ī Voicy heldio #1401.ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (61-1) Effects of Christianity on English Civilizationۿޤ˳Ť줿 helwa ιꡦ˹ݲղưΰĤȤơī˹ݲνɤǼϿĶɲȾʬϤƤޤ
˰³ Taku ʳءˤ˻ʲꤤƤޤ7̾ΥإᥤȤȲɤĶɲȤΤϡʾʤ˭ʻ֤Ǥɽ90ʬĹȤʤäΤǡϿ3ۤɤʬƤϤƤȻפޤ1Ƥǡ45ʬۤɤۿȤʤޤ
61Ƥϡ7Ⱦ8ΥγؼȤ٤Τǡ˥ꥹȶؤɮƬȤ䤬λΥɤ˲ֺ餭ΦŪư˱ƶͿޤǤ˻äƤޤʸΤΤɤ߱ꡤ¥ƤޤƱ֤ȤȤ˵ǤΤӤǤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 80) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤
61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.
The introduction of Christianity meant the building of churches and the establishment of monasteries. Latin, the language of the services and of ecclesiastical learning, was once more heard in England. Schools were established in most of the monasteries and larger churches. Some of these became famous through their great teachers, and from them trained men went out to set up other schools at other centers. The beginning of this movement was in 669, when a Greek bishop, Theodore of Tarsus, was made archbishop of Canterbury. He was accompanied by Hadrian, an African by birth, a man described by Bede as "of the greatest skill in both the Greek and Latin tongues." They devoted considerable time and energy to teaching. "And because," says Bede, "they were abundantly learned in sacred and profane literature, they gathered a crowd of disciples ... and together with the books of Holy Writ, they also taught the arts of poetry, astronomy, and computation of the church calendar; a testimony of which is that there are still living at this day some of their scholars, who are as well versed in the Greek and Latin tongues as in their own, in which they were born."
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ī Voicy heldio #1318. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-3) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡۿޤϺǯ1226ڡˤͼۿɼ¶ѤΥǤǤ
̲ϥإᥤȤȤ˺ǯͤƤΤǡ䤫Ǥϡ˰³ Taku ʳءˤ˻ʲꤤޤˡȤȤϽؤʾءˤ˲ääƤޤإᥤȤȤƤϡGrace ykagata , lacolaco , Lilimi פäĤäޤ8̾ǤΤؤ¤ɲȤʤޤ
ɲս60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain" 3ǤۤĹʤ1Ǥ55ʬۤɤƳǡĶɤޤʸ̤ˡ˭ʡ֤Ȥʤޤä gradual Ȥܸΰ̣ᤰäơϤؤ礭ʳؤӤ뤳ȤǤޤ֤ΤȤˡоݤΥƥȤȤʤ1ʬʸϡBaugh and Cable, pp. 79--80 ʲ˷ǺܡˤɤĤġĶɤˤդ礤
The conversion of the rest of England was a gradual process. In 635 Aidan, a monk from the Scottish monastery of Iona, independently undertook the reconversion of Northumbria at the invitation of King Oswald. Northumbria had been Christianized earlier by Paulinus but had reverted to paganism after the defeat of King Edwin by the Welsh and the Mercians in 632. Aidan was a man of great sympathy and tact. With a small band of followers he journeyed from town to town, and wherever he preached he drew crowds to hear him. Within twenty years, he had made all Northumbria Christian. There were periods of reversion to paganism and some clashes between the Celtic and the Roman leaders over doctrine and authority, but England was slowly won over to the faith. It is significant that the Christian missionaries were allowed considerable freedom in their labors. There is not a single instance recorded in which any of them suffered *martyrdom* in the cause they espoused. Within a hundred years of the landing of Augustine in Kent, all England was Christian.
ȴϢο hellog heldio ƥĤϡ#5686. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 1ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-11-20-1]) ˵ꤴȤB&C ɼ¶Ѥϡ»ܤƤȻפޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ī Voicy heldio #1274. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-2) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- Taku ɼ¶ѡۿޤ4ۿ#1270. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-1) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- ɼ¶ѡ³ԤǤhellog ǤƱݤε [2024-11-20-1] Ƥޤˡ
ɼ¶ѡפʤΤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ΰĤȤơȤĤĤϤƤΤǤ˰³ MC Ȥʳءˤˤб餤ޤVoicy ΥܼϿʥ饤˵ǽѤƤߤΤǤ⽽ʬ˥ꥢǤ
ɲս60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain" 2ǤۤĹʤ1Taku 60ʬƤäɤߤޤ¤˭ɥǤɤΥꥹȶ˺äƤ˥åä⤹뤯Ǥ֤ΤȤˡоݥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 79 ʲ˷ǺܡˤɤʤĶɤΤ⤷ǽƤС
It is not easy to appreciate the difficulty of the task that lay before this small band. Their problem was not so much to substitute one ritual for another as to change the philosophy of a nation. The religion that the Anglo-Saxons shared with the other Germanic tribes seems to have had but a slight hold on the people at the close of the sixth century; but their habits of mind, their ideals, and the action to which these gave rise were often in sharp contrast to the teachings of the New Testament. Germanic philosophy exalted physical courage, independence even to haughtiness, and loyalty to one's family or leader that left no wrong unavenged. Christianity preached meekness, humility, and patience under suffering and said that if a man struck you on one cheek you should turn the other. Clearly it was no small task that Augustine and his forty monks faced in trying to alter the age-old mental habits of such a people. They might even have expected difficulty in obtaining a respectful hearing. But they seem to have been men of exemplary lives, appealing personality, and devotion to purpose, and they owed their ultimate success as much to what they were as to what they said. Fortunately, upon their arrival in England one circumstance was in their favor. There was in the kingdom of Kent, in which they landed, a small number of Christians. But the number, though small, included no less a person than the queen. Æthelberht, the king, had sought his wife among the powerful nation of the Franks, and the princess Bertha had been given to him only on condition that she be allowed to continue undisturbed in her Christian faith. Æthelberht set up a small chapel near his palace in Kentwarabyrig (Canterbury), and there the priest who accompanied Bertha to England conducted regular services for her and the numerous dependents whom she brought with her. The circumstances under which Æthelberht received Augustine and his companions are related in the extract from Bede given §47 earlier. Æthelberht was himself baptized within three months, and his example was followed by numbers of his subjects. By the time Augustine died seven years later, the kingdom of Kent had become wholly Christian.
ȴϢο hellog heldio ƥĤϡ#5686. B&C 60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period" 1ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-11-20-1]) ˵ꤴȤB&C ɼ¶Ѥϡ»ܤƤȻפޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
īۿ줿 Voicy heldio ˤ#1270. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (60-1) Latin Influence of the Second Period --- ɼ¶ѡϤƤޤѸˤθŵŪ̾ɤॷϤä³Ƥꡤ60ޤǿʤǤޤ264ᤢܤʤΤǡޤޤǤϤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ꤴޤ
˥åʥʤΤ̾ Voicy heldio ͭۿȤƤϤƤΤǤޤ˰ɤƤơɼ¶ѡפեǤϤƤޤɲϡʳءˤ˻ڤäƤޤơhelwa ꥹʡ濴7̤̾ǻäޤlacolaco ykagata ƣ蘆פäĤLilimi ϽؤˡؤǮɽȤʤޤʤʤɲȤۤƱСǡرѸ츻ŵ٤ɽ⤿ޤ˳ŤƤޤheldio #1266. chair sit --- رѸ츻ŵɲ with lacolaco İ
ɲս60 "Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain" ǤűѸˤƥαƶˤĤơɤΥꥹȶȤδϢƤޤ3ʤǤ1֤ۤɤƺǽ1ΤߤĶɤƽޤܥ٤®٤Τۤɤ狼뤫Ȼפޤˡʲƥ (Baugh and Cable, pp. 78--79) Ǻܤޤ
60. Latin Influence of the Second Period: The Christianizing of Britain The greatest influence of Latin upon Old English was occasioned by the conversion of Britain to Roman Christianity beginning in 597. The religion was far from new in the island, because Irish monks had been preaching the gospel in the north since the founding of the monastery of Iona by Columba in 563. However, 597 marks the beginning of a systematic attempt on the part of Rome to convert the inhabitants and make England a Christian country. According to the well-known story reported by Bede as a tradition current in his day, the mission of St. Augustine was inspired by an experience of the man who later became Pope Gregory the Great. Walking one morning in the marketplace at Rome, he came upon some fair-haired boys about to be sold as slaves and was told that they were from the island of Britain and were pagans. "Alas! what pity," said he, "that the author of darkness is possessed of men of such fair countenances, and that being remarkable for such a graceful exterior, their minds should be void of inward grace?" He therefore again asked, what was the name of that nation and was answered, that they were called Angles. "Right," said he, "for they have an angelic face, and it is fitting that such should be co-heirs with the angels in heaven. What is the name," proceeded he, "of the province from which they are brought?" It was replied that the natives of that province were called Deiri. "Truly are they de ira," said he, "plucked from wrath, and called to the mercy of Christ. How is the king of that province called?" They told him his name was Ælla; and he, alluding to the name, said "Alleluia, the praise of God the Creator, must be sung in those parts." The same tradition records that Gregory wished himself to undertake the mission to Britain but could not be spared. Some years later, however, when he had become pope, he had not forgotten his former intention and looked about for someone whom he could send at the head of a missionary band. Augustine, the person of his choice, was a man well known to him. The two had lived together in the same monastery, and Gregory knew him to be modest and devout and thought him well suited to the task assigned him. With a little company of about forty monks Augustine set out for what seemed then like the end of the earth.
ȴϢο hellog heldio ƥĤ¿ƤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤޤ
Ρhellog
#2902. Pope Gregory Υꥹȶ۶ˤۤȥ ([2017-04-07-1])
#5526. Pope Gregory ΥθܤǤߤ ([2024-06-13-1])
#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1])
#5450. heldio ο͵ --- ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 4 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤס ([2024-03-29-1])
#5476. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 5 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ ([2024-04-24-1])
#5497. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 6 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ ([2024-05-15-1])
#5514. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 7 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ ([2024-06-01-1])
#5527. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 8 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ and ¤ ([2024-06-14-1])
Ρheldio ƥġ
#1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ
#1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)
#1078. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (3)
#1093.֤ϤƤθűѸ7ơ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (4)
#1107. ֤ϤƤθűѸ8ơ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (5)
⤳ɥ³Ƥޤ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013. ꤷơդ礤С

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Voicy heldio ˤ#1205. Baugh and Cable 57ɼ¶ --- ֱѸ˥饤2024פۿޤϡ#5607. ֱѸ˥饤2024פ B&C 57 "Chronological Criteria" ɼ¶Ѥޤ ([2024-09-02-1]) ͽ𤷤Ȥꡤ98ˤ˳Ť줿ֱѸ˥饤2024פīȤˤۿ줿ȤȤˤʤäƤޤ
ʳءˤᥤMC̳ᡤϽؤʾءˤȻ䤬äǤɼ¶ѤǤإᥤȡhelwa ꥹʡˤ khelf С̾ȤƼϿ˵碌ۿǤİˤʤäꥹʡΤ81̾ãޤؤ֤Ǥī夲Ƥꡤ꤬Ȥޤ
夲ϡ¤ϥƥ˥ǤűѸΥƥѸˤĤơ줾ñ줬ƱǤ⤤ļڤ줿ΤмѤǯ¬˴ؤˡȤʤäƤޤ夲ƤƥѸϤ֤ŪǤϤޤѲӸؤμˡ˸ƤŪƤȤʤäƤޤ
ɲˤäƤǫ˱ʸɤ߲ƤСɬǤޤ˸ظΥƥ¦̤θ뤳ȤǤǤ礦48ʬۤɤĹܤǤҤ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİ
Baugh and Cable ɥΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤҤε˥ƥȤꤷơ1ᤫ餪İС

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Baugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾ Voicy heldio ˤ1᤺ɤƤäȿʤƤޤǯ7˳ϤͭǤޤɲʤɤǤ̾ heldio ˤ̵Ƥޤ
98ˤ12 heldio ۿδֱѸ˥饤2024פŤޤī 8:00-- 8:55 55ʬȤǡBaugh and Cable 57ɼ¶ѡפ̵ͽǤʳءˤϽؤʾءˤī3ͤ䤫ɲ깭Ƥޤ
ƥȤǤʤΤˡɤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ57 "Chronological Criteria" (pp. 73--75) αʸʲ˷ǺܤƤޤűѸΥƥѸǯ¬˴ؤ륨ƥʲսǤäͽƤƤޤȡɼ¶ѤڤİȤǤȻפޤ
57. Chronological Criteria.In order to form an accurate idea of the share that each of these three periods had in extending the resources of the English vocabulary, it is first necessary to determine as closely as possible the date at which each of the borrowed words entered the language. This is naturally somewhat difficult to do, and in the case of some words it is impossible. But in a large number of cases it is possible to assign a word to a given period with a high degree of probability and often with certainty. It will be instructive to pause for a moment to inquire how this is done.
The evidence that can be employed is of various kinds and naturally of varying value. Most obvious is the appearance of the word in literature. If a given word occurs with fair frequency in texts such as Beowulf, or the poems of Cynewulf, such occurrence indicates that the word has had time to pass into current use and that it came into English not later than the early part of the period of Christian influence. But it does not tell us how much earlier it was known in the language, because the earliest written records in English do not go back beyond the year 700. Moreover, the late appearance of a word in literature is no proof of late adoption. The word may not be the kind of word that would naturally occur very often in literary texts, and so much of Old English literature has been lost that it would be very unsafe to argue about the existence of a word on the basis of existing remains. Some words that are not found recorded before the tenth century (e.g., pīpe 'pipe', cīese 'cheese') can be assigned confidently on other grounds to the period of continental borrowing.
The character of the word sometimes gives some clue to its date. Some words are obviously learned and point to a time when the church had become well established in the island. On the other hand, the early occurrence of a word in several of the Germanic dialects points to the general circulation of the word in the Germanic territory and its probable adoption by the ancestors of the English on the continent. Testimony of this kind must of course be used with discrimination. A number of words found in Old English and in Old High German, for example, can hardly have been borrowed by either language before the Anglo-Saxons migrated to England but are due to later independent adoption under conditions more or less parallel, brought about by the introduction of Christianity into the two areas. But it can hardly be doubted that a word like copper, which is rare in Old English, was nevertheless borrowed on the continent when we find it in no fewer than six Germanic languages.
The most conclusive evidence of the date at which a word was borrowed, however, is to be found in the phonetic form of the word. The changes that take place in the sounds of a language can often be dated with some definiteness, and the presence or absence of these changes in a borrowed word constitutes an important test of age. A full account of these changes would carry us far beyond the scope of this book, but one or two examples may serve to illustrate the principle. Thus there occurred in Old English, as in most of the Germanic languages, a change known as i-umlaut. (Umlaut is a German word meaning 'alteration of sound', which in English is sometimes called mutation.) This change affected certain accented vowels and diphthongs (æ, ā, ō, ū, ēa, ēo , and īo) when they were followed in the next syllable by an ī or j. Under such circumstances, æ and a became e, and ō became ē, ā became ǣ, and ū became ȳ. The diphthongs ēa, ēo, īo became īe, later ī, ȳ. Thus *baŋkiz > benc (bench), *mūsiz > mȳs, plural of mūs (mouse), and so forth. The change occurred in English in the course of the seventh century, and when we find it taking place ina word borrowed from Latin, it indicates that the Latin word had been taken into English by that time. Thus Latin monēta (which became *munit in Prehistoric OE) > mynet (a coin, Mod. E. mint) and is an early borrowing. Another change (even earlier) that helps us to date a borrowed word is that known as palatal diphthongization. By this sound change ǣ or ē in early Old English was changed to a diphthong (ēa and īe, respectively) when preceded by certain palatal consonants (ċ, ġ, sc). OE cīese (L. cāseus, chesse) mentioned earlier, shows both i-umlaut and palatal diphthongization (cāseus > *ċǣsi > *ċēasi > *ċīese). In many words, evidence for date is furnished by the sound changes of Vulgar Latin. Thus, for example, an intervocalic p (and p in the combination pr) in the Late Latin of northern Gaul (seventh century) was modified to a sound approximating a v, and the fact that L. cuprum, coprum (copper) appears in OE as copor with the p unchanged indicates a period of borrowing prior to this change (cf. F. cuivre). Again Latin ī changed to e before A.D. 400 so that words like OE biscop (L. episcopus), disc (L. discus), sigel 'brooch' (L. sigillum), and the like, which do not show this change, were borrowed by the English on the continent. But enough has been said to indicate the method and to show that the distribution of the Latin words in Old English among the various periods at which borrowing took place rests not upon guesses, however shrewd, but upon definite facts and upon fairly reliable phonetic inferences.
Baugh and Cable ɥΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤҤε˥ƥȤꤷơ1ᤫ餪İС
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Baugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾Voicy heldio ˤ1᤺ɤƤͭˤäȷ³Ǥܲ4Ϥ "Foreign Influences on Old English" ʸűѸؤ¾줫αƶˤäƤޤ5455ϡѸˤǤϰ̤̣ʰƤȸ줫αƶȤƤޤϥͤȥȿͤܿʤΤä⤷Ƥ54 "The Celtic Influence" ˤĤơαʸǤޤƥȤǤʤ⡤ؿСαʸȤĤġֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (54) The Celtic Influenceİ1ץ̵ǻİǤޤˡ
54. The Celtic Influence. Nothing would seem more reasonable than to expect that the conquest of the Celtic population of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and the subsequent mixture of the two peoples should have resulted in a corresponding mixture of their languages, that consequently we should find in the Old English vocabulary numerous instances of words that the Anglo-Saxons heard in the speech of the native population and adopted. For it is apparent that the Celts were by no means exterminated except in certain areas, and that in most of England large numbers of them were gradually assimilated into the new culture. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that at Andredesceaster or Pevensey a deadly struggle occurred between the native population and the newcomers and that not a single Briton was left alive. The evidence of the place-names in this region lends support to the statement. But this was probably an exceptional case. In the east and southeast, where the Germanic conquest was fully accomplished at a fairly early date, it is probable that there were fewer survivals of a Celtic population than elsewhere. Large numbers of the defeated fled to the west. Here it is apparent that a considerable Celtic-speaking population survived until fairly late times. Some such situation is suggested by a whole cluster of Celtic place-names in the northeastern corner of Dorsetshire. It is altogether likely that many Celts were held as slaves by the conquerors and that many of the Anglo-Saxons chose Celtic mates. In parts of the island, contact between the two peoples must have been constant and in some districts intimate for several generations.
̤ˤϡͤϥȿͤ䤷ˤʤɤȸ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤºݤˤδŰ٤ϰˤäƤۤʤäƤ岼طϤäȤƤճŸƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ
űѸȥȸθŪطϤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤǤ礦ϼ55 "Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwords" ʥȸ̾¾μѸˤǼ夲ƤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (55) Celtic Place-Names and Other Loanwordsɤ
heldio ΥΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Voicy heldio ΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #146 ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡϤޤB&C ˤѸˤ̾1᤺ɤƤͭΰĤǡűѸʸؤ⤹52ɤ߽ȤǤ
ɤʸϡ#5525. űѸʸ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ52 ([2024-06-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥp. 67 ˡΤ褦ʸϤޤ
All of these poems have their counterparts in other literatures of the Middle Ages. They show England in its cultural contact with Rome and being drawn into the general current of ideas on the continent, no longer simply Germanic, but cosmopolitan.
2ʸ "They show . . . ." ᤰäơhelwa ꥹʡδ֤ǡ֤ˤ錄ꥳˤǮʸɲåɤŸޤϤʸɤ߲ޤΤ˲᤹ˤϤäʸ̮ɤäƤɬפꤽǤ
åɤŸƤоʪϡפäumisio ʢαѸ춵Ǥä㤤ޤˡδ4̾ǤʲͭۿΥȤʤΤǰ̤ˤϸƤʤΤǤطԳư̤εĤơɤߤ䤹ԽǸޤɤ1ʸΤ˲ᤷƤߤƤ
פä
umisio52ᡤĹǤ~Ƕᡤäɤ߽ޤumisio⡤ĥäƲʻϡ67ڡ They show England ~ ʸϤι¤ޥ祤2Ǻߤޤ
umisio
䡤ֿ~ʤǤĹƾ©ڤ쵤̣Ǥ֤ݤǴĥ줽ǤȤŦβսꡤʬޤ⤷Ф餯ͤʬʤäΤǤʸǤʤ夵ˤ䤻˿ʤǤޤthey λؤȻפΤǤ show England ɤΤ夵ܤαޤä鶵Ƥ
22:00 פꡥϻʸʸʸظζʬꡤʸظ˻ʸȱʸȤ顤In the development of ʲ2ԤԽʬǤϤʤ
32:00 ˼Ŧ³Ƥޤ
ޤ补SVOC ιʸȡThey show {=V} England {=O} in its cultural contact with Rome and being drawn ... the continent {=C},{=Ʊ} no longer simply Germanic, but cosmopolitan.
ϡO C ͻҤ V Ƥ롤ηȻפޤΤϤʤǤ֤ˤοϡɤޤʸŪܿ衼åΦΰŪʻۤĬή˰ޤƤͻҤĤޤꥤɤϤñ˥ޥŪʤǤϤʤȤߤĶƤͻҤªƤ롥סcurrent ȰäƤǤ̾ĬήפǤ
פä
umisio ĹǤǡ٥դΥåɤDeor ᰥʻ빽ʤФʤΤǶˡեå粦ʼ̱ʸͿˤȽꡤٶˤʤޤΤǡĥäơե졼ե졼˴ؤͻѸ줬ʥƥ٤ơäȼʲΤǤϡεⶽ̣äǤ͡
⤳ʥȤƤȤǤ
ߤˡThey show~ ϡthey ָűѸΥꥹȶ̣λ these poemsסin Ūϡcontact being drawnסno longer ʲ being ά줿ʬ칽ʸȤơ˹ͤޤ
ľ֤λϡʸŪʥޤȤܿΦˤͤΰŪư˰ळȤˡɤ줿ĤޤꡤλϡϤñ˥ޥŪʤǤʤݥʥ衼åΦŪˤʤΤȤʤäΤ
֤λˤäơɤϥޤʸ̤ǤܿΦǤΰŪʹͤ褦ˤʤäΤĤޤ~
ɤǤ礦
umisio
夵פäĤ
夵 SVOC ΤŦǤ褦䤯ʤϤǤ֤ɤˤʤäƤΤ show ä褦ʡ䤷 equally ꡤξ硤İĤñΰ̣¤ˤƤȤ褦ʵޤۿ (52) Ǥ礭ȿǤ礤ˤʤ뵤ŤǤǡʾƧޤƤޤ
֤ˤοϡɤޤȤʸŪܿ¤ӤΦΰŪʻۤĬήε۰ФǡϤʥɤϡñ˥ޥŪǤǤϤʤΦŪǤ뤳Ȥ show Ƥ롥פȤޤɤʤǤ礦
umisio ѷ빽Ǥޤ
פäĤshow ־פȤȤ롤ȤȤǤ͡ȤƤ show = reveal 餫ˤ롤פǤϤʤȡ
ɤ֤顤 In its ... ǤϤޤʸ Old English literature reveals (at ...) the outlook and temper of the Germanic mind. ָűѸʸؤϥޥŪȹͤƤפȤꡤˤƤʸȸƱƤơ֤áפƤʤޤ¤٤ƸƤ
פä
夵umisio
ֿ꤬Ȥޤshow reveal ΰ̣ England θ in ˤƤΤ⡥
ƱʸˤĤƸäɤγڤǤ͡轵ϰͤǥ˥㥦˥ͤƤޤ夵Ʋäս⤦ɤǤߤޤ
δ
夬äƤƳڤǤ͡
ʸιʸνˤʤ褦ʰŪѥե졼äƤߤޤǤ礦
All of these poems let us see England in a new way; that is, something that had been in contact with Rome and now was being drawn into the general current of ideas on the continent. In other words, England in the Old English period was no longer a simply Germanic nation, but a cosmopolitan one.
ʾǤ
ʤۤǤsee in a new way ȤΤϤɤΤͳ褹ΤǤ礦
פä
⡪ˤ꤬ȤޤβǼǤޤɤȡʤޤˡcosmopolitan ʤΤ poems Ǥ England ʤǤ͡ʪˤäƳʸΦŪʤΡˤ롤ȤήʤΤȻפpoems England ΦαƶΤȻפǤޤޤ
Ǥ⡤poems ϸΤǡcosmopolitan poems ȤȤϡ˹̱ cosmopolitan ǤȤȤʤǤ͡
ͤޤޤ³ɡĥޤ
δ
פäĤŪˤ no longer ʹߤϤϤꤳʸŪǤ England εҤʤΤȹͤޤäȤꡤŪ˼ They (= these poems) ˤڤǤ櫓ǤϤޤ
夵in a new way ϰȤʾˡβ¿ʬ줿ʬǤɼԤϡB&C ΤޤǤεҤ顤Ѹϥޥɤ°ǤꡤűѸ䥢ȤФޤʬ˥ޥŪʸǤȤݤƤϤǤȤ England = simply Germanic Ȥ櫓Ǥʤ¤ cosmopolitan ʤΤȤǿǤФƤƤ褦ɤ߹ȤǤ
ʤۤɡ³ but cosmopolitan ꤹ in a new way Ȥ֥ѥե졼פǤ͡
umisio
B&C ⤽ǯۤȤϤǤޤ³ޤ͡ǤǤ餢ǤҤȥץå夤Ǥ礦ץǤϤޤץåǤǰΤˡ
䡤ȤƤͭյdzڤ֤ȤʤޤפäĤϤޤ夵ڤ餷оȤϡʤʥƥġΥåɤ B&C üԤȤǤ͡ä helwa ~(>_<)
ΥåɤɤǴؿϡ B&C ɥˤäХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ɤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤǡĶɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ΥʤƤޤΥʤͭۿʤΤǤ̾ƤȤפ⤢ꡤޤ˥ƥȤʤ̵ۿԤʤäƤޤޤǤΥۿΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ǥǧ

ܲ3Ϥ褽λȤޤƤޤ3ϤκǸΤ52 "Old English Literature" (pp. 65--68) ǤűѸʸؤ˴ؤפ3ڡĶǡû֤ĶɤˤϤʤʤ궯Ǥ1ͤDz⤹ˤϲ٤ŤȤȤǡ612ʿˤͼ5ȾꡤϤʽÿͤơ60ʬɼ¶ѤȤ2ͤǤϤͽǤʤǤ⽪ʤСץߥۿ helwa ǰ³ۿ뤳Ȥ⽽ʬˤޤˡİɤ
ϸۿȤȤǡƥȤʲ˷ǺܤƤޤʤ³ΤˡܽƤСˡ *
52. Old English Literature. The language of a past time is know by the quality of its literature. Charters and records yield their secrets the philologist and contribute their quota of words and inflections to our dictionaries and grammars. But it is in literature that a language displays its full power, its ability to convey in vivid and memorable form the thoughts and emotions of a people. The literature of the Anglo-Saxons is fortunately one of the richest and most significant of any preserved among the early Germanic peoples. Because it is the language mobilized, the language in action, we must say a word about it.
Generally speaking, this literature is of two sorts. Some of it was undoubtedly brought to England by the Germanic conquerors from their continental homes and preserved for a time in oral tradition. All of it owes its preservation, however, and not a little its inspiration to the reintroduction of Christianity into the southern part of the island at the end of the sixth century, an event whose significance for the English language will be discussed in the next chapter. Two streams thus mingle in Old English literature, the pagan and the Christian, and they are never quite distinct. The poetry of pagan origin is constantly overlaid with Christian sentiment, while even those poems that treat of purely Christian themes contain every now and again traces of an earlier philosophy not wholly forgotten. We can indicate only in the briefest way the scope and content of this literature, and we shall begin with that which embodies the native traditions of the people.
The greatest single work of Old English literature is Beowulf. It is a poem of some 3,000 lines belonging to the type known as the folk epic, that is to say, a poem which, whatever it may owe to the individual poet who gave it final form, embodies material long current among the people. It is a narrative of heroic adventure relating how a young warrior, Beowulf, fought the monster Grendel, which was ravaging the land of King Hrothgar, slew it and its mother, and years later met his death while ridding his own country of an equally destructive foe, a fire-breathing dragon. The theme seems somewhat fanciful to a modern reader, but the character of the hero, the social conditions pictured, and the portrayal of the motives and ideals that animated people in early Germanic times make the poem one of the most vivid records we have of life in the heroic age. It is not an easy life. It is a life that calls for physical endurance, unflinching courage, and a fine sense of duty, loyalty, and honor. A stirring expression of the heroic ideal is in the words that Beowulf addresses to Hrothgar before going to his dangerous encounter with Grendel's mother: "Sorrow not... . Better is it for every man that he avenge his friend than that he mourn greatly. Each of us must abide the end of this world's life; let him who may, work mighty deeds ere he die, for afterwards, when he lies lifeless, that is best for the warrior."
Outside of Beowulf, Old English poetry of the native tradition is represented by a number of shorter pieces. Anglo-Saxon poets sang of the things that entered most deeply into their experience---of war and of exile, of the sea with its hardships and its fascination, of ruined cities, and of minstrel life. One of the earliest products of Germanic tradition is a short poem called Widsith in which a scop or minstrel pretends to give an account of his wanderings and of the many famous kings and princes before whom he has exercised his craft. Deor, another poem about a minstrel, is the lament of a scop who for years has been in the service of his lord and now finds himself thrust out by a younger man. But he is no whiner. Life is like that. Age will be displaced by youth. He has his day. Peace, my heart! Deor is one of the most human of Old English poems. The Wanderer is a tragedy in the medieval sense, the story of a man who once enjoyed a high place and has fallen upon evil times. His lord is dead and he has become a wanderer in strange courts, without friends. Where are the snows of yesteryear? The Seafarer is a monologue in which the speaker alternately describes the perils and hardships of the sea and the eager desire to dare again its dangers. In The Ruin, the poet reflects on a ruined city, once prosperous and imposing with its towers and halls, its stone courts and baths, now but the tragic shadow of what it once was. Two great war poems, the Battle of Brunanburh and the Battle of Maldon, celebrate with patriotic fervor stirring encounters of the English, equally heroic in victory and defeat. In its shorter poems, no less than in Beowulf, Old English literature reveals at wide intervals of time the outlook and temper of the Germanic mind.
More than half of Anglo-Saxon poetry is concerned with Christian subjects. Translations and paraphrases of books of the Old and New Testament, legends of saints, and devotional and didactic pieces constitute the bulk of this verse. The most important of this poetry had its origin in Northumbria and Mercia in the seventh and eighth centuries. The earliest English poet whose name we know was Cædmon, a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby. The story of how the gift of song came to him in a dream and how he subsequently turned various parts of the Scriptures into beautiful English verse comes to us in the pages of Bede. Although we do not have his poems on Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and the like, the poems on these subjects that we do have were most likely inspired by his example. About 800, and Anglian poet named Cynewulf wrote at least four poems on religious subjects, into which he ingeniously wove his name by means of runes. Two of these, Juliana and Elene, tell well-known legends of saints. A third, Christ, deals with Advent, the Ascension, and the Last Judgment. The fourth, The Fates of the Apostles, touches briefly on where and how the various apostles died. There are other religious poems besides those mentioned, such as the Andreas, two poems on the life of St. Guthlac, a portion of a fine poem on the story of Judith in the Apocrypha; The Phoenix, in which the bird is taken as a symbol of the Christian life; and Christ and Satan, which treats the expulsion of Satan from Paradise together with the Harrowing of Hell and Satan's tempting of Christ. All of these poems have their counterparts in other literatures of the Middle Ages. They show England in its cultural contact with Rome and being drawn into the general current of ideas on the continent, no longer simply Germanic, but cosmopolitan.
In the development of literature, prose generally comes late. Verse is more effective for oral delivery and more easily retained in the memory. It is therefore a rather remarkable fact, and one well worthy of note, that English possessed a considerable body of prose literature in the ninth century, at a time when most other modern languages in Europe had scarcely developed a literature in verse. This unusual accomplishment was due to the inspiration of one man, the Anglo-Saxon king who is justly called Alfred the Great (871--99). Alfred's greatness rests not only on his capacity as a military leader and statesman but also on his realization that greatness in a nation is no simply physical thing. When he came to the throne he found that the learning which in the eight century, in the days of Bede and Alcuin, had placed England in the forefront of Europe, had greatly decayed. In an effort to restore England to something like its former state, he undertook to provide for his people certain books in English, books that he deemed most essential to their welfare. With this object in view, he undertook in mature life to learn Latin and either translated these books himself or caused others to translate them for him. First as a guide for the clergy he translated the Pastoral Care of Pope Gregory, and then, in order that the people might know something of their own past, inspired and may well have arranged for a translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. A history of the rest of the world also seemed desirable and was not so easily to be had. But in the fifth century when so many calamities were befalling the Roman Empire and those misfortunes were being attributed to the abandonment of the pagan deities in favor of Christianity, a Spanish priest named Orosius had undertaken to refute this idea. His method was to trace the rise of other empires to positions of great power and their subsequent collapse, a collapse in which obviously Christianity had had no part. The result was a book which, when its polemical aim had ceased to have any significance, was still widely read as a compendium of historical knowledge. This Alfred translated with omissions and some additions of his own. A fourth book that he turned into English was The Consolation of Philosophy b Boethius, one of the most famous books of the Middle Ages. Alfred also caused a record to be compiled of the important events of English history, past and present, and this, as continued for more than two centuries after his death, is the well-known Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. King Alfred was the founder of English prose, but there were others who carried on the tradition. Among these is Ælfric, the author of two books of homilies and numerous other works, and Wulfstan, whose Sermon to the English is an impassioned plea for moral and political reform.
So large and varied a body of literature, in verse and prose, gives ample testimony to the universal competence, at times to the power of beauty, of the Old English language.
¤̣襤Ǥ͡ơ4 "Foreign Influences on Old English" ؤȿʤߤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2024/06/16(Sun)
嵭2֤ۿޤǤ2ʬƤϤޤ2ܤϥץߥۿȤʤޤˡ
(1) ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #146 ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
731ǯӡ (뤤ϥ١Bede [673--735]) ˤƥ蘆줿رѹ̱ˡ (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum [= Ecclesiastical History of the English People]) ϡ奤ɻˤŤʥƥȤǤ롥˥եå粦 (849--99) λؼΤȤǸűѸƤ롥
597ǯޤνƻΤǡ˥٥νʶȤʤ St. Augustine (?--604) ɤ۶ˤäƤɻ˾夭ƽʤǯ˵äˤĤơBede θűѸǤɤǤߤʲѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable (pp. 58--60) ˷ǺܤƤűѸ츶ʸƸ롥
Ða wæs on þā tīd Æþelbeorht cyning hāten on Centrīce, and mihtig: hē hæfde rīce oð gemǣru Humbre strēames, sē tōscādeþ sūðfolc Angelþēode and norðfolc. Þonne is on ēasteweardre Cent micel ēaland, Tenet, þæt is siex hund hīda micel æfter Angelcynnes eahte. . . . On þyssum ēalande cōm ūp sē Godes þēow Augustinus and his gefēran; wæs hē fēowertiga sum. Nāmon hīe ēac swelce him wealhstodas of Franclande mid, swā him Sanctus Gregorius bebēad. And þā sende to Æþelbeorhte ǣrendwrecan and onbēad þæt hē of Rōme cōme and þæt betste ǣrende lǣdde; and sē þe him hīersum bēon wolde, būton twēon he gehēt ēcne gefēan on heofonum and tōweard rīce būton ende mid þone sōþan God and þone lifigendan. Ðā hē þā sē cyning þās word gehīerde, þa hēt hē hīe bīdan on þæm ēalande þe hīe ūp cōmon; and him þider hiera þearfe forgēaf, oð þæt hē gesāwe hwæt hē him dōn wolde. Swelce ēac ǣr þǣm becōm hlīsa tō him þǣre crīstenan ǣfæstnesse, forþon hē crīsten wīf hæfde, him gegiefen of Francena cyningcynne, Beorhte wæs hāten. Þæt wīf hē onfēng fram hiere ieldrum þǣre ārǣdnesse þæt hēo his lēafnesse hæfde þæt hēo þone þēaw þæs crīstenan gelēafan and hiere ǣfæstnesse ungewemmedne healdan mōste mid þȳ biscope, þone þe hīe hiere tō fultume þæs gelēafan sealdon, þæs nama wæs Lēodheard.
Ðā wæs æfter manigum dagum þæt sē cyning cōm tō þǣm ēalande, and hēt him ūte setl gewyrcean; and hēt Augustinum mid his gefērum þider tō his sprǣce cuman. Warnode hē him þȳ lǣs hīe on hwelc hūs tō him inēoden; brēac ealdre hēalsunga, gif hīe hwelcne drȳcræft hæfden þæt hīe hine oferswīðan and beswīcan sceolden. . . . Þā hēt sē cyning hīe sittan, and hīe swā dydon; and hīe sōna him līfes word ætgædere mid eallum his gefērum þe þǣr æt wǣron, bodedon and lǣrdon. Þā andswarode sē cyning and þus cwæð: "Fæger word þis sindon and gehāt þe gē brōhton and ūs secgað. Ac forðon hīe nīwe sindon and uncūðe, ne magon wē nū gēn þæt þafian þæt wē forlǣten þā wīsan þe wē langre tīde mid ealle Angelþēode hēoldon. Ac forðon þe gē hider feorran elþēodige cōmon and, þæs þe mē geþūht is and gesewen, þā þing, ðā ðe [gē] sōð and betst gelīefdon, þæt ēac swelce wilnodon ūs þā gemǣnsumian, nellað wē forðon ēow hefige bēon. Ac wē willað ēow ēac fremsumlīce on giestlīðnesse onfōn and ēow andleofne sellan and ēowre þearfe forgiefan. Ne wē ēow beweriað þæt gē ealle, ðā þe gē mægen, þurh ēowre lāre tō ēowres gelēafan ǣfæstnesse geðīeden and gecierren."
ܲBaugh and Cable αѸ˽ A History of the English Language 1᤺ǫɤǤ饤ɽ Voicy heldio ŸǤͭۿǤ1ץϻİġˡ˰ѤűѸ츶ʸޤޤƤΤ47ǡäֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (47) The Language IllustratedǤǤϾ嵭θűѸ츶ʸϡʤĹ˲⤹Τ䰦Ƥޤ
䤦٤325ʷˤθ130ʬ heldio ˤۿޤϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤˡ֤ϤƤθűѸץΰĤȤƤ̴Ǥ嵭θűѸ츶ʸϡͽѤȤƷǤǤڤߤˡ

Bede θűѸθʸȤƤϡۤˤ#2900. 449ǯͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1]) ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
26ʲС˸4Ⱦ Voicy heldio ˤ#983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with ȾϽؤǤϤޤBaugh and Cable ˤѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ륷ΰĤǤ̥ȤȤʳءˤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˤơɼ¶ѤȤƤϤޤ嵭ϡ̾ۿǥȤƸΤǤ60ʬ֤ĹǤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
25ʷˤˤϡ hellog ǤͽԤȤʤ뵭#5397. ʸˡΡפͤ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2024-02-05-1]) ޤεǤϺܤ42 "Grammatical Gender" θʸǺܤƤޤΤǡįʤ餪İФȻפޤϡѸˤˤ (gender) ܤפʵؤΥĥäƤޤ
ۿİƤäꥹʡ umisio ޤȤΡȤäΥڡǸƤޤͽΤȤˤȤ

heldio B&C αѸˤɤ륷ΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ǤޤȤƤޤ264ᤢܤ42ˤ褦䤯ɤ夤ȤǤΤǡޤޤǤˤϸɤǤޤޤΤǡΥ饤ɥˤäСޤʲΥƥꤷƤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ǯ7꽵12Υڡ Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥʤƤޤ1200ߤͭۿȤʤäƤޤ1ץ˴ؤƤϤĤǤİĤǤޤȤɤƥȤʤ̵ΰۿԤʤäƤޤޤǤΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ˤޤȤƤޤΤǡǧ

ޤǤ41СƤޤܲűѸ3ϤäƤޤ夲42 "Grammatical Gender" ϡűѸ̾˳ǧʸˡΡסʤʸˡ (gender) ܤޤʲƱΥƥȤǺܤƤޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ
42. Grammatical Gender. As in Indo-European languages generally, the gender of Old English nouns is not dependent on considerations of sex. Although nouns designating males are often masculine, and those indicating females feminine, those indicating neuter objects are not necessarily neuter. Stān (stone) is masculine, and mōna (moon) is masculine, but sunne (sun) is feminine, as in German. In French, the corresponding words have just the opposite genders: pierre (stone) and lune (moon) are feminine, while soleil (sun) is masculine. Often the gender of Old English nouns is quite illogical. Words like mægden (girl), wīf (wife), bearn (child, son), and cild (child), which we should expect to be feminine or masculine, are in fact neuter, while wīfmann (woman) is masculine because the second element of the compound is masculine. The simplicity of Modern English gender has already been pointed out as one of the chief assets of the language. How so desirable a change was brought about will be shown later.
ʸˡ˴ؤ hellog Ǥ gender Υդ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤʤä˽פʵؤΥʲĥäƤޤ
#25. űѸ̾(1) ([2009-05-23-1])
#26. űѸ̾(2) ([2009-05-24-1])
#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä ([2009-05-26-1])
#487. ʰʸˡ ([2010-08-27-1])
#1135. ĸʸˡε ([2012-06-05-1])
#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])
#3293. űѸ̾ ([2018-05-03-1])
#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1])
#4040. ָȿǤƤʹ֤ʬեפεåȡ ([2020-05-19-1])
#4182. ָפΥơޤι ([2020-10-08-1])
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ܥ֥λǡǤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϡͭǤϤޤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפꤹ륪饤ĶɲΥȾǯΤ褽ŪˤϤƤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])
ǿȤʤֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (34) The Names "England" and "English"ۿޤEngland English ȤѸ˾夭ƽפʸθ츻ȾڡʸϤ30ʬʾ夫ƲۤƤޤ
βۿƨˡ6ꡤVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)פǤۿȤʤޤȴϢ֡ڱѸˤ #77ۿǯľرѸ츻ŵ٤ England English ɤꤷƤϤͽǤ

߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ˤ긵֤ƤϤܤ֤ǤʤϺΤ˥βͤˡʹƤйǤƽפñθ츻ꤷƤޤ
helwa ϥץߥͥǤ1̵λİӥƤޤ heldio ̾ۿİΤʤˤϡץߥͥϵˤʤäƤɲݶ⤷ƻäˤϥϡɥ뤬⤤ޤϤɤʷϵʤΤİƤߤȤ⤤ä뤫⤷ޤҤ1ΤİƤ³Ƥ褤Ȼפäˤ2ʹߤ⤪դ礤ФȻפޤǤʤмƤȤȤǡޤääǤ
;̤Ǥ嵭ͽѤΥȥˤ⼨ƤȤꡤhelwa ǤϥץߥꥹʡΥ饤ǯλθ7鳫ͽǤ
ͽΤˡȴϢ hellog, heldio, ¾ΥȤưʲƤޤ
128ʶˤˡʳؤȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio/helwa ۿޤȾȸȾ碌2ּǻ̩ʤ٤ɽȤʤޤ饤Ǥİ¿Υꥹʡ˴դޤ꤬Ȥޤ
оݤȤʤäΤϤƱ32 The Germanic Conquest ʥޥˤǤŪ˱ѸˤγϤȤ449ǯȤν˥եޤ̳Ƥ Taku ȤȤˡԤαʸӹĤġƤˤĤƤʤ٤겼ƵޤαʸƥȤϡͽ#5335. ֥ޥ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤס[2023-12-05-1]ˤ˷ǺܤƤޤ
(1) #922. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #65۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (32) The Germanic Conquest --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ12ʬΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
ɼ¶ѤİˤʤäơΥ饤ɥ˴ؿäϡܽꤷäɤƤФȻפޤְ㤤ʤɽǤۿΥХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ꤴǧ⽵12Υڡǥ³Ƥޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
5ۤɡBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥͭۿˤʤƤޤ12Υڡǡ11ɤʤ顤䤬ʸƤˤĤƱѸˤδ鼫ͳ˥ȤƤ饤ɽȤ³ƤޤɤǤ֤⾯ƤƤޤХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˤˤޤȤƤޤΤǡ餫饢Ƥ

ʤͭۿʤ1ץΤİġˤǤϤƤΤǤȤɤҲ𤹤Ȥݤ⤢̵ƤޤȤ櫓ȹֻդưɼ¶Ѥ̲ϡ¿İƤȤ⤢ꡤĹۿξʤȤ̵ƤޤΤΤ褦ʵϡ褿128ʶˤθ6ǤʳءˤȤȤˡܽ32Ȥʤ "The Germanic Conquest" ¶ѤǤϤޤȾ̾ۿȸȾץߥۿȤ߹碌2ּĹۿȤʤ븫ߤǤۿޤΤǤǤХ饤ǤİȤʤɤꤲƤФȻפޤԹ礬ĤʤΤ˸ȤƤۿͽǤ
оݤȤʤ32 "The Germanic Conquest" ֥ޥפϡѸ˾夭ƽפʥǤʲ2ڡΥƥȤǺܤƤޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ
32. The Germanic Conquest. About the year 449, an event occurred that profoundly affected the course of history. In that year, as traditionally stated, began the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the founders of the English nation. For more than a hundred years, bands of conquerors and settlers migrated from their continental homes in the region of Denmark and the Low Countries and established themselves in the south and east of the island, gradually extending the area they occupied until it included all but the highlands in the west and north. The events of these years are wrapped in much obscurity. Although we can form a general idea of their course, we are still in doubt about some of the tribes that took part in the movement, their exact location on the continent, and the dates of their respective migrations.
The traditional account of the Germanic invasions goes back to Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731, tells us that the Germanic tribes that conquered England were the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles. From what he says and from other indications, it seems possible that the Jutes and the Angles had their home in the Danish peninsula, the Jutes in the northern half (hence the name Jutland) and the Angles in the south, in Schleswig-Holstein, and perhaps in a small area at the base. The Saxons were settled to the south and west of the Angles, roughly between the Elbe and the Ems, possibly as far as the Rhine. A fourth tribe, the Frisians, some of whom almost certainly came to England, occupied a narrow strip along the coast from the Weser to the Rhine, together with the islands opposite. But by the time of the invasions, the Jutes had apparently moved down to the coastal area near the mouth of the Weser and possibly also around the Zuyder Zee and the lower Rhine, thus being in contact with both the Frisians and Saxons.
Britain had been exposed to attacks by the Saxons from as early as the fourth century. Even while the island was under Roman rule, these attacks had become sufficiently serious to necessitate the appointment of an officer known as the Count of the Saxon Shore, whose duty it was to police the southeastern coast. At the same time, the unconquered Picts and Scots in the north were kept out only at the price of constant vigilance. Against both of these sources of attack the Roman organization seems to have proved adequate. But the Celts had come to depend on Roman arms for this protection. They had, moreover, under Roman influence, settled down to a more peaceful mode of life, and their military traditions had lapsed. Consequently, when the Romans withdrew in 410, the Celts found themselves at a disadvantage. They were no longer able to keep out the warlike Picts and Scots. Several times they called upon Rome for aid, but finally the Romans, fully occupied in defending their own territory at home, were forced to refuse assistance. It was on this occasion that Vortigern, one of the Celtic leaders, is reported to have entered into an agreement with the Jutes whereby they were to assist the Celts in driving out the Picts and Scots and to receive as their reward the Isle of Thanet on the northeastern tip of Kent.
The Jutes, who had not been softened by contact with Roman civilization, were fully a match for the Picts and Scots. But Vortigern and the Celts soon found that they had in these temporary allies something more serious to reckon with than their northern enemies. The Jutes, having recognized the weakness of the Britons, decided to stay in the island and began making a forcible settlement in the southeast, in Kent. The settlement of the Jutes was a very different thing from the conquest of the island by the Romans. The Romans had come to rule the Celtic population, not to dispossess it. The Jutes came in numbers and settled on the lands of the Celts. They met the resistance of the Celts by driving them out. Moreover, the example of the Jutes was soon followed by the migration of other continental tribes. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, some of the Saxons came in 477, landed on the south coast, and established themselves in Sussex. In 495, further bands of Saxons settled a little to the west, in Wessex. Finally, in the middle of the next century, the Angles occupied the east coast and in 547 established an Anglian kingdom north of the Humber. Too much credence, of course, cannot be put in these statements or dates. There were Saxons north of the Thames, as the names Essex and Middlesex (the districts of the East Saxons and Middle Saxons) indicate, and the Angles had already begun to settle in East Anglia by the end of the fifth century. But the entries in the Chronicle may be taken as indicating in a general way a succession of settlements extending over more than a century, which completely changed the character of the island of Britain.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
1122ʿˤθˡkhelf ƣ蘆ȤȤˡɸˤĤ Voicy heldio ɼ¶ѤۿޤƱ hellog #5322. ²ͤθζ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-22-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤܤΤ2ϤκǸȤʤ26 "The Home of the Indo-Europeans" ǤӸؤˤǤפ1ĤǤꡤ̤夬ͽۤ줿Τǡǽ餫ĹۿǰƬˤƤޤ̤Ȥơ50ʬۤɤۿ3פ2ȾĹϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ饤ǤİΥꥹʡγˤϵŤʥȤޤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿθ塤11123ڡī̾ۿ2ƱΥץߥۿ324ʶΥץߥۿȤƤϤޤνʤɤ֤ΤޤˡʲƲİ
(1) #906. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans --- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 1/3
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #57۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 2/3
(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #58۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (26) The Home of the Indo-Europeans -- khelf ƣȤμ¶ 3/3
ʸɤؤ٤ɽȤʤäƤޤޤϡͤθζᤰΩƳ⤬͵ƤڵʤƧ߹ʬˤĤƤǤȻפޤ
⤳Υ饤ɽϡä³ƤͽǤɤ֤⾯ƤƤޤҴؿϡƥȤξ头äϢۿΰϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˤ˷ǺܤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥϤ4ޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˡäڡǤϤޤڤ줺˿ʤǤޤ饤ɤ֤⾯ƤƤޤ

ܲ2Ϥκǽᡤ26 The Home of the Indo-Europeans ְ²ͤθζפȤȤǤθ塤khelf ƣ蘆ȤȤˡ26ʤӤޤȤȤ2Τˤܤ Voicy heldio/helwa ˤɼ¶ѤۿͽǤå٤κۤȤޤȤǻȤʤϤǤ̩ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫²ȤθζˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˵Ȼפޤ
ϻϸ2ͽǡ̾ۿȥץߥۿȤ߹碌ƺĹ3֤ۤɤˤʤǽޤۿǤİˤʤʤϡǤۿޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤäİ褷ƤФȻפޤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեꤤޤܲե5,224̾ȤʤäƤޤˡޤۿǤꤲߤΥȤ⤪ԤƤޤΤǡҤ
ۿ˹碌4ڡ;8ʤ26Τǽ3ʲ˷ǺܤޤĤʬ碌ʸˤĤƤϡץߥۿˤƶͭޤʤǤܽꤷƤΤ٥ȤǤˡ
26. The Home of the Indo-Europeans. It is obvious that if the languages just described represent the progressive differentiation of an original speech, this speech, which we may for convenience call the Indo-European language, must have been spoken by a population somewhere at some time. What can be learned about these people and their early location?
Concerning their physical character, practically nothing can be discerned. Continuity in language and culture does not imply biological descent. It is not an uncommon phenomenon in history for a people to give up their own language and adopt another. Sometimes they adopt the language of their conquerors, or of those whom they have conquered, or that of a people with whom they have simply become merged in a common territory. The Indo-European languages are spoken today in many cultures that until recently had completely unrelated heritages. To judge by the large variety of people who have spoken these languages from early times, it is quite possible that the people of the original Indo-European community already represented a wide ethnic diversity. Neither can we form any very definite idea of the date at which this people lived as a single, more or less coherent community. The period of their common life must have extended over a considerable stretch of time. It is customary to place the end of their common existence somewhere between 3500 and 2500 B.C.
With respect to the location of this community at a time shortly before their dispersal, we have at least a basis for inference. To begin with, we may assume that the original home was in that part of the world in which the languages of the family are chiefly to be found today, and we may omit from consideration Africa, Australia, and the American continents because we know that the extension of Indo-European languages in these areas has occurred in historical times. History and its related sciences, anthropology and archaeology, enable us also to eliminate certain other regions, such as the British Isles and the peninsulas of Southern Europe. Early literary tradition occasionally preserves traces of a people at a former stage in their history. The earliest books of the Hindus, for example, the Vedas, show an acquaintance with the Indus but not with the Ganges, indicating that the Indo-Europeans entered India from the northwest. In general, we may be fairly sure that the only regions in which it is reasonable to seek the original home of the Indo-European family are the mainland of Europe and the western part of Asia.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤƤ̲ȤƤϤޤʥˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդεȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬ȤơʲƤޤ
#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])
ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ
#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15
ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷνǤ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Baugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤɤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ǤΥϤ4Ȥʤޤcf. #5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])ˡ

ܲ24 Celtic ֥ȸɡפȤȤǤͼλ֤顤ǦʽٲءˤȤȤˡĶɤɼ¶Ѥ heldio ۿͽǤ饹Ҽ˥åʷϵΤʤܺ٤ʱʸ˲äѸ˸ԤΩ줫饱ȸɤˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˥ȤĤĵƤͽǤϻϸ̩ˤϷޤ餯16:30餤ˤʤꤽǤ heldio ͥեޤȡͽΤ䳫Τ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤܲ5,160̾Υꥹʡγ˥եƤޤˡ
ͼۿ˹碌3ʤ1ڡۤɤƱʲ˰Ѥޤ
24. Celtic. The Celtic languages at one time formed one of the most extensive groups in the Indo-European family. At the beginning of the Christian era, the Celts were found in Gaul and Spain, in Great Britain, in western Germany, and northern Italy---indeed, they covered the greater part of Western Europe. A few centuries earlier, their triumphal progress had extended even into Greece and Asia Minor. The steady retreat of Celtic before advancing Italic and Germanic tongues is one of the surprising phenomena of history. Today, Celtic languages are found only in the far corners of France and the British Isles; in the areas in which they were once dominant, they have left but little trace of their presence.
The language of the Celts in Gaul who were conquered by Caesar is known as Gallic. Because it was early replaced by Latin, we know next to nothing about it. A few inscriptions, some proper names (cf. Orgetorix), one fragmentary text, and a small number of words preserved in modern French are all that survive. With respect to the Celtic languages in Britain, we are better off, although the many contradictory theories of Celticists make it impossible to say with any confidence how the Celts came to England. The older view, which is now questioned, holds that the first to come were Goidelic or Gaelic Celts. Some of these may have been driven to Ireland by the later invaders and from there may have spread into Scotland and the Isle of Man. Their language is represented in modern times by Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. The later Brythonic Celts, after occupying for some centuries what is now England, were in turn driven westward by Germanic invaders in the fifth century. Some of the fugitives crossed over into Brittany. The modern representatives of the Brythonic division are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
The remnants of this one-time extensive group of languages are everywhere losing ground at the present day. Spoken by minorities in France and the British Isles, these languages are faced with the competition of two languages of wider communication, and some seem destined not to survive this competition. Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century, and Manx, once spoken by all the native inhabitants of the Isle of Man, has died out since World War II. In Scotland, Gaelic is found only in the Highlands. It is spoken by about 50,000 people, all of whom know English as well. Welsh is still spoken by about one-quarter of the people, but the spread of English among them is indicated by the fact that the number of those who speak only Welsh had dropped from 30 percent in 1891 to 2 percent in 1950 and continues to slowly decrease. Irish is spoken by about 500,000 people, most of whom are bilingual. Whether nationalist sentiment will succeed in arresting the declining trend that has been observable here as in the other Celtic territory remains to be seen. If language-planning efforts fail, it seems inevitable that eventually another branch of the Indo-European family of languages will disappear.
ī heldio ۿ#892. Celtic --- ƥåƥåǤ⥱ȴϢäƤޤΤǡҤ⤪İͼΤ˽ƤС
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
1026ڡˤˡʳؤȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio ۿޤƱ21 Italic ʥåɡˤˡʸɤƤˤĤ͡ʳ٤ȲԤʤޤʰ˹ֻդ̳ޤ Taku ǤνפŬڤʥȤ夲ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿƤ¦2ͤϳΤ˭Ǽ¤ꤢ֤ᤴȤǤΤǤİΥꥹʡϤǤǤ礦ޤİǤʤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤɤΥ3ʬƤꡤ1̾ۿǡ23ϥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤƤϤƤޤ1Ǥ50ʬĶĹܤǤˡ1Ǵؿͯϡ2衤3ؤ⤪ʤߤФ¸ޤʸ2ͭȤʤޤˡ
̲äȤ⤢ꡤоݤȤʤäƥȤ̤ PDF ˾夲ƤޤǤС饤ɽΥǤ⤢ޤΤǡܽΤꤷĹդ礤
(1) #879. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
Ʋˤϥꥹʡγ⺣ɤˤĤ͡ʥȤƤƤޤΤǡ⤴
ɼ¶ѡ1ˤϡ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡƱͤˡץȤȤǰ̸ǤʤϽ12ΥڡǤϤͭۿΥȤʤäƤޤҡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Υ饤ʥåפФȻפޤ塤ȤȤܽɤ߿ʤƤ뤳ȤڤߤˤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
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