¿ but ˤĤƤϡ͡ˡŦƤ롥Partridge Usage and Abusage ˤСbut 䤽ޤե졼˴ϢơʤȤ11ջबФȤΩƤƤ롥¿ǤǤ뤬椨ܤޤΤ
only ̣ȤƤ but θѤˤĤƤϡonly 켫Τ˴Ƥѻ˽ऺcf. #1923. only ΰ̣ but ([2014-08-02-1])ˡֻ but ˤĤƤϡ³γʤȤʤcf. #5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ ([2025-07-21-1])ˡۤ˥ޥʡ˴ؤŦ¿ΤǤϥ㡼ʡ֤פ̣̾³ȤƤˡ˴ؤѤܤPartridge (56) Ѥ롥
but (conunction) is wrongly used in the following, quoted by C. C. Boyd (Grammar for Grown-Ups) from a newspaper: 'A gale swept the roads, and his (Mr Cobham's) machine was unprotected. At midnight he attached a second anchor, but the machine weatherd the gale undamaged.' This is what is called a non sequitur. But must be used instead of and; the sentence should read: '. . . his machine was unprotected, but weathered the gale . . . because he had attached a second anchor.'
The conjunction but is also incorrect in the following: 'He will certainly say of Mallet that as a detective he was remarkable not so much for the questions he put but for those he avoided putting' (John Ferguson); not so much . . . as is correct, but the sentence might also read: '. . . not for the questions he put, but for those . . .'.
J. B. Priestley, in English Humour, falls into the same error: 'He [Munden] was not so much a comic actor, consciously presenting an amusing part, but a real comedian . . .': here but should be as.
ȾϡֵܡפʤΤ̩˸Ƥ줺ȯФ줿ʸ˴ؤָѡפǡܤ but ˤϤ褯ܸǤƱͤϸ䤿ʤ
Ⱦϡnot so much A as B not A but B Ȥιʸκ (contamination) Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡƱǤϽܤ and ˤĤƤˡ12⤢롥Ǥ롥
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
heldio/helwa ΥꥹʡǥإᥤȤ mozhi gengo īȤ note #233. ķͤƥĻ lapwingƤ롥 crayfish ֥ꥬˡפ lapwing ֥ĻˡפȤñΥᥤ˱ƤѲŦĤġΤ褦ʸ֥쥤եåפ̾դƤ롥ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) 䵶ʣ (disguised_compound) 1ȤäƤ褤ֲѲη̤Ȥޤ줿֥쥤եåפ̾ŤƤΤȤƤƤߤ䤹
mozhi gengo ˤ뺣εƤϡƱإᥤȤ lacolaco ˤǿ note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ C (crayfish-creature)ƶΤ롥crayfish cray ȤϲȻפ⤷ʤθ˴ؤƤϡcray ̣ʤǤʤfish Ȥ̵طʤΤθϸťե crevice ͳ褷Ѹ crevise ȤƼѤ줿촴ΰǤ vise Ū۷ vish ȤʤäơǽŪ fish ȸäƲᤵ˻äȤȤλ̤δ¸˰ĥơcrevice crayfish ˤޤDzƤޤäȤȤˤʤ롥ʤߤˡŪˤϸ츻 crab ֥ˡפˤؤȤ餪⤷
lacolaco mozhi gengo ƶȤή줬ޤʤإᥤȤĤʤơ֥쥤եåפȤϽФ˻ä櫓
Ƥ2ͤαԤܤǵƤ븽ݤϡ䤬 hellog Ǽ夲#5840. --- Υߡ*ĥޥᡤĥХᡤĥХ ([2025-04-23-1]) ƱΤǤ롥ǤϡܸؤˤפȤѸȤäΤäϡ֤줬¸θβ˰Ѳ븽ݡפؤεǤϡٻˤַμ¡פɽ줬֥ĥХפȤ¸θ˰ĥơ֥ĥХפءˤϡ֥ĥХפؤѲƤҲ𤷤
ΡפϡѸѸȤƤľбΤʤεǤ Fertig confusion of similar-sounding words (61) ȤäŪʶѤˤȤɤޤäѸѸˤĤäƤΤǤ롥ޤˡ̤ΥإᥤȤ~ߤnote ˤ ä㤨 paromophonic attraction ߤ¤ϲǽʤΤ̥ޥޡͤȤĤ֤䤫줿ΤǤ롥ޤʥ¤Ǥ롥"paramorphophonic attraction" pho νŲæ (haplology) Фơ"paramorphonic attraction" ȻäƤ櫓
إᥤȤγϡǽĤǤ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ε#5838. Ϥޤ --- ˤ٤Ϣܤ ([2025-04-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡפȤѸΤäؼԡϺˤȡȤϡ֤줬¸θβ˰Ѳ븽ݡ (p. 175) Ǥ롥
ζ˵ƤΤٻ̤˴Ӥήǡַμ¡פ̣ϿޤǤϡ֥ΥߡפбȤƤȤȡ֥ĥޥפäꤵƤ롥ʥĥХˤȤ¸θȯ˰ơʤˤ֥ĥХפ줬ϰ˼ºݤʬۤƤ롥άˤ귬μ¤̣֥ĥХפޤ졤̤ϰ˼ºݤʬۤƤ (pp. 174--75)
ϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) 亮 (contamination) ˤ̤롥Ѹˤ¿㤬줽ľбѸѸϲʹˤΤʤܸؤھܸǺФ줿ѸȻפ뤬ȤƤǤ롥
ˤäѸǽ줿äƤߤ̡ǤᤤȻפѸɽϡFertig (61--62) "confusion of similar-sounding words" Ǥ롥ѸȤϡ4줫ʤŪʶȤäۤ褤Τ
Confusion of similar-sounding words
Folk etymology is usually understood to involve the identification of historically distinct elements in a particular context, such as within a (perceived) compound or an idiomatic expression. It also happens, however, that speakers simply confuse similar-sounding words independent of context. Whether or not this should be regarded as a type of analogical change is perhaps debatable --- to some extent it depends on whether we look at the developments from an onomasiological or a semasiological perspective --- but it bears some resemblance to both folk etymology and contamination, and when textbooks discuss it at all, they usually do so in this context . . . .
餿ơܸؤˤפϡФ餷ѸȻפ
ϢܡȤФѲĤޤ롧Ϥޤ --- ؼԡϺʹס١ҡ2025ǯ5桥2025ǯ172--79ǡ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
father ȤñϡӸؤǤ褯礤ˤɽʤȤʤΤ餳ʤΤθŪȤʤȤʤߤθϲѲη̤ʤΤ뤤η̤ʤΤ餯ξʣäϥ֥åɤʤΤܸۤɡ츻ΤϤʤ
Ǥ Fertig (78) contamination Ѥ褦1Ĥˤʤ
The d > ð change in English father (<OE fæder is a popular example of contamination). (The parallel case of mother is cited less often in this context, for reasons that are not entirely clear to me.) The claim is that, by regular sound change, this word should have -d- rather than -ð- both in Old English (as it apparently did) and in Modern English (as is clearly does not). The -ð- in Modern English is thus attributed to contaminating from the semantically related word brother, which has had -ð- throughout the history of English . . . .
father 2ҲȤΤϡѸ˾Ǥ1ĤȤäƤ褤ʤ father father ʤΤϤޤФƤʤʲϢ뵭ȡ
#480. father ȥͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])
#481. father ˵ä ([2010-08-21-1])
#698. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (1) ([2011-03-26-1])
#699. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (2) ([2011-03-27-1])
#703. űѸο²̾ζɽ ([2011-03-31-1])
#2204. d th θءѲ ([2015-05-10-1])
#4230. ʤ father, mother, brother Ǥ -th- Τ sister ˤϤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-25-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Ѳ (language_change) δŪʸưϤ1ĤǤ (analogy) ˴ؤܳŪʸFertig Analogy and Morphological Change ˤĤƤεǼ夲Ƥ
Fertig Ȥcontamination ʺˤȸƤФ륿פѤˤĤƹͤƤߤֺפȤμդθݤΤʬ뤫ɤˤĤƤϵꡤ#5419. blending contamination ([2024-02-27-1]) ǤϢ夲ҤȤޤ contamination ̤ǤΤΤʤ2ĤΥפȤƳsyntagmatic contamination paradigmatic contamination Ǥ롥ȤȤ Fertig δϢսѤ (64)
Paul's initial conception of contamination (1886) involved influence attributable exclusively to paradigmatic (semantic) relations between forms, but he later (1920) recognized that lexical contamination often involves items that are not only semantically related but also frequently occur in close proximity in utterances. The importance of these syntagmatic relationships is emphasized in almost all modern accounts of contamination (Campbell 2004: 118--20 being the only exception that I am aware of). The most frequently cited examples involve adjacent numerals, which often influence each other's phonetic make-up: English eleven < Proto-Gmc. *ainlif under the influence of ten; Latin novem 'nine' instead of expected *noven under the influence of decem 'ten'; Greek dialectal hoktō 'eight' under the influence of hepta 'seven' (Osthoff 1878b; Trask 1996: 111--12; Hock and Joseph 2009: 163). Similar effects are attested in a number of languages among days of the week and months of the year, e.g. post-classical Latin Octember < Octōber under the influence of November and December.
Such contamination attributable to syntagmatic proximity of the affecting and affected items is often characterized as distant assimilation. Some scholars characterize contamination as a kind of assimilation even when it is purely paradigmatically motivated. Anttila calls it 'assimilation . . . toward another word in the semantic field' (1989: 76). Andersen (1980: 16--17) explicitly distinguishes such 'paradigmatic assimilation' from the more familiar 'syntagmatic assimilation'. As an unambiguous example of the latter, he mentions the influence of one word on another within a formulaic expression, such as French au fur et à mesure 'as, in due course' < Old French au feur et mesure (Wackernagel 1926: 49--50). Contamination involving antonyms, such as Late Latin sinexter < sinister 'left' under the influence of dexter 'right' or Vulgar Latin grevis < gravis 'heavy' under the influence of levis 'light', could be both paradigmatically and syntagmatically motivated since antonyms frequently co-occur in close proximity within an utterance, especially in questions: Is that thing heavy or light? Should I turn right or left? Wundt's view of paradigm leveling as a type of assimilation should also be mentioned in this context (Paul 1920: 116n 1).
syntagmatic contamination paradigmatic contamination 2̤ƤȤϡŪˤϽפºŪˤξԤϸߤ˾Ƥꡤʬ̤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥paradigmatic ʴطˤ2Ԥ syntagmatic ˤ and ʤɤ³ǷФ뤳Ȥ¿դ syntagmatic ˶䤹2Ԥ paradigmatic ˤ̣Ū˶Ǥ˷ӤĤƤΤ̤
ġλ㤬줫Υפ contamination Ǥ뤳ȤǤΤɤ뤤ϤǤȤƤ⡤ȽǤƤ褤ϲȤ꤬ĤäƤ褦˻פ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
smoke fog ݤ碌 smog ϡ (blending) ȸƤФˤäޤ줿 (blend) ŵǤ롥
ȻΥפȤ (contamination) 롥ƥ gravis ʽŤˤе levis ʷڤˤθ˱ƶơ¯ƥ grevis ѲȤ㤬롥ޤˤϷŪǤʤŪޤޤ롥㤨 different from other than ä different than Ϥ㤬롥ϡ#630. blend(ing) 뤤 portmanteau word θƾΡ ([2011-01-17-1]) #737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿
blending contamination ϡ2ĤǤκ礤˴ŤȤƤ褯Ƥ롥ºݡξԤä˶̤ʤԤ⤤롥嵭ǻ伫Ȥ2ĤѸֺפȡֺפȰۤʤ餻ƤϤߤơδŪȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤDZѸǤΰۤʤѸ츯˱碌Ƥߤˤʤ
ǤϡξԤ̤븦ԤϡɤǶ̤ƤΤˤĤ Fertig (62) Ѥ롥
The terms contamination and blending were introduced by different scholars (Hermann Paul and Henry Sweet, respectively) in the late nineteenth century to refer to roughly the same range of phenomena. Many historical linguists, if they use both terms at all, have continued to use them more or less interchangeably . . . , whereas most morphologists use blend(ing) to refer only to the type of deliberate creation of new lexical items illustrated by smog.
Fertig Ȥ blend(ing) contamination 1ȤߤʤƤꡤΤ褦Ƥ롥
I classify blends as a subtype of contamination. Exactly where to draw the line is tricky, but a prototypical blend has the following properties: (1) it is lexical, i.e. both the input forms and the product are words (rather than phrases or bound morphemes); (2) it is a deliberate creation; (3) the input words both (or all) contribute to the meaning of the blend.
Τ褦˲ᤷƤʤ졼λϤ褦ΤȤξԤ̤ƤȻפ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ε#4110. dare --- ưʤΤưʤΤϥåꤷʤ ([2020-07-28-1]) ˰³ˡưȤưȤ⤤ʤȾüʿ dare ˤĤơShakespeare Macbeth ꡤI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. ȤʸȤθˡϸǤǧ롥Partridge (87) ϡ餫˸ѤȤߤƤ롥
dare is used in two ways: as a full verb (dares to, dared to, didn't dare to) and as an auxiliary like can or must. The latter occurs correctly only in negatives ('I daren't go'), in questions, and in subordinate clauses ('whether I dared go'). The two patterns are not to be mixed. Write either 'whether she dares to go' or 'whether she dare go' but not 'whether she dares go'.
(363) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ưˡǸ³ to Ͼά뤳ȤǤ: Nobody dares (to) criticize his decision.---OALD5 ʤҤȤȤηˤȤ䤫ȤʤˡϽưˡȺʤΤǡ㤨 Partridge-Whitcut (1994) ʤɤϸѤȸʤƤ뤬ǤɸŪʸˡ [Benson et al. (1997); Quirk et al. (1985: 138)]: I wouldn't dare have a party in my flat in case the neighbours complain.---CIDE ٶ꤫𤬤ȤʤΤǡͤΥѡȤǥѡƥȤϻפʤˡʤ Eastwood (1994: 128) ϡƹͤϳ to ȼηѤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ĤޤꡤԤˤȤϤŪˤ2Ĥιʸκ (contamination) ǤȤơä stigma դƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦BNCweb "dares _V?I" ʤɤȸƤߤ17㤬ҥåȤΤˤ٤ƤեޥȤʸ̮Ǥʤ
̻Ūʴ餤Сˡư줫ưؤžȤĤĤȾüʾȤȤˤʤܲѲƤȤϤ٤Ȥ16˻ϤޤäѲǤ뤳ȤͤȡǤˤ줳500ǯۤɤλ֤ήƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸѲ⡤ʤʤ©Ĺ
ľ3ñʤɤǤä;ζޤĸʽưȤΤϡѸǤϤĤΥǥ̤ˤСdare(s) Τۤˤ do(es) help(s) 餤ˤ쥢Ǥ롥
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ˡư dare ϡˡưΤʤǤ need used to ¤DZƤ¸ߤǤ롥Ūˤߤ˸Ťư (preterite-present_verb) ǤꡤǤ can, may, shall ʤɤ֤Ȥ⤤ΤӤȰŪ˺줬ԤǤ롥
ȤȤϲưǤ뤫顤űѸǤľˡ3ñǤϸߤ -s 褦ʻҲäʤäºݡ durran Фơľ3ñǤ dear(r) ʤɤη֤ޤľ̤ưŪ줬³ˤϡưʤ븽Ѹθˤä (ex. c1000 Ælfric Genesis xliv. 34 Ne dear ic ham faran. (= "I dare not go home.")) Ĥޤꡤcan, may, shall ʤɤȤޤäƱƤΤǤꡤ̩ˤϥʥʸ⤷ʤѸŪʴнˡưäΤǤ롥
16ʹߡľ3ñ daryth dares Τ褦ʡˡư餷̡3ñ -sפ֤졤ưؤʬŪžȤƤȤСOED ˤ Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. vii. 46--7 ˡI dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more, is none. Τ褦ʻ㤬ǧ롥ʬŪžȡפȤäΤϡǤ dare ϰưǤ⤢뤷äʸ䵿ʸǤˡưȤƤˡݤäƤ뤫
Shakespeare ʸǤ⤷Τϡ3ñ -sפ¸ߤ褦ˡư줫ưؤžȤ뤲ƤΤ褦ˤߤΤΡ³ŪȤƤưη֤ϤޤǸ do Ǥꡤto to do ǤϤʤȤĤޤꡤdare ϷŪˤϰư첽Ƥ뤬ŪˤϤޤˡưݤäƤȤȤǤ롥
ơäȤˤξϸǤ礭ۤʤʤѸǤϰưȤƤ He dares to do . . . ̤Ǥ뤳ȤϤȤꡤˡưȤƤ He dare do . . . 롥˲ä Shakespeare ĥȾü He dares do . . . ǽʤΤǤ롥
إ˥缭ŵ٤ dare ιफѤޤȤ줿ŪˤʸˡŪ contamination Ȥ٤ʤΤϤԻĤʡʽưǤ롥

֥֥СɤμϡĤƤк۰顤ֵ to ʸŪȯãˤĤƼѤʤⶽ̣꤬ȤޤˡŪˤ what to do, how to do तηȤǡϴܵ to νвˤäʸȹͤΤǡͻ硤ˤäƤ contamination Ȥ⤤٤Τ⤷ʤʡ#737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ȡˡ
Ūˤ⤪⤷Ĵ٤ȤʤäΤǡޤ MED tō (verbal particle) Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ 5b (e) ˼Τ褦ˤäФϽѸǤꡤθ㤬Ĥ롥
(e) with inf. preceded by the interrogatives hou, what, whider, or whiderward, the entire construction functioning as the direct obj. of verbs of knowing, studying, teaching, etc.
c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27) 17/276: For he nuste what to do.
OED to Ĵ٤Ƥߤ 16a ˡβˤʤäƤꡤΤ褦ˤ롥
a. With inf. after a dependent interrogative or relative; equivalent to a clause with may, should, etc. (Sometimes with ellipsis of whether before or in an indirect alternative question.)
c1386 Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 558 She hath no wight to whom to make hir mone.
OED Ǥν Chaucer ȤʤäƤ뤬MED νΤۤᤤȤʬ롥碌ơιʸϸűѸˤϸʤ餷
⤷ΤϡѸˤʸϽ°ΤƤ뤬ñȤǼ18Ƭ鸽Ƥ뤳ȤOED θ 16b ˡΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
b. In absolute or independent construction after an interrogative, forming an elliptical question.
This may be explained as an ellipsis of the principal clause . . . , or of 'is one', 'am I', etc. before the inf.
1713 J. Addison Cato iii. vii, But how to gain admission? for Access Is giv'n to none but Juba, and her Brothers.
ϤʸäȤä𤬤ꤽȤݤ⤷ɤޤǿǤ
913դǷǼĤɸμ䤬줿Jane does nothing but watch TV. He does something more than just put things together. Τ褦ʸ˸2ܤư watch put ϸäƤ뤬ϸȹͤ٤ʤΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϡ (bare infinitive) 礭ʬ4δĶǸ롥1ĤϡưγưʤɤŪ˸³ΤǡThey made her pay for the damage. The crow saw Gray score two magnificent goals. तǤ롥ҤȤĤϡʬʸ䤽˽ऺ빽ʸˤ What the plan does is ensure a fair pension for all. Turn off the tap was all I did. ʤɤʸ˸롥ˡI had said he would come down and come down he did. Τ褦ʷ֤ʸʤɤˤ⸫롥Ǹˡɽ魯ֻ (but, except) ˸³ She did everything but make her bed. Τ褦Ѥ (Quirk et al. 15.15; Biber et al. 11.2.2.3)
ɸμ˴ϢΤϡκǸˡΤȤǤ롥but, except ֻ³Ȥ¾ˤüʿɤΤ褦ʬϤ٤Ͻפ̡Ūˤϸ줬³üֻȤƤ⤦1Ĥ (more) than ѤʸˤĤƤ⡤ֽ̣פǤϤʤbut, except ʿŪˤȤ館줬³ֻ˶ᤤΤȹͤƤI would rather [sooner] die than disgrace myself. Τ褦ʸ⻲ȡˡˡϢ I intend to build the boat as well as plan it. ʤɤ碌ƹθ
but, except ˤĤƤϡֻ̾Τ褦˿ȤǤ㤨 He does everything in the house but [except] putting the children to bed. Τ褦˸ư̾뤳ȤǤ롥ޤĤto ⤢ꡤNothing remains but to die. I have no choice [alternative] but to agree. ʤɤ⤢Τǡ䤳
θ˴ؤ뿶üϡbut, except ֻŪˤ³ˤѤ뤳ȤȴϢ˰㤤ʤŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤΤ褦ʹ¤ƤΤܤĴ٤Ƥʤʸ contamination ƤΤǤϤʤ롥#737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ˵ (4) ʤɤ⻲ȡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
between ΰ۷֤ˤˤĤơ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1])#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ betwixt Ϣʤ֤ޤᡤ¿ΰ۷֤űѸ褪ʤƤפʰ۷֤Ϥ褽䥳ѥƤĤäϳ줬äMED bitwix(e (prep.) ˡ۷֤ȤƵƤ -twist OED Ǥ⡤Ѹΰ۷֤ȤƤ bytwyste Ƥ롥MED ˤ OED ˤ۷֤ȤƤθڤǡΤʤˤϳ֤줺ǧƤʤä14ȾκȤ Pearl ɤǤȤޤ bytwyste ˽Ф路Τǡ⤷Ƥӱ֤˸Τǡababababbcbc εӱफʤ12Ԥ (ll. 457--468) ޤ뤴ȰѤ褦
'Of courtaysye, as saytz Saynt Poule,
Al arn we membrez of Jesu Kryst:
As heued and arme and legg and naule
Temen to hys body ful trwe and tryste,
Ryȝt so is vch a Krysten sawle
A longande lym to þe Mayster of myste.
Þenne loke: what hate oþer any gawle
Is tached oþer tyȝed þy lymmez bytwyste?
Þy heued hatz nauþer greme ne gryste
On arme oþer fynger þaȝ þou ber byȝe.
So fare we alle wyth luf and lyste
To kyng and quene by cortaysye.'
¾ˤ⤶äõ -twist Ϥΰ۷֤ϸĤäƤʤΤǡPearl Τ㤬ΤȤͣǤ롥η֤εˤĤƤϡ bitweies Τ褦 s ǽ֤ t źä줿 (paragoge) Ȥͤ뤷bitwixte Τ褦 /kst/ ķ֤ /k/ üΤȤͤ롥뤤ϡξͻ礷 (blending, contamination) βǽ⵿롥ɽŪˤ츻Ū <t> θźäȸ뤬ñʤ벻ѲʤΤʤɤȤŪ¦̤ͿƤΤ;Ϥ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1]) εǡǤƬ /kn/ Ū /k/ 岽üƤˡߡֻ <kn> Фȯ /n/ б̤ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤޤ /k-n/ Ϣ³ˤϡ/k/ ϼʤäȤ acknowledge ( ac- + knowledge ) θˤ (blend or contamination) ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ̣ݤؤäƤ롥ϤˤĤƿ줿
Ѹֻ <acknowledge> ȽǤˡθ ac + know + ledge ؤȷʬϤǤ褦ˤߤ롥know 캬ǤꡤƬ ac- -ledge ղäΤ褦κۤƤ롥줬ΤȤưȤƵǽƤȤΤϰճǤ롥ȤΤϡledge (< OE -lāc) ϡknowledge wedlock ([2011-05-12-1]ε#745. 뺧 wedlockפȡˤʤɤ˸̤ꡤ̾ʤˤϲŪбǧƤ餺¾ƤƤˡƬ ac- Τۤϡֻ on ƬѷΤǤ롥űѸˤϡoncnāwan ǧ롨ǧˤȤ줬ꡤacknowledge Ȥΰ̣Ϣ³ϵʤ
ޤȤȡacknowledge ϼΤ褦ʸФΤǤϤʤȿ¬롥ޤűѸ "know" 캬Ȥ oncnāwan Ȥư줬¸ߤ"know" 캬Ȥ̾Ȥơknoulech(e) Ѹᤤʳ12˸줿̾ϡʻžˤꤽΤޤưȤƤѤƤꡤθưȤƤϡճˤϢŤƤΤ⤷ʤoncnāwan ͳ褹 knoulech(e) ȤѸ˺aknowleche Ȥ줬ޤ줿
ޤ줿ꡤ캬Ƭ /k/ ƬذĤ줿褦ʰʬŪֻ <ack-> ѤƤꡤǤƬϡ on- ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤޥŪ a(c)- (ex. accept, acquire) ȤƺƲᤵƤȤ롥̤Ȥơ/k/ Ƭ¦βȤǧ褦ˤʤꡤ1718ˤ know(ledge) ʤɤθǸƬ /k/ üݤˤ⡤acknowledge /k/ ϾüȤ줿ΤǤ롥
츻ŪʴΩƤСacknowledge(ment) ϡѸ캬 know Τʤͣ /k/ ݤäȤȤǤ뤬ʬϤȤŪŪΩƤСݤ줿 /k/ ϡ캬°벻ǤϤʤƬ°벻ȹͤ٤
##948,949,950,951 εǡ̩ŪˤΤĤʤɽ Be it never so humble (= "no matter how humble it is") ˤĤƿ줿ѸǤϤ̤˸ɽǡĤǶ The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ˽Ф路ǤϡǤκʾɽʣŪʸ̮ΤʤǸƤꡤΤȤƶˤɤߤȤʤäƤ롥
Atkins Ǥ顤C J ƥȤ ll. 341--48 Ƹ褦
(C text)
341: Eurich murȝþe mai so longe ileste
342: þat ho shal liki wel unwreste:
343: vor harpe, 7 pipe, 7 fuȝeles [song]
344: mislikeþ, ȝif hit is to long.
345: Ne bo þe song neuer so murie,
346: þat he ne shal þinche wel unmurie
347: ȝef he ilesteþ ouer unwille:
348: so þu miȝt þine song aspille.
(J text)
341: Eurych mureþe may so longe leste,
342: Þat heo schal liki wel vnwreste:
343: For harpe, 7 pipe, 7 foweles song
344: Mislikeþ, if hit is to long.
345: Ne beo þe song ne so murie,
346: Þat he ne sal þinche vnmurie
347: If he ilesteþ ouer vnwille:
348: So þu myht þi song aspille.
ϡll. 345--48 ιʸǤ롥Atkins ϡp. 32fn ˤƤξɽˤĤƼΤ褦ͿƤ롥
345. neuer so murie. Instance of an irrational negative in a concessive clause---a construction found in O.E. and other Teutonic languages (see W. E. Collinson, M.L.R. x. 3, pp. 349--65) as well as occasionally in A.-Norman, where it is apparently due to English influence (see J. Vising, M.L.R. XI. 2, pp. 219--21): cf. A.S. Chron. (1087), nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he næfre swa mycel yfel gedon.
βս Atkins βˤĤƤϡl. 346 ne redundant ȲȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"No matter how merry the song may be, it shall seem very unmerry if it lasts . . ." ɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ξ l. 346 ιƬ þat ̵뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ礱Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ⡤ne unmurie ǹ碌 "unmerry" ȤƲᤷƤꡤþat ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ뤫顤Atkins ɤߤ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Cartlidge ͿƤ븽Ѹϡ"No matter how merry the song might be, it won't seem at all amusing if it lasts too long, undesirably, . . ." (10) Ǥ롥
þat 褷褦ȤƤɤߤˡStanley (114) 롥
345ff. The construction is difficult. Perhaps translate (assuming ellipsis), 'However joyous the song may be, it is never so joyous that it will not seem very miserable if it. . . .' he in lines 346f refers to song, a masc. n.
ɤߤǤϡne redundant ǤϤʤþat ϼξά줿 so . . . that ʸ þat Ƥ롥Burrow and Turville-Petre (94) ⤳ɤߤ˽äƤ롥
345--6 The logic of these lines requires their expansion: 'However delightful the song may be, (it will never be so delightful) that it will not seem very tiresome.'
ɮԤȤƤϡþat 褷Ƥ Stanley ɤɤߤ˻Ǥ롥ɽ so ³Ϥä so . . . that ʸ so ȽŤʤ礤̯ʹʸȤƸ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ֤꼭ˤäۤܲǽΰãƤ뤬so . . . that ʸμξά뤤ϤŬڤˤ syntactic contamination ([2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפȡˤȤƤǤСǽˤʤ롥
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
εֹʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ǺǸ˼夲 "inclusive superlative" ˤĤơBNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ƥߤ"(most _AJ0 | _AJS) (_{N})* of (any)? other" Ǹȡʲ7ФȤǤֻϰѼԡˡ
- Chang's speed was the best of any other player.
- Perhaps the most notable of other attempts to describe parents in this fashion was undertaken by Earl S. Schaefer.
- This percentage is the largest of any other constituency in England.
- But centuries of migration, conquest, occupation, intermarriage, trade and cultural exchange - not to mention the tendency of artists to copy or reinterpret the most successful facets of other artists' work - have eroded much of this exclusivity.
- Commander Keen has the largest fan club of any other shareware game available.
- 'In proportion to the kiwi's size the egg is the largest of any other bird.
- I say in particular our union because everyone here knows we probably have the largest and best training programme of any other union in Britain today.
Ѹˤ⸫줿ȤȤʤΤǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ǤäĴ٤ƤߤȡJohn Fryer (b. c1650, d. 1733) ʤʪιԵ˼1㤬ä
They yet retain a Warlike Disposition, being still accounted the best Gunners here of any other places in Persia;
̯ʹʸεˤõˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2Ĥιʸ comparative + than any other superlative + of all ٤ʸ̮ޤФɬפ
[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than"
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ
English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)
Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸƤ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ
- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.
contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥
(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷
Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̣̾ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
blend פ blending פȤˤäƺǤ롥Ǥͭ̾ʺ1Ĥ brunch breakfast + lunch ĤŤΤǡ21˰̤ΤǤ롥ʣΤΤ1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।ǡФ ( portmanteau word ) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ portmanteau OADL8 ˤ "consisting of a number of different items that are combined into a single thing" ˡ
portmanteau word ȤɽϡLewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass (1872) 6Ϥ Alice Humpty Dumpty 路Ƥäޤ줿ɽǤ롥Alice ϡιԻĤʻ "JABBERWOCKY" κǽ1 Humpty Dumpty ˼
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
Ф Humpty Dumpty ⤷Ƥ椯Τ1ܤ slithy ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
'Well, "slithy" means "lithe and slimy." "Lithe" is the same as "active." You see it's like a portmanteau --- there are two meanings packed up into one word.'
Ʊͤ3ܤ mimsy ˤĤƤ⡤"flimsy and miserable" portmanteau word ȤäƤ롥
Ѹ餷 blending ȤƾΤˤĤƤϡOED ˤȽ Henry Sweet "New English Grammar" (1892) ˸롥
Grammatical and logical anomalies often arise through the blending of two different constructions.
̾ blending Ȥ2ˤռŪ¤ؤ2ΰ̣Ʊ۵ˤä̵ռκ˴Ť needcessity ( need + necessity ) Τ褦ޤߤ롥Ԥ contamination ֺƱפȤƶ̤뤳Ȥ⤢롥
blending ϸΰȤƹΤƤ뤿ˤαǤޤΤƤʤʸˡŪʡֺפθݤ⤢롥"Why did you do that?" "What did you do that for?" "Why did you do that for?" ʤɽɽФꡤ"different from" "other than" 鿷 "different than" ꤹǤ롥ܸΡֲгڤפȡڤäȤפơֲгڤäȤפȤʤΤƱͤǤ롥
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