hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 ڡ / page 2 (3)

infinitive - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2022-01-04 Tue

#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ʸܡ [gcs][gvs][syntax][verb][complementation][terminology][gerund][infinitive]

Ѹˤκǽץɤ1ĤǤ "Great Vowel Shift" ʡ첻ܡ; gvsˤˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥˤʤ̾դ줿 "Great Complement Shift" ʡʸܡ; gcsˤˤĤƤϡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥ̾˸ڤ٤ǤۤȤɼ夲ƤƤʤäϡѸ˾塤ưʬ¤ (complementation) 礭ѲƤݤؤʬͼԤǤ Rohdenburg (143) פʸƬǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Over the past few centuries, English has experienced a massive restructuring of its system of sentential complementation, which may be referred to as the Great Complement Shift.


ʸ¤ѲȤäƤ⡤ºݤˤ͡ʼѲޤޤƤ롥餬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطĤΤ餫ˤƤʤRohdenburg ϤޤȤ GCS ȸƤǤ롥Rohdenburg (143--45) ϡΤ褦̻ŪѲʤ뤤Ϥ򼨺붦ŪѰۡˤ󤲤Ƥ롥

(1) She delighted to do it. She delighted in doing it.
(2) She was used/accustomed to do it. He was used/accustomed to doing it.
(3) She avoided/dreaded to go there. She avoided/dreaded going there.
(4) He helped (to) establish this system.
(5) They gave us some advice (on/as to) how it should be done.
(6) a. He hesitated (about) whether he should do it.
b. He hesitated (about) whether to do it.
(7) a. She was at a loss (about) what she should do.
b. She was at a loss (about) what to do.
(8) a. She advised to do it in advance.
b. She advised doing it in advance.
c. She advised that it (should) be done in advance.
(9) a. He promised his friends to return immediately.
b. He promised his friends (that) he would return immediately.

夳1ĤΥפȤळȤ񤷤ưʸȤư̾졤졤that ᡤֻʤɤΤΤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲƤȡƸߤǤ⤷ФжŪѰۤߤȤȤGCS μݤǤ롥

Rohdenburg, Günter. "The Role of Functional Constraints in the Evolution of the English Complement System." Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500--2000. Ed. Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt, and Herbert Schendl. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006. 143--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-05-1] [2022-01-05-1]

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2021-08-18 Wed

#4496. two laps to go ֻĤ2פ to go [sobokunagimon][infinitive][bnc]

Φ嶥ʤɤǡֻĤ2פȤΤ˱ѸǤ two laps to go ʤɤȸΤʹȤȤǡto go ˡˤĤƼ䤬ä֡Υ¾̤ʤɤˤĤơֻĤפȤư̤ѤŪʥե졼ɤΤ褦ͳʤΤ
OED go, v. Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ 9c βˤˡ󤲤Ƥ󤲤Ƥǽ3ʸȤȤˡʲ˰Ѥ롥

c. intransitive. In the infinitive, used as a postpositive clause. Of a period of time: to be left, remain; to be required to elapse. Hence of a quantity of something: to remain to be dealt with.
     Earliest in the context of marine racing.
      Formally coincident with some uses of sense 2a(b): cf. quot. 1905 at that sense.


1881 'Rockwood' Stories Sc. Sports 91 Fifteen seconds to go, and it is all anxiety. Five seconds gone, and yet she is not there.
1892 J. G. Blaine Let. 26 Feb. in Fur-seal Arbitration: App. Case U.S. before Tribunal I. 354 Our consul at Victoria, telegraphs to-day that there are---Forty-six schooners cleared to date. Six or seven more to go.
1909 H. Sutcliffe Priscilla of Good Intent xvi. 241 There were five minutes to go before the signal for the start.


㤬19ȾȤȤʤΤǡ褷ƸŤɽǤϤʤ嶥ݡĤʸ̮ޤ줿ɽȹͤƤ褵ǡΥεŤǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥
go ֹԤפȤưϡűѸ֡ʤ֡Υ̤˿ʤࡤФ롤Ƨˤ롤СפۤɤθѤƤ㤨СѸǤ "One of my favorite things to do was ice-skate on the beautiful St. Lawrence river... I'd go for miles and miles." ʤɤȤ롥ˡ go ֡Υ̤ɽ魯ɽθ˷ƻˡȤ֤졤ֻĤפδɽ뤳ȤˤʤäΤ
ʤߤˡBNCweb "_CRD (more)? _NN* to go" ȸƤߤ422㤬󤬤äƤñ̤̾ minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years ʤɤλ֤ɽ魯Τ¿feet, yards, miles ʤɤεΥɽ魯Ρޤ laps, holes, fenses, games ʤɥݡĶϢۤΤ⻶롥

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2021-04-26 Mon

#4382. غʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء --- 2ڡ1ơޡơõˤ [review][hel_education][terminology][verb][subjunctive][imperative][infinitive]

ܱѸʸز30ǯǰȤơܤǤƤޤܤޤơطˤϴտ夲ޤˡ

ë Ϻ¼ ڵ ԡԡˡغʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء١DTPǡ2020ǯ

嵭ܼǤޤѸءѸ춵ءʸؤγʬ顤פʥɡȥԥåơޤƤޤڡ줤˶·äƤ뤳ȤǤ̤ꡤ٤Ƥ꤬ڡǴʷ˵ҤƤȤΤܽκħȻפޤꤽǤʤäߤȤơιפˤϴƤޤޤơεҤϴʷǤϤΤΡ¾ʸؤλȤ¿ܤƤꡤ´ʸݡȤʤɤθơõˤ⤿ؤΩĤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʻ伫Ȥ⤵äʤɤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤˡ
ѸʬǼ夲ƤȡԤʬ˱ŪʤΤʸŪΤޤСƤޤǤϱѸˤδ2ĤۤɥԥååפƤߤޤ
¼ˤסʡ52ˤϡư (finite form) (non-finite form) ȤѸ졦ǰ˴ؤƳȤʤäƤޤѸˤˤưθ߷³ˡʤ뤤ϲˡˡ̿Ϸ֤褽ָפ˼̤Ƥаޤޤ֤ƱȤäƵǽƱ櫓ǤϤʤȤŪʿפ˲⤵Ƥޤޤ˰ѤʤΤˡפȤƤϤΤǤϤʤȤï⤬ˤפƤޤ
ȤȤͤ줽˾Ρ³ˡߡפˤĤơ¼ޤɤ᤬ֲˡסʡ64ˤǼ夲ƤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤI demand that the student go to school regularly. Τ褦ʸˤ go η֤ϢǤˤĤƤĤλʸ󤲤ʤ⤷ˡˤƤ that ᤬άˤʤɤζ̣¤ŦƤޤѸ˾νǤ
嵭2ĤȴϢ hellog εåȤˤޤȤޤΤǡؿΤϤɤ
ܽǻȤƤ뻲ʸѤƻ򹭤ƤС褤ơޤˤɤ夯ǽޤŪθιԤϤȤƤᤷޤ

ë Ϻ¼ ڵ ԡԡˡغʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء١DTPǡ2020ǯ

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2021-03-24 Wed

#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ [sobokunagimon][participle][verb][infinitive][gerund][verb][conjugation][suffix]

1ǯۤˡѸ˴ؤѤʵ򤿤󶡤ƤäȤ롥Τʤ1Ĥˡɸμݤε䤬äʤʤθʸϡ֤ʤʬ -ing ˤϲʬΤ褦Ե§ư줬¸ߤʤΤסˡĤǶᤳεˤĤƹͤϤƤߤΤޤääѤǤϤʤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť⤷ȻפܲưʡˤƵƤǤ롥
εβ⤷ȤС1ˡʵϻפĤ⤷ʤä顥ѸؽԤϳưγѤǺޤƤϤγˤϡʬư̾ƱͤˤϤʤ -ing ǰӤƤ롥ϴ򤷤¤ǤϤ뤬äȴɤƤʤΤȤϢλ׹ͲϩʤΤȻפ-ing ˤֻˤĤƤϼ㴳Ե§ϤΤ̵뤷Ƥ褤٤Ǥcf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1]
Τ褦餷ȯȴäĩ路Ϥ᤿ΤϤ褤¤䡥ɤˤФʤǡʤε䤬񤷤Τ᥿Ū˹ͤƤߤ2ۤɥȤ

(1) Ф줿Ѥʵ䡥֤ʤ A Ե§ʤΤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤפȤȤʤäƤ뤬褯ͤƤߤȡϡѤʡ׵䤫ȴФषʤ٤䤤ǤϤʤѸؼԤȯ褦ʵϡƤ֤ʤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤ A Ե§ʤΤפȤʤΤǤ롥ΥǤС֤ʤʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ˲ʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿ΤפȤȯΤ̤ۤǤϤʤԤεǤСʬ -ing §ŪǤ뤳ȤäפʬԵ§ʤΤ¿ͳФ褤餯ΤۤˤϤפȤʤʤȤƷ褷ưפϤʤˡ

(2) ȤȸʬȲʬ2Ԥ椷Ȥȯ뵿Ǥ롥ΤξԤȤ̾ˡʬ (participle) ޤߡоݤˤʤ䤹櫓оݤ򤳤2˸ꤻ깭 non-finite verb forms Ȥȡ⤦볦ƤΤǤϤʤŪˤСʬȲʬ˲äơư̾θƤߤΤϤɤʬư̾ϷϾ˰פƤΤǡºݾϿ˹θ˲ä٤ȤȤˤʤ롥ȤΤϸѸȤƤϸˤۤʤ餺줬Ȥ٤¸ߤʤΤǡԵ§ⲿʤʤ be ư̤ˤۤ褵ǤˡȤȡ4ढ non-finite verb forms Τʤǡ3ޤǤ§Ūǡ1ΤߡĤޤʬΤߤԵ§ȤȤˤʤ롥Ūˤߤ¤ꡤ嵭 (1) ǼȤȹ碌ơ֤ʤʬΤߤԵ§ʤΤפ䤤ľۤʤȤΤˤͭפΤ褦˹ͤ롥

ȤȤǡȯڤ̣˴äơܤޤƤȤ뤬ʤȤͻˤäƤϸۤȯȤΤ褤ȻפäƤ롥󤽤ˤƤ񤷤ǡ伫Ȥ⤢륢ǥϻäƤ뤬ޤäʤΤǡäȵĴ򿼤ƤȻפäƤ롥ܥ֥ɼԤγˤ1ĤȤȤ󶡤Ǥ
ͤޤǤˡʬ˴ؤεȤơʲ󤲤Ƥ

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-09-1] [2021-05-12-1]

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2021-03-19 Fri

#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ [consonant][phonetics][suffix][apostrophe][punctuation][participle][orthography][spelling][gerund][infinitive]

γڤβλޤѸλɤǤȡʬ -ing -in' 򸫤뤳Ȥ롥Ū¯Ūȯɽݤˤ⡤Ф -in' ˽в񤦡ݥȥե (apostrophe) ѤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤľŪˤХեޥȯ -ing g æξάΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤȤ館2ĤǸǤ롥
1ˡȯæάⵯäƤʤǤ롥-ing ȯ /-ɪŋ/ ǡ-in' ȯ /-ɪn/ Ǥ롥ǸλҲ٤Ƥߤ餫ʤ褦ˡԤͭɡ /ŋ/ ǡԤͭɡ /n/ Ǥ롥ξԤæάδطǤϤʤ夢뤤ִδطǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ԥɽݤ˥ݥȥեѤΤ㤤ΤȤʤ櫓ˤˡʤ𤬤롥ͭɡ /ŋ/ 1ǤʤŵŪ <ng> 2ʸ֤ͭɡ /n/ ñ <n> 1ʸ֤Τξֻ٤С-ing <g> æά -in' 褦ˤߤ롥פȯǤϸΰΡæפ䤹ȤľƯ-in' άȤƲᤵ䤹ΤɽϳΤæάäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ȯϤΤ褦ʤȤϵäƤʤ
2ˡŪˤäƤ -in' -ing Ȥϡ餯ʬΰ۷֤Ǥ -inde θޤäΩȹͤۤǤ롥äȤ⡤դβŪϹäƤꡤñ˷ŤʤȤϵƤ
ʬ -ing ˤϼ¤ʣǤ롥űѸ줫Ѹ̤ơʬŪ -inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤη֤ȤäƤΰ۷֤ʬۤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ǼȤꡤ褽ʬϢưƤѸˡ̾ư̾ؤȯãƤ -ing -inde ʤɤθʬȤӤĤ褦ˤʤäcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])ˡˡ -en ⲻƤ˻äκƱ֤ʣcf. #2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1]
ˤ衤-in' -inde ξάǤפȤŪ˵Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ-in' -ing ξάǤפȤϸˤ
Ϣơ#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

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2020-08-04 Tue

#4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹ԰ټԡ [preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][adjective][semantics][passive]

ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) ³ԡŪˤϤäꤷʤ of ˡŪˤߤȤ褽褹롥ϡιʸ of ˡˤĤŪˤҤȤƹԤ
OED of, prep. ˤȡˡ of ϡ"V. Indicating the agent or doer." ȤʬβǸ16˵󤲤Ƥ롥

16. Indicating the doer of something characterized by an adjective: following an adjective alone, as foolish, good, rude, stupid, unkind, wise, wrong (or any other adjective with which conduct can be described); following an adjective qualifying a noun, as a cruel act, a cunning trick, a kind deed, an odd thing; following a past participle qualified by an adverb, as cleverly managed, ill conceived, well done.
   Usually followed by to do (something), as in it was kind of you (i.e. a kind act or thing done by you) to help him etc., and less frequently by that, both constructions introducing the logical subject or object of the statement, e.g. It was kind of him to tell me = His telling me was a thing kindly done by him.


ֹ԰ټԡפ of ȤƤ⡤ˤ狼ˤǼ⤷ʤɸʸǤСΤ you come ΰ̣μǤꡤäƹ԰ټԤȤ⤤롥Ǥ for Ѥ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤˤƤ⡤him get ΰ̣μǤ԰ټԤǤ⤢뤫顤of for ˡΰ㤤Фʤ2Ĥֻ줬ƱˡĤȼΤϤˤ衤ʤʤΤߤ
OED ΰѤ˵ҤƤŪطʤǫɤ߲򤱤Сʤֹ԰ټԤ ofפʤΤʬäƤ롥ˡ of κǽϡɤƻľ³Ȥ⡤ƻޤ̾ľ³褦ʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤIt's a very kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʹʸäȹͤ롥θιʸФϰճ٤Ѹ̤ˤʤʲOED ǽο󤲤Ƥ

1532 W. Tyndale Expos. & Notes 73 Is it not a blind thing of the world that either they will do no good works,..or will..have the glory themselves?
a1593 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta (1633) iv. v 'Tis a strange thing of that Iew, he lives upon pickled grasshoppers.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 101 It was a brute parte of him, To kill so capitall a calfe.
1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. 383 That's a very odd thing of the men of Arcladam.
1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry 266 Is it not very unfair of Equivocus to represent [etc.]?
1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. iv. 145 Indeed, it was very naughty of him.


ǽ4ϡַƻޤ̾ + ofפȤʤäƤ롥of "(done) by" ۤɤΡֹ԰ټԤ ofפȤɤؤ򤷤䤹ǻפФΤϡȤưɽ魯ֻϡǤ by ŪѸ줫ѸˤƤϡष of Ƥ¤ϸʾ of = "done by"ʤֹ԰ټԤ ofפδФǻäΤǤcf. #1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1]
˵󤲤Ǹ2ˤĤƤϡǤŪάơַƻ + ofפιʸؤȰܹԤƤꡤΡֹ԰ټԤ ofפδФƤƤ褦˸롥ɸιʸϡιʸΤ褦˾άʤ⡤ޤǷѾƤΤˤۤʤʤΤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2025-10-24-1] [2022-01-09-1]

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2020-08-03 Mon

#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ [preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][adjective][semantics][apposition]

ɸΤ褦ˡĤηƻϡof + ͡פȤֻȼ

It's very kind of you to come. ʤ虜虜ƤäƤߤޤ󡥡
It was foolish of you to spend so much. ʤʤˤȤäϼͤ
It was wrong of him to tell lies. ʱĤơ褯ʤä͡
It is wise of you to stay away from him. ʷȤĤʤΤϸ
It was silly of me to forget my passport. ʥѥݡȤ˺ȤϤĤä

ŵŪ It is ADJ of PERSON to do . . . . Ȥʸʤ櫓PERSON is ADJ to do . . . . ȤʸȤ뤳ȤǤǶ̣Ȥɸ You're very kind to come. Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ǡŪʡfor + ͡פȼ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤιʸȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ԥ *He is important to get the job. Ȥϥѥե졼Ǥʤ
ɸιʸƤƻ --- ʤ important פǤϤʤ kind פηƻ --- 󤲤Ƥߤȡcareful, careless, crazy, greedy, kind, mad, nice, silly, unwise, wise, wrong (Quirk et al. 16.76, 16.82ˡ̣ŪˤϿͤιưɾƻǤ롥̤γ٤ߤȡɸʸǤ kind ʿڤʡˤʤΤϡƤ줿ȡפǤ⤢ꡤƱˡ֤ʤפǤ⤢ȤطΩġ
Ҥ important ʽפʡˤѤʸǤϡפʤΤϡֿ뤳ȡפǤꡤפ׿ʪǤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤Ϥξפΰ̣Ūۤʤ뤳ȤʬĤޤꡤimportant פ for ѤʸȤϰۤʤꡤkind פ of ѤʸǤϡkind of you ʬ you are kind Ȥ̣طޤƤΤǤ롥
Ȥȡֻ of ˡϲȸƤ֤٤Ʊ (apposition) ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ɤǼޤ꤬cf. #2461. an angel of a girl (1) ([2016-01-22-1])#2462. an angel of a girl (2) ([2016-01-23-1])ˡֿʪưɾ ofפʤɤȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤˤ衤ŪõäƤߤɬפ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2020-07-29 Wed

#4111. He dares do . . . ϸѤ뤤ϵƤ뺮 [auxiliary_verb][verb][preterite-present_verb][conjugation][infinitive][3sp][contamination][shakespeare]

ε#4110. dare --- ưʤΤưʤΤϥåꤷʤ ([2020-07-28-1]) ˰³ˡưȤưȤ⤤ʤȾüʿ񤤤򼨤 dare ˤĤơShakespeare MacbethI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. Ȥʸ򻲾ȤθˡϸǤǧ롥Partridge (87) ϡ餫˸ѤȤߤƤ롥

dare is used in two ways: as a full verb (dares to, dared to, didn't dare to) and as an auxiliary like can or must. The latter occurs correctly only in negatives ('I daren't go'), in questions, and in subordinate clauses ('whether I dared go'). The two patterns are not to be mixed. Write either 'whether she dares to go' or 'whether she dare go' but not 'whether she dares go'.


(363) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ưˡǸ³ to Ͼά뤳ȤǤ: Nobody dares (to) criticize his decision.---OALD5 ʤҤȤȤηˤȤ䤫ȤʤˡϽưˡȺ򤷤ʤΤǡ㤨 Partridge-Whitcut (1994) ʤɤϸѤȸʤƤ뤬ǤɸŪʸˡ [Benson et al. (1997); Quirk et al. (1985: 138)]: I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complain.---CIDE ٶ꤫𤬤ȤʤΤǡͤΥѡȤǥѡƥȤϻפʤˡʤ Eastwood (1994: 128) ϡƹͤϳ to ȼηѤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥


ĤޤꡤԤˤȤϤŪˤ2Ĥιʸκ (contamination) ǤȤơä stigma դƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦BNCweb "dares _V?I" ʤɤȸƤߤ17㤬ҥåȤΤˤ٤ƤեޥȤʸ̮Ǥʤ
̻Ūʴ餤Сˡư줫ưؤžȤĤĤȾüʾȤȤˤʤܲѲƤȤϤ٤Ȥ16˻ϤޤäѲǤ뤳ȤͤȡǤˤ줳500ǯۤɤλ֤ήƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸѲ⡤ʤʤ©Ĺ
ľ3ñʤɤǤä;ζޤĸ򽾤ʽưȤΤϡѸǤϤĤΥǥ̤ˤСdare(s) Τۤˤ do(es) help(s) 餤ˤ쥢Ǥ롥

Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

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2020-07-28 Tue

#4110. dare --- ưʤΤưʤΤϥåꤷʤ [auxiliary_verb][verb][preterite-present_verb][conjugation][infinitive][3sp][contamination][shakespeare]

ˡư dare ϡˡưΤʤǤ need used to ¤DZƤ¸ߤǤ롥Ūˤߤ˸Ťư (preterite-present_verb) ǤꡤǤ can, may, shall ʤɤ֤Ȥ⤤ΤӤȰŪ˺줬ԤǤ롥
ȤȤϲưǤ뤫顤űѸǤľˡ3ñǤϸߤ -s 褦ʻҲ򤤤äʤäºݡ durran Фơľ3ñǤ dear(r) ʤɤη֤򼨤ޤľ̤ưŪ줬³ˤϡưʤ븽Ѹθˤä (ex. c1000 Ælfric Genesis xliv. 34 Ne dear ic ham faran. (= "I dare not go home.")) Ĥޤꡤcan, may, shall ʤɤȤޤäƱ񤤤򼨤ƤΤǤꡤ̩ˤϥʥʸ⤷ʤѸŪʴнˡưäΤǤ롥
16ʹߡľ3ñ daryth dares Τ褦ʡˡư餷̡3ñ -sפ򼨤֤졤ưؤʬŪžȤƤȤСOED ˤ Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 46--7 ˡI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. Τ褦ʻ㤬ǧ롥ʬŪžȡפȤäΤϡǤ dare ϰưǤ⤢뤷äʸ䵿ʸǤˡưȤƤˡݤäƤ뤫
Shakespeare ʸǤ⤷Τϡ3ñ -sפ¸ߤ褦ˡư줫ưؤžȤ뤲ƤΤ褦ˤߤΤΡ³ŪȤƤưη֤ϤޤǸ do Ǥꡤto to do ǤϤʤȤĤޤꡤdare ϷŪˤϰư첽Ƥ뤬ŪˤϤޤˡưݤäƤȤȤǤ롥
ơäȤˤξϸǤ礭ۤʤʤѸǤϰưȤƤ He dares to do . . . ̤Ǥ뤳ȤϤȤꡤˡưȤƤ He dare do . . . ⵩롥˲ä Shakespeare ĥȾü He dares do . . . ǽʤΤǤ롥
إ˥缭ŵ٤ dare ιफѤޤ򻲾Ȥ줿ŪˤʸˡŪ contamination Ȥ٤ʤΤϤԻ׵ĤʡʽưǤ롥

The Conjugation of the Verb

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-29-1]

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2020-07-22 Wed

#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][voice][infinitive]

hellog 饸9ܤǤbe to blame ϼѸǤϡդ餦٤Ǥ롤Ǥ롤פΰդǽϸȤưŵ뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤǡ̤ϿͤʤȻפޤ褯ͤѤǤ He ï񤵤ͤǤäơï񤹤ͤǤϤʤǤѸ interesting interested Τ褦ʬƻˤƤ⤽Ǥưΰ̣ˤĤǽưȼư򸷤̤ȤΤǤϤʤäΤǤ礦
ϢƤ䤳ΤϡϤѸǰŵ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ be to do ȤϸȤδطǤͽסֱ̿סֵ̳̿סֲǽסְջ֡פʤɤѸǼˡޤνϸǤϡˡˤƤ⡤Τʸμ줬 do Ȥ֡ (voice) δطʤΤǤ

ͽˡ The concert is to be held this evening.
ֱ̿ˡ He was never to see his family again.
ֵ̳̿ˡ You are not to smoke in this room.
ֲǽˡ The camera was not to be found.
ְջ֡ˡ If we are to get there by noon, we had better hurry.

ȤȤϡդ餦٤פϡϤ He is to be blamed. ΤۤŬڤǡHe is to blame. ϤȤȤˤʤꤽǤ
ŪˤߤСԤΤǤѸǽư֤ư֤ʤɡ֡פˤ뤵ȽҤ٤ޤŤѸǤϡä˺Τ褦ʤư̾ˤ˴ؤ뤫ꡤ֤ΰռϤäȴˤäΤǤǤϡβɤ



ϸȤΤϤƤŤ경Ƥ귿Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿Τǡ be to blame ⡤֡פ˴ˤäŤɤ̾Ĥä櫓ǤҴϢʲε⤴##3611,3604,3605εåˡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-26-1] [2024-05-24-1]

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2020-01-23 Thu

#3923. ѸΡ?ʤפʤɤΰư֤ɽ魯칽ʸ [infinitive][participle][syntax][construction][me]

ѸǤϡ?ʤ롿Ԥפ̣ˤϡŵŪˡcome/go + ʬ Ѥ롥ưưθ˸ʬźơư֤򼨤ˡǤ롥ʲ BNCweb 󤲤褦

Jack came rushing down from his room on the top floor and . . . .
The question came sneaking into her mind . . . .
She had contrarily thought that if he really cared he would have come running after her.
A great mammoth of an American truck went thundering past, forcing me on to the dirt shoulder.
He gulped and went rushing on.
. . . the crowd of silver helmets went flooding in pursuit, . . . .


űѸä˱ʸ䡤³ѸλˤϡΤ褦ʾ˸ʬǤϤʤ줬ѤΤŪäȤ櫓ưưȤ come Ȥ㤬¿ߤ롥Mustanoja (536--37) 󤲤褦 to ȼʤǤ뤳ȤݥȤǤ롥

þer comen seilien . . . scipes (Lawman A 25525)
þer com a wolf gon after þan (Fox & Wolf 108)
in him com ur Lord gon (Judas 25)
He comme flie too felde (Alis. Macedoine 995)
wiþ þat came renne sire Bruyllant (Ferumbras 2333)
nece, ysee who comth here ride (Ch. TC ii 1253)
on his hunting as he cam ride (Gower CA i 350)


ŻưȤ٤ lie stand ˤ㤬ߤ뤬ưˤĤƤ to ȼʤ⤢Сto ȼߤ (Mustanoja 537) ξ硤֤ǤϤʤŪɽ魯ˡȤƲǤ⤢ꡤξŪ

feowertene niht fulle þere læe þa verde þeos wederes abiden (Lawman A 28238)
ne þurve þa cnihtes . . . careles liggen slæpen (Lawman A 18653)
hu mynecene slapan liggen (Wint. Ben. Rule 63)
the fraunchise of holi churche hii laten ligge slepe ful stille (Pol. Songs 325)
þanne he lieþ to slepen, Sal he nevre luken þe lides of hise eȝen (Best. 15)
on a bed of gold she lay to reste Til that the hote sonne gan to weste (Ch. PF 265)
faire in the soond, to bathe hire myrily, Lith Pertelote (Ch. CT B NP 4457)
--- and in my barm ther lith to wepe Thi child and myn, which sobbeth faste (Gower CA iii 302)
ennȝless stanndenn aȝȝ occ aȝȝ To lofenn Godd (Orm. 3894)
--- he stood for to biholde (Ch. TC i 310)


Ѹˤʤȡcome + פ֤ɽ魯ˡϿषƤˤĤʤcome + ʬפä褦ˤʤ롥äȤ⡤ԤιʸűѸΤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤդäƤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1]

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2019-09-17 Tue

#3795. رѸ춵٤Ϣ7֤ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ [rensai][notice][infinitive][syntax][sobokunagimon]

914ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ10ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ7Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤפǤ
⤽ȤϲʤΤ褦ʸƤ̾ĤƤΤϤޤꡤto ȸ2ब̤ƤŪͳ줾ˡμϰϤȤƸߤˤޤ³ξΤ᤮礤򰷤ޤȾǤϡShe made me laugh. Τ褦ǽư֤λʸѤ븶줬ư֤ʸˤʤ I was made to laugh by her. Τ褦 to ѤΤϤʤȤѤʵˤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ10



ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ˤĤƤ infinitive γƵǤǤ˼夲ƤޤΤǡϢܵȹ碌Ƥ

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ7󡡤ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ10桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ91462--63ǡ

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2019-08-01 Thu

#3748. ޡ at ado ư [infinitive][preposition][old_norse][etymology][shakespeare][semantic_change][lalme][map]

#3741. Ѹޡ forto ([2019-07-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ to forto ʤɤ¤ǡޡȤ at Ȥ⵩Ѥ줿θߤΤֻ at ȤʪǡťΥɸޡ at ѤΤȤ롥ξ֤ȤɤΤȤ츻ˤΤǡμѤȤϡˡμѤȤ٤㤫⤷ʤOED at, prep. ˤȡޡȤƤˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

VI. With the infinitive mood.
39. Introducing the infinitive of purpose (the original function also of to; cf. French rien à faire, nothing to do, nothing at do, nothing ado n. and adj.2). Obsolete exc. dialect.
   Corresponding to Old Norse at (Danish at, Swedish att) in gefa at eta to give one at eat, i.e. to eat; but not, like it, used with the simple infinitive; the nearest approach to which was in the phrase That is at say = French c'est à dire.


MED at adv. with infinitive 򻲾Ȥȡat do, at ete, at kep, at sai Τ褦ʷޤäưȤȤѤ뷹ȤMED ǽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

c1280 Chart.in Birch Cart.Sax.2.326: Yat ye land of seint Wilfrai..fre sal be ay; At na nan..In yair Herpsac sal have at do.
c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)906: Þe hondes gonnen at erne [Hrl: to fleon] In to þe schypes sterne.
c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)543: Ynouȝ þai hadde at ete.
c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)2495: Þat he cum wiþ þe at ete.
(1399) RParl.3.451a: The Answers of certeins Lordes, that is atte saye, of the forsayd Ducs of Aumarle [etc.].


ťΥɸˡͳ褹ȤȤ黡褦ˡޡ at ˤ褯ߤ줿eLALME Item 81 ȤƼ夲Ƥꡤʲ Dot Map 롥ΤŪʬۤ

eLALME Dot Map for AT

ʤߤ̾ ado ưݡפ at do ޤäΤͳ褹롥ԥδ Much Ado About Nothing ض٤ϡפ much to do about nothing ȤȤǤ롥֤٤ȡעݤʻŻעưפۤɤΰ̣ȯŸФȹͤ롥Фϰʲ̤ǡǤˡư͡פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥

c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5648: Olyuer wyþ a corde bond him fast, Ac arst was muche ado.

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2019-07-25 Thu

#3741. Ѹޡ forto [infinitive][preposition][grammaticalisation][pchron][caxton]

ѸޡȤ to Ǥ롥̤˸ȤΤ⤢뤬ϥΥޡȤȤ館롥to ϸ¤ǸűѸ줫ѤƤϤ쵤˳礷ΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ (Mustanoja 514)
ѸޤǤ to ϴʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 뤲֡ǽȤ˼岽Ȥ⤢ꡤ䶯뤫Τ褦ֻ for ֤2 forto/for to ޡȤѤ褦ˤʤäMED fortō adv. & particle (with infinitive) ˤȡ Peterborough Chronicle ǤꡤѸκǽѤƤȤ狼롥

a1131 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1127: Se kyng hit dide for to hauene sibbe of se earl of Angeow.


οޡ forto Ϥʤ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤäɤ to Ʊͤ˼岽α¿ȤʤäƤäλ1415Ȥߤ졤Elizabeth īޤǤˤϤۤѤȤʤäɸѼǤϸߤȤƤˡѸ̤ξԤɤϴѻ졤Caxton Morte Darthur ǤϡŪ forto Τۤͥʤ餤ä
դäСѸˤ to forto ٤ƤäȵǤϤäñΤ fortill, for till, at Ȥä̤ޡ⤢ä (Mustanoja 515) Ȱۤʤꡤη͡äΤǤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-01-1]

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2019-03-17 Sun

#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ [infinitive][syntax][passive][voice][construction][sobokunagimon]

ɸ He is to blame. ϡդ٤ˤǤפȤ̣Υե졼̩ (voice) θСפϡդΩǤ뤫 He is to be blamed. Ȥˤʤ٤Ȼפ뤫⤷ʤºݡԤǤ̣̤뤷ʸˡŪʤΤŪʥե졼ȤƤԤѤ롥ʤ
ϡư̾ˤĤƲ⤷#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1]) ȡ#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1]) Ȥط롥ư̾Ʊͤ (infinitive) ư̾첽ȤǽäƤ롥ư̾ˤư줬̾첽ȡȤȤư줬äƤ֤Ω¤ǽưưζ̤ʤѤ褦ˤʤ롥to blame ϡäƤηǽưŪˡ񤹤٤פȤʤ뤷ưŪˡ񤵤٤פȤʤΤǤ롥̤¤ƤȤȤϡʸ̮ˤꤤˤᤷȤȤǤ⤢롥He is to blame. ξˤϡ̣塤ȤȤƲᤵȤ櫓There is a house to let. I have something to say. Τ褦ʡַƻŪˡפ⡤֤¤Ȥȯۤͳ褹硤p. 238ˡ
ʤư̾ˤ֤¤ϡޤǤ줬̾ݤäƤħǤ롥ʹߡʤư̾ˤϤषưŪʤ򶯤ƤƤꡤ¤Ƥ֤Ω褷ƤƤ롥η̡ŪǤϤʤȤϤ He is to be blamed. ʸˡŪ˵Ƥ褦ˤʤäɸΤ褦ʹʸϡŤħФΤ褦¸ߤʤΤǤ롥

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2018-08-01 Wed

#3383. to ȸɤ [infinitive][verb][syntax][emode][shakespeare]

#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡto ȸϡߤ˵ϰۤʤΤΡˤβǤۤƱǽͭ褦ˤʤꡤФжɤ򼨤ƤʤĶǤϰ׵ᤵ졤̤δĶǤ¾׵ᤵΤ̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ⸦椵Ƥꡤ٤ηϸФΤΡŪʵ§򸫤ĤФȤ񤷤
Ѹͤȡ#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡhelp θϤɤη֤ǤƤȤ롥ޤ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡʸˤƤǽưʸǤϸѤ뤬ưʸǤ to ѤȤäϥ츽ݤ롥⡤ξζɤˤȿǤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ
ˤĤơ (237--38) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ˡΩޤǤˤĹˡưɤƤꡤޤ to Τʤ줬ҤѤ줿ꥶ٥īǤ
you ought not walk (Cæsar, I. i. 3)/you were wont be civil (Othello, II. iii. 190) ʤɤ㤬ꡤΤۤ Shakespeare Ǥ
I command her come to me/entreat her hear me but a word/let one be sent to pray Achilles see us
ʤ command, entreat, pray, desire, charge Τ褦ưΤȤǤ to Τʤ줬Ф롥դ˺ʤ to פʤȤƤ⤢롥It makes my heart to groan Τ褦ˡǤˤ Money makes the mare to go Ϲκ⼡ˤˡĤäƤ뤷help ξι¤ǽ롥I helped him (to) find his things. 줫ƱʸƱطΩĤ桤Ԥ to Ȥ뤳ȤԤ롥άShakespeare
and would no more endure
This wooden slavery than to suffer
The flesh-fly blow my mouth. (Tempest, III. i. 61--63)
ƱǤ롥


2ϡʤˤϲ褷Ƥʤ

ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ

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2017-07-06 Thu

#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã [me][infinitive][syntax][tense][passive][split_infinitive]

ѸǤϡʸȯãLos (Los, Bettelou. The Rise of the to-Infinitive. Oxford: OUP, 2005.) 򻲾Ȥ Sawada (28) ˴ʷˤޤȤƤ褦ˡȯãˤϡ(1) Ķޤ to ٤Ȥ¦̤ȡ(2) űѸǤϸʤäο칽¤줿Ȥ¦̤롥(2) ˤĤƤϡ5ο¤Ŧ롥ʲˡѸ줫ʸȤȤ˼

(a) ư֤ to : The clothes need to be washed.
(b) λ have ȼ to : He expected to have finished last Wednesday.
(c) Ωꤵ to : They motioned to her not to come any further.
(d) դгʹʸˤ to : They believed John to be a liar.
(e) ʬΥ (split infinitive): to boldly go where no one has gone before.

Τ褦ʶḽŪ to 칽¤ޤ줿طʤˤϡб that ˤοͿƤ롥ȤϡŪˤ that β̤ȤƼεǽʣʹ¤ to ˼ä줿򤹤٤ִϰ쵤櫓ǤϤʤư֤ʤɤʣʰ̣¤ؤˤ that ʸФ餯ݤ줿Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥

Sawada, Mayumi. "The Development of a New Infinitival Construction in Late Middle English: The Passive Infinitive after Suffer." Studies in Middle and Modern English: Historical Variation. Ed. Akinobu Tani and Jennifer Smith. Tokyo: Kaitakusha, 2017. 27--47.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1] [2022-12-11-1]

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2017-06-22 Thu

#2978. wh- to ???? [infinitive][interrogative_pronoun][syntax][contamination]

֥֥꡼Сɤμϡ򱿱ĤƤк۰顤ֵ to ׹ʸŪȯãˤĤƼѤʤⶽ̣򤢤꤬ȤޤˡŪˤ what to do, how to do तηȤǡϴܵ to νв񤤤ˤäʸȹͤΤǡͻ硤ˤäƤ contamination Ȥ⤤٤Τ⤷ʤʡ#737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ūˤ⤪⤷Ĵ٤ȤʤäΤǡޤ MED (verbal particle) Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ 5b (e) ˼Τ褦ˤäФϽѸǤꡤθ㤬Ĥ󤬤롥

(e) with inf. preceded by the interrogatives hou, what, whider, or whiderward, the entire construction functioning as the direct obj. of verbs of knowing, studying, teaching, etc.

c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27) 17/276: For he nuste what to do.


OED to Ĵ٤Ƥߤ 16a ˡβˤʤäƤꡤΤ褦ˤ롥

a. With inf. after a dependent interrogative or relative; equivalent to a clause with may, should, etc. (Sometimes with ellipsis of whether before or in an indirect alternative question.)

c1386 Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 558 She hath no wight to whom to make hir mone.


OED Ǥν Chaucer ȤʤäƤ뤬MED νΤۤᤤȤʬ롥碌ơιʸϸűѸˤϸʤ餷
⤷ΤϡѸˤʸϽ°Τ򤵤Ƥ뤬ñȤǼ18Ƭ鸽Ƥ뤳ȤOED θ 16b ˡΤ褦˵󤲤Ƥ롥

b. In absolute or independent construction after an interrogative, forming an elliptical question.
   This may be explained as an ellipsis of the principal clause . . . , or of 'is one', 'am I', etc. before the inf.

1713 J. Addison Cato iii. vii, But how to gain admission? for Access Is giv'n to none but Juba, and her Brothers.


ϤʸäȤä𤬤ꤽȤݤ⤷ɤޤǿǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-09-19 Mon

#2702. Jane does nothing but watch TV. watch ϸ줫 [infinitive][preposition][conjunction][contamination][syntax][but]

913դǷǼĤɸμ䤬󤻤줿Jane does nothing but watch TV. He does something more than just put things together. Τ褦ʸ˸2ܤư watch put ϸäƤ뤬ϸȹͤ٤ʤΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϡ (bare infinitive) 礭ʬ4δĶǸ롥1ĤϡưγưʤɤŪ˸³ΤǡThey made her pay for the damage. The crow saw Gray score two magnificent goals. तǤ롥ҤȤĤϡʬʸ䤽˽ऺ빽ʸˤ What the plan does is ensure a fair pension for all. Turn off the tap was all I did. ʤɤʸ˸롥ˡI had said he would come down and come down he did. Τ褦ʷ֤ʸʤɤˤ⸫롥Ǹˡɽ魯ֻ (but, except) ˸³ She did everything but make her bed. Τ褦Ѥ (Quirk et al. 15.15; Biber et al. 11.2.2.3)
ɸμ˴ϢΤϡκǸˡΤȤǤ롥but, except ֻ³Ȥ¾ˤüʿ񤤤򼨤ɤΤ褦ʬϤ٤Ͻפ̡Ūˤϸ줬³üֻȤ򤷤Ƥ⤦1Ĥ (more) than ѤʸˤĤƤ⡤ֽ̣פǤϤʤbut, except ʿŪˤȤ館줬³ֻ˶ᤤΤȹͤƤI would rather [sooner] die than disgrace myself. Τ褦ʸ⻲ȡˡˡϢ I intend to build the boat as well as plan it. ʤɤ碌ƹθ
but, except ˤĤƤϡֻ̾Τ褦˿񤦤ȤǤ㤨 He does everything in the house but [except] putting the children to bed. Τ褦˸ư̾򽾤뤳ȤǤ롥ޤĤto 򽾤⤢ꡤNothing remains but to die. I have no choice [alternative] but to agree. ʤɤ⤢Τǡ䤳
θ˴ؤ뿶񤤤ü԰ϡbut, except ֻŪˤ³ˤѤ뤳ȤȴϢ˰㤤ʤŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤΤ褦ʹ¤ƤΤܤĴ٤Ƥʤʸ contamination ƤΤǤϤʤ롥#737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ˵󤲤 (4) ʤɤ⻲ȡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2016-03-13 Sun

#2512. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (2) [gerund][infinitive][verb][semantics][aspect]

ε ([2016-03-12-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤơtry, like, start, forget ʤɤưŪȤư̾뤳ȤǤ뤬뤫ˤäƼ㴳ΰ̣ΰ㤤뤳Ȥȸ롥Quirk et al. (16.40) ˤȡưΤ魯ư "potentiality" ư̾Ϥμºݤ "performance" ްդΤ§Ǥ롥

As a rule, the infinitive gives a sense of mere 'potentiality' for action, as in She hoped to learn French, while the participle gives a sense of the actual 'performance' of the action itself, as in She enjoyed learning French. In the case of try, the double meaning is particularly clear:

     Sheila tried ----+---- ''to bribe'' the jailor.   [1]
                      |
                      +---- ''bribing'' the jailor.    [2]

[1] implies that Sheila attempted an act of bribery, but did not manage it; [2] implies that she actually did bribe the jailor, but without (necessarily) achieving what she wanted. With other verbs, the difference is more subtle, and may be overruled or neutralized by the meaning of the verb of the main clause. For example, the negative meaning of avoid and escape cancels out the sense of 'performance' in He escaped/avoided being branded as a traitor.


ΰ̸§ˤ뺹ϡƤϤޤ褦ʸ̮ˤäƤϺ㤬¤뤳Ȥ⤢Τǡ줫ư̾줫λȤʬ˴ؤŪʴȤϤʤˤȤ롥
Quirk et al. Ϥθ塤ư (dread, hate, like, loathe, love, prefer)ư (start, continue, cease)ư (forget, remember, regret) γơˤĤơɤΤ褦ʰ̣Ūʺ㤬Τ뤤ϤɤΤ褦ʾˤκ㤬¤ΤͻƤ롥ä˶̣Τϡư start ˤĤơʣưؤˤư̾줬򤵤䤹ȤȤ顤He began opening all the cupboards Ǥ to open Ѥ뤳ȤǽǤϤ뤬ư̾Τۤդ路ȤˤŪɽ魯ưȤ꤬ؤäƤ褦ư˴ؤƤ⡤Ϳ뤳ȤΤƤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1]

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