hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ڡ / page 1 (7)

adverb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-06-20 Sat

#6263. 627ڡˤīֺ¡ghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءײ [asacul][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][heldio][me][oe][kochushoho][pchron][adverb][preposition][link][voicy]


asacul_20260418.png



1ָ627ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷꡼˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñפ̻15ƤȤȤǡϡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءפꤷơˤʤñ ghost 򿼷ꤷƤޤ
Ѹ ghost κǤ̤θϡͩפǤ͡ǤϤФжƤ롤Ի׵Ĥ¸ߤǤϹ (spirit) ɽ路Τ̿᤭ѥɽ路Ƥޤˤβǰ̣ν̾äȤˤʤޤꥹȶΡפ the Holy Spirit ȸޤŤ the Holy Ghost ȸ줿Τ⡤ηаޤȴطƤޤ
ޤȯֻδⶽ̣¤ޤűѸѸǤ gast Τ褦ֻ̤Ǥ첻Ȥ ā ȤĹ첻äƤΤǤȤǤ /oʊ/ Ȥ2첻ˤʤäƤޤ͡ޤѸʹߡɤȤʤֻ <h> ʸʶߡǤ ghost ȤʤäƤޤֺ͡¤Ǥϡ<gh> Ȥֻ͡ˤ⿨ƤȻפäƤޤ¾ưȤƤ ghostͩ (ghost_word) ꡤ ghost θ츻Τˤ⿨Ƥޤ
ֺ¤θȾˤϡܥ꡼ΡָŤѸθʸ̣臘׼ݤ˱äơԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯűѸΤʤ˼ºݤ˸ "ghost" Ƥߤޤǫ˲⤷ޤΤǡűѸ鿴Ԥ⿴̵ѤǤޤǽ򤪻ǤʤƤֺ»ȤդޤΤǤ¿
ֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ʤβƴΥơޤƤޤƴ⥷꡼³Ƥޤξܺ١ߤΥڡɤ

ƴ12026ǯ725ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "king" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ22026ǯ822ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "riddle" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ32026ǯ926ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "through" õäѸ츶ʸ

ιֺ¤ˤĤޤƤ⡤¿μ֤ԤƤޤ

ʰʲ嵭2026/06/22(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1849. 627ڡˤīֺ¤ ghost 򿼷İ



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-05-24 Sun

#6236. űѸгʤˤư³֡٤ɽ魯ˡϰĸͳ褹 [oe][indo-european][accusative][case][adverb][adverbial_accusative]

űѸǤϡ̾г (accusative) ŪưľŪô¾ˤ䤬롥Ūгʡ (adverbial_accusative) ȸƤФˡ1ĤǡѸǤŪŪʡפʤɤȤơ̾Ĥߤ롥ΰ̣ϡФаư³֡٤Ǥ롥
гʤˡϡűѸ˸ꤵ櫓ǤϤʤ¾ΰˤ⹭ǧˡǤꡤĤޤȤĸλ夫ȯãƤˡȹͤƤ褵Lass (233) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

We can for instance reconstruct the IE accusative as primarily the direct object case; but it has a set of extended meanings, having to do with 'attainment of a goal' (a natural move from coding the result of the action of a transitive verb). From this there develop senses coding what one has to do to achieve a goal, e.g. the traversal of space; and from this traversal of time. Thus the accusative marks not only movement (as a derivative of 'goal'), but 'extent' in space or time as well.


űѸŪгʤˡˤĤƤϡMitchell (§§1383--88) ܽҤƤ롥֡֡٤ιؤˡˤĤơȤȤ˰Ѥ

§1382. The accusative of extent is found referring to space, time, and degree. With reference to space, it is found with verbs, e.g. ÆCHom i. 108. 31 Ne glad he ealne weig him ætforan and ÆCHom ii. 506. 14 He arærde him munuclif on micelre digelnysse, twa mila fram ðære ceastre Turoniscre ðeode, and with adjectives, e.g. ÆCHom i. 20. 31 Wyrc þe nu ænne arc, þreo hund fæðma wid, and þritig fæðma heah.


§1383. The accusative of extent in time answers the question 'How long?'. It occurs alone, e.g. ÆCHom ii. 190. 26 (§1382.), ÆCHom ii. 74. 35 To hwi stande ge her ealne dæg ydele?, ÆCHom i. 178. 10 Moyses se heretoga fæste eac feowertig daga and feowertig nihta, and (with the noun repeated or varied) ÆCHom i. 20. 8 and he leofode nigon hund geara and þrittig geara and ÆCHom ii. 330. 17 . . . ren wæs forwyrned ðam wiðerweardum folce to ðreora gera fyrste, an syx monða fæce, or with a preposition, e.g. 1ÆCHom ii. 298. 23 He geheold Cristes setl geond ðrittig geara fæc.


§1385. The accusative singular neuter is used adverbially to express degree. It may refer to an action, e.g. ÆCHom ii. 536. 2 . . . ne derað him nan ðing on ðam ecan eðele, þæt he on wege þyses lifes andlyfene underfeng and ÆCHom ii. 122. 11 Þa ne mihte se papa þæt geðafian, āteah ðe he eall wolde (for this idiom see §3352); to a quality, e.g. ÆCHom 20. 370 seo geoguð . . . wæs þa geweaxen, and to wige ful strang; or to a quantity, e.g. ÆLS 6. 359 and he wunode . . . on his agenum mynstre em feowertig gera.


ѸŪŪʤˡˤޤϢʤ롤ĹˤȤȤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.

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2026-05-16 Sat

#6228. again õäѸ츶ʸء --- ǯ٤īѸ˥꡼2 [asacul][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][heldio][me][oe][kochushoho][pchron][adverb][preposition][link][voicy]


asacul_20260418.png



1ָ523ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷꡼˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñפ̻14ƤȤȤǡϡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơŪ again ȤлҤηǤֻ against ܤޤ
ֺ¤ǤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤򻲾ȤĤġñθ츻̣־ȯãɤ again ֻ against Ȥʬʤ褦ˤʤäطʤޤƬˤʤäǤΩñȤʤäƤȤ̣ˤäƤΤǤϢơűѸֻΤˤĤƤ⳵ѤͽǤ
ñȯ䥹ڥ󥰤ѲѰۤˤܤޤ۷¿űѸѸμǤϤɤηФ˾夬äƤΤͽۤΤʤۤɤǤ
ޤνմǤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯ򻲹ͥƥȤȤƳѤޤϤ˼ܤƤѸΥƥ Peterborough Chronicleagain ޤࡤι򤪤ɤɤ̤ս򾯡ɤǤߤȻפޤ
ѸθʸƤȤ⿴ۤפޤ󡥾嵭ͥƥȤˤĤƤ⡤ֺ¤ɤʬˤĤƤջǰѤޤΤǡ֤ɬܤǤϤޤ󤬡ƥȤˤϸѸ伭°ƤޤΤǡгؤӤޤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤϡīθڡSee you again!

ʰʲ嵭2026/05/18(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1814. 523ڡˤīֺ¤ again ܡİ



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-03-29 Sun

#6180. űѸ졦Ѹˤ most ΰ۷ʬ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe_dialect][me_dialect][oe][germanic][analogy]

ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)򻲾ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED β򤸤äɤǤ

Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.


űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ񤷤褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.


Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ󤬰̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ󤬰̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])

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2026-03-28 Sat

#6179. Ǿӵ "dental suffix" դ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][suffix][germanic][rhotacism][sound_symbolism][-st][consonant][dental_suffix]

ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌໤ӵɽ路ĺ򶯤᤿ǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦໤ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-03-25 Wed

#6176. űѸηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤ Campbell [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][oe_dialect][germanic][sound_change][vowel]

ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ

1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)

superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .


2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)

The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.


3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)

§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.


4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)

§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:

     hearde, severely heardor heardost
     ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost

-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2026-03-24 Tue

#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][-st]

first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯ä󤷤OED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥

c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]


first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est 򼨤foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most 򼨤Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤򼨤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤򼨤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤ򻲾ȡ

1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-23 Mon

#6174. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս

   Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
   The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.


ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ

ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ

4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ򷫤̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-20 Fri

#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative]

ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ Krahe 󾧤ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥

. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
   In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.


űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬Ǥ׷ĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-21-1]

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2026-03-19 Thu

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤ⿼cf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳ򤤤ƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦

There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:

(6.33)A.*/-iz-, -ist-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goalþ-eis 'old'alþ-iz-aalþ-ist-s
 OEealdield-raield-est
 
 B.*/-o:z-, -o:st-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goarm-s 'poor'arm-ōz-aarm-ōst-s
 OEearmearm-raearm-ost/-ast


Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
   The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
   In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.


Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-02-16 Mon

#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][intensifier][adverb][semantic_change][lexicology][onomasiology][kdee][hee][etymology][french][loan_word][borrowing][hel_education][helkatsu][conversion][synonym]

131ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ10󤬡ߴ1ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡvery --- ʪפ纮ζոءפǤ
very ȤСǤŪ̵ɸʶո (intensifier) ǧƤȻפޤޤܶñʤΤǿͤȤʤ⤷ޤ󤬡ѸŪˤ͡ʴǤ롤οԤʤùܤǤֵǤϡvery εȯŸ򤿤ɤꡤ¾ӤոȤðۤޤǻ̩90ʬȤʤäȻפޤ
īֺ10Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС


asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_10_20260131_mindmap.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤9ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])

11228ڡˤǡϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפȤʤޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-13-1] [2026-03-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-24 Sat

#6116. 131ڡˡīֺ¤ߴ1very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][intensifier][adverb][semantic_change][lexicology][onomasiology][kdee][hee][etymology][french][loan_word][borrowing][hel_education][helkatsu][conversion][synonym]


asacul_20260131.png



ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼󥿡ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤򳫤Ƥޤ꡼ȥϡ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
1ָ塤131ڡˤιֺ¤ߴνȤʤޤ夲ΤϡѸؽԤˤȤäơʤ¿αѸüԤˤȤäƤ˺Ǥ߿1ĤǤʤ顤˶ä٤򱣤äƤ very Ǥ
䤿ʡʤ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפȤ̣ very ȤäƤޤǽ˶ᤤ̤դ줿ñǤѸˤδ餳θįȡˤϡֶĴפȤʹֿˤĤޤȤ㤷¸ˤƤޤʲvery ᤰäƼ夲򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

ٸ very ϡ¤ϱѸǤϤʤե󥹸줫μѸǤʤΤ褦ʴŪñ줬Ѥ˻äΤǤ礦
ե󥹸ǤϤȤȡֿ¤Ρפ̣ƻ (cf. Fr. vrai) ǤꡤѸäƤƻȤѤƤޤthe very man ֤ޤˤˡפʤɤˡˤκפĤäƤޤ줬ʤ뤭äǶդȤʤꡤ⤳ޤǹ٤ˤʤäΤǤ礦
ոˤϡֶˡ§פȤ̣ν̿ޤĴɽϻȤ줹ȼ깤ĤĴٹ礤긺äƤޤΤǤ
Ѹˤ̤ơӤո줬ƤϾäƤޤűѸѸǻȤƤɽŪʶոƤߤޤ
¿ζո줬ä椯ʤ뤤岽ˤʤǡʤ very Ĥꡤ˸ѸˤƤۤɤΰ괶򼨤ƤΤǤ礦礭Ǥ
ŪˡֶĴפȤϲֶոפȤϸˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤˤĤƤͤƤߤȻפޤ

Τ褦ˡvery Ȥ츫ññظˡƻ줫ؤʻẓ̌ɺ򲽡ȤζȤäѸû˾ΤΥå󥹤ͤޤäƤޤΥƥ󥰤ˤ90ʬǤäޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ2026ǯ볫⡤DZѸˤڤؤǤޤ礦

- 10131ڡ 15:30?17:00very --- ʪפ纮ζոء
- 11228ڡ 15:30?17:00that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤ
- 12328ڡ 15:30?17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

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2025-12-16 Tue

#6077. ֤1͡1ġפ̣Ū one [one][adjective][adverb][oe][me][article][numeral]

one ˤĤơѸǤϼƤޤäŪˡ롥֤1͡1ġ~פ̣ only alone ˶ᤤˡűѸѸǤ̤˸졤ƱŪ̾ȷӤĤˤ one Ū˰פƶѲ򼨤ΤǡȤƤϷƻȤäƤ褤̾줫ͷΥ֤֤뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤŪȤ⤤Τ
Mustanoja "exclusive use" ȸƤӤĤġ one ˡˤĤƾܽҤƤ롥ʲѤ褦 (293--94)

EXCLUSIVE USE. --- The OE exclusive an, calling attention to an individual as distinct from all others, in the sense 'alone, only, unique,' occurs mostly after the governing noun or pronoun (se ana, þa anan, God ana), but anteposition is not uncommon either (an sunu, seo an sawul, to þæm anum tacne). It has been suggested by L. Bloomfield (see bibliography) that anteposition of the exclusive an is due to the influence of the conventional phraseology of religious Latin writings (unus Deus, solus Deus, etc.). After the governing word the exclusive one is used all through the ME period: --- he is one god over alle godnesse; He is one gleaw over alle glednesse; He is one blisse over alle blissen; He is one monne mildest mayster; He is one folkes fader and frover; He is one rihtwis ('he alone is good . . .' Prov. Alfred 45--55, MS J); --- ȝe . . . ne sculen habben not best bute kat one (Ancr. 190); --- let þe gome one (Gaw. & GK 2118). Reinforced by all, exclusive one develops into alone in earliest ME (cf. German allein and Swedish allena), and this combination, after losing its emphatic character, is in turn occasionally strengthened by all: --- and al alone his wey than hath he nome (Ch. LGW 1777).


ѤκǸΤǤϡ alone all alone θ츻˿Ƥ롥פˤϡϤʤŪ one ˡѤǻĤäƤɽȤȤˤʤ롥ơ only ޤ one Ǥ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Bloomfield, L. "OHG Eino, OE Ana = Solus." Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies. Language Monograph VII, Linguistic Soc. of America, Philadelphia 1930. 50--59.

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2025-12-08 Mon

#6069. ؽ°³ [conjunction][subordinator][adverb][syntax]

#5936. Ѹν³ ([2025-07-28-1]) ΥꥹȤؽ³ʤ뤤ؽ°³ (correlative subordinators) 򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ǥؤ뤤ϸƱȤϡŵŪˤ³ȤбʶˤڥǸ츽ݤؤʶˤɬܤ⤢Сץ⤢롥εǵ󤲤ΤΤۤܤĴ٤ȥޥʡʤΤޤƤäȤ褦Quirk et al. (§14.13) 󤷤褦

CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATORS
(a)as. . . so
(b)as. . . as
so
such
so. . . (that)
such
less. . . than
more(/-er)
no sooner. . . than, when
barely. . . when, than
hardly
scarcely
(c)the. . . the
(d)whether. . . or
if
(e)subordinator plus optional conjunct
although. . . yet, nevertheless, etc
even if
(even) though
while
if. . . then, in that case
once
since [reason]
unless
because. . . therefore
seeing (that)


ۤˤʸŪʸΤǤ where . . . there when . . . then ʤɤ롥бʶˤץξˤϡղä뤳Ȥǡ³ΰ̣ꤹ̤ȤǤΤǡ°᤬Ĺ䡤Ūطμ¤˼ˤȤ櫓Ѥ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2025-08-10 Sun

#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][lexicology][but][conjunction][adverb][preposition][conversion][pragmatics][link]

726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ󤫡#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤ


lib/asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_04_20250726_mindmap_large.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤3ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])

꡼μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤС

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-08 Fri

#5947. ܸˤ³Ȥϡ (3) --- [japanese][conjunction][terminology][word_formation][morphology][etymology][greek][pos][adverb]

ȡܸ³ (subjunctive) ˤĤơܸʸˡ缭ŵ٤򻲾ȤƤϡƱʸܸ³θˤĤƳѤ (387--88)

³칽Ū˸ȡ¾ʻ줫žΡưڤӡޤʤ᤬ɤˡư̾ؼ˽줬ܤƴŪ˸ꤷΡʤȡˡơ椨ˡȤǡˤʤɤǤ롥Ǥ⡤Ū³ȤϤۤȤɤʤĤޤꡤȤܸǤ³줬ȯãʤäɤ⡤夬ˤĤơߤŪ³ɽ򤱤ơʬŪоݲǺŪ˴ϢŤ褦Ȥޤ졤βǡθžϢ첽ˤä³ĤФȹͤ롥


ܸ³ˤϡȤȤν³Ϥʤޤ¾ʻ줫Τ¿ȤȤλϡѸ³ˤƤƱǤ롥ǤŪ³ȤäƤ褤 and Ǥ顤ĸ "in" ̣ *en ͳ褹ȤΤ顤٤ࡥ
Τˤơ³ϸŵꥷʸˡˤΩʻȤǧƤꡤˤ̤ƺǤФʻ1ĤȤäƤ褤εȤʤȡճ¾ʻθʤɤŪƤΤˤʤȤʬäƤ롥³Ի׵ĤǤ⤷
ܸʸˡ뤬³ǧ᤺ˡΰȤƤȤ館ʸˡ⤢äȤõƤ㤨СĹͺ侾绰Ϻϡ³ȤʻǧƤʤعʸˡǤϡ³ϡ֤켫Τΰ̣ƤǡԤɽΰ̣ƸԤɽ˴طŤȤ̵ǽǧͳ顤ΩʻȤǧƤƱp. 387ˡ

桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١񱡡2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-07-30 Wed

#5938. but ˴ؤˡդ11⤢ [but][conjunction][adverb][prescriptive_grammar][contamination]

¿ but ˤĤƤϡ͡ˡŦƤ롥Partridge Usage and Abusage ˤСbut 䤽ޤե졼˴ϢơʤȤ11ջबФȤΩƤƤ롥¿ǤǤ뤬椨ܤޤΤ
only ̣ȤƤ but θѤˤĤƤϡonly 켫Τ˴󤻤Ƥѻ˽ऺcf. #1923. only ΰ̣ but ([2014-08-02-1])ˡֻ but ˤĤƤϡ³γʤȤʤcf. #5929. but ֻ³ˡӳʻۤ ([2025-07-21-1])ˡۤ˥ޥʡ˴ؤŦ¿ΤǤϥ᥸㡼ʡ֤פ̣̾³ȤƤˡ˴ؤѤܤPartridge (56) Ѥ롥

but (conunction) is wrongly used in the following, quoted by C. C. Boyd (Grammar for Grown-Ups) from a newspaper: 'A gale swept the roads, and his (Mr Cobham's) machine was unprotected. At midnight he attached a second anchor, but the machine weatherd the gale undamaged.' This is what is called a non sequitur. But must be used instead of and; the sentence should read: '. . . his machine was unprotected, but weathered the gale . . . because he had attached a second anchor.'
   The conjunction but is also incorrect in the following: 'He will certainly say of Mallet that as a detective he was remarkable not so much for the questions he put but for those he avoided putting' (John Ferguson); not so much . . . as is correct, but the sentence might also read: '. . . not for the questions he put, but for those . . .'.
   J. B. Priestley, in English Humour, falls into the same error: 'He [Munden] was not so much a comic actor, consciously presenting an amusing part, but a real comedian . . .': here but should be as.


ȾϡֵܡפʤΤ̩˸Ƥ줺ȯФ줿ʸ˴ؤָѡפǡܤ but ˤϤ褯ܸǤƱͤϸ䤿ʤ
Ⱦϡnot so much A as B not A but B Ȥιʸκ (contamination) Ǥ롥
ʤߤˡƱǤϽܤ and ˤĤƤˡ12⤢롥Ǥ롥

Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.

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2025-07-24 Thu

#5932. but ͡ˡɤɾ뤫 --- Kruisinga [but][polysemy][conjunction][preposition][adverb][negation][polarity][negative]

ε#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ but ͡ˡ֤δطˤĤơKruisinga ϷȤʤ1ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (II. 2, p. 433)

1514. In dealing with the meanings of the conjunction as an attempt has been made to show most of its uses as a development of its comparative sense. No such attempt has been made in the case of but because its various meanings are not connected but isolated. The result of this isolation (indeed its cause as well) is that but is not so strong and live an element of present-day English, and several of its uses tend to be restricted to literary English, i.e. they are on the road that will ultimately lead to their disappearance. This may be said of the uses in 1509, 1 and 3; 1510, 2; the use of but what may be considered dialectal by some, although it is not corrected away by editors and writers.


but ¿ͤˡ as ΤӤƤ뤬ԤϤ٤ŪǤΤΡԤϤ줬̵ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ۤ but ¿Ǥ롥Ūʴʪ

Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-26-1]

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