǽջ֤ʤ͡ʰ̣ѸؽԵ㤫ιܤǤ롥ʸˡˤĤƤϡ#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1]) Ǿ줿
Ǥϡbe to do ʸˤϤˡ¤˸Ť餢ꡤűѸǤ⤹Ǥ˾ʤȤֹʸμפȤƳǧ롥űѸǤϹ٤櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤǤ٤Ūʡֹʸפ餷ΤؤĹƤѸˤƤϡ¾ιʸȥȤۤɤ˰򼨤褦ˤʤäĹˤ錄ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤäƤ褤
ԸϾʤʤǤ Denison (317--18) β򼨤Ĺˤ錄ȯãûˤޤȤƤ롥

11.3.9.3 BE of necessity, obligation, or future
This verb too is a marginal modal, patterning with a to-infinitive to express meanings otherwise often expressed by modals. For Old English see Mitchell (1985: §§934--49), and more generally Visser (1963--73: §§1372--83). One complication is that the syntagm BEON + to-infinitive is used both personally [158] and impersonally [159]:

[158] Mt(WSCp) 11.3
        . . . & cwað eart þu þe to cumenne eart . . .
        . . . and said are(2 SG) you(2 SG) that (REL) to come are(2 SG)
        Lat. . . . ait illi tu es qui uenturus es
        '. . . and said: "Are you he that is to come?"'

[159] ÆLS I 10.133
        us nys to cweðenne þæt ge unclæne syndon
        us(DAT) not-is to say that you unclean are
        'It is not for us to say that you are unclean.'

   In Middle and Modern English this BE had a full paradigm:

[160] 1660 Pepys, Diary I 193.7 (5 Jul)
        . . . the King and Parliament being to be intertained by the City today with great pomp.

[161] 1667 Pepys, Diary VIII 452.6 (27 Sep)
        Nay, several grandees, having been to marry a daughter, . . . have wrote letters . . .

[162] 1816 Austen, Mansfield Part I.xiv.135.30
        You will be to visit me in prison with a basket of provisions;

Visser states that syntagms with infinitive be are 'still current' (1963--73: §2135), but although there are a few relevant examples later than Jane Austen (1963--73: §§1378, 2135, 2142), most are of the fixed idiom BE to come, as in:

[163] But they may yet be to come.


ޤȤȡbe to do ʸϸűѸ줫餽˨꤬ߤ졤Ѹ줫ѸˤƤȯã¾ιʸȤȤŪˤƤϤष򼺤ŪˤñΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ˻롥

Denison, David. English Historical Syntax. Longman: Harlow, 1993.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-05-26-1]

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2023-10-17 Tue

#5286. շͧǡֱѸϤʤˤ⤷פäƤޤ [notice][voicy][heldio][keiyukai][senbonknock][sobokunagimon][silent_letter][complementation][gerund][infinitive][impersonal_verb]

轵1014ڡˤθ塤˿dzŤ줿շͧιֱˤơֱѸؽΩıѸ --- ѸϤʤˤ⤷פäޤνΥϥ֥åɳŤαġƹֱκƲΥ󥸤ޤǡåդγˤϤؤäˤʤꡤդƤޤ꤬ȤޤȤ櫓ƲǤշͧ⳰λüԤγľܤä뤳ȤǤ¤˳ڤ֤Ǥ
90ʬۤɤιֱθ塤ξ³ Voicy heldio ꤷޤäƱĥåդǤ碌ƤʤΤǤ˻ͽԤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ󤻤Ƥꤲ߼碌ơ䤬ѸˤδƤΤ heldio ǥ饤ۿ褦ȤΤǤ
ͻҤϡ heldio Υˤ#868. շͧǤΡѤʵץʡ --- 2023ǯ1014ȤۿƤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤİ1ּĹܤȤʤäƤޤˡ



6ۤɤѤʵˤޤʲʬä󤲤ƤޤΤǡİݤˤѤ

(1) 02:25 --- 줫饫ʤ˲Ȥ˲롼Ϥޤμ򤹤ͳϡ㤨ܤˤäơ֥ե١פä֥ե١פäꤹ뤳Ȥ뤫ǤޤʤѸ餷ȯ륳ĤϤޤ
(2) 14:43 --- ѸΡ֥ѥե졼פŪܤˤĤơʤˤͻ¸ΤǤ鶵Ƥд򤷤ǤAcademic Writing ٶƤǶ̣ޤ
(3) 21:34 --- ñˤ island ʤɤޤʤʸΤϤʤǤ
(4) 30:43 --- ˤ¿ꡤӽϺɤΤ褦Ÿʬ«ˤƤΤȤ
(5) 39:05 --- ưˤäŪ -ing Ȥ뤫 to Ȥ뤫ޤäƤΤϤʤǤ
(6) 44:05 --- ʤѸˤ̵ʪ칽ʸΤǤ

˼夲줿Τ6ΤߤǤ¾ˤ¿ε򤤤ƤޤΤǡ hellog/heldio Ǽ夲Ȼפޤ
¤ϷͧιֱƤ Voicy heldio 饤֤ܥΥåϽƤǤϤޤƱͤʷϵ򤵤̣襤ϡ3ȾۤΡ#5179. ꥫʸطͧǤܥΥåϿޤ ([2023-07-02-1]) ⤴ˬ䤯

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2023-07-05 Wed

#5182. ʸܤȿС [gcs][archer][corpus][mode][gerund][infinitive][complementation]

Ѹˤˤϡ#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ([2022-01-04-1]) ȤĬή롤Ȥ롥ʸι¤ (complementation) ȤȤ that ᤫؤȿܤư̾ؤȿܤƤѲǤ롥űѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǤäȿʹԤ³ƤƤꡤ©Ĺ
ȯ䤵줿#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡԤν (242--44) ʸ (gcs) ΰȿΤ褦ˤߤ붽̣򼨤Ƥ롥
Ѹ̤ơ~뤿ˡפ̣ in order ... ɽŤư̾ȤäƤȤ줬ʽФ that ޤǿʽФƤȤΤǤ롥ʳδϢɽϤޤܤ򳵴ѤȡΤ褦ˤʤȤ

to the end that/to the end to V

in order to NP/ing

in order to V

in order that ~ may


ˤС ARCHER Corpus Ǹ̤˴ŤʥꥪȤȤܤν˽äɽŪʸ5ĵ󤲤ƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥

... they were all Committed to Newgate, in order to their being Tried next Sessions. (1682 2PROI.N1)
I know not whether it might not be worth a Poet's while, to travel in order to store is mind with ... (1714 BERK.X2)
... every moral agent must exist forever, in order to the proper and full exercise of moral government. (1789 HOPK.H4)
... consequently I cut away all the cerebrum until the corpus callosum appeared, in order that I might the more readily examine the lateral ventricles. (1820 A.M5)
Not because I want to undervalue the importance of these signs, but in order that I may impress upon you how important it is to Subject ...


Τʸܤ򴬤ᤷΤ褦ʽοܤȤʤäƤ롥̤θˤΤʤΤ뤤϶ȯŪ㳰Ȥߤʤ٤ʤΤ̣

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2023-03-02 Thu

#5057. because θ츻Ūˡ [conjunction][etymology][french][loan_word][phrase][hybrid][expletive][infinitive][syntax]

ͳɽ魯Ƴ because ϱѸؽᤤʳdzؤ֡Ūǹ٤θǤ롥ȶ̤᤹ʴͯƤʤɽˤ⤷ˤƤ뤳Ȥʤʤ
because ʬ򤹤 by + cause Ȥʤ롥ԤϸűѸ줫³ŤֻǤꡤԤϥե󥹸줫μѸǤ롥ȤȤ2줫ʤֻä줬ŪˤⵡǽŪˤ줷ΤñǤ롥δ餹ȡ1κ (blend) ȤߤƤ褤
ʲ OED 򻲾Ȥơbecause Ҳ𤷤褦θαѸǤνФ14ΤȤǤ롥Bi cause whi (= "because why") Τ褦ѤƤΤ⤷

c1305 Deo Gratias 37 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 125 Þou hast herd al my deuyse, Bi cause whi, hit is clerkes wise.


ۤ because that Τ褦 that ³ޡȤ;ŪѤ⡤Ѹ줫Ѹˤƿ¿ߤʡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1])ˡ⤽ cause ̾ˤʤΤǡƳˤƱʤ that λ٤ɬפʤΤǤ롥because that 3ĵ󤲤褦

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 253 By cause that he was hir neghebour.
1611 Bible (King James) John vii. 39 The Holy Ghost was not yet giuen; because that Iesus was not yet glorified.
1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in Liberal 1 190 I abhor death, because that thou must die.


³ȤƤ because ᤬³ˤĤ because of ȤƶƳˡ᤯14ȾФʸڤ롥 Wyclif Ǥ롥

1356 J. Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 31 Þe synnes bi cause of whiche suche persecucioun schal be in Goddis Chirche.


⤦1Ķ̣Τϡbecause θ to 줬³¤Ǥ롥ǤϻĤäƤʤ¤162㤬󤲤Ƥ롥̣ͳפǤϤʤŪפäȤΤ⤪⤷

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxix. 346 Bycause to gyue ensample to his subgettes..he caused the..erle of Auser to be putte in prison.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. xv. 28 a Arithmetike was imagyned by the Phenicians, because to vtter theyr Merchaundyse.


because ϤŪ˿ꤷƤñǤ롥ޤǤʲεǤñ˿ƤΤǡȤ

#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1])
#1744. 2013ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2014-02-04-1])
#2314. °³Ū that ([2015-08-28-1])
#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-03-1]

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2022-12-16 Fri

#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" [split_infinitive][infinitive][syntax][word_order][pecock][chaucer][wycliffe][shakespeare]

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1]) ήʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤƱѸ˾Τ⤷¤1ĵ󤲤
ʬΥѤῼʹ֤ infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤǻؤ뤳Ȥε ([2022-12-11-1]) dzǧOED 1927ǯˤθƾΤνФϿƤ롥infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤƸꤺä5̤äˡѸ˾ο "infinitive-splitter" ¸ߤ륺οؼ Reginald Pecock (1395?--1460) Ǥ롥
ʬΥλ14ʤ뤤13ˤ긫ФȤ뤬ˤˤ Pecock ۤɤζڶ infinitive-splitter ϤʤΩ Chaucer ϤۤȤɻȤʤäLayamon Wyclif Ϥ⤦¿ȤäΤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ Shakespeare Kyd ԻѤä18ˤƤ褦䤯٤ޤäƤȤήѸѸˤƤλˡPecock infinitive-splitter ȤƻȵƤΤʤबʬΥ¿ѤΤʬʤVisser (II, § 977; p. 1036) ⡤Τ褦˸ǤäƤ롥

Quite apart, however, stands Reginald Pecock, who in his Reule (c 1443), Donet (c 1445), Repressor (c. 1449), Folewer (c 1454) and Book of Faith (c 1456) not only makes such an overwhelmingly frequent use of it that he surpasses in this respect all other authors writing after him, but also outdoes them in the boldness of his 'splitting'. For apart from such patterns as 'to ech dai make him ready', 'for to in some tyme, take', 'for to the better serve thee', which are extremely common in his prose, he repeatedly inserts between to and the infinitive adverbial adjuncts and even adverbial clauses of extraordinary length, e.g. Donet 31, 17, 'What is it for to lyue þankingly to god ...? Sone, it is forto at sum whiles, whanne oþire profitabler seruycis of god schulen not þerbi be lettid, and whanne a man in his semyng haþ nede to quyke him silf in þe seid lovis to god and to him silf and nameliche to moral desires (whiche y clepe here 'loves' or 'willingnis') vpon goodis to come and to be had, seie and be aknowe to god ... þat he haþ receyued benefte or benefetis of god.') . . .
   It is not ascertainable what it was that brought Pecock, to this consistent deliberate and profuse use of the split infinitive, which in his predecessors and contemporaries only occurred occasionally, and more or less haphazardly. Neither can the fact be accounted for that he had no followers in this respect, although his works were widely read and studied.


˵󤲤ƤʸǤϡޡ forto ư츶 seie and be δ֤ˤʤ57줬ޤƤ롥Pecock ˻˾Ƕ infinitive-splitter ȤξιͿ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1]

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2022-12-14 Wed

#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä [split_infinitive][infinitive][syntax][negative][prescriptive_grammar][word_order]

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳ򤤤Ƥơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥

   §20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
   But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).


ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1] [2022-12-16-1]

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2022-12-12 Mon

#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19Ⱦ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][infinitive][syntax][terminology][word_order]

ε#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤơJespersen Τ褦ƳͿƤ롥 "split" ǤϤʤȡ20Ⱦ Jespersen λˤäƤʬΥؤϴ¤ƤƤ뤳ȡ14ߤ뤬äΤ19ȾФǤ뤳ȤʤɤƤ롥

   §20.41. The term 'split infinitive' is generally accepted for the insertion of some word or words between to and an infinitive---which thus is not really 'split', but only separated from the particle that usually comes immediately before it.
   While the phenomenon was formerly blamed by grammarians ("barbarous practice" Skeat in Ch MP 355) and rigorously persecuted in schools, it is now looked upon with more lenient eyes ("We will split infinitives sooner than be ambiguous or artificial" Fowler MEU 560), and even regarded as an improvement (Curme). It is as old as the 14th c. and is found sporadically in many writers of repute, especially after the middle of the 19th c.; examples abound in modern novels and in serious writings, not perhaps so often in newspapers, as journalists are warned against it by their editors in chief and are often under the influence of what they have learned as 'correct' at school. Curme is right in saying that it has never been characteristic of popular speech.


ʬΥˤ to ư츶δ֤˳äǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ʶˤѸ줫νˤĤƤϡưŪȤʤ̾ʶˤ֤to + Ū + ưפȤʤΤäȤդ Jespersen ꤤĤߤƤߤ褦θ϶ḽǤϤˤߤʤ

   §20.44. In ME we sometimes find an object between to and the infinitive: Ch MP 6.128 Wel lever is me lyken yow and deye Than for to any thing or thinke or seye That mighten yow offende in any tyme | Nut-Brown Maid in Specimens III. x. 180 Moche more ought they to god obey, and serue but hym alone.
   This seems never to be found in ModE, but we sometimes find an apposition to the subject inserted: Aumonier Q 194 Then they seemed to all stop suddenly.


ʬΥȤäƤ⡤ѸŪˤߤȽ꤬äƤ⤷

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

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2022-12-11 Sun

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][stigma][infinitive][latin][syntax][terminology][word_order]

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ򲡤졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ

infinitive-splitting n.
   1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.

infinitive-splitter n.
   1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.


ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ򡤻䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ

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2022-06-01 Wed

#4783. 졩 [participle][syntax][dangling_participle][infinitive]

#4754. ʬ ([2022-05-03-1])#4764. Ūʷʬεȼ ([2022-05-13-1])#4765. ֻ˶Ťʬ ([2022-05-14-1]) εˤơjudging from/by ... λǰƬ˷ʬ (dangling_participle) 夲μζͭȤʬ칽ʸΩֻ˶ŤΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
褦ˤߤ롥ΩȸƤФˡ귿ȤƤ褯ߤ뤬ξΰ̣ơַפʤɤȸƤФ뤳ȤϤʤ褦ʤʤˡ

to be frank
to be honest with you
to be sure
to begin with
to do someone justice
to make a long story short
to make matters worse
to say the least of it
to tell the truth
so to speak

2Ĥε ([2022-05-13-1]) ǡʬŪɽϸűѸǧȤȤäˤĤƤϤɤVisser (987) ˤȡѸȶѸǤ "extremely frequent" űѸ줫 Wulfstan's Homilies hrædest to secganne ("for that matter" ۤɤΰդˤȤ㤷ǧǤʤȤʸ󤲤Ƥ

Wulfstan, Hom. (Napier) 27, 1, ðyder sculon wiccan and wigleras, hrædest to secganne ealle ða manfullan, ðe ær yfel worhton and noldan geswican ne wið god ðingian. | Idem 36, 7, ðonne wyrð ðæt wæter mid ðam halgan gaste ðurhgoten, and, hrædest to secganne eal, ðæt se sacerd deð ðurh ða halgan ðenunge gesawenlice, eal hit fulfremeð se halga gast gerynelice. | Idem 115, 3, ðider sculan ðeofas ... and, hrædest to secganne ealle ða manfullan.


θˤߤƤߤȡʬδ֤ɤ줬ߤ줿褦Ǥ롥㤨СǤʬѤ speaking of ... ̤ѸѸǤ to speak of ... Τ褦Ѥäޤjudging from/by ... ˤĤƤ⡤ѸʤɤѤ to judge from/by ... äƤ롥դϥѥ̻ŪĴ٤ƤߤȤ⤷

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2022-05-09 Mon

#4760. ʬȸʬͳ礭ۤʤ [infinitive][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb][oe][germanic][indo-european][etymology][suffix]

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1]) ȤѤʵȴϢơ⤽ξԤͳ褬礭ۤʤˤĤơLass βѤ褦ޤʬˤĤơȤ櫓Ѳưͳ˾Ƥ (Lass 161)

. . . its [= past participle] descent is not always very neat. To begin with, it is historically not really 'part of' the verb paradigm: it is originally an independent thematic adjective (IE o-stem, Gmc a-stem) formed off the verbal root. The basic development would be:
IE PGmc
*ROOT - o - nó->*ROOT - α -nα-


Ѳư˴ؤ¤ꡤʬư캬ˤϤʤȤưѥȤ߹ޤƤʤäȤȤŪˤϡư줫Ωưζΰ㤤ˤ¸
ʬˤϡŪưζΰ㤤˰¸ʤȤ𤬤ä (Lass 163) ˤĤƤϤǤˡ#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1]) ǰѤȤǤ롥
֤ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤפȤ˸礦äơ⤽ʬȸʬͳ褬礭ۤʤäƤפȤʤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2022-05-08 Sun

#4759. to εˬ [infinitive][gerund][germanic][morphology][inflection][verb]

to εˤĤơ#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤

to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³


ϡѸˤζʽʤɤǤ褯ŪʵҤ󤷡󼨤ΤǤ롥ȤɬΤǤϤʤ褦Los (144) ˰ۤʤ᤬󼨤ƤꡤΤۤӸŪϤ롥

The etymology of the to-infinitive is often given as a bare infinitive in the complement of a preposition to, but this leaves the gemination ('doubling') of the -n- in the to-infinitive unexplained. The gemination points to the presence of an earlier -j-, probably part of a nominalising suffix. This parallells (sic) the origin of the gerund . . . , and indicates that the to-infinitive is not built on the bare infinitive, which was a much earlier formation, but on a verbal stem, like any other nominalisation:

(57) to (preposition) + ber- (verbal stem) + -anja (derivational suffix) + -i (dative sg) Common Germanic *to beranjōi, Old English: to berenne, Middle English: to beren/bere, PDE: to bear.


Τ˸űѸθ beran ̤̾ȸΩƤͿʤ˶ޤƤ *berane ˤʤ berenne ˤϤʤʤ첻ۤʤ뤷ҲνŤ (gemination) θˤʤФʤʤȤˡƵŤ

Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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