ε#6284. Ѹˤ̳ --- ϱˤ ([2026-07-11-1]) Ȥδطꡥ
78ʿˡNPO ˡϵ夳Ȥ¼饤ˤơ촶դ YouTube ư褬ޤϡܥ֥ Voicy heldio ΡܥΥåפʤɤδǤߤαѸ˸ϽؤʾءˤȡƱνʼʷءˤΤ2ͤǤ
μϿΤϡ2ǯۤ2024ǯ1031ˡػĥѥۥץܤˤƹԤʤ줿ΤǤ伫ȤϡϻŻԹԤˤΩʤäΤǤθ˺Ť줿ǮƲʤˤϤäȳߡѸ˥ȡ˲֤餫ȤɤפФޤϤ̤22ʬۤɤΡ֥ǡפ줿ȤȤǡΥåĤޤǾҲ𤷤Ĥġhellog ɼԤγˤ⤼ưİƤФȻפޤ
̤μ礿ơޤϡϤμ礿븦եɤǤָűѸפȡ̾פǤ
ѸˤˤβȤСï⤬˺뤳ȤΤǤʤ1066ǯΥޥ (norman_conquest) ǤλؤΤűѸǤϤϡ鿷üԤ֥ƥˤäƤȤˡ¸̾ɤΤ褦֤줿Τ뤤ɤؤ줺˺פĤΤȤư֤˴ؿƤޤ
ưǤϡȤ櫓8ʹߤ˥֥ƥؿ꽻 (viking) ǤťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ褹̾Ū˼夲Ƥޤλ䤿ֶ˽ʳ±פȤΥƥ쥪פϡ¤18ʹߤϺˤդΥ¿ʬ˴ޤޤƤꡤºݤˤϾͤȤ꽻ͤȤٸդ̤碌ʤ鶦¸Ƥ¦̤äȤŦˤϡܤڤ¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ΥθŪפȤƺǤ̾̾ǤRugby ʤɤ̾˸ -by ǤǤťΥɸǡ¼פֽפ̣뤳Ǥϡɤ餫˽ŪʬۤƤꡤΥϷͺۤʪäƤޤ
ǡΥϤ̾ȤͥʤΤWashington Newton ʤɤ˸ -ton ǤǤűѸȤƤϡֺפְϤ줿פ̣ tūn ȤñνǤ줬ȤȯŸΤ䤿Τ褦˻ȤäƤ town ĮˤȤ櫓ǤޤܤΡ֡ĮפȤФƱͥ̾ǤˤȤޤƤΤǤ͡
̤Ǥϡ10˽˥ƥǵ줿̾ɽ顤Ϥε̾ Norðworðig ȥϤο̾ Derby ֤ƤܹԴܿɤ餮ȤʸỤ̄Ƥޤ
ϡŤؤ°륱ȸͳ̾ʤȤ櫓ˤޤĤ̾¿Ĥ Avon Thames ΰäʤɡˤ顤åΡ֥ˡ (Johnnie Walker) Υ˱줿̣츻ˤޤǵڤӤޤ⤯ѤΥ륨åȤͭ̾ʥȤǤ츻̤С⤯͡פȤ̵طǡӤ̤뿦̾θͳ褹ǽ⤯Ūʲʸˤˤäơ⤹ѤΥǥޤ줿ȤԥɤϡءʸŪˤ¤˶̣Ǥ
̾̾ȤΤϡʹ֤λˤξȤɤΤ褦ʴؤäƤǥƥƥξڤˤۤʤޤ22ʬưΤʤˡѸˤΥޥȸͭ̾ؤαŽ̤줿̤ȤʤäƤޤ
hellog ɼԤγͤˤޤƤϡҾǤ YouTube 뤤ľܥꡤ̥ŪưäȤİйǤ


ܥ֥Ǥ2#6125. heldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-02-1]) ȡ#6132. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥2 --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-09-1]) 2ˤ錄ꤪΤ餻Ƥޤheldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ϼԤȤȤ˷깭رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤١Ȥ˸ƤαѸ˥ΥǤθ⥯³졤嵭̤34ˤ⥢Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
عʤɤΡּȤǻȤפäƤ뤫Ǥ礦1Ⱦǡ note ǿ͵ȤʤäƤޤμ⤯ҥȤˤȤäƿڤǡɬʬʾܤºݤ˼ȤdzѤ뤳ȤǰƬˡƥĤޤƤȤݤǤ
3ϡܸˤʤäƤȶʱñȤơ츻ǼȤݤΥ¿ФƤޤǸۻ (silent_letter) ܤƤդˤ⡤ꥻޤ
4ϡѸθȱѸο̾Ȱη˴ؤ붽̣ǤˤϤꡤܸˤʤäƤ䡤ܤǤߤΤѸ̾Ȥäˡθ츻Ƨ߹ǤȤʹȤޤƤޤϾ̤¿ΤΡƤߤ䤹ʤΤǡμƬ˥륹äƤޤ͡
ǤɼԤⴶۤƤƤ̤ꡤפꤷƤΤΡͤڤdzؤ٤ƤޤɼΥƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
sorami ϡӤǡּȤξͥॢåס롼׳ưʤɤ˼ͳ˻ȤäƤйǤפȽҤ٤ƤޤαѸ춵γҤΥȤʤɤdzѤƤߤƤˤäƤϡ§ȤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤˰͵ƤȤȤǤΤǡ⤴¿
ơƤ顤ȤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤餪⤷ȴơ䤷ƤߤƤޤˤϡҰ̤ˤƤСֱѸˤˡפؤäƤȤԤƤޤ
sorami ΥˤĤƤϡ heldio ۿ#1748. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥乥ĴǤ⤴Ҳ𤷤ƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ
O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.
³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦
A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.
ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
رѸ츻ŵ٤δΰ캬ɽ *oino- "one" Ĵ٤뵡äʲαñθ촴*oino- ̤ȹͤƤ롥
oino- one, unique. <<Gmc>> [OE] a2, alone, an1, anon, any, atone, eleven, lone, lonely, nonce, none, once, one; [ON] Eric. <<L>> inch1, null, ounce1, triune, unanimous, uncia, uni-, unicorn, union, unique, unite, unity, universe.
"[ON] Eric" Ȥ̾Ƥ굤ˤʤäEric the Red ӤΥåˤʤ̲Ϥε̾ȤϻפäƤƬ E *oino- ̤ȤϵŤʤäθ塤Brewer's Dictionary of Names Ĵ٤ƤߤȡߤäܤäƤΤǰʲ˰Ѥ롥
Eric The name is Scandinavian in origin, from Old Norse einn, 'one' and ríkr, 'ruler', in other words 'monarch'. Not surprisingly, the name has been popular (in the spelling Erik) for kings of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Two famous 10th-century bearers of the name are Eric the Red, who explored and named Greenland, and Eric Bloodaxe, who killed seven of his eight brothers to secure the throne (hence his nickname).
Ѹ̾ŵʤɤɤƤߤʤȻפĤġ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
Room, Adrian. Brewer's Dictionary of Names. Oxford: Helicon, 1992.
夲³ԡDunedin ؤβ̾ˤĤơThe Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names dz (pp. 124--25) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡChambers Thomas Burns ζ̣ȤѤƤΤǡʲ˷Ǻܤ
Dunedin: Otago. The name originally intended for Otago's future capital was New Edinburgh, but at the happy suggestion of William Chambers --- then provost of Edinburgh, and one of the founders of the Edinburgh publishing house of W. & R. Chambers --- it was named Dunedin, which is the old Celtic form of the name of the capital of Scotland. When condemning the proposed title New Edinburgh, Chambers wrote:
The 'news' in North America are an utter abomination ... It will be a matter for regret if the New Zealand Company help to carry the nuisance to the territories with which it is concerned. If not finally resolved upon, I should strongly recommend a reconsideration of the name New Edinburgh, and the adoption of another, infinitely superior and yet equally allied to old Edinburgh. I mean the assumption of the name Dunedin, which is the ancient Celtic appellation of Edinburgh, and is now occasionally applied in poetic composition, and otherwise to the northern metropolis. (The New Zealand Journal, 8 July 1843, p. 170.)
Alfred H. Duncan wrote in The Wakatipians:
In the year 1860 Dunedin was but a small place of a few hundred inhabitants, and the streets were more like muddy swamps than anything else, and to that the city owed the name of Mud-Edin by which we were wont to call it in these days.
According to A.H. McLintock in The History of Otago, Chamber's (sic) suggestion was not taken up because of a feeling that George Rennie, who had promoted the settlement scheme, and the name New Edinburgh, should not be offended. However as Rennie's influence on the Otago Settlement waned, Cargill was able to press for a name change, supported by the Rev. Thomas Burns who wrote to Cargill on 14 Feburary (sic) 1845, 'Let the settlement be called Otago --- the town Dunedin, the River Matou and not Molyneux and so forth, keeping to Native names. I suppose we cannot discard N. E. altogether at first --- if we can I wd. by all means do it. I like Otago, N.E. always put me in mind of R. [Rennie] (poor man! he must be a mortified wight.).'
Oddly enough it seems to have been the renaming of the 'Matou' river which settled the issue. As the name Dunedin celebrated old Edinburgh, so the name Clutha, ancient name for the Clyde, complimented old Glasgow, and this, finally, seemed to meet with general approval.
ǥХĹơƥسĹˤʤ٤ʪˤǽŪʻٻФơNew դ̾äƤäȤˤʤ롥˥塼ɤˤϳΤ New ̾ʤ New Zealand ΤΤ New ޤޤƤΤϡ⤷
The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names. 2002 ed. Ed. Peter Dowling. Auckland: Reed, 2002.
Voicy heldio ˤ#1623. ֥ˡǥפϥǥХθ̾ۿޤεϡβۿ˴ŤƤޤ
˥塼˰֤Į Dunedin ϡ18ȾФ˥åȥɰ̱ˤäۤ줿ĮǤꡤʬ䤹 New Edinburgh ȸƤФƤޤˡֿפ뤳̾ˤɽ椫ѤäDunedin ؤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̾ѹطʤˤϡ⤷ˤޤ
⤽ Dunedin Ȥ̾Ϥɤ褿ΤǤ礦رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡ̾ϥ "fort on the hill slope" ֵ֤ξɡפ̣ dùn eadain ͳ褷ζåȥɤμԥǥХؤǤषѤƤ Edinburgh ϡ줫ʬȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤDunedin Edinburgh θ̾̾Ȥʤޤ
̾ؤѹ䤷ΤǥХĹä William Chambers (1800--83) Ǥ Robert Ȥ˽Ǽ W. & R. Chambers ΩʪǤ⤢ޤƿ̱ϤDzԤƤ New Ȥ̾ǤȤƷäƤꡤ˥塼ɤĮˤϡˤͳ濫Ť̾ȹͤDunedin ƤΤǤ
Ƥʪ⤤ޤ1ͤåȥɼͳ (Free Church of Scotland) һդǤꡤ̱Ĥ濴ʪǤä Thomas Burns (1796--1871) ǤϸζƳԤȤƤΤߤʤ餺åȥɤɽ Robert Burns (1759--96) αȤڤġʸŪˤפʿʪǤ̾˴ؤǰϡǥХ餬ʸ̤ˡֵ֤ξɡפǤΤФˡǥϤǤϤʤȤˤޤǽŪˤϡϷʸŪŪؤβͤǧ졤ԻԤο̾ꤷޤ
ơ Thomas Burns طʤˤ롤åȥɼͳˤפǤ1843ǯΡʬ(Disruption) ˤơȸϤζؤδĤȿȯΩ뤿Ω夬äĹϷɤһդΰĤǤ϶ΩǤʤΩŻ뤷ºݤ Burns ϥ˥塼ɺǸŤؤǤ륿ˡǥˤ륪ء1869ǯΩˤνĹ̳ʪǤ⤢äΤǤ
̾1ĤȤäƤ⡤طʤˤˤΥޥȿʹ֥ɥޤƤΤǤ͡åȥɤˤȸؤεͤޤä Dunedin Ȥ̾ˡƻפڤƤߤȻפޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) ˤĤƥݥȤޤȤޤäȤܤȤʤ뵭ϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1])Ǥ
ñįƤȡû2ʸʤΤĤ뤳Ȥ˵Ťޤan, is, of ʤɤǤΤ褦ûϡʸˡŪӤӤֵǽ (function word) ǤꡤŪʰ̣̾ưɽƸ (content word) ǤϤޤѸˤϡǽ2ʸʲû뤱ɤ⡤ƸˤĤƤɬ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) ʤ̯ʥ롼뤬ޤ
֤ޤ3ʸ§פŬѤΤϡƸˤĤƤΤߤǤǽ졤ʤ̾졤ư졤ֻ졤³ʤɤɽʸˡǽôǡŵŪ٤ƹ⤤ˤĤƤϡε§ŬѤޤȤСŻҥʤɤˤ˻Ȥ2ʸñ re (= about) ϡ٤⤤ΤΡǽǤ뤿3ʸ§פ㳰ȤϤߤʤޤ
ǤϡʤƸ3ʸ¤ȤΤǤ礦ε§ϡñ쵡ǽθΨȤŪʼ٤ؤäƤȹͤޤŪˡ褯ɤ߽ñֻûۤΨŪǤŪˤ褯Ȥ櫓Ǥ顤֤¿ȤƤû˱ۤȤϤޤŪ˹ͤƤŪȸޤ
ֵ§פˤ㳰դΤǤax , ox ͺˤΤ褦ʰŪ㳰˵äƤޤۤˤŪ㳰Ȥ Od ʥɥĤβʳؼ K. von Reichenbach 1845ǯʪŪϡˤ⤢ޤ¾ΥåʸȤ aa, ai, ba, bo, bu ʤɡۤȤΤƤʤ㳰ޤθʤ㳰ष§ΰդƤȤޤ
3ʸ§פΥѥǥȸΤˡ̾˸4ʸ§פʤΤޤֻ̾ˤϡ̾αñˡ˾Ȥ餻;ʬȸʤʸޤޤ뤳ȤФޤAnne, Kidd, Locke, Smythe, Webb Τ褦ʻǤϡ̾ǥƥƥ¸ߴμʤǤꡤŪˡ뤿ȹͤޤ
嵭Τ褦ˡѸΡ3ʸ§פϡƸֻβ¤롤ŪˡΥ롼ȸޤ̾ˤƤϡǥƥƥĴŪ¸ߴˡֻĹ4ʸ§פΤ褦Ūʴ¸ߤޤ
2Ĥε§ϡѸֻñʤ벻εϿǤϤʤ١ΨƼҲŪǥƥƥȤä¿ͤװȤ߹Ǥ뤳ȤƤΤǤ
927ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ6ʲƴȤƤ3ˤɶˤƳ֤ޤơޤϡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפǤޤ߿ñǤ90ʬ뤳ȤǤۤ˭ʥȥԥåǤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ۿޤ
6ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ14ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
μ7ϡ1025ڡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪꤷƳ֤ޤγϤȤʤ뤳βꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00饤ΤѹȤʤޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ
Voicy heldio Ǥꤹ khelf Ρνɾץ5ƤϤޤǤȤϼѤ̷ǤϤޤؤϽؤ khelf رɥij̴Τ2ͤˡˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˤ̥ϤäƤޤԤ24ʬβۿȤʤޤ#1596. νɾ by Ͻؤɥij̴ --- ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡİ
ܽϡ̾̾Ȥäͭ̾θ츻õ̾ء(onomastics) ؤƤǤ2̤ͤǤϡͭ̾줬ñʤåƥǤϤʤϤˡ͡餷Ȥä˭ʪƤ뤳ȤǮޤ
ǯ٤ηؤαѸ̾ˤμȤǶδطˤä2ͤηڲʳݤ礤ϡİƤ˰뤳Ȥޤ1Ĥ̾Ϥޤõ¿̤ؤȻפ̹ƤŪʶʳä̤äƤޤޤˤ2ͤ̾ؤȱѸˤˤǮλʪǤ礦
ξŵϡĴʪʤǤʤڡ뤴Ȥ˿ȯꡤˤؤϤΩƤƤɤʪǤ⤢ޤ2ͤγڤ̤İСäȱѸͭ̾˰ޤ˰㤤ޤʬΤ⤷¸ʬƤäϤɥĤ˲ƴդޤ
ʤܽˤĤƤϡ伫Ȥ heldio #1564. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡפ ܥ֥#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
ˡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ ari 104դ#424DEPN۱Ѹͭ̾츻ŵɤʤΣˡȤơܽɤ륷Ϥ줿ȤդäƤޤϤ䡤Ѹͭ̾줬Ǯ

ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ҡ2011ǯ

1ī㡼ɶǤαѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤǯ٤Υ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡλͿεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
轵923ڡˤιֺ¤ϲƴ3ܤȤʤޤϱѸؤï⤬Ǥ¿ȯʹꤷɤ߽⤷Ƥñ English ܤޤñᤰˤϡ¤ϱѸˤΤ⤷ѵͤ褦ʪˤʤäƤޤդΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤȡñʤΤǤ
ʤ֥סʥեˤ֥åסʥɥĸˤǤϤʤѸǤϡ֥åפʤΡ
English ֤äơ֥åפȤΤϤΤǤϡ
England Anglia Ȥδطϡ
ʤ Japanese -ese American -n ǤϤʤ English ˤ -ish θĤΡ
ʤƸ American ǤϤʤޤ (American) English ȸƤФΡ
̾̾ϸͭ̾줫ñȤưΤˡʤǶ Englishes ȤʣȤƤΡ
̱²졤ʸˤ˴ؤñʤΤǡΤ褦˵䤬ԤʤΤǤֺ¤Ǥϡ¾̱²ɽ魯ñʤɤȤӤʤ顤English ˹줿ޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϿɶǤľܼ֡饤äΤ줫Ӥޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤιֺ¤θɤˤĤƤ heldio #1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ȤƤäƤޤ⤢碌ƤİйǤ
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߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

ܥ֥ǤϡѸñΩõ츻 (etymology) ¿夲ƤõȼηȤơ߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵα˽ФΤϤʤȡ뤴Ȥ˿侩ƤǶǤϡμŵδϢǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å尴졤¿˼˼äƤƤ롥
ơ츻õȤ̥ŪʱĤߤ˱ΤˤƤ롤⤦1ͥ줿ŵҲ𤷤رѸͭ̾츻ŵʸҡ2011ǯˤǤ롥
ܽϡ̤̾ͭ̾ (proper noun) ò츻ŵǤ롥Ŀ̾̾ˤϾɸȤäͭ̾ϡ䤿Ū˱Ѹܤ뺹ۤθûΰǤʤ顤Ūʸ츻ŵǤΩवʤȤ¿ڤ˼꤬ϤΤҲ𤹤رѸͭ̾츻ŵ٤
ԤδϡܽμɮưΤ褦˸äƤ롥
رѸͭ̾츻ŵ٤ϡԤͭ̾θ츻ؤ˰1ǤξѼŵФ褤ĹǯפäƤΤʬǼɮ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥λפϡ߷˧ͺԤޤ줿رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ˤԽΤ塤ʤȶʤä
ʤȡܽΥᥤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ȿؤäƤΤǤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤Ի˷Ȥä餳ͭ̾òŵɬ˴λפܽνǴؤȤĤʤä櫓СرѸ츻ŵ٤εŤʥԥդȤ롥
Ͽ3,000Ǥ롥־ŵפǤƤΤΡɼԤǤͭ̾7--8ϥСǤ뤳ȤܻؤȤºݤ˰ƤߤȥҥåΨι⤵˶ä롥Фˤȯ椬դƤꡤɤο̾̾ȯǧΤˤ롥Ƥ츻Ͼܺ٤ĿǤΤǤꡤǯƤ롥
ε#5979. Guy Fawkes you guys --- ֤Τۤإͥǿ ([2025-09-09-1]) ǡ֤Τۤإͥפư#369. you guys ʤɤ guy ϤȤȡä--ճˡҲ𤷤 Guy Fawkes Guy θ츻ˤĤäݤˡǤ Fawkes ΤۤϿ줺ޤä®رѸͭ̾쾮ŵ٤ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤä
Fawkes /fɔːks/ ե1251 ♦Ѹ Faukes < ťե Faukes ʼʡˡʸˡȻ < Źϥɥĸ Falco 'falcon'
ʤȡפ̣ͳ褹ȤѸ falcon ˤƱ츻ñ줬Źɥĸ줫ťեФƱѸꡤ̾Ȥ夷ΤäΤʤߤˡܽ Fawkes 2ļιܤˤϡꥫʸ William Faulkner Fa(u)lkner ΩवƤ롥ϸťե fau(l)connier ͳ褷̣ϡ뾢 (falconer) Ǥ롥꤬ε²νפʸڤǤäȤͤС뾢˴ؤ̾Ȥ夷Τ롥
Τ褦ˡܽ椱СˤʸҤͭ̾˲ФΤ褦¸Ƥͤܤˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤڡˤ錄ϡñʤܼŵλȤˤȤɤޤ餺Ѹͭ̾γȤʤäƤꡤɤǤŪ礤˻ɷ㤵롥
رѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤¤٤ƽê֤ˤʤ̾̾˽вӤ˼˼äƤߤƤϤɤ뼭פȤơѸˤ̥Ϥ˭ˤƤ뤳礤Ǥ롥
ܼŵˤĤƤϡ heldio Ǥ줿ФǤ롥#1564. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ碌ƤİС
ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ҡ2011ǯ
ϢεɽθᤰҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Ρ#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1])ӺΡ#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen ([2024-08-08-1]) ˰³ϽѸ (by-name) Ĵ Fransson ˤҲ𤷤Fransson ϡ-ster ȤȽɽ魯äȤȿ Jespersen ФäƺȿƤ롥
Fransson ԤʤäΤϼ̤ꡥޤĴоݤȤʤ塦̾ -ester η̡ӤӤ͡Τ77̾242̾Ƚ⤽̾˸˽ΨƱǤϤʤ̾˸ǽ⤺ä㤯ºݤ˽12:1κȤˡ⤷̾ؤνи˽ƱǤäȲꤹȡ-ester λ79%ޤǤȤʤꡤ21%ˤȤɤޤ롥Ĥޤꡤ -ester Ͻ礭ФäƤȤߤʤ롥
ϰ躹⤢褦Saxon Ǥ -ester ϤȤ櫓ФäƤ뤬Anglia Ǥ⾯ʤʤǤ⡤ΤȤƤʤ餷ƤߤС-ester ȽӤĤƤȤȤϸǤ롥Fransson ϤޤǵȤǡٻŪʷ˻롥βսѤ褦 (44)
With regard to the nature of the suffix -ester some elucidation can be obtained from the significations of the present surnames, especially of those that occur most frequently. The most common of them are the following (ranged after frequency; the figure denotes the number of persons that have been found bearing the surname): Bakestere 63, Litester 60, Webbester 47, Brewstere 33, Huckestere 10, Heustere 9, Blextere 8, Kembestere 7, Deyster 7, Sheppestere 7, Bleykestere 6, Thakestere 5, Combestere 5, Dreyster 5. All the trades denoted by these names --- with the only exception of Thakestere --- are of such a character that they can very well be supposed to have originally been carried out only (or almost only) by women. I think, therefore, that we are entitled to conclude that the words in -ester were at first used only of women, and that the old and general theory holds true. This ending, however, was also applied to men in OE, but that this happened so often as it really did, may be due to the fact that women do not appear as frequently as men in the OE sources.
θ塤Fransson (45) ϡĴ̤줿ηϷŪʤΤǤϤʤǰƤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1]) ˰³-ster εˤĤơȤȤϽɽ魯äȤФJespersen ϶ۤ¤10ڡˤ錄ȿʸƤΤ¿ˤ錄뤬Τ2ĤѤ롥
The transition of a special feminine ending to one used of men also is, so far as I can see, totally unexampled in all languages. Words denoting both sexes may in course of time be specialized so as to be used of one sex only, but not the other way. Can we imagine for instance, a word meaning originally a woman judging being adopted as an official name for a male judge? Yet, according to N.E.D., deemster or dempster, ME dēmestre, is 'in form fem. of demere, deemer.' Family names, too, would hardly be taken from names denoting women doing certain kinds of work: yet this is assumed for family names like Baxter, Brewster, Webster; their use as personal names is only natural under the supposition that they mean exactly the same as Baker, Brewer, Weaver or Web, i.e., some one whose business or occupation it is to bake, brew or weave. (420)
There is one thing about these formations which would make them very exceptional if the ordinary explanation were true: in all languages it seems to be the rule that in feminine derivatives of this kind, the feminine ending is added to some word which in itself means a male person, thus princess from prince, waitress from waiter, not waitress from the verb wait. But in the OE words -estre is not added to a masculine agent noun; we find, not hleaperestre, but hleapestre, not bæcerestre, but bæcestre, thus direct from the nominal or verbal root or stem. This fact is in exact accordance with the hypothesis that the words are just ordinary agent nouns, that is, primarily two-sex words. (422)
⤫ Jespersen ⤫ɤ餬ʤΤƤˤϡܺ٤ĴɬפȤʤ롥μ꤬ŪΤϡʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθ˽ΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤˤ롥ˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤϤޤؼоݤäȤǤƤޤΤ
δ餤СʸΡֽפפؤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤȤΤϡˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤޤؼоݤäȤΤȤ⤷ʤ
¿λᡤλѤȡλؼоݤ˽ʬۤȤشطõȤäĴɬפºݤ Jespersen Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʼݤǻƤΤ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
webster, baxter ʤɤο̾䡤spinster, youngster ʤɤο̾˸ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1])
#3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1])
Ѹο̾˸ -ster ʬۤõȡڤʬۤ뤬ꥢˤǹ٤ǤȤϰʬۤȤ碌ơ⤽εǤ뤫Ȥ褬ĤƵäߤͭϤˤĤƤϡ嵭βǼ夲Ƥ̤ Fransson ˤаޤɤǤߤ褦 (42)
It is true that the surnames in -ester occur in the whole of England, but with regard to their frequency there is a distinct difference. The case is that they chiefly belong to the Anglian counties; most instances have been found in Nf (over 100 inst.), Li, Y, La, and St, but many also in Wo and Ess. In the WS counties (Sx, Ha, So) these surnames occur very seldom; thus I have only found 3 inst. in So, 5 in Ha, and 11 in Sx.
We now come to the difficult question whether the suffix -ester is a feminine ending or not. There has been no difference of opinion about this until recently, when Jespersen propounded an entirely new theory (Linguistica 420--429). According to the general view, -ester was originally a special feminine ending, which, however, was later applied to men as well as to women. This transition from fem. to masc. is usually explained through the supposition that the work that was at first done only by women, was later performed by men, too, and that the fem. denominations were transferred on men at the same time.
ʤƤפ̾ʱѸ˸Ԥ Jespersen ˤäȽ졤⤬줿ΤȤ켫Τ1930ǯäʤΤΤ褦ϻˤȤä繥ʪǤ롥ǤϡJespersen οȤϡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
ܲ䤬ܤȤƷǤܤƤ1ĤѸϢʤѸ by-name Ǥ롥Ǥ̾ͳ褹˴ؿƤ롥
Fransson (14--15) ˤȡ̾١ʣȤʤѸǤ¸ߴƤ롥Ūˤʣ2Ǥ̤Ƥ롥Ūˤ -maker, -man, -monger-, -wright तŵĴ٤Ƥߤ¾ˤ⤿롥ʣ2ǤȤŵŪʤΤ Fransson ΰƷǤ褦
-BATOUR: Orbatour.
-BETER: Coperbeter, Flaxbeter, Goldbeter, Ledbeter, Wodebetere, Wolbetere.
-BIGGERE: Fetherbycger, Shoubiggere.
-BYNDER: Bokbynder.
-BREDERE: Haryngbredere.
-BREYDER: Lacebreyder.
-BRENNER: Askebrenner, Lymbrener.
-BREWERE: Alebrewere.
-BROCHER: Ploghbrocher.
-KARTERE: Heryngkartere.
-KERNERE: Smerekernere.
-CLEVER: Burdclever.
-DRAGHER: Wirdgragher.
-DRAPER: Lyndraper.
-FEUERE: Baiounsfeuere, Orfeuere.
-GRAVER: Orgraver, Selgraver.
-HEWERE: Bordhewere, Fleshhewere, Marlehewer, Silverhewer, Stonhewere, Vershewere.
-HOPER: Goldehoper.
-YETERE: Belleyetere, Bligeter, Brasyetere, Ledyetere, Pannegetter.
-LEGGER: Streulegger.
-LETER: Blodleter.
-LITTSTER: Corklittster.
-MAKER: Aketonmaker, Aruwemakere, Aunseremakere, Belgmakere, Bokmakere, Bordmakere, Botelmaker, Bowemakere, Callemaker, Candelmaker, Kelmaker, Chalunmaker, Chapemaker, Chesemakere, Clokkemaker, Cordemaker, Cottemakere, Delmaker, Dofkotemakere, Elymaker, Flourmakere, Gourdmaker, Hayremaker, Hodemaker, Lepmaker, Maltmakere, Medemaker, Meysemakere, Melemakere, Moldemaker, Netmaker, Oylemaker, Paniermaker, Potmaker, Pouchemaker, Pundermaker, Quyltmaker, Saucemaker, Seggemaker, Sheldmakere, Strengmakere, Walmakere.
-MAKESTERE: Kallemakestere.
-MAN: Butterman, Candelman, Capman, Chapman, Cheseman, Clothman, Elyman, Fetherman, Flaxman, Flekeman, Glasman, Hauerman, Honyman, Laxman, Lekman, Lynman, Meleman, Mustardman, Oilman, Pakeman, Panierman, Redman, Sakman, Saltman, Sherman, Syveman, Slayman, Smeremay, Tailman, Wademan, Waxman, Werkman.
-MARTER: Bukmarter.
-MONGERE: Bukmongere, Ketmongere, Chesemonger, Clothmangere, Cornmongere, Fethermongere, Fishmongere, Flaxmongere, Fleshmongere, Garlekmongere, Gosmanger, Heymongere, Henmongere, Heryngmongere, Hermonger, Horsmongere, Irmongere, Lusmonger, Madermanger, Maltmongere, Melemongere, Otmongere, Sklatemanger, Smeremongere, Taylmongere, Tymbermongere, Waxmongere, Whelmonger, Wolmongere, Wudemonger.
-MONGESTERE: Bredmongestere.
-POLLARE: Felpollare.
-SELLER: Clothseller.
-SLIPER: Swerdsliper.
-SMITH: Ankersmyth, Arowesmith, Balismith, Blakesmyth, Bokelsmyth, Boltsmith, Botsmith, Brounsmyth, Knyfsmith, Copersmith, Exsmyth, Goldsmyth, Hudsmyth, Ledsmyth, Lokersmyth, Loksmyth, Orsmyth, Schersmyth, Shosmyth, Watersmyth, Whelsmyth, Whitesmyth.
-SNITHER: Lakensnither.
-TAWYERE: Whittewere.
-TEWERE: Whittewere.
-THEKER: Ledtheker.
-TOWERE: Whittowere.
-WASHERE: Skynwashere.
-WEBBE: Poghwebbe, Sakwebbe.
-WIFE: Flaxwife, Silkwife.
-WYNDER: Flekewynder.
-WOMAN: Silkwoman.
-WRIGHT: Arkewright, Bordwright, Bowewright, Brandwright, Briggwright, Cartwright, Chesewright, Kystewright, Kittewright, Culewright, Detherwright, Glaswright, Hayrwright, Lattewright, Limwright, Nawright, Orewright, Ploghwright, Shipwright, Syvewright, Slaywright, Tywelwright, Tunwright, Waynwright, Whelwright, Whicchewright.
-WRYNGERE: Chesewryngere.
Ϣơ#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1]) ʤɤε⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ǯβƤΩ夲̾ץȡ (name_project) 4̾ΥС9ۤɤơ̾ȱѸˡפ˴ؤ븦ơʤƤޤ̤ϳزݥˤƬȯɽȤǷ¤ޤǽ餻ΤϤäʤȤȤǡVoicy heldio ˤơ줾ΥǤϿȤۿޤ
#1075. ָűѸˤ̾ --- Ҳ˸Ʊ̾Ȥ --- ϽؤΥȯɽȡ by Ͻؤʾء
#1089. Ѹο̾ --- Ѹ̾˳ؤδ --- δΥȯɽȡ by δʷء
#1102. ֽѸˤ륤ꥹȤθƾ X ˴ؤҲŪͻ --- ڹΥȯɽȡ by ڹʷܳرء
#1105. ָѸξɸˤߤ̾βͤȤդޤ --- ¤Υȯɽȡ by ¤ء
ޤǥȤǤΤä˥ϥɥȤʤɤλźդƤޤû֤μϿ뤳ȤΤߤäƤޤषȯɽγפȤƤʬ䤹ʤäƤ뤫⤷ޤ
ۿˤĤޤơVoicy Υ̤Ƥո䤴ʤɤޤȡܿͤβ뤫⤷ޤҤйǤ
#5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ ([2024-04-09-1]) #5484. heldio/helwa ꥹʡγΡhelפҲ ([2024-05-02-1]) ʤɤǤҲ𤷤ưŪhelԤ1 lacolaco note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡȤŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯɤ褦ȤʥץȤǡܲAιBιؤƧƤޤäˤ⤷츻ñ줬ԥååפƤꡤȤƤٶˤʤޤ
lacolaco ϡץޡܶȤȤƤꡤSpotify/Apple Podcast/YouTube ˤ֥ե饸 --- եȤ饸ȤȤŪۿƤޤ伫ȤϸΤ˾ץ٤Υޥ奢ץޡˤޤ֥եפ϶̣Ǥ
ե饸ǿ64ۿ#25 GoF③ Singleton ѥˤ2ĤβͤäƤǤץΥǥѥȤƤΡSingletonפȤʤäƤޤۿ9:00դǡ⤽ singleton Ȥñϲ̣ΤȤ櫓 -ton ʬϲʤΤȤ䤤ȯƤޤ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤϸФΩäƤʤäΤǡ¾μŵäƤߤޤǤ OED singleton NOUN2 ιܤߤƤߤޤ礦
1. Cards. In whist or bridge: The only card of a suit in a hand. Also attributive.
1876 If..the lead is a singleton..it may be right to put on the ace. (A. Campbell-Walker, Correct Card Gloss. p. vi)
Ф1876ǯǡȥפΡ1绥פȤʤäƤޤθ֤ҤȤΡס1ĤΤΡסñ1ĤιǤ⤿ʤˡפʤɤθƤޤ츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤޤ
single adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending). Compare simpleton n.
θ -ton ˤĤƤϡOED ϡˤߤ -ton ȸƤ褦Ǥ simpleton ȤȤޤΤ single simple ϵŪˤƱ캬̤ƥѸǤϢϤꤽǤsimpleton θ츻ߤƤߤޤ礦
Probably < simple adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending), probably originally as a (humorous) surname for a generic character (compare quot. 1639 and note at sense 1).
̾դ -ton žѤȤݤΤ褦Ǥ -ton ϡűѸ tūn ʰϤ줿ϡˤͳ褷 town Ϣʤޤ (exx. Hampton, Newton, Padington, Princeton, Wellington) ʤߤˡ̾ͳ褹ϰ̤ˤߤΤǤ
simpleton ν1639ǯȤʤäƤꡤޤ̤ʿʪ餫äƸƤ֥˥å͡ȤƻȤƤޤ
1. An unintelligent, ignorant, or gullible person; a fool.
In quot. 1639 as a humorous surname for a character who gathers medicinal herbs and is also characterized as stupid, and so with punning reference to simple n. B.II.4a.
1639 Now Good-man Simpleton... I see you are troubled with the Simples, you had not need to goe a simpling every yeare as you doe, God knowes you have so little wit already. (J. Taylor, Divers Crabtree Lectures 10)
ʾޤȤСsimpleton Ȥ¤ñޤ̤ΡñפȤäΥǤ礦ͷӤȤ⤤٤θ simple ƱϢ single ˤŪŬѤ졤singleton Ȥ줬Ǥäޤ
̾ȴϢ town, -ton ˤĤƤϡ#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1])#5304. ̾ Grimston ϸťΥɸȸűѸκǤϤʤ ([2023-11-04-1]) ȡ
ʤϤhelԤǤ~ߤ⡤ե饸 singlton 츻ˤĤơ note ȿƤޤ
ɸιټ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) #3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ-ster ϤȤȽιټäȤ뤬¤ϤˤĤƤ⤢ꡤޤߤηǤǤ (Fransson 42--45)
Ѹο̾١ϤĴ Fransson ⤳ηˤĤƵƤ롥γ˿ˤϡޤϵҤפǤȤơFransson ϥɳϤ -ester 42ĤȰʲ̤ (41)
Bakestere, Blacchester, Blakestere, Bleykestere, Blextere, Bredmongestere, Brewstere, Kallemakestere, Capiestere, Cardestere, Kembestere, Combestere, Corklittster, Cuppestere, Deyster, Dreyster, Fullester, Girdelester, Heustere, Huckestere, Litester, Lokyestere, Madster, Maltestere, Mongestere, Quernestere, Ridelestere, Ropestere, Scherestere, Semester, Sewstere, Sheppestere, Sopestere, Tannestere, Thakestere, Touestre, Upholdestere, Wadester, Webbester, Whelster, Wyggester, Wollestere
֤Ϥ줫ʤΤʬۤϰˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ̾μ礬ΨۤʤäƤȤ𤬤褦ñʤ츻äˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤҲŪʼΥȥԥåؤŸƤץץƤߤˤϤޤʤ褦դʤФȼȤĤġ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ܥ֥ǤǤϡ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơѸο̾١ˤĤơ¿εƤ˰͵ƤԸ Fransson ˤ Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350 Ǥ롥20ȾθŤʬθȤƤϺǤǤ⽼¤ʸ1ĤǤ롥ºݡθܼƸǡѸοȡ̾ˤ褽ΤȤäƤ褤Fransson (5--7) ƸƤߤ褦
Bibliography
Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
A. Scope and Aim. Explanatory Notes
B. A Short Survey of Middle English Surnames
1. The Rise of Surnames
2. Surnames in Latin and French
3. Classification of Surnames
C. Surnames of Occupation
1. Surname and Trade. A Comparison
2. Specialized Trades
3. Names not Found in NED. Antedating
D. The Heredity of Surnames
E. Two Suffixes of Obscure History
1. The Ending -ester
2. The Ending -ier
MIDDLE ENGLISH SURNAMES OF OCCUPATION
Ch. I. DEALERS, TRADERS
A. Merchant, Dealer
B. Pedlar, Hawker, Barterer
Ch. II. MANUFACTURERES OR SELLERS OF PROVISIONS
A. Miller, Sifter
B. Corn-Monger, Meal-Monger
C. Baker, Maker or Seller of Bread
D. Cook, Sauce-Maker
E. Maker or Seller of Cheese or Butter
F. Maker or Seller of Spices, Garlics, Oil
G. Maker or Seller of Salt, Soap, Candles, Wax
H. Butcher, Poulterer
I. Seller of Fish
J. Brewere, Vintner, Taverner
Ch. III. CLOTH WORKERS
A. Manufacturers of Cloth
1. Flax-Dresser, Comber, Carder
2. Spinner, Roper
a. Spinner, Winder and Packer of Wool
b. Maker of Ropes, Strings, Nets
3. Weaver or Seller of Cloth
a. Weaver, Webster
b. Maker or Seller of Woollen Cloth
c. Maker or Seller of Linen or Hempen Cloth
d. Maker or Seller of Silk, Pall, Curtains
e. Maker of Sacks, Bags, Pouches
f. Maker of Quilts, Blankets, Mats
g. Felt-Maker, Worker in Horsehair
4. Fuller, Teaseler, Shearman
5. Dyer and Bleacher of Cloth
a. Dyer, Lister
b. Dyer with Woad, Cork, Madder
c. Blacker, Bleacher, Washer
B. Manufacturers of Clothes
1. Tailor, Renovator of Old Clothes
2. Maker of Cowls, Jackets, Pantaloons
3. Maker or Seller of Hats, Caps, Hoods, Plumes
Ch. IV. LEATHER WORKERS
A. Tanner, Skinner, Currier
B. Saddler, Girdler
C. Furrier, Glover, Purse-Maker
D. Maker of Bellows or Bottles
E. Parchmenter, Bookbinder, Copyist
F. Shoemaker, Cobbler
Ch. V. METAL WORKERS
A. Goldsmith, Gilder
B. Coiner, Seal-Maker, Engraver
C. Maker of Clocks
D. Copper-Smith, Brazier, Bell-Founder
E. Tinker, Pewterer, Plumber
F. Blacksmith, Shoeing-Smith
G. Locksmith, Lorimer
H. Needler, Nailer, Buckle-Maker
I. Maker or Furbisher of Armour
J. Maker of Military Engines, Swords, Knives
K. Maker of Bows or Arrows
Ch. VI. WOOD WORKERS
A. Sawyer, Maker of Laths or Boards
B. Carpenter, Joiner
C. Maker of Carts, Wheels, Ploughs
D. Maker of Ships, Boats, Oars
E. Maker of Coffers, Boxes, Organs
F. Turner, Maker of Spoons, Combs, Slays
G. Cooper, Hooper
H. Maker of Baskets or Sieves
I. Maker of Hurdles or Palings
J. Maker of Spades or Besoms
K. Maker of Charcoal, Potash, Tinder
Ch. VII. MASONRY AND ROOFING WORKERS
A. Mason, Plasterer, Painter
B. Thatcher, Tiler, Slater
Ch. VIII. STONE, CROCKERY, AND GLASS WORKERS
A. Miner, Quarrier, Stone-Cutter
B. Lime-Burner, Tile-Maker
C. Potter, Glazier
Ch. IX. PHYSICIAN, BARBER
A. Physician, Surgeon, Veterinary
B. Barber, Blood-Letter
EXCURSUS. TOPONYMICAL SURNAMES
A. Surnames Ending in -er
B. Surnames Ending in -man
A list of Compound Surnames
Index of Surnames
ŪȤݤΤǤϤʤºݤˤϤǤȴƤȤϤΤޤȤ٤ꤹ٤ʸǤȤͳʬΤǤϤʤ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
̾١ˤĤƤϡޤ occupational_term εǼ夲ƤFransson (27--28) ŪʬͿƤΤǡǤƤ
1. dignitaries and officers
1. Sheriff, mayor, judge, clerk, etc.
2. Military officers
3. Ecclesiastical officers
2. occupations belonging to the country
1. Agricultural occupations
2. Pastoral occupations
3. Forestal and venary occupations
3. those who manufacture or sell different articles
1ĤΡֹ̡פο̾ϡΤޤƾΡº address_term Ȥʤ礬¿Ȥդפ롥2Ĥȡܡ̳Ĥ˴ؤļˡפοȤǤ롥3Ĥ褽ԻԤȾȤοȤǤꡤ̾١ȤƤޤǼ夲ƤΤۤܤ٤Ƥ°롥
̾ʥ١ˤܳŪʸΤˤϡ3Τоݤ˴ޤɬפ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
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