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ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2025-10-13 Mon

#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][link][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][anglo-saxon][jute][history][germanic][oe][world_englishes][demonym][suffix][onomastics]

927ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ6ʲƴȤƤ3ˤɶˤƳ֤ޤơޤϡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפǤޤ߿ñǤ90ʬ뤳ȤǤۤ˭ʥȥԥåǤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ۿޤ
6ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤС


lib/asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_06_20250927_mindmap_large.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤4ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])

꡼μ7ϡ1025ڡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪꤷƳ֤ޤγϤȤʤ뤳βꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00饤ΤѹȤʤޤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

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2025-09-01 Mon

#5971. 602ǯKent ǥ޻Ѥ [alphabet][christianity][oe][anglo-saxon][st_augustine][history][writing][runic][kentish][oe_dialect][jute][100_places]

597ǯKent ˥ꥹȶ⤿餵줿аޤˤĤƤϡ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ󥰥ɻ˾塤ƱѸ˾塤ƽʽäȤäƤ褤
͡ʥѥȤäΤ1ĤϥꥹȶȤȤ˥޻ (Roman alphabet) Ƴ줿Ȥ衤ޥ̱²ϥ޻ȿ̴طˤä롼ʸ (runic script) äƤ򵡤˻ʸ޻ؤȾ괹ƤȤˤʤä
Υ޻μƤξħŪǯȤơ602ǯ󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥Lucas and Mulvey (19) "CANTERBURY --- The adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)" ꤹᤫ顤Ƭ3Ѥ롥

The Jutish kingdom of Kent is the first region of post-Roman Britannia to leave evidence of an organized realm. That is because Kent was the first area to be reconverted to Christianity. Sent by Pope Gregory, Augustine and fellow monks arrived in Canterbury in 597, bringing not only Christianity but also writing in the form of Roman script. In 602, King Ethelbert of Kent had the monks write down the laws of his people in that script.
   Those laws, called 'dooms', had been brought to Kent from Continental Europe 150 years before. They are the first surviving example, in any Germanic language, of a legal document. They are the starting point of the Anglo-American common law and tradition. They are also of great importance in the history of the English language.
   First, they show that within five years of the arrival of the Roman script, it had been adopted in place of the runic alphabet . . . . Second, they provide evidence of Kentish, a dialect of English that was to disappear altogether. Third, they are the beginning of regular and widespread written records in English, as the script of the dooms spread rapidly west and north.


Ȳ Ethelbert 602ǯˡΧ޻ǽ񤭵ȤΤθαѸΥ޻ѤˤȤäƷŪʽäȤˤʤ롥ˡˤδ˽פǯäȤʬ롥
ˤƤ޻ιᤤ®597ǯΤ5ǯΤȤǤ롥޻ϴְ㤤ʤꥹȶȤȤˤ⤿餵줿ΤʤΤ


Lucas-Mulvey-History_front_cover.png



Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

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2023-12-10 Sun

#5340. ֥ޥפᤰä Taku ɼ¶Ѥޤ --- heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][bchel][anglo-saxon][oe][jute][history][germanic]

128ʶˤˡʳؤ󤵤ȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio/helwa ۿޤȾȸȾ碌2ּǻ̩ʤ٤ɽȤʤޤ饤Ǥİ¿Υꥹʡ˴դޤ꤬Ȥޤ
оݤȤʤäΤϤƱ32 The Germanic Conquest ʥޥˤǤŪ˱ѸˤγϤȤ449ǯȤν˥եޤ̳Ƥ Taku ȤȤˡԤαʸӹĤġƤˤĤƤʤ٤겼ƵޤαʸƥȤϡͽ𵭻#5335. ֥ޥ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤס[2023-12-05-1]ˤ˷ǺܤƤޤ

(1) #922. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ


(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ12ʬΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ



ɼ¶ѤİˤʤäơΥ饤ɥ꡼˴ؿäϡܽꤷ꡼󤫤äɤƤФȻפޤְ㤤ʤɽǤۿΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ꤴǧ⽵12Υڡǥ꡼³Ƥޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2022-07-30 Sat

#4842. ѸˤλϤޤ꤫餹Ǥ˺ä [variety][dialect][germanic][oe][jute][history][oe_dialect][anglo-saxon][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture]

1860ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Marsh ˤѸ˹ֵϿѥѥ᤯äƤ롥Marsh ˤС󥰥졤ʤűѸϡΦ֥ƥ˻ޤ줿κΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤƥ֥ƥ "aboriginal" ʸȤϸʤΤ "indigenous" ʸǤϤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤϺΤʤǤϤ "diversity" 򼨤"obscure", "confused", "imperfect", "anomalous", "irregular" ǤȤʲϢսѤ롥

§15. It has been already shown that the Anglo-Saxon conquerors consisted of several tribes. The border land of the Scandinavian and Teutonic races, whence the Anglo-Saxon invaders emigrated, has always been remarkable for the number of its local dialects. The Friesian, which bears a closer resemblance than any other linguistic group to the English, differs so much in different localities, that the dialects of Friesian parishes, separated only by a narrow arm of the sea, are often quite unintelligible to the inhabitants of each other. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon language itself supplies internal evidence that there was a great commingling of nations in the invaders of our island. This language, in its obscure etymology, its confused and imperfect inflexions, and its anomalous and irregular syntax, appears to me to furnish abundant proof of a diversity, not of a unity, of origin. It has not what is considered the distinctive character of a modern, so much as of a mixed and ill-assimilated speech, and its relations to the various ingredients of which it is composed are just those of the present English to its own heterogeneous sources. It borrowed roots, and dropped endings, appropriated syntactical combinations without the inflexions which made them logical, and had not yet acquired a consistent and harmonious structure when the Norman conquest arrested its development, and imposed upon it, or, perhaps we should say, gave a new stimulus to, the tendencies which have resulted in the formation of modern English. There is no proof that Anglo-Saxon was ever spoken anywhere but on the soil of Great Britain; for the 'Heliand,' and other remains of old Saxon, are not Anglo-Saxon, and I think it must be regarded, not as a language which the colonists, or any of them, brought with them from the Continent, but as a new speech resulting from the fusion of many separate elements. It is, therefore, indigenous, if not aboriginal, and as exclusively local and national in its character as English itself.


űѸ˴ؤ Marsh ΤƶͥƤȻפɾˤꡤιֵϿꥹĺ˽Ǥ줿ȤطʤǰƬ֤Ƥ٤ѤκǸˤ "exclusively local and national in its character as English itself" ⡤ʸ̮Dz᤹ɬפ褦˻פ롥
űѸˤĤƤϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1])#4439. űѸϺȤƻϤޤä ([2021-06-22-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Marsh, George Perkins. Lectures on the English Language: Edited with Additional Lectures and Notes. Ed. William Smith. 4th ed. London: John Murray, 1866. Rpt. HardPress, 2012.

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2018-05-27 Sun

#3317. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˤߤ Hengest Horsa [anglo-saxon][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text][jute][history]

449ǯHengest Horsa Ȥ塼ȿͤη郎֥ȥͤ뤿˥󥰥ɤϤꡤθष󥰥ɤƤޤȤ郎äΤϡThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˾ܤʲǤϸűѸؼԸ˲Ԥ줿 Smith (158--59) ꡤϢűѸ[2018-05-31-1]ʸսѤ롥ǯ嵭449ǯ455ǯ457ǯεҤȴ褷ΤǤ롥ѸդƤΤǡűѸɲγؽˤɤ̤δϢ뵭Ҥϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1]) ӡ#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Anno 449. Hēr Martiānus and Valentīnus onfēngon rice, and rīcsodon seofon winter. And on hiera dagum Hengest and Horsa, fram Wyrtgeorne gelaþode, Bretta cyninge, gesōton Bretene on þǣm stede þe is genemned Ypwinesflēot, ǣrest Brettum tō fultume, ac hīe eft on hīe fuhton. Se cyning hēt hīe feohtan ongēan Peohtas; and hīe swā dydon, and sīge hæfdon swā hwǣr swā hīe cōmon. Hīe þā sendon tō Angle, and hēton him sendan māran fultum. Þā sendon hīe him māran fultum. Þā cōmon þā menn of þrim mǣgþum Germānie: of Ealdseaxum, of Englum, of Iotum.

455. Hēr Hengest and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtgeorne þǣm cyninge in þǣre stōwe þe is genemned Æglesþrep; and his brōþor Horsan man ofslōg. And æfter þǣm Hengest fēng tō rīce, and Æsc his sunu.

457. Hēr Hengest and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þǣre stōwe þe is genemned Crecganford, and þǣr ofslōgon fēower þūsend wera. Þā forlēton þā Brettas Centland, and mid micle ege flugon tō Lundenbyrig.


Anno 449. In this year [lit. here] Martianus and Valentinus succeeded to [lit. received] kingship, and ruled seven years. And in their days Hengest and Horsa, invited by Vortigern, king of [the] Britons, came to Britain at the place which is called Ebbsfeet, first as a help to [the] Britons, but they afterwards fought against them. The king commanded them to fight against [the] Picts; and they did so, and had victory wherever they came. Then they sent to Angeln, and told them to send more help. They then sent to them more help. Then the men came from three tribes in Germany: from [the] Old Saxons, from [the] Angles, from [the] Jutes.

455. In this year Hengest and Horsa fought against Vortigern the king in the place which is called Aylesford; and his brother Horsa was slain [lit. one slew his brother Horsa]. And after that Hengest and Æsc his son succeeded to kingship [lit. Hengest succeeded to kingship, and Æsc his son].

457. In this year Hengest and Æsc fought against [the] Britons in the place which is called Crayford, and there slew four thousand men [lit. of men]. The Britons then abandoned Kent, and with great fear fled to London.


Hengest Horsa Υ֥ƥ翯ˤĤƤϡanglo-saxon εΤۤȤ櫓ʲ򻲾ȡ

#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])
#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])
#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])
#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1])
#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])
#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1])
#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1])
#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ ([2017-10-16-1])
#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-06-1]

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2010-05-21 Fri

#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ [jute][history][germanic][popular_passage][dialect][kyng_alisaunder][map][anglo-saxon]

Ѹˤϡ449ǯ̥ɥĤǥޡʬۤƤ󥰥 ( Angles ) ( Saxons )塼ȿ ( Jutes ) λ̱²ޥɤȤƥ֥ƥϤäƤȤ˻Ϥޤ ( see [2009-06-04-1] )Ȥβ Vortigern ̱²षƤ뤳ȤԤΦͦԤʥޥͤ򾷤󤻤ȤȤطʤˤ롥ǯŪ449ǯȸΤϡűѸγؼ Bede ˤ The Ecclesiastical History of the English People Ȥ˽ˤεҤ뤫Ǥ롥εҤϸ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˤѤ졤֥ƥˤѸޤ᤿ Anglo-Saxon ϻϤˤޤĤäȤơߤ˻ޤǹڤƤThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ϹܤɽǤ The Peterborough Chronicle 449ǯεҤ顤ͭ̾ʰűѸǰѤ褦ѸȤȤˡIrvine (35) ȴФΤǤ롥

Ða comon þa men of þrim megðum Germanie: of Aldseaxum, of Anglum, of Iotum. Of Iotum comon Cantwara 7 Wihtwara, þet is seo megð þe nu eardaþ on Wiht, 7 þet cyn on Westsexum þe man nu git hæt Iutnacynn. Of Ealdseaxum coman Eastseaxa 7 Suðsexa 7 Westsexa. Of Angle comon, se a syððan stod westig betwix Iutum 7 Seaxum, Eastangla, Middelangla, Mearca and ealla Norþhymbra.


PDE translation: Those people came from three nations of Germany: from the Old Saxons, from the Angles, and from the Jutes. From the Jutes came the inhabitants of Kent and the Wihtwara, that is, the race which now dwells in the Isle of Wight, and that race in Wessex which is still called the race of the Jutes. From the Old Saxons came the East Saxons, the South Saxons, and the West Saxons. From the land of the Angles, which has lain waste between the Jutes and the Saxons ever since, came the East Anglians, the Middle Anglians, the Mercians, and all of the Northumbrians.


ΰ˴ŤƷƤܽ ( migration myth ) ϡĤλ¤ʤƤΤդɬפǤ롥449ǯϰܽξħǯȤ򤹤٤ǡºݤˤϤ饲ޥ̱²Φ֥ƥ˰ܽ򳫻ϤƤפ롥ޤ449ǯ˰٤˰ܽä櫓ǤϤʤ56ˤʳŪ˰ܽ꽻֤줿ȤȤ⤢롥¾ˤϡ󥰥͡͡塼ȿͤλ̱²¾˥ե󥯿 ( Franks ) ⤳ΰܽ˲ääƤȤ롥ƱͤˡߤǤϵ뤵ƤϤ뤬եꥸ ( Frisians ) κߤƤܽξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡޤʤȤ¿褦Ǥ ( Hoad 27 )
ΰˤ⤢Ȥꡤ׻̱²ΦΤ줾θϤ֥ƥΤ褽ϤؤȰܽ绨Ĥ˸С塼ȿͤ Kent the Isle of Wightͤϥ󥰥ء󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ذܽ꽻ʲάϿ޻ȡˡűѸϱѸ줬֥ƥäƤʬΤǤϤʤΦˤǤʬƤ̱²ͳ褹ȹͤ롥

Homeland of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes

ޥ̱²Τʤǡä Jutes β̤ˤĤƤ[2009-05-31-1]򻲾ȡޤΰˤĤƤϡ饤󤫤űѸѸǻȤǤ롥

Irvin, Susan. "Beginnings and Transitions: Old English." The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 2006. 32--60.
Hoad, Terry. "Preliminaries: Before English." The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 2006. 7--31.

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2009-05-31 Sun

#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τ [jute][map][anglo-saxon][history]

5֥ȥ͡ʥȤΰɡˤΥԥȿ͡åȿͤй뤿ˡΦΥޥͤ˱᤿ǡ󥰥 (Angles) (Saxons)塼ȿ (Jutes) ˱ѸȸƤФȤƥ֥ƥؤäƤϾԼǤ֥ȥͤӽβ֥ƥ˼Ωʾ夬ѸλϤޤ𤲤Ǥ롥
󥰥ͤȥͤ "Anglo-Saxon" Ȥ̤ΤƤ롥ä˥󥰥ͤʤɤ "England" "English" Ȥ줽ΤΤ˹׸Ƥ롥٤ơ塼ȿͤ˱ƤϡߤΥǥޡΥȥɤäƤȤ롥ȥɤϡѸǤ "Jutland" ֥塼ȿͤϡפɽϿ޻ȡˡ

Map of Denmark

塼ȿͤϡ֥ƥǤ Kentthe Isle of Wight, ư Hampshire ˽夤褦
ơŪ塼ȿͤ̾Τˡβ̤ŪҲ𤷤ƤűѸ˳˲ȡؼԤ Bede ˤС֥ȥͤβ Vortigern ΦƤӴ󤻤ޥͤ礷ƤΤ Hengist Horsa Ȥ̾ηǤäλ¹˥Ȳ򼣤벦ȤʤäȤ顤βȷϤϥ塼ȿͤäǽ⤤Ĥޤꡤ֥ƥ˱Ѹ줬դǽη˴ؤäΤϡ塼ȿͤμΤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥餬֥ƥؤ꽻ܤĤθǡΦ˻ĤäƤ󥰥ͤ䥵ͤޤ̤ɲŪ˥֥ƥظƤӴ󤻤ΤǤ롥
塼ȿͤαѸ˾ΰյĤޤ֥ƥDZѸ򳫻ϤȤӡǰƬ֤Ƥ

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