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germanic - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-03-29 Sun

#6180. űѸ졦Ѹˤ most ΰ۷ʬ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe_dialect][me_dialect][oe][germanic][analogy]

ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)򻲾ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED β򤸤äɤǤ

Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.


űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ񤷤褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.


Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ󤬰̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ󤬰̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])

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2026-03-28 Sat

#6179. Ǿӵ "dental suffix" դ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][suffix][germanic][rhotacism][sound_symbolism][-st][consonant][dental_suffix]

ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌໤ӵɽ路ĺ򶯤᤿ǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦໤ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-03-25 Wed

#6176. űѸηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤ Campbell [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][oe_dialect][germanic][sound_change][vowel]

ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ

1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)

superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .


2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)

The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.


3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)

§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.


4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)

§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:

     hearde, severely heardor heardost
     ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost

-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2026-03-23 Mon

#6174. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս

   Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
   The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.


ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ

ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ

4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ򷫤̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-20 Fri

#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative]

ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ Krahe 󾧤ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥

. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
   In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.


űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬Ǥ׷ĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-21-1]

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2026-03-19 Thu

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤ⿼cf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳ򤤤ƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦

There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:

(6.33)A.*/-iz-, -ist-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goalþ-eis 'old'alþ-iz-aalþ-ist-s
 OEealdield-raield-est
 
 B.*/-o:z-, -o:st-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goarm-s 'poor'arm-ōz-aarm-ōst-s
 OEearmearm-raearm-ost/-ast


Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
   The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
   In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.


Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2025-11-14 Fri

#6045. ѡפ̣ bay bight [geography][etymology][kdee][cognate][oe][me][germanic][indo-european][heldio]

˥塼ɤ硤Christchurch Х6֤ۤɤ Dunedin ظä椫ϡμʿΤįʤιϿޤ򸫤ƤߤȡΥ롼Ȥ쳤ߤϡѡפȸƤ֤ˤϤϤФΤΡˤ䤫¦ѶʤƤ롥ΤäΤΤ褦Ѷʤγߤϡbay ȤϤ鷺Ȥ bight ȸƤФ餷ʹˤΤʤñä¼ŵˤϡbay 礭Ԥפäŵϥȥꥢߤ礭ѶʤǡGreat Australian Bight ȸƤ֤餷礭ѤȤƤ¾ gulf Ȥñ⤢ꡤѸ񤷤
bight ȤñʹľΤϡbight Ȥϸ츻Ūˤ bay ο̤ʤΤȤȤgh y ϸűѸ٥Ǥϸߤ˰۷֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿
ȤرѸ츻ŵ٤ƤߤơޤäƤ줿츻˴ؤľиƤˤʤʤϤꤷä꼭Ĵ٤ƤߤʤСΤʤȤʬʤΤ
ޤϡ߿ bay Τۤ顥ϡ⤽ǤϤʤƥ baiam ͳ褷ťڥǤȯŸ bahia ťե󥹸 baie ͳơѸ bai ȤƼѤ줿Polychronicon ˽ФƤ롥̤ä츻ˤĤƤԾܤǡθΤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤ bight ϡ<gh> ֻۤܳμ¤ͽ̤ۤꡤäűѸ byht ϡֶѡפ̣ѸˤʤäơֳߤѶѡפθȤƱȤƥɥĸ Buchtbocht ꡤޥĸ *buχtiz ƷƤ롥˰캬 *bheug- "to bend" ̤ꡤϱѸΡ֤ʤˡפ̣ bow ⻺ФƤ롥
˸츻ŵĤʤȰääƤޤޤȤǤܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1626. The Canterbury Bight ֥󥿥٥꡼ѡסꤪİС



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

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2025-10-13 Mon

#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][link][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][anglo-saxon][jute][history][germanic][oe][world_englishes][demonym][suffix][onomastics]

927ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ6ʲƴȤƤ3ˤɶˤƳ֤ޤơޤϡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפǤޤ߿ñǤ90ʬ뤳ȤǤۤ˭ʥȥԥåǤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ۿޤ
6ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤС


lib/asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_06_20250927_mindmap_large.png



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#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])

꡼μ7ϡ1025ڡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪꤷƳ֤ޤγϤȤʤ뤳βꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00饤ΤѹȤʤޤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-15 Fri

#5954. ֻҶפ̣űѸ bearn她åȥ bairn ˤĤ --- ykagata Υ֥ [hee][german][dialectology][oe][scottish_english][scots][germanic]


ykagata_blog_heartyfluid_re_baby.png



إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥Ūʥ꡼ϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿꡼2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ򤪤⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ᤯̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤򤬡˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-04-20 Sun

#5837. ito DZѸ --- helito Τ [helito][helgame][hel_education][helkatsu][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][lexical_stratification][french][latin][greek][germanic][etymology][borrowing]

#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸס ([2025-04-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɥ ito ʥȡhel賦ήԤäƤƤޤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղǤΥҲ𤵤줿塤䤬嵭 hellog 񤭡˥ꥹʡ夵 note ֹ⹻ΡֱѸΤʤפäƤޤֳ̿1 itoɽޤ΢Ǥ߷ѸμȤǻѤߡ umisio ito ƥХǤƤ֤ǤϳʹƤޤơ⤦1Ĥ̤μȤ helito 褦ȻװǤ
ito ϡץ쥤䡼Ƽۤ줿 (1--100) ˱äɽ礤ʹѤͭ礤ǤѸǤС֥ץȥס (prototype) ǧȤΤΤڤॲȤɽǤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥱Ѹˤ helito ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤ꤬դ路AIϤڤʤ顤ĤƤͤƤߤޤ

(1) űѸäݤѸäݤ

ñΤʷϵȯֻʤɤ顤űѸ1˶ᤤˤѸ100˶ᤤˤȽǤޤ㤨С(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤϸűѸ餷1ˤglobalization ʥХ벽ˤϸѸ餷100ˤ򴶤뤫⤷ޤ󡥸űѸѸμޤ

(2) Ѹ줬Ѥ줿

ѸäѸ (loan_word) ˤĤơμθŤȽꤷޤ㤨Сƥͳ street ťΥɸͳ sky ϸŤ1˶ᤤˡܸͳ sushi anime ˿100˶ᤤ˼ѤȤޤñθ츻μޤ

(3)

Ѹθä򡤼פʷʤʤˤ˴Ťʬषޤޥ (germanic)ե󥹸 (french)ƥ (latin)ꥷ (greek)ʤɤҤȤޤꤷޤ礦man Τ褦ʥޥϤδܸǤ1˶᤯justice Τ褦ʥե󥹼Ѹ50նᡤphilosophy Τ褦ʳؽѸ100˶Ťʤɤμ٤ͤޤѸäΡ3ع¤פ򤷤ƤɬפޤɬϢ³ΤˤʤʤΤǡȤƤϾ줷⤷ޤ

(4) ֿפ˴ؤ
(3) αԤȤ⤤ޤäΥơޤֿפ˹ʤäԤǤޥϤѤʿɽ魯bread ʤɡˤȡե󥹸ͳ줿ʸθcuisine ʤɡˤ椵ޤ̾ cow (ưʪޥ) vs. beef (ե󥹷) Τ褦Ω⤳ΤǰǤΤ褦ʥơ̤θä˴Ť helito Ǥϡäȸ츻˭٤μɬפǤꡤ٤Ϥʤ⤤⤷ޤ

¾helito ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤ꤬ͤǤ礦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-09 Thu

#5736. ɸ (Irish) ȥɱѸ (Irish English) ϤޤäۤʤǤ [irish][irish_english][ireland][contact][history][sociolinguistics][variety][germanic][celtic]

ɸ2ĤθѼˤϡ̾ƤΤǡȤƱʪȸ򤵤뤳Ȥ롥ξԤȤ⥢ä˥ɶ¹ˤȷӤĤƤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϴ˰ۤʤΤǤ롥
ɸ (Irish) ϰ²Υȸɤ°1Ǥꡤ襢ɤϤȷӤĤƤǤϥɤȤäƤ褤
ɱѸ (Irish English/Hiberno-English) ϡƱ²°ȤϤäƤ⥲ޥɤ°1ǤѸ (English) ΡΤޤʬ줷1ĤǤ롥礦ɥꥫѸ졤ɱѸ줬줾쥢ꥫ¤αѸ졤¤αѸ򤷤Ƥ褤褦ˡɱѸϥ¤αѸǤ롥Ѹ1ѼȤȤ
²ƱǤɤۤʤС¾塤̤θȤäƤ褤򶲤줺ˤСɸȥɱѸϡܸȱѸۤɤ˰ۤʤ롤ȽҤ٤Ƥ
ʹߡ󥰥ɤϥɤФʸŪƶϤƤäβǡαѸ줬Υɸ֤ƤäȤˤ롥ơޤǤ˥ɤϻ¾塤Ѹ줬ۤϤȤʤäߡǤ륢ɸϡˤƿ͸Τ鷺2%ۤɤˤää뾯ȤʤäƤ롥ϡ#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1]) ǸȤǤ롥
ɸȥɱѸϴʪȽҤ٤ξǡԤԤ̣ޤǤȤ¤ŦƤɸ줬ǤȤء夫Ѹ줬ܿ줿櫓ʤΤǡǰäƤȤˤʤѸѼ⡤ؤˤäɸθŪħ򤢤٥ԥååפ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡȤǤ롥
(184) ֥ɤθ˥åפȤƿ޼ƤϢάǯɽǤƤ

1600إꥹ
 á~I˥ɸȱѸθܿ
 áѤʤ
1840s絲񼡥ɸüԤθ
 áȤƤΥɸηѾˡ
1900Ҹؤβ®
 á~II˰ꤷɱѸη
1970sǥιꡤEC
 á~III˥ɱѸȼױѸѼȤܿ
2000кĹХꥼ
 


᤯Ȥơ (186) θդѤƤ

ɱѸϡΥɤˤäȤФǤϤʤɸȱѸܿˤäޤ줿줬ߤޤ³ƤȤΤȤФǤ롥ʤɱѸϡɤǰäȤФ̮Ⱥޤ³ƤϢ³ΤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥


ļ̦ءˤϡɤθ˾ܤҲؼԤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ʲᤷƤ


 ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ



ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) Ƥ
12 Voicy helwa ͭۿˤˤ֡ڱѸˤ #232ۥɤαѸˡꤹۿؿΤϡҤɤ



̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-28 Thu

#5694. ޥ̱²ɥĸθˤĤ --- ӾӰˡؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ٤ [purism][germanic][language_myth][linguistic_ideology]

3ε#5691. ӾӰˡؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ʴȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯˤܼ ([2024-11-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ҥꡤޥ̱²ɥĸθˤĤơԤβѤܽκǸ7ϤΡȷӤĤפꤹ1 (206--07) ꡥ

ɥĿͤ󡻡ǯ᤯ˤ錄äơŪʼѤΩƤǤʤ꿼ŪŪʸήäƤޤ줬Ū԰ꡦ̤ߤ֤԰¤ߤ¿ؤ̾δФͿƤΤǤ
ѥɥΤ褦濴ʤе٤ꥷ㡦ޤ䥭ꥹȶʤ⤪ӤˮʬǤ줿ɥĿͤʤϤȤǧΤϡۣŪʼʤǤäơ̿ȥưƤ롼ΤȤƤοʹ֤Ȥκ롼ͭἫǤ
ǤˤʤäơɥĤ˥ʥʥꥺब來äƤȤȤȤȶȤĹȤȤϱʤɤȤΡ𴶤դӤĤ˿ʤʤΥץѥ깭ޤޤ˥åȤʥʥʥꥺʤΤǤ縵ˤϡɥĿͤˤȤäƤϡּפֲȶפǤꡤΥƤϥɥͤΥɥĿͤ¸ͳʤʤ롤ȤפäΤǤ
äʼѤ򿼤ͻλ۲ȤˤȡΡּפˤϡָפȤ̩ܤϢؤޤơ֥ɥĿͤϡ¾Υޥ̱²Ȥϰۤʤ꡼̱²εサϤˤäȻߤޤꡤĤȤθ򤽤Τޤްݻס֤ɥ̱²ΤߤȤĤʤäƤꡤ˿˸ͭʸĤΤפȼĥޤ
ǤϡָפҤȤĤΡ̱²פδäʤΤǤꡤ줬⡤ʪưʪǤ뤫Τ褦ʬĹƤȤȤ館Ƥޤ֥ɥĿͤϸ⼫κˤĤʤäƤΤˡ¾ν̱²;θƤ줿ꡤϤ̤ϰ˰ưʸڤƤޤäפȤΤǤ
Τ褦ʹͤΩƤС֥ɥĸ줬äƤ뤹٤Ƥϰ褬ɥĤȤ줵٤פȤȤˤʤꡤΥɥ̱²濴ȷӤĤƤȤɤʶ̤뤫ϡʥɥĤ硹˼ȤǤ


ɥĸ줬֤Ȥθ򤽤Τޤްݻפȹͤ줿ݤˡоȤ줿ޥɮƬϤ餯ѸȹͤƤ褤ŪˤߤƤ⡤ѸۤɽǤʤޥϤʤޤĤѸϰ̤ĤĤ̾ʸǤ⤢롥ѸʤˡˤΤΤ˺ϤʤѸ줬ޥ̱²ɥĸθΤ˰礤˽Ф줿ȤȤϽʬˤꤽ


Ikegami-Germany.png



Ӿ Ӱ졡ؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-25 Mon

#5691. ӾӰˡؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ʴȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯˤܼ [toc][history][review][germanic]


Ikegami-Germany.png



ȥ˥ΥɥĻδɥĤˤ򤿤ɤޤΥ꡼ǤͤɤǤ⤿ؤٶˤʤ1ǤƤϱѸˤȤϼФδطˤʤޤ֥ޥ̱²פ򤷤ƤȤϡѸˤγؤӤˤȤäƤפǤʲܼܽ󤲤Ƥޤ



Ϥ

ޥοȤλ
ȵ
ޥͤοȥ˴
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ޥοȤο
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ομο
ηäߡϥࡦ
ʸȤη³
泤Φ

˵
ǤƮط
ˮʬΩλ
̱ξ
̱ϤʤɬפäΤ
ξ˳򤹤μ礿
褤ԻԷ
ϥƱȳᤰԻ
ץƽƻ
βȤȤƤ
դϤĽƻ

פȼ
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ɥ̱ȼ
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ο
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ܤ줿ۻĮ顼
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Ϥ˻ФۻĮ
٤ԻԤȯŸ
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饦СΡإɥĤ˱ɡ

ϥץ֥륯񤫤ɥ
ǯȤη
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ˮԻ
ե꡼ɥåȥ㥬
ɥķؼɾ
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򤢤ɥġޥʸ
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ӥޥ륯줫إο
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饤󥬥ƥư

к񤫤饨
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Ȥʻʸ
ɥĻǯɽ




Ӿ Ӱ졡ؿȻǤɤɥĻˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-23 Sat

#5689. 1130ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ8ֱѸ졤ȸήפΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][dutch][afrikaans][flemish][borrowing][loan_word][contact][germanic][japanese][historiography][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



1130ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

ǯ٤ī륷꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹûˤ򤿤ɤäƤ꡼Ǥ
1ָ˳֤8ǤϥȱѸθܿޤѸˤϡ󥰥ɤϥޤ (the Low Countries) ȤξŪʸήǡŪˤǻܿäȹͤƤޤŪʱѸ˵ҤˤƤϡȤθܿϡƥ졤ե󥹸졤ťΥɸʤɤȤθܿ٤٤㤯硹Ūˤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤޤ󡥽פʥѸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ƽꡤȤȤŪǤαѸؤαƶŪˤϰ̤˹ͤƤʾ礭ֺ1ʬεβͤϽʬˤȻפޤ
ιֺ¤Ǥϡޥɤˤ륪ʤӴϢ졦ˤΰ֤ŤǧĤġƱ줬Ѹθä䤽¾ͿƶˤĤƵޤޤطʤȤƤαطˤˤܤޤˡñ줬ܸä¿Ǥ¤ˤܤȻפޤ
ܥ꡼ֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺󤫤餴äȤǤޤ7ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε

#5625. ī륷꡼ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷꡼ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷꡼ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷꡼ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷꡼ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷꡼ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷꡼ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե󥹸˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])

ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ򤪻ϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ʰʲ嵭2024/11/27(Wed)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-17 Sun

#5683. Ѹ줫Ѹ줫Ƚ꤬񤷤ͳ [dutch][low_german][flemish][contact][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][germanic][old_norse][evidence]

ε#5682. Low Dutch ȤάΡ ([2024-11-16-1]) ǡ䤽ȴϢѼ狼θüѤ˿줿εǤ⡤Ʊؿ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) ʤɤǵƤ
ѸȥϤȤޥɤϥɥĸ췲°Ƥꡤñ褯Ƥ롥äơñ줬Ū˱ѸʤΤѸʤΤοäȽꤹΤϡФкǤ롥κطʤˤĤơDurkin (356) ⤦ǫ˲⤷ƤΤǡѤ

Normally such certainty is only available in cases where the absence of an English sound change or the presence of a Dutch or Low German one demonstrates borrowing: the situation is similar to that explored with reference to early Scandinavian borrowings . . . , with the added complication that there are fewer sound changes distinguishing English from Dutch and Low German. The same problem even affects some words first attested much later than the Middle English period, especially those found in regional varieties for which earlier evidence is in very short supply.


Ѹ줫Ѹ줫ݤȽˤơѲ̵ͭȤäŪʾڵʤ󥹤㤤ȤǺޤǸťΥɼѸȽˤ뺤ȤӤ뤬ťΥɸξˤϡ̥ޥɤ°ʤΤǡ⤦Ūʺۤ뤳ȤǤΤ
ޤ¸Ūڵ˳ϰѼˤäȤʤȡȽ꤬ˤʤȤΤ⤦ʤ롥ġñˤĤơŪʾڵǤʤ쳰Ūʾڵ̩˹θƤʤФʤʤʤǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-11-16 Sat

#5682. Low Dutch Ȥά [dutch][low_german][flemish][contact][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][terminology][germanic][variety]

#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1]) ǡѸˤˤ륪Ѹᤰä Durkin 򻲾Ȥ Dutch Ǥ Low German ǤʤŪ Low Dutch ȤѸ줬ȤƤ줬ؤΤȤСDurkin Ȥǫ˲⤷ƤƤ1 (354) ɤǤߤ褦

Loanwords into English from Dutch (including Flemish) and Low German are normally considered together, because it is so difficult to tell them apart. This is partly because word forms in both languages were, and to some extent still are, so similar, and partly because the social and cultural circumstances of borrowing into English are also often hard to tell apart. 'Low Dutch' is sometimes used as a collective cover term for borrowings from either or both languages into English, although it is important to note that Low Dutch is not itself a language name, but simply a terminological shorthand for referring to a complex situation.


Dutch Low German ϳơ̤ѼǤϤ뤬ñη֤ߤˤ褯ƤꡤѸƱʸ̮ˤƤϡºݾ̤ĤʤȤ¿ˡص2Ѽ碌ѸȤ Low Dutch ꤷƤȤȤ̣ Low Dutch ϥեȤȤˤʤ롥ե󥹼Ѹ줫ƥѸ줫Ƚ̤ĤˤȤˡص֥ե󥹡ƥϼѸפʤɤȰ礷ƸƤ֤Τ˻Ƥ롥
ѸΥե켫Τ٤Ȥ⤤뤫⤷ʤȤΤϡ嵭 Dutch ˤƤ Low German ˤƤ⡤ֶ̤ѼפȰΤȤҤ٤ϤϤ겿餫٤ˤƥեǤ⤢뤫ˤĤƤϡ#415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1]) 򻲾ȡ
˻ȤΤǤ Low Dutch Ȥϰʤ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-17-1]

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2024-09-14 Sat

#5619. 928ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ6ֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][oe][old_norse][germanic][contact][voicy][heldio]


asacul_20240427.png



928ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼󥿡ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷʸƨۿ
ߡī㡼󥿡֥

2ָ928ڡ17:30--19:00ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ6ȤʤֱѸ졤󥰤θȸפ򳫹֤ޤ

8245ǤϡֱѸ졤ƥȽв񤦡פꤷơűѸʤ뤤ϤλˤˤƥθŪƶܤޤ8Ⱦ11ȾˤƤΥ󥰻˾ơťΥɸ (old_norse) ȸűѸθܿˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
󥰤ȤϾ嵭λ˳ư󥸥ʥӥпȤγ±ؤޤϥ֥ƥˤ⽱褷䤬ƥ󥰥꽻褦ˤʤޤη̡ťΥɸȤ󥰤ȸűѸä󥰥ͤȤδ֤Ǹܿޤ
ťΥɸ줫μѸϡѸ900ۤɻĤäƤޤпϤۤ礭櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡ܸ䵡ǽʤɹ٤ǻѤ줬¿ޤޤƤΤܤ٤ħǤֺ¤Ǥ϶ŪʸťΥɸ줫μѸ夲θ츻ɤ߲򤤤Ƥޤ
ťΥɸȱѸܿǻ̩ʤΤǤξ줬ޥ²°ƤꡤᤤطˤäȤ䡤ξ̱²μҲŪʸήοȿǤƤȹͤޤ󥰤γư̤ťΥɸȤܿϡѸθäˡʤƼ¤ʸˡˤ¿ʱƶͿޤѸλѤ򤹤ǡŪʸܿνϴDzǤޤ

ܥ꡼ֺ¤ϳƲΩ⤤Τǡ6󤫤滲äǤޤäʤ֤ǤޤɶǤ̻äΤۤ饤󻲲äǽǤθ1֤Ρָƨۿפ⤴ѤǤޤʳäƤäߤɤ
ʤܥ꡼ֺ¤ϡָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפꤷƤȤꡤȤ櫓رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵ򤪻ϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ



ʰʲ嵭2024/09/21(Sat)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

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2024-07-21 Sun

#5564. űѸΥƥ줫μѸϤɴ [oe][loan_word][borrowing][latin][old_norse][celtic][latin][germanic][lexicology][link]

űѸθä٤˥ԥ奢ʥޥϤθäȤäƤ褯Ѹϸ¤Ƥ롥⡤θ¤줿Ѹʬƥ (latin) ΤΤǤ롥ۤˤϸťΥɸ (old_norse)ȸ (celtic)ޥ (germanic), ե󥹸 (french) μѸʤǤϤʤޤDZƤ
θ줫űѸؤμѸϡष㳰Ū餳ˤʤΤʤΤǡűѸɤǤȤ˽Ф魯Ȥ䤱ΩĤΤǤ롥Ѹ˸Ǥ⤫äƤ褯ܤƤ롥Hogg ϡűѸθäȸüѤˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

. . . there are words of non-native origin in Old English, the vast majority of which are from Latin. It has been estimated only about 3 per cent of Old English vocabulary is taken from non-native sources and it is clear that the strong preference in Old English was to use its native resources in order to create new vocabulary. In this respect, therefore, and as elsewhere, Old English is typically Germanic. (102--03)


. . . there was in Old English only a very limited use of words taken from other language, i.e. borrowed or loan words, and those words were primarily from Latin. Apart from Latin, Old English borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages after the Viking invasions, from the celtic languages mostly at a very early date, and there was also a scattering of forms from the other Germanic languages. At the very end of the period we begin to see the first loan words from Norman French. (109)


űѸγƸ줫θüѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

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Hogg, Richard. An Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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