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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-07-07 Tue

#6280. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][philology]



³ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǡˤ helwa Ǯ֤1ʸIJ˶ƤĶɲμ¶Ͽ꡼ǤVoicy heldio ۿϢưʤ顤̾ιԴ֤Ωˤ©Ƹߤ³Ƥޤ
ī heldio ǿǤϡ64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ᤯ȤʤȾʬ (p. 85) ɤϤƤޤ⡤ɤΥ꡼ϡhelwa/heldio ߥ˥ƥ˷礫ʤإᥤȤǤꡤƱ֤Ǥ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤǤ
ޤǤ˸Ƥ褦ˡ٥ͥǥȲ״˱ѸήƥѸ¿ϡܤ̤Ƴ줿ʪŪؽŪѸǤΥåȤȤʤʸǤϡñ줬θűѸθηϤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤʸŪʻѻɤΤ褦ꡦꤹ٤ʤΤȤơޤޤƥΤޤѤƤ괰ƱʤäñΥꥹȤįʤ顤ʸۤɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥʸؤ˸ؤˡ˴ؤˤޤƧ߹ǵƤޤҤդ礤

It would be possible to extend these lists considerably by including words that were taken over in their foreign form and not assimilated. Such words as epactas, corporale, confessores, columba (dove), columne, cathedra, catacumbas, apostata, apocalipsin, acolitus, absolutionem, invitatorium, unguentum, cristalla, cometa, bissexte, bibliothece, basilica, adamans, and prologus show at once by their form their foreign character. Although many of them were later reintroduced into the language, they do not constitute an integral part of the vocabulary at this time. In general, the later borrowings of the Christian period come through books. An occasional word assigned to this later period may have been in use earlier, but there is nothing in the form to indicate it, and in the absence of any instance of its use in the literature before Alfred it is safer to put such borrowings in the latter part of the Old English period.


B&C Ķɥ꡼βΥ󥯽ؤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 饢ǤޤҲޤƤİˤʤꡤܽɤ̤ơ˭ʤѸˤ­ƧƤС


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2026-07-06 Mon

#6279. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][helwa]



δϢ ([2026-06-19-1]) ˰³Voicy heldio μϿηȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ȤȤŰŪɤƤεϿϤޤǮդɽβ򤽤ΤޤޤϤ heldio ۿ꡼ϡʥꥹʡγα˻٤ơäȤǤϤޤĴ˿ʤǤޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡ³64ɤʤƤޤΥ֥Ϥβۿȥ󥯤ƤȤʤޤ⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
heldio ۿ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤϡ٥ͥǥȲפ⤿餷طΥƥѸ˾ƤޤϤˤγ¦˹ʪŪؽŪʸäؤޤűѸμѸȤСꥹȶȼŪŪʥƥѸ줬۵ޤ٥ͥǥȲ״˥ƥ줫ήäϤȤϰ褷ƤޤƳؽŪѸ줬ΩĤ褦ˤʤΤǤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷Ǥޤ (p. 85) ʪ̾Ѹ졤ưʪ̾Τʤɡμ餬ܤ̤Ƴäο̣襤ޤ

But we miss the group of words relating to everyday life characteristic of the earlier period. Literary and learned words predominate. Of the former kind are accent, brief (the verb), decline (as a term of grammar), history, paper, pumice, quatern (a quire or gathering of leaves in a book), and term(inus), title. A great number of plant names are recorded in this period. Many of them are familiar only to readers of old herbals. Some of the better known include celandine, centaury, coriander, cucumber, ginger, hellebore, lovage, periwinkle, petersili (parsley), and verbena.9 A few names of trees might be added, such as cedar, cypress, fig, laurel, and magdala (almond).10 Medical terms, like cancer, circulādl (shingles), paralysis, scrofula, plaster, and words relating to the animal kingdom, like aspide (viper), camel, lamprey, scorpion, and tiger, belong apparently to the same category of learned and literary borrowings.

9 A number of interesting words of this class have not survived in modern usage, such as aprotane (wormwood), armelu (wild rue), caric (dry fig), elehtre (lupin), mānrūfie (horehound), nepte (catnip), pollegie (pennyroyal), and hymele (hop-plant).
10 Most of these words were apparently bookish at this time and had to be reintroduced later from French.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ķɥ꡼̤Ū񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤θ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸Ƥ800ߡ̵Υ֥Ǥ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2026-06-19 Fri

#6262. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



˰³Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ŰŪ祤ȤƤĶɲפεϿǤǮդ븽β򤽤ΤޤޤϤ Voicy heldio ۿ꡼⡤ޤ©Ĺ³Ƥޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡƬɤϤƤޤ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ ǤΥ֥Ϥκǿ̩ܤ˥󥯤¶ѤȤʤޤ
⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤץإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤https://www.ntu.ac.jp/research/kyoin/kodomo/gakoukyouiku/kaneta_t.html">󤵤ʳءˤˡͤȤɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
ơ󤫤Ϥ褤 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ꤵ줿ޤޤɤäƤ֥٥ͥǥȲספȤŪ꤬ͤºݤαѸθäˤɤΤ褦Ѳ⤿餷ΤŪʼѸ (loan_word) ΥꥹȤȤȤ˸ڤƤȤˤʤޤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷ǤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 84--85ˡ64Ƭ顤褽30ʬ򤫤Ʒ6ʸκ˶Ƥޤ

The influence of Latin upon the English language rose and fell with the fortunes of the church and the state of learning so intimately connected with it. As a result of the renewed literary activity just described, a new series of Latin importations took place. These differed somewhat from the earlier Christian borrowings in being words of a less popular kind and expressing more often ideas of a scientific and learned character. They are especially frequent in the works of Ælfric and reflect not only the theological and pedagogical nature of his writings but also his classical tastes and attainments. His literary activity and his vocabulary are equally representative of the movement. As in the earlier Christian borrowings, a considerable number of words have to do with religious matters: alb, Antichrist, antiphoner, apostle, canticle, cantor, cell, chrism, cloister, collect, creed, dalmatic, demon, dirge, font, idol, nocturn, prime, prophet, sabbath, synagogue, troper.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ϥ֤ȤƤѤѸˤΥޥŪ񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤˿ɽθ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸ƤŪʤפȤ˳ڤ֤򡤤ĤǤ⤪ԤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-07-06-1]

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2026-06-18 Thu

#6261. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (7) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ѸˤؤּԤˤȤäƤΥХ֥Ȥ Baugh and Cable ̾6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭СȤȤ1ʸġʤʡ1줺ġˤäɤ߲򤤤ƤĶɲפȾŪʥڡǽŤͤƤޤǻ̩ɽζ򤽤ΤޤޤϤ Voicy heldio βۿ꡼⡤Ťз³ǤϤ3ǯ᤯вᤷޤߤ¤˿ʤǤꡤߤ63θȾƤޤ
ī heldio ˤơκǿۿޤ#1845. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-7) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤΥ֥ϤβۿȤäϢưǤΥåץǡȤȤʤޤ
⡤heldio/helwa ߥ˥ƥ򸣰إᥤȤǤꥳꥹʡ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡʥӥȤɤ϶꡼ɤƤޤ˽ޤä̾Υ꡼ȤȤˡƥȤαŪطʤ򷡤굯褦ʡĤʤΥǥפɤߤǽ֤Ȥʤޤ
ɽǥåȤȤʸʲ󼨤ޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 83--84) 63˶ᤤս꤫顤褽40ʬλ֤򤫤Ʒ6ʸ̩ɤ߲򤤤Ƥޤ10ȾΥ٥ͥǥȲפαѸ˾ΰյǽƤ

One of the objects of special concern in this work of rehabilitation was the improvement of education---the establishment of schools and the encouragement of learning among the monks and the clergy. The results were distinctly gratifying. By the close of the century the monasteries were once more centers of literary activity. Works in English for the popularizing of knowledge were prepared by men who thus continued the example of King Alfred, and manuscripts both in Latin and the vernacular were copied and preserved. It is significant that the four great codices in which the bulk of Old English poetry is preserved date from this period. We doubtless owe their existence to the reform movement.


B&C ɽΤޤǤεפˤĤƤϡ٤ƥƤꡤĤǤإǽǤۿؤΥʥӥ󥯤ϡε#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡҤ򤴻ȤŪ񿴤ɷ㤵줿ϡҤȤǤܽꤵ졤Ķɲβ򥬥ɥ֥åˤİйǤޤİǤʤ̤䥪饤θǥꥢ륿˵˲äꤿפȤǮդ򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)áƤߤƤΤä򿴤ꤪԤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2026-04-30 Thu

#6212. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (5) (6) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]




ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6Ǥαʸhelwa СȤȤˤäĶɤƤɽȾŪ˳ŤƤޤɽͻҤVoicy heldio βǥ̤Ƹ륷꡼³Ǥ2023ǯ7˳ϤƤ3ǯ夬Фޤ63ޤǿʤǤƤޤ
ī heldio ˤơ꡼ǿۿƤޤ#1796. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-5) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤī heldio Ǥϡ³ԤȤʤ#1797. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-6) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղۿͽǤΤǡ碌2ܤϢưܵޤ
⡤heldio/helwa ꥹʡǥإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤɲ꡼ɤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤ̾Υ꡼ȤȤˡĤʤοɤߤǽ뤳ȤǤޤ
оݤαʸʲ˷ǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 83--84) B&C 632κǽ餫顤1֤ۤɤ15ʸɤ߿ʤޤ

But abuses when bad enough have a way of bringing about their own reformation. What is needed generally is an individual with the zeal to lead the way and the ability to set an example that inspires imitation. King Alfred had made a start. Besides restoring churches and founding monasteries, he strove for twenty years to spread education in his kingdom and foster learning. His efforts bore little fruit. But in the latter half of the tenth century, three great religious leaders, imbued with the spirit of reform, arose in the church: Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 988), Athelwold, bishop of Winchester (d. 984), and Oswald, bishop of Worcester and archbishop of York (d. 992). With the sympathetic support of King Edgar these men effected a genuine revival of monasticism in England. The true conception of the monastic life was inseparable from the observance of the Benedictine Rule. Almost everywhere in England this had ceased to be adhered to. As the first step in the reform, the secular clergy were turned out of the monasteries and their places filled by monks pledged to the threefold vow of chastity, obedience, and poverty. In their work of restoration the reformers received powerful support from the example of continental monasteries, notably those at Fleury and Ghent. These had recently undergone a similar reformation under the inspiring leadership of Cluny, where in 910 a community had been established on even stricter lines than those originally laid down by St. Benedict. Dunstan had spent some time at the Abbey of Blandinium at Ghent; Oswald had studied the system at Fleury; and Athelwold, although wanting to go himself, had sent a representative to Fleury for the same purpose. On the pattern of these continental houses a number of important monasteries were re-created in England, and Athelwold prepared a version of the Benedictine Rule, known as the Concordia Regularis, to bring about a general uniformity in their organization and observances. The effort toward reform extended to other divisions of the church, indeed to a general reformation of morals, and brought about something like a religious revival in the island.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢ǤޤƲؤΥ󥯤ϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ؿΤϡܽꤷơɲۿİСޤɲ̡饤ľܻä줿ϡ Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤ꤯


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-14 Tue

#6196. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǤαʸVoicy heldio ȤǥѤơĶɤƤ꡼Ǥ
ī heldio ˤơ10ˤϤ³Ԥۿޤ#1780. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-4) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤɤߤƤ hellog ϡβۿϢưȤʤäƤޤ
⡤إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤɲ꡼ɤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤפ֤ˡ̤ǤΥ饤դɽȤʤäƤޤΤǡڤİ뤫ȻפޤΥ˾äĹϿ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡheldio ǤȾȾ2ʬƤϤƤޤϸȾȤʤޤ
оݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83) B&C 633ʸΤߤǤäɤƤޤ

So few were there that I cannot remember a single one south of the Thames when I came to the kingship." A century later, Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, echoed the same sentiment when he said, "Until Dunstan and Athelwold revived learning in the monastic life no English priest could either write a letter in Latin, or understand one." It is hardly likely, therefore, that many Latin words were added to the English language during these years when religion and learning were both at such a low ebb.


űѸ츶ʸθѤꡤɤߤˤսǤ˹ߤʸȤ߹ޤƤ뤫ɤˤạ̈廊սȤʤޤޤĶɤΤˤظˤ븶ʸʺξˤϸűѸ츶ʸˤռ뤳ȤڤⴶȻפޤ⤿ؤ¤ΤɽȤʤޤ
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-04-04 Sat

#6186. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ѸˤθŵŪ̾Ǥ Baugh and Cable 6ǤαʸVoicy heldio ȤǥѤơĶפΤĤɤǤäȲᤷƤĹŪʴǤפ֤κǿȤʤޤۿ2023ǯ717äΤǡ줳3ǯ³Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ63äƤޤŪˤϤޤޤűѸǤ
ǿϡī Voicy heldio ˤ#1770. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղȤƤϤƤޤ hellog ⡤heldio ۿϢưƤޤ
ĤΤ褦˥إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤȤȤɤʤƤޤűѸθʸʤѤƤս꤬³Ƥ뤿ᡤ΢ɤߡפڤʬȤʤäƤޤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 83)

By the time of Alfred, things had reached such a pass that he looked upon the past as a golden age which had gone, "when the Kings who ruled obeyed God and His evangelists," and when "the religious orders were earnest about doctrine, and learning, and all the services they owed to God"; and he lamented that the decay of learning was so great at the beginning of his reign "that there were very few on this side of the Humber who could understand their rituals in English, or translate a letter from Latin into English, and I believe not many beyond the Humber.


˰³ظˤűѸ츶ʸͽۤʤɤ߿ʤޤTaku ⡤򶯤ռƲᤵƤޤɤȼƤƤ⡤줹űѸ츶ʸ˴ؿ⤿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ۿǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡظˤűѸƥȤɤʤɤ⡤ᤤۿȻפäƤޤB&CɤΤˤϡƻǤƻˤʤޤΤ褦ɤɤǤƱ heldio ǤϡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ǤθűѸֺ¥꡼ŸƤޤΤǡɤƤƤˤϡθűѸ츶ʸɬɤ߲򤯤ȤǤޤˤäB&Cɤ̣襤ܤ⿼ʤ뤳ȤݾڤޤҤդ礤С
ơB&CɽβϡʽΤΤͭۿȤʤäƤޤˤ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-28 Sun

#6089. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1673. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-2) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯϤޤܥ֥Ǥ3ˤ⤷#6086. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-25-1]) ³ԤȤʤޤ
إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡ³ɽ꡼ɤƤޤʤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤˡ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83) 褷ĹʤǤȤˤäɤƤޤ

Probably a less worthy type was drawn by these new conditions into the religious profession. We hear much complaint about immoderate feasting and drinking and vanity in dress. In the religious houses, discipline became lax, services were neglected, monasteries were occupied by groups of secular priests, many of them married; immorality was flagrant. The work of education was neglected, and learning decayed.


οԤɸ塤ɽˤΩ񤤤ȡɲսޤƤΥǥåλ֤ꡤϿƤޤ᤬˿ޤȻפޤΤǡäȤİС
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-25 Thu

#6086. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1670. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-1) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯϤޤ轵˳Ť줿⡼ȤǤ helwa ˺ǯˤơ̼ϿΤǤ
⡤إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˿ʹԤôƤB&C 63κǽ8ʸ򤸤äɤƤޤϡ10Υ󥰥ɤˤ The Benedictine Reform ʥ٥ͥǥȲסˤǤβսϡβפ˻ޤǤطʤ̤Ƥޤ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83)

The flourishing state of the church that resulted in these significant additions to the English language unfortunately did not continue uninterrupted. One cause of the decline is to be attributed to the Danes, who at the end of the eighth century began their ravages upon the country. Lindisfarne was burnt in 793, and Jarrow, Bede's monastery, was plundered the following year. In the ninth century throughout Northumbria and Mercia, churches and monasteries lay everywhere in ruins. By the tenth century, the decline had affected the moral fiber of the church. It would seem as though once success had been attained and a reasonable degree of security, the clergy relaxed their efforts. Wealthy men had given land freely to religious foundations in the hope of laying up spiritual reserves for themselves against the life in the next world. Among the clergy poverty gave way to ease, and ease by a natural transition passed into luxury.


³Ԥ heldio ϿѤߤǤΤǡ᡹ۿͽǤB&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-13 Sat

#6074. ĶɥΡȤΥǥǤƤߤޤ [bchel][ai]

ϡʸɤȤСΥΡȤ˼񤭤ǥʤɤ񤭹ॹ뤬ŪäȤиڡκ¦оݤȤʤʸ򡤹Դ֤˽ʬʥڡĤļ񤭤Ǽ̤ԡΤŽդ뤫ιԴ֤񤭹դꤷΤä¦ϡ񤭹ꡤʳμͳʥ񤭤ΥڡȤ
ǥˤʤäƤȤϤΤ褦ʻΥΡȤȤʤʤäǥؤˡϤʤȡõꡤƤΤޤꤷä꤯ΤʤϺʤΤ򺣤οѡAIϤڤơʬߤˡԤ߽ФΤ⤪⤷⤷ʤȡ1ĻƤߤDeepRead ̾դɥΡȤΦǤǤ롥
ȤΤϡʤ󡪡˺εǤҲ𤷤 B&C ɲսheldio Ǥۿľ2ʬβսαʸǡΥΡȥƥƤߤ

#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-09-1])
#6073. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (5) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-12-1])

ǽȤƤϥץǡξޥСȡɤͽʳǸܤȤʤƥȥեդ⤬ݥåץåפȤΤΤʲɽ̤Υ᡼ºݤˤˬƤС


bchel_deepread_62_4-5



εɽʤɤΥ󥿡եСäȻȤ䤹ʤȻפޤ֤ȤȤ heldio Ͽʤɤˤϡβɳդ󥯥åǵƤȤ٤Ȥǽղä뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤä꤯뤫ɤʬʤȤäƤߤͻҤ򸫤Ƥߤ
ϡɥΡȤΤ褦ʤΤΥǥкƤޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-12 Fri

#6073. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (5) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][loan_word][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1657. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-5) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤܥ֥Ǥ3ˤ⤷#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-09-1]) ³ԤȤʤޤ
³إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤοʹԤΤȡB&C 62κǸ3ʸ򤸤äɤƤޤŪñ줬¿󤵤ƤսʤΤǡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤʤɤٶˤʤϤǤ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 82)

Finally, we may mention a number of words too miscellaneous to admit of profitable classification, like anchor, coulter, fan (for winnowing), fever, place (cf. market-place), spelter (asphalt), sponge, elephant, phoenix, mancus (a coin), and some more or less learned or literary words, such as calend, circle, legion, giant, consul, and talent. The words cited in these examples are mostly nouns, but Old English borrowed also a number of verbs and adjectives such as āspendan (to spend; L. expendere), bemūtian (to exchange; L. mūtāre), dihtan (to compose; L. dictāre), pīnian (to torture; L. poena), pīnsian (to weigh; L. pēnsāre), pyngan (to prick; L. pungere), sealtian (to dance; L. saltāre), temprian (to temper; L. temperāre), trifolian (to grind; L. trībulāre), tyrnan (to turn; L. tornāre), and crisp (L. crispus, 'curly'). But enough has been said to indicate the extent and variety of the borrowings from Latin in the early days of Christianity in England and to show how quickly the language reflected the broadened horizon that the English people owed to the church.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) B&C ΤǤߤСޤޤĶɥ꡼פȤäƤ褤Ǥäڡ³ƤĤǤҳܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-09 Tue

#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][loan_word][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1654. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-4) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤ127ˤθ˥饤dzŤĶɲͻҤϿΤΰǤ
˰³إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˿ʹ̳Ƥ˥إᥤȿ̾ˤ⤪Ω񤤤ޤޤǡī˭ǽ¤֤ᤴȤǤޤ꤬ȤޤĶɲԤ1Ⱦۤɡθο֤Ǥ1ĶȤĹǤ heldio/helwa ʣʬۿƤͽǤ
ơīۿǥСƤΤϡB&C 62θȾλϤޤȤʤ "But the church . . ." 4ʸǤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 82)

But the church also exercised a profound influence on the domestic life of the people. This is seen in the adoption of many words, such as the names of articles of clothing and household use: cap, sock, silk, purple, chest, mat, sack;6 words denoting foods, such as beet, caul (cabbage), lentil (OE lent), millet (OE mil), pear, radish, doe, oyster (OE ostre), lobster, mussel, to which we may add the noun cook;7 names of trees, plants, and herbs (often cultivated for their medicinal properties), such as box, pine,8 aloes, balsam , fennel, hyssop, lily, mallow, marshmallow, myrrh, rue, savory (OE sæperige), and the general word plant. A certain number of words having to do with education and learning reflect another aspect of the church's influence. Such are school, master, Latin (possibly an earlier borrowing), grammatic(al), verse, meter, gloss, and notary (a scribe).


6 Other words of this sort, which have not survived in Modern English, are cemes (shirt), swiftlere (slipper), sūtere (shoemaker), byden (tub, bushel), bytt (leather bottle), cēac (jug), læfel (cup), orc (pitcher), and strǣl (blanket, rug).
7 Cf. also OE cīepe (onion, ll. cēpa), nǣp (turnip; L. nāpus), and sigle (rye, V.L. sigale).
8 Also sæppe (spruce-fir) and mōrbēam (mulberry tree).


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-13-1] [2025-12-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-09-19 Fri

#5989. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe][hellive2025][loan_word]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1548. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-2) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īۿޤ#1573. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-3) with Taku --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פǤϵ913ڡˤֱѸ˥饤2025ˤơī7᤮ۿǤϤΤǤ
ĶɲƱͤˡإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˻ʲ̳ƤޤˤϡΤۤ̾ΥإᥤȤ⥮꡼ȤƻäƤꡤīǮɲȤʤäƤޤ40ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơ18ʸۤɤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤɤˤǮۤ߼ĤġҤդ礤С
ʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 81--82)

It is obvious that the most typical as well as the most numerous class of words introduced by the new religion would have to do with that religion and the details of its external organization. Words are generally taken over by one language from another in answer to a definite need. They are adopted because they express ideas that are new or because they are so intimately associated with an object or a concept that acceptance of the thing involves acceptance also of the word. A few words relating to Christianity such as church and bishop were, as we have seen, borrowed earlier. The Anglo-Saxons had doubtless plundered churches and come in contact with bishops before they came to England. But the great majority of words in Old English having to do with the church and its services, its physical fabric and its ministers, when not of native origin were borrowed at this time. Because most of these words have survived in only slightly altered form in Modern English, the examples may be given in their modern form. The list includes abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, Arian, ark, candle, canon, chalice, cleric, cowl, deacon, disciple, epistle, hymn, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster, noon, nun, offer, organ, pall, palm, pope, priest, provost, psalm, psalter, relic, rule, shrift, shrive, shrive, stole, subdeacon, synod, temple, and tunic. Some of these were reintroduced later.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-25 Mon

#5964. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īΥۿޤ
Ʊ621θȾʬBut ǻϤޤʬޤǤ򡤥إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤĶɤƤޤ21ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơä10Ⱦۤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤΤ٤ꡤߡɤˤǮۤ߼äƤйǤ
оݤαʸ夲սޤƷǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 81) Ķɤˤդ礤

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate. But it would be a mistake to think that the enrichment of the vocabulary that now took place occurred overnight. Some words came in almost immediately, others only at the end of this period. In fact, it is fairly easy to divide the Latin borrowings of the Second Period into two groups, more or less equal in size but quite different in character. The one group represents words whose phonetic form shows that they were borrowed early and whose early adoption is attested also by the fact that they had found their way into literature by the time of Alfred. The other contains words of a more learned character first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries and owing their introduction clearly to the religious revival that accompanied the Benedictine Reform. It will be well to consider them separately.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.


[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-08-23 Sat

#5962. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the VocabularyۿޤإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤȤȤˡפ֤ Baugh and Cable Ķɲ򳫤ޤ1֤ۤǮɽȤʤޤ1ְʾ򤫤ɤ߿ʤ᤿Τ621ΤߤǤ˭ɲλ֤ heldio ϿƤޤͻҤԤȸԤ2ʬơheldio Ȥۿޤ
62ǤϡűѸŪᤤˤƥ줫θŪƶˤĤơȤȤƤޤɤ̣臘ȤȤˡ2ͤΤ٤ڤߤʤ顤űѸȥƥδط˻פڤƤߤƤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 81) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤С

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-04-08 Tue

#5825. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (3) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ [bchel][latin][greek][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



B&C 61 helwa ˹ݲղˤƥإᥤ8̾ĶɤͻҤ륷꡼3ơʺǽˤǤī Voicy heldio #1409. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-3) Effects of Christianity on English Civilizationۿޤդ礤ϡҥȤ󤻤Ƥˤ褤ɤߤ夲Ƥޤ礦ʤ1Ƥ2ƤˤĤƤϡʲ򻲾Ȥ

1ơۡ#5817. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (1) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ ([2025-03-31-1])
2ơۡ#5822. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (2) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ ([2025-04-05-1])

3ƤǤ61θȾʬɤޤ30ʬƤäפƤޤ

His most famous pupil was the Venerable Bede, a monk at Jarrow. Bede assimilated all the learning of his time. He wrote on grammar and prosody, science and chronology, and composed numerous commentaries on the books of the Old and New Testament. His most famous work is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731), from which we have already had occasion to quote / more than once and from which we derive a large part of our knowledge of the early history of England. Bede's spiritual grandchild was Alcuin, of York, whose fame as a scholar was so great that in 782 Charlemagne called him to be the head of his Palace School. In the eighth century, England held the intellectual leadership of Europe, and it owed this leadership to the church. In like manner, vernacular literature and the arts received a new impetus. Workers in stone and glass were brought from the continent for the improvement of church building. Rich embroidery, the illumination of manuscripts, and church music occupied others. Moreover, the monasteries cultivated their land by improved methods of agriculture and made numerous contributions to domestic economy. In short, the church as the carrier of Roman civilization influenced the course of English life in many directions, and, as is to be expected, numerous traces of this influence are to be seen in the vocabulary of Old English.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-04-05 Sat

#5822. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (2) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ [bchel][latin][greek][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio ۿ#1406. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-2) Effects of Christianity on English CivilizationȤϢưǤhelwa ˹ݲղˤơü8̾DZѽĶɲ򳫤ޤ1Ƥ331ε#5817. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (1) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ ([2025-03-31-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ2ƤȤʤޤ
ܤΤϡ61ΰʲ8ʸʤ뤯ǤۤĹʤսǤ22ʬۤɤɤƤޤ

A decade or two later, Aldhelm carried on a similar work at Malmesbury. He was a remarkable classical scholar. He had an exceptional knowledge of Latin literature, and he wrote Latin verse with ease. In the north, the school at York became in time almost as famous as that of Canterbury. The two monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow were founded by Benedict Biscop, who had been with Theodore and Hadrian at Canterbury and who on five trips to Rome brought back a rich and valuable collection of books. His most famous pupil was the Venerable Bede, a monk at Jarrow. Bede assimilated all the learning of his time. He wrote on grammar and prosody, science and chronology, and composed numerous commentaries on the books of the Old and New Testament.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-31 Mon

#5817. B&C 61 "Effects of Christianity on English Civilization" (1) --- Ķɲ˹ݲꤪϤ [bchel][latin][greek][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio #1401.ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-1) Effects of Christianity on English Civilizationۿޤ˳Ť줿 helwa ιꡦ˹ݲղưΰĤȤơī˹ݲνɤǼϿĶɲȾʬϤƤޤ
˰³ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˻ʲ򤪴ꤤƤޤ7̾ΥإᥤȤȲɤĶɲ򳫤ȤΤϡʾʤ˭ʻ֤Ǥɽ90ʬĹȤʤäΤǡϿ3ۤɤʬƤϤƤȻפޤ1Ƥǡ45ʬۤɤۿȤʤޤ
61Ƥϡ7Ⱦ8Υ󥰥γؼȤ٤Τǡ˥ꥹȶؤɮƬȤ䤬λΥ󥰥ɤ˲ֺ餭ΦŪư˱ƶͿޤǤ˻äƤޤʸΤΤɤ߱ꡤ¥ƤޤƱ֤ȤȤ˵ǤΤӤǤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 80) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤

61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.
The introduction of Christianity meant the building of churches and the establishment of monasteries. Latin, the language of the services and of ecclesiastical learning, was once more heard in England. Schools were established in most of the monasteries and larger churches. Some of these became famous through their great teachers, and from them trained men went out to set up other schools at other centers. The beginning of this movement was in 669, when a Greek bishop, Theodore of Tarsus, was made archbishop of Canterbury. He was accompanied by Hadrian, an African by birth, a man described by Bede as "of the greatest skill in both the Greek and Latin tongues." They devoted considerable time and energy to teaching. "And because," says Bede, "they were abundantly learned in sacred and profane literature, they gathered a crowd of disciples ... and together with the books of Holy Writ, they also taught the arts of poetry, astronomy, and computation of the church calendar; a testimony of which is that there are still living at this day some of their scholars, who are as well versed in the Greek and Latin tongues as in their own, in which they were born."


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-08-1] [2025-04-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-01-07 Tue

#5734. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 3 Taku ʤۤإᥤȿ̾ˤɤޤ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][st_augustine][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio #1318. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-3) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡۿޤϺǯ1226ڡˤͼۿɼ¶ѤΥǤǤ
̲ϥإᥤȤ󤿤Ȥ˺ǯͤƤΤǡ䤫Ǥϡ˰³ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˻ʲ򤪴ꤤޤˡȤȤϽؤʾءˤ˲ääƤޤإᥤȤȤƤϡGrace ykagata , lacolaco , Lilimi פäĤäޤ8̾ǤΤؤ󽼼¤ɲȤʤޤ
ɲս60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain" 3ǤۤĹʤ1Ǥ55ʬۤɤƳǡĶɤޤʸ̤ˡ˭ʡ׻֤Ȥʤޤä gradual Ȥܸΰ̣ᤰäơϤؤ礭ʳؤӤ뤳ȤǤޤ֤ΤȤˡоݤΥƥȤȤʤ1ʬʸϡBaugh and Cable, pp. 79--80 ʲ˷ǺܡˤɤĤġĶɤˤդ礤

The conversion of the rest of England was a gradual process. In 635 Aidan, a monk from the Scottish monastery of Iona, independently undertook the reconversion of Northumbria at the invitation of King Oswald. Northumbria had been Christianized earlier by Paulinus but had reverted to paganism after the defeat of King Edwin by the Welsh and the Mercians in 632. Aidan was a man of great sympathy and tact. With a small band of followers he journeyed from town to town, and wherever he preached he drew crowds to hear him. Within twenty years, he had made all Northumbria Christian. There were periods of reversion to paganism and some clashes between the Celtic and the Roman leaders over doctrine and authority, but England was slowly won over to the faith. It is significant that the Christian missionaries were allowed considerable freedom in their labors. There is not a single instance recorded in which any of them suffered *martyrdom* in the cause they espoused. Within a hundred years of the landing of Augustine in Kent, all England was Christian.


ȴϢο hellog heldio ƥĤϡ#5686. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 1ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-11-20-1]) ˵󤲤󥯽ꤴȤB&C ɼ¶Ѥϡ޼»ܤƤȻפޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2024-11-24 Sun

#5690. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 2 Taku ɤޤ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][st_augustine][history][bede]



ī Voicy heldio #1274. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-2) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡۿޤ4ۿ#1270. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-1) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- ɼ¶ѡ³ԤǤhellog ǤƱݤε [2024-11-20-1] Ƥޤˡ
ɼ¶ѡפʤΤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ΰĤȤơȤ򤪾ĤĤϤƤΤǤ˰³ MC Ȥ󤵤ʳءˤˤб餤ޤVoicy ΥܼϿʥ饤˵ǽѤƤߤΤǤ⽽ʬ˥ꥢǤ
ɲս60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain" 2ǤۤĹʤ1Taku 60ʬ᤯Ƥäɤߤޤ¤˭ɥǤ󥰥ɤΥꥹȶ˺äƤ˥åä⤹뤯Ǥ֤ΤȤˡоݥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 79 ʲ˷ǺܡˤɤʤĶɤΤ⤷ǽƤС

It is not easy to appreciate the difficulty of the task that lay before this small band. Their problem was not so much to substitute one ritual for another as to change the philosophy of a nation. The religion that the Anglo-Saxons shared with the other Germanic tribes seems to have had but a slight hold on the people at the close of the sixth century; but their habits of mind, their ideals, and the action to which these gave rise were often in sharp contrast to the teachings of the New Testament. Germanic philosophy exalted physical courage, independence even to haughtiness, and loyalty to one's family or leader that left no wrong unavenged. Christianity preached meekness, humility, and patience under suffering and said that if a man struck you on one cheek you should turn the other. Clearly it was no small task that Augustine and his forty monks faced in trying to alter the age-old mental habits of such a people. They might even have expected difficulty in obtaining a respectful hearing. But they seem to have been men of exemplary lives, appealing personality, and devotion to purpose, and they owed their ultimate success as much to what they were as to what they said. Fortunately, upon their arrival in England one circumstance was in their favor. There was in the kingdom of Kent, in which they landed, a small number of Christians. But the number, though small, included no less a person than the queen. Æthelberht, the king, had sought his wife among the powerful nation of the Franks, and the princess Bertha had been given to him only on condition that she be allowed to continue undisturbed in her Christian faith. Æthelberht set up a small chapel near his palace in Kentwarabyrig (Canterbury), and there the priest who accompanied Bertha to England conducted regular services for her and the numerous dependents whom she brought with her. The circumstances under which Æthelberht received Augustine and his companions are related in the extract from Bede given §47 earlier. Æthelberht was himself baptized within three months, and his example was followed by numbers of his subjects. By the time Augustine died seven years later, the kingdom of Kent had become wholly Christian.


ȴϢο hellog heldio ƥĤϡ#5686. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 1ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-11-20-1]) ˵󤲤󥯽ꤴȤB&C ɼ¶Ѥϡ޼»ܤƤȻפޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

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