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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-11-10 Fri

#5310. ȸɤᤰä Voicy heldio ֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤפɼ¶Ѥۿޤ [voicy][heldio][helwa][celtic][bchel][hel_education][notice][irish][welsh][cornish][breton][manx][cornish][scottish_gaelic][gaulish][link]



ͼVoicy heldio ˤ#893. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡȾˡۿޤBaugh and Cable αѸˤθŵŪ̾ A History of the English Language 6ǡˤ򸶽ɤƤ꡼̲ȤƤϤޤʥ꡼ˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɤ24ܤ Celtic Ǥʸʸ1ڡۤɤαʸˤϺ hellog #5309. ȸɤε --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ ([2023-11-09-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤˤʤʤ餪İФȻפޤ
Ѹ˸2ͤޤ뤤֤饰饹򷹤ĤʬˤĤƸȤΤϡȤ˭ʻ֤Ǥ򾯤ʤ̥ꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤΤ⡤꤬Ǥ
Ƥꡤ60ʬǤϸ­ʤäΤǡ³ԤץߥꥹʡۿͥˤڱѸˤ #52۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (24) Celtic --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡȤƼϿۿƤޤǸˡȸɤˤĤƳؤ֤ȤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤƤޤΤǡФ⤪İ
ơȸɤ˴ؿϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǥСƤޤޤϡceltic, irish, scottish_gaelic, manx, welsh, cornish, breton ʤɤΥդε򤴻ȤɤʸƤȴؤ꤬Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1])
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])
#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1])
#2968. ޻Υ֥ƥ̱ ([2017-06-12-1])
#3743. Celt λؼоݤŪѲ ([2019-07-27-1])
#3747. ȿͤȤϲԤ ([2019-07-31-1])
#3757. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ2֥Ȥפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-08-10-1])
#3761. ֥ƥȥ֥륿˥ ([2019-08-14-1])

ޤheldio Ǥ⥱ȸϢ͡ۿƤޤʲꥹȥåפƤޤ

#692. ȸɤҲ𤷤ޤ2023/04/23
#693. ѸˤȥȡѸˤȥ֥륿˥ --- ΩѴۤΡƴݤϡ֥륿˥Ÿˬ˸ơ2023/04/24
#697. ꥹˤ륱ȷϸФ2023/04/28
#715. ȸ첾2023/05/16
#731. ȸνʸγ֤ʩȸᤫäͳ2023/06/01
#696. 󥦥ϻ졩 --- ֥ȥο̸2023/04/27
#714. Manx ֥ޥ --- 1974ǯ˻Ȥʤä֥ȥο̸2023/05/15

ۿİˤʤ B&C ɥ꡼˴ؿ⤿줿ϡܽ6ǡˤꤷ꡼ν󤫤Ǥ椫Ǥ⻲äФȻפޤְ㤤ʤѸٶˤѸˤٶˤʤܤȤǤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2019-09-07 Sat

#3785. ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ (2) [roman_britain][latin][celtic][history][gaulish][contact][language_shift][prestige][sociolinguistics]

ε³ޥ󡦥֥ƥθˤĤơDurkin (58) ϡ޻ΥꥢθӤʤ顤ͻƤ롥

One tantalizing comparison is with Roman Gaul. It is generally thought that under the Empire the linguistic situation was broadly similar in Gaul, with Latin the language of an urbanized elite and Gaulish remaining the language in general use in the population at large. Like Britain, Gaul was subject to Germanic invasions, and northern Gaul eventually took on a new name from its Frankish conquerors. However, France emerged as a Romance-speaking country, with a language that is Latin-derived in grammar and overwhelmingly also in lexis. One possible explanation for the very different outcomes in the two former provinces is that urban life may have remained in much better shape in Gaul than in Britain; Gaul had been Roman for longer than Britain, and urban life was probably much more developed and on a larger scale, and may have proved more resilient when facing economic and political vicissitudes. In Gaul the Franks probably took over at least some functioning urban centres where an existing Latin-speaking elite formed the basis for the future administration of the territory; this, combined with the importance and prestige of Latin as the language of the western Church, probably led ultimately to the emergence of a Romance-speaking nation. In Britain the existing population, whether speaking Latin or Celtic, probably held very little prestige in the eyes of the Anglo-Saxon incomers, and this may have been a key factor in determining that England became a Germanic-speaking territory: the Anglo-Saxons may simply not have had enough incentive to adopt the language(s) of these people.


ĤޤꡤαƶĹ³ʤä֥ƥˤƤϡƥ¸ߴϤۤʤ轻Υȿͤ⡤褷Ƥޥͤ⡤礭ʸŪƶ뤳ȤϤʤäޤƤƥظ (language_shift) 뤳ȤʤäꥢˤƤϡαƶĹ³ƥʤƥޥ󥹸ˤȤθܿ³ˡǽŪ˴ؤΥȸȯΥե󥯸⡤ƥݤ߹ޤ褦ˤƾǤƤȤˤʤäȤ櫓
֥ƥȥꥢϡȷϸδؤξ˥ƥ줬֤äƤȤǤ϶̤ˤͭƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ƥȤܿδ֤̩٤ȤǤϺꡤ줬ơϰˤθˤפʥѥȤͿȤȤκϡʬŪˤϥޤεΥκƥФƤҿκؤԸǤΤ⤷ʤ
ξϰμҲŪʾκϡäƱѸȥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸμ̤κˤƶͿƤ롥ˤĤƤϡDurkin ˤ#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-08-1]

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2019-08-06 Tue

#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡо [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][language_shift][diglossia][sociolinguistics][contrastive_language_history]

ε#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ ([2019-08-05-1]) ǡե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸ򳵴ѤϤȱѸΥȼѸȤӡоȤ褦
ѸΥȼѸοۤΰ찮Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ǸƤե󥹸ǤϺεǸ褦ˡʤȤ100ۤ륱ñ줬ѤƤŪˤϱʩδ֤˺Ȥ⤤ŪˤߤСۤ礭ʿǤϤʤʸ̤ꡤ޽ɴȤäƤ褤μҲˤƤ⡤ȸϼҲŪ˰ҿ㤤äȤȤǤ롥
ȼѸμŪʺۤˤܤ٤Τ롥ѸäƤñˤȤ٤ΤϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ե󥹸ΥȼѸˤϡDurkin (85) λŦ̤ꡤʲΤ褦˹ٸޤޤƤʤˡΤĤѸϥե󥹸줫ѤƤˡ

. . . changer is quite a high-frequency word, as are pièce and chemin (and its derivatives). If admitted to the list, petit belongs to a very basic level of the vocabulary. The meanings 'beaver', 'beer', 'boundary', 'change', 'fear' (albeit as noun), 'to flow', 'he-goat', 'oak', 'piece', 'plough' (albeit as verb), 'road', 'rock', 'sheep', 'small', and 'sow' all figure in the list of 1,460 basic meanings . . . . Ultimately, through borrowing from French, the impact is also visible in a number of high-frequency words in the vocabulary of modern English . . . beak, carpentry, change, cream, drape, piece, quay, vassal, and (ultimately reflecting the same borrowing as French char 'chariot') carry and car.


μŪʺۤϲˤΤʤΤŪʸˤС֥ƥΥ֥ȥͤϥ󥰥ͤοˤŪû֤Ƕव졤Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ®˿ʹԤȹͤƤ롥ꥢΥͤϡƥ졦ޥĸüԤ˰Ϥ򤫤줿ȤϤĹ֤ˤ錄궦¸ˤǤԻԤǤϥƥ첽ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥϥ줬ä³졤diglossia ξĹ³ϤޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥θ塤ե󥹸ˤˤϥޥ⻲Ƥ뤬ǤŪʸϤʤäȤ롥ɤ顤ʩˤ륱ȼѸμκۤϸܿ (contact) ȸμҲŪΰ㤤˵褦ˤĤơDurkin (86) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . whereas in Gaul the Germanic conquerors arrived with relatively little disruption to the existing linguistic situation, in Britain we find a complete disruption, with English becoming the language in general use in (it seems) all contexts. Thus Gaul shows a very gradual switch from Gaulish to Latin/Romance, with some subsequent Germanic input, while Britain seems to show a much more rapid switch to English from Celtic and (maybe) Latin (that is, if Latin retained any vitality in Britain at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement).


αʩˤ뺹ۤϡܿ෿ǤȤΡ (borrowing) ܿˤ봳 (shift-induced interference) ζ̤۵ (see #1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1]), #1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])) ֥ƥǤ borrowing βꥢǤ shift-induced interference βơͿƤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ե󥹸ˤθƤȡѸˤΥȼѸħ䤫⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥줳оȸˤ̥ϤǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2019-08-05 Mon

#3752. ե󥹸ΥȼѸ [french][celtic][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][etymology][gaulish][hybrid][hfl]

ϢѸˤ륱Ƚ줫μѸˤƤ뤬򤫤ƥե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸξDurkin (83--87) ˰͵򤷤ƤߤƤ
޻Υե󥹡ʥꥢˤǤϡƥ¤Υ (Gaulish) ĹѤƤԻǤϥƥʥޥĸȤ٤˥ե󥹸ȤȤäƤǤϥǴ궯ĤäƤ褦Ĺˤ錄ܿη̤ȤơΥե󥹸ˤϡѸξ¿ΥȼѸ줬ޤƤȤϤäƤ⡤100ۤ٤ǤϤʸˤä50--500ޤǤγˡ#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ񤷤 ([2019-08-02-1]) DZѸξˤĤƵŸ褦ˡѤλ롼ȤưפǤϤʤ褦οˤϡƥ˼Ѥ줿Τ䡤ĤθФƴŪ˼Ѥ줿ΤʤɤޤޤƤꡤե󥹸üԤȥüԤľܤܿ˵٤ΤФǤϤʤ
嵭դĤġʲ˰̣ʬ̤ΥȼѸꥹȤΰ󤲤褦 (Durkin 84)

ưʪbièvre "beaver", blaireau "badger", bouc "billy goat", mouton "sheep", vautre "type of hunting dog"; chamois "chamois", palefroi "palfrey", truie "sow" ʺǸ3ĤϺ
Ļalouette "lark", chat-huant "tawny owl"
alose "shad", loche "loach", lotte "burbot", tanche "tench", vandoise "dace", brochet "pike"; limande "dab" ʥƬ򼨤

Ρ֥եñפΤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Τ⤢롥mutton, palfrey, loach, tench, chamois ʤɤαñϡ¤ϥȸ쵯äȤȤñ buck, beaver ʤɤϻ𤬰ۤʤꡤե󥹸 bièvre, bouc ȤϼѤˤΤǤϤʤȤ˰ĸˤΤܤ뤫brasserie ʥӡ¤ˤ cervoise ʸӡˤʤɤϡͤʬ򼨤Ƥ褦Ǥ⤷
ե󥹸ˤ륱ȼѸΤ¾θ򥢥ե٥åȽ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Durkin 84)

arpent'measure of land'
bec'beak'
béret'beret'
borne'boundary (marker)'
boue'mud'
bouge'hovel, dive' (earlier 'bag')
bruyère'heather, briar-root'
changer'to change'
char'chariot' (reflecting a borrowing which had occurred already in classical Latin, whence also charrue 'plough')
charpente'framework' (originally the name of a type of chariot)
chemin'road, way'
chêne'oak'
craindre (partly)'to fear'
crème'cream'
drap'sheet, cloth'
javelot'javelin'
lieue'league (measure of distance)'
marne'marl' (earlier marle, hence English marl)
pièce'piece'
ruche'beehive'
sillon'furrow'
soc'ploughshare'
suie'soot'
vassal'vassal'
barre'bar'
jaillir'to gush, spring, shoot out'
quai'quay'


ʩˤ륱ȼѸηκۤȤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-06-1]

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