#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ ([2019-08-02-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ʤɤDZѸˤŪʥȼѸ˾ƤƤ̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾ˤ륱ȸǤˤĤƤ⡤Durkin (81--82) ˤäƾƤߤ褦
ޤ̾ˤĤơűѸͭ̾ Cædmon ̾˵ʡ#2898. Caedmon's Hymn ([2017-04-03-1]) ȡˡ³ơȥν䵮²̾ Ċerdiċ, Ċeawlin, Ċeadda, Ċeadwalla, Ċedd, Cumbra Ĥ롥ǰʤ顤ΰ̣ˤĤƤ⤬ʤ
̾ˤĤƤϿ̾˭٤ʾڵꡤȸǤƱꤷ䤹ȤäϴñǤϤʤ褦Ūʬۤϡ#2443. ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ФäƤ롥Thames, Severn, Trent ʤɤβ̾ϡ˥ȸǤȤƱꤷ䤹Τ¿ (see #1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]))
Kent ȸǤݤäƤΤϡΰ֡ʥ֥ƥˤͤȤۤ˻פ뤬ϥͤΥ֥ƥΤƤ̾äChevening, Chattenden, Chatham, Dover, Reculver, Richborough, Sarr, Thanet ʤɤ⥱ȸʤ뤤ȸǤݻƤ롥
¾δϢȤơ#1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) ȡ#3113. ͤ˥ɤΤ ([2017-11-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ ([2019-08-02-1]) 褦ˡѸˤ륱ȼѸ͡ͳȤ롥ϡ#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) ΥꥹȤʬŪ˽ŤʤΤΡȤˤɾФǡΤʥȼѸȤߤʤΤƤȤȤϡѸ츻ؤ1ͼ Durkin Ǥ롥
Durkin (77--81) ϡűѸΤʶŪˤλΤĤˤĤƤϾܤ餫ˤʤˤ˼Ѥ줿Ȥ Brythonic ϤΥȼѸĤƤ롥ޤbrock "badger" (OE brocc) ϼȼѸȤäƤ褤ϡ֥ʥޡפɽ魯ȤơѸ badger ˤμ礿ϰ̤åޤǡǤ̤θä
֤ФפϤȤƴؤ bin (OE binn) ᤤѤȤ졤ˤäƤΦ˼ڤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
coomb "valley" (OE cumb) μ¤ʥȼѸǡűѸ줫ߤ뤬Ȥ̾˸줿̾ǤȤƤθŤȼѸ¿űѸǤϤۤ luh "lake", torr "rock, hill", funta "fountain", pen "hill, promontory" ʤɤ롥
The Downs ˻ĤűѸ dūn "hill" ⡤ФХȼѸǧƤ롥#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1]) ǸȤꡤ䤿ˤʤ߿졦ֻ down ƱʤΤ⤷ȼѸȤȡ֤Ūʸ줬ڤƤΤǤ롥¾ޥˤߤ뤳Ȥ顤ΦμѤȿꤵ롥
֤ĤĤפ̣ crag Ͻ㤬Ѹ첻ȯãˤĤϻĤΤΡȼѸȤƤ롥coble ʿ쾮פƱͤǤ롥
hog (OE hogg) ϥȸͳȤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤϲΤ褦
ˡȵ⤬㴳路ȤĤ褦űѸη֤ bannuc "bit", becca "fork", bratt "cloak", carr "rock", dunn "dun, dull or dingy brown", gafeluc "spear", mattuc "mattock", toroc "bung", assen/assa "ass", stǣr/stær "history", stōr "incense", cæfester "halter" ʤɤ롥Ūʸˤȡgafeluc ϸťɸ쵯ǤϤʤȤƤ롥
ťɸ쵯ȤСۤˤ drȳ "magician", bratt "cloak", ancra/ancor "anchorite", cursung "cursing", clugge "bell", æstel "bookmark", ċine/ċīne "sheet of parchment folded in four", mind "a type of head ornament" ʤɤŦƤ롥तȤ⤦1Ĥνפʸ cross "cross" Ƥ
ǶθǥȼѸβǽ⤤ȽΤȤƤϡwan "pale" (OE wann), jilt, twig 롥űѸ trum "strong", dēor "fierce, bold", syrce/syrc/serce "coat of mail" ⤳˲ä뤫⤷ʤ
˻¿פʸȤơrich, baby, gull, trousers, clan Ƥ (Durkin 91)
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
̾ϡδפѸϤȤǤ Ryuichi Hotta Ƚ³ƤѸζʽǤܿ̾ϤΤ褦ʽäѸǤϡ̾פȤ§ȤʤСä˵ȤʤäǯˤʤäƤ褯ͤƤߤȡ̾ϡδġפǤϤʤޤǡδפǤ롥ǽˤ衤¤ӽޤ Hotta Ryuichi ȤΤ̾ʤΤǤϤʤȤΤȤ˵Ť̾ˤ̾˥å͡ʤɤ̾äƤ褤Ǥ̾νؤꥢȤäƤ褤̾ȤʤСϤ Hotta Ryuichi ʤΤʤȡǤϻפäƤ롥
轵ʸģܿ̾Υɽ̾νǽ褦ˤȴģƻؤʤɤΤФȤʹĤɤ¤ϡĤƤ褦ʤ줬Ф줿Ȥä2000ǯʸʡ쿳IJθ¿ռƤ٤ȤˤΤȤˡ̾Υɽ˾ޤΤǤ롥2000ǯ˼줿夷ʤäκǶκdzϡϺλüȯ褦νʿ (Xi Jinping) ڹʸ (Moon Jae-in) ʤɤϱѸǤ̾ɽƤΤˡܿͤƼ˹碌ƤΤ̯ǤϤʤȤ櫓꼫Ȥϡ̾ɤʤɤǤϻ̤̾ˤƤ뤬ͤǴĥäƤƤ̵̣ȤơƤʤ뤳ȤˤȤ
ܿ̾Υɽ̾δԤϡͽ̤ꡤβΰĤä餷¿ƾ (1854) Ǥ̾ǥƤȴҶ밸ƤαѸμ Tomomi Iwakura ǧʤɡ̾⸽褦ˤʤäǤ1870ǯޤǤϤޤ̾¿ä褦ǡ̾ƤΤϡ³80ǯ塤90ǯˤʤäƤȤ
ǯưȤƤϡ2001ǯٰرѸ춵ʽǤ̾ǼʾҲ𤹤褦ʱʸ̤ä2002ǯٰʸ2000ǯ̾ȤʤäƤȤޤΤˤäƤⴷԤϰۤʤ褦ȤܥåǤ2012ǯ̾ˤ뤳Ȥȯɽ쥸åȥɤʤɤǤ̾ޤŪǤ롥ŷȥ西ư֤Τ褦ʹݴȤ̾Ȥ
2000ǯǤ夷ʤäʸģκĩոΤʤߤˡ伫ȤǤ뤳Ȥʸ HOTTA Ryuichi ʤɤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ľʤȤػ˺ޤ줿æĤĤ Ryuichi Hotta ȽƤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥
⤽ѸܸȤǤʤ̾νۤʤΤȤϡ̣Ȥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) ɤ
إ֥饤 (hebrew) ϡ鷺Ȥ줿θǤꡤ䡦ꥹȶαƶˤ¿θ˱ƶͿƤѸ㳰ǤϤʤűѸѸޤǡƥ䥮ꥷ𤵤ǡ˸ŪʱƶäƤ켣 (119--20) ˽äơĤμѸ
amen: ֥סʵνθաˡ֤Ǥޤ褦ˡ (So be it!) ΰա
cabal: ֱġ̩ҡס
cherub [ʧérəb]: ֥ӥࡤ2ŷȡ
hallelujah: ֥ϥסʿ붫ӡˡּۤ (Praised be God!) ΰա
hosanna: ֥ۥʡסʿޤϥꥹȤ붫ӡˡֵߤ뤨 (Save, we pray) ΰա
jubilee: ֥٥ǯǰססʥ䶵50ǯȤ˹Ԥ©ǯˡ
leviathan: ֥סʵʳβʪˡ
manna: ֥ޥʡסʥ⡼ (Moses) Ψ줿饨ͤץæФ˺ݤƹǵȤäޤ줿ʪˡ
rabbi: ֥ӡסʥ䶵ԡΧˡؼˡ
sabbath: ְ©ס
satan: ֥ʥꥹȶǤ˰ס
schwa: ֥ʥȤΤʤˤޤ첻
seraph: ֥ԥࡤŷȡס
shibboleth: ֡ʤ볬顦ΤˡͭθաδʤɡϡסŨФ륨ե饤 (Ephraimites) [ʃ] ȯǤʤȤ顤쥢ǿ (Geleadites) Ũʬ뤿ˤθѤʵ Judges 12: 4--6 ˡ
ۤС (96) 䤨Сbar mitzvah ʥХ롦ߥĥС13Ф˻ҤνΰͼϡˡJehovah ʥϥˡRosh Hashana ʥοǯסˡsapphire ʥե, babel ʥХ٥ˡbehemoth ʥӥҥ⥹εáϡˡcider ʥˡjasper ˶̡ˡshekel ʥߡˡkosher ʡʿʪΧˡˤʤäˡkibbutz ʥ֥ġΥ饨νϡˤʤɤ롥
̾¿ȤդäƤȤơ#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1]) ȡ#3433. Ѹ̾ John ([2018-09-20-1]) ȡ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ
ε#3453. Υޥɤ̾Ϳƶ ([2018-10-10-1]) ˰³̾ꡥޥ֥ƥˤϡʤߤ줿ԻԤˤϥƥ̾դƤɽ#3440. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ-chester ޤԻ̾ä櫓Ǥ롥5Υơ¸Υƥ̾¿ΤƵ졤ޤǻĤʤäϤʤ
ǥȥå (82--83) ϡͤȥͤǤϡ֥ƥˤäƤŪۤʤäƤܤƤ롥
ƥ̾ϡѸ줬ήƤϰǤϱѸοƩˤäƾǤޤǤޤǽҤ٤ƤȤդäơƥ̾Ĥʤä⤦ҤȤĤνפʸϡͤϥͤȤϤʤۤʤäʸäƤȤȤǤ롥ͤϡサ뤿ԻԤ褿ΤǤϤʤ̤ϤƤΤǤ롥ͤϼʬκä̾ɬפȤͤκä֤ԻԤϥͤˤΩʤäκ֤ϡű饢ͤ˻֤ˡ褿ڿͤάå줿ͤλ˹ʤä֤줿Ǥ롥ԻԤƱͤ˺֤Ѥ졤̾ޤǤ˺줿
㤨СDee ΤۤȤΥ Deva ϡޥ֥ƥĹˤ錄äƷĤƤƤ֤äإǯ嵭٤ǤϡҤΥפȸڤƤ롥ޤΰ仺ϡ֤Ȥ̾ΤƵ줿ΤǤ롥
ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ
ǥȥå (168--69) ϡΥޥ (norman_conquest) ̾ʻˡˤ˵ڤܤѥȤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Ѹˤߤ͡ؤʬ®줿ȤǤäΤᡤѸΤμʤǤϤʤʤꡤɤǤ̤ջ̥֡ޥޡãζѰμʤǤϤʤʤäƤޤäޤȤϰäơʸؤΤθǤʤʤäη̡ɤʸˤǤ©ŤƤ롤ȤƼϤ˳Ȼ뷹ͳơޤDZѸ¸ߤƤݼŪϤǤƤääơѸ˭ȯã̾礭ʱƶͿ̾ΩˤǤϤʤФƤ̾ѾΤ礭ʱƶڤܤ
ϤʤۤɤȻפäɸ줬¸ߤˤƤϡ̸ä˴ؤơѤɸפȳϤǹԤʤΡפꤦ롥̾äˤϡ̾ɸפȡפȤ̤Ϥʤ̾ϹȤʤΤǡǽŪˤɸŪǤʤФʤʤŪˤɸŪȤΤѤɬפϤʤϡ̣̾ƤɬפϤʤξȤƤФ褤ȤŪü碌Ƥ뤳ȤȴطƤʤˤĤƤϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) ȡˡ
Ѹʬ̾δط褯ɽƤ1Ĥhill mill 첻ѰۤǤ롥#1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ첻Ǥ e ȤơǤ u ȤơʳǤ i ȤƼ¸롥줾ʬۤˤĤơǥåɤȥå (216--17) ˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
e ѤƤϰʼ˥ȡˤϥإ륹ƥå (Helsted)ॺҥWormshill, 1232ǯεϿǤ Wodnesell, ̣Ϥ餯 Woden's Hill ֥ɥε֡סˡߥȥ (Milton, ٥ζtun by a mill ʴζĮפΰ̣ǡ1242ǯεϿǤ Meletonˡ
u ѤƤϰ褫ϥåեɥ㡼Υڥϥ (Penkhull, ֥ȥο̾ Pencet ˱Ѹ hill դäƤˡ㡼ΥåRudge, ridge ֻסˡ㡼Υϥȥ (Hulton, tun on a hill ֵ֤ξˤĮסˡåեɥ㡼Υߥȥ (Milton) ϰ 1227ǯˤ Mulneton ä
i ѤƤϰ褫¿ꡤǽκˤФ u Ѥ졤εϥȡߥåɥɵڤ i ̸ĤȯŸ̤롥
̾ءءѲθϡȤ˼Ȥƿʤ٤֤Ǥ롥
ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ
#1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1])#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])#2443. ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1]) ǸƤ褦ˡɤβ̾ˤϥȸͳǤʤΤ¿
̤˲̾ϡ̱²ˤˤФƤ⡤̾Ѥ뷹Ȥ롥ͳ[2012-07-28-1]Ǥ⾯̤δ顤ǥȥå (62--63) Ҥ٤褦ʰʲλͿƤ
ȸ̾˺Ǥ¿ߤ롥ơ̾3ʬ2ϥȸǤ롥ʬˤߤ롥ʤۤ¿̾ĤäΤǤĤξ硤ä礭ʲξϡ̾ϸϩȤƥꥹΦιȤδ֤ǹΤۤ˽פǤäΦǰϵ饤ɤˡϤäƤȤˤȤäơ礭ϤΤޤΦؤοϩȤʤΤǡ̱͡²ˤ̾ΤƤǤͤϿάԤǤäǰǤϤʤäάȤˤŪΤˤ⥤ɤؤοϩˤ礭ʴؿƤ
βήξϡǽҤ٤褦ʤȤƤϤޤʤɡ٤ΤϤʤˤʤʤ顤̥ꥫǤϥꥫǥθ줬ȸȻä̿éäƤꡤ羮¿βˤƥǥ̾ĤäƤȤȤܤƤ褤ȤƤϥߥåԡߥ¾ˤ¿ߤ롥ɤβ̾Ĥꡤɤ̾ĤʤȤ˾βʤʤΤҤȤĤǤ롥
̤βսˡ֥Τǡ̾Τ3ʬ2Ƥסʥǥȥåȡ52ǡˤȤҤΤǡ̾˴ؤƤषȷϤ3ʬ2ȤΤϡä٤ۤǤ롥
̾ϸ̾Ѥ䤹ͳȤƤ⤦1Ĺͤ줽ʤΤϡʤ䤽¾μϷˤϡĮ¼̤Τ褦ʿʪǤϤʤȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ˺ФꡤåסɡӥɤǤΤǤϤʤ褫֨Ȥ¸ߤƤΤǤ롥˼ä뤳ȤǤʤΤƱͤˡ¸̾ˤäʤǤȤȤǤϤʤ̾ (toponym) ȰˤäƤ⡤Ϸ̾Į̾ȤǼۤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ
ɸ Elizabeth ϡѹˤκǤ2ͤνɽŵŪʱѸν̾Ǥ롥˸뤿ؤŤ̾Ǥꡤ츻褯ʬäƤʤ褦إ֥饤ǡֿסֿϴʤפɽ魯 Elisheba ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȸ롥
ѹǤ16Ⱦ Elizabeth I μȤʤꡤ3֡Ѹ̾ȤƤʿ͵ؤä20ˤʤȡElizabeth II μˤ⤫餺˸Ťᤫ̾ɾ褦ˤʤä餫ĤƤΤ褦ʿ͵Ƥʤ褦
ˤ⸽Ť̾ˡѹΤߤʤ餺衼åѽƱ̾Ӥ̾̾ȤƹѤƤ뤬餬ƱѸ̾ȤƱѸҲäƤȡElizabeth եߥȸƤ֤٤ΰ̾Ԥʤ뤳ȤˤʤäޤĤѸǾάη (hypocorism)ȯãƤΤǡѸǤ¿¿ͤ Elizabeth ή̤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʲˡCrystal (148) ˵äơɽŪʤΤ褦
Short forms: Bess, Bet, Beth, Eliza, Elsa, Liza, Lisbet, Lisbeth, Liz, Liza
Pet forms (hypocorism): Bessie, Bessy, Betsy, Bette, Betty, Elsie, Libby, Lilibet, Lizzie, Lizzy, Tetty
Regional forms: Elspet, Elspeth, Elspie (Scottish)
Foreign forms: Elizabeth (common European spelling); Babette, Elise, Lise, Lisette (French); Elsa, Else, Ilse, Liesel (German); Bettina, Elizabetta (Italian); Isabel, Isabella, Isbel, Isobel, Izzie, Sabella (Spanish/Portuguese); Elilís (Irish Gaelic); Ealasaid (Scottish Gaelic); Bethan (Welsh)
Ūˤϡΰ̾γơФֻ͡櫓ǤꡤȤ櫓ɸŪֻڤ18ˤϡĿ̾ΡֻؤΤϵäΤǡֻ¿#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǼȤǤ롥Elizabeth ʤ¾¿̾ˤˤĤơŪˤɤ¿ΥꥨäȤƣסֺƣסƣסƣפǤϤʤ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
̾Ū˰̾ (anthroponomastics) ˤĤƤϡ#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ϤȤơpersonal_name γƵǴϢ夲Ƥ
Ѹο̾ϡĿ̾ȤƤ first name (forename, Christian name, or given name) Ȳ²̾ȤƤ last name (family name or surname) ̤ۤФ middle name դä롥
ܸο̾δФˤȤơŵŪ last name ǤΤ first name ȤƤѤȤȤ롥㤨СܸǤϡڡפ־ӡפȤŵŪ̾ȤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤѸǤϷ褷ƾʤʤåץ (740) ˤСƤҶ̾žѤ륱¿Ȥ
Ǥʲ²̾ˤĿ̾Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿äƤĹˤͿȤˤΤǤ롥ξ硤Ƥեȥ͡ȤͿ⤢Сߥɥ͡ȤͿ졤˥եȥ͡Ȥ鷺ˡĿ̾Ȥ⤢롥㤨 Mary Addison Ȥ̾ν Henry Jones Ȥȷ뺧硤©Ҥ Addison Jones ̾Ť뤳Ȥ롥Ŀ̾ȤʤäȤơꥫͥСǥ ([Oliver] Bergess Meredith, 1907--97)Dzĥʥʥ (Nunnally [Hunter] Johnson, 1897--1977)ͥӥե ([John] Robinson Jeffers, 1887--1962)ѹηȥСʡɡ硼 ([George] Bernard Shaw, 1856--1950) ʤɤ롥ѹȥ㡼 (Winston [Leonard Spencer] Churchill, 1874--1965) ȥꥫξ Winston Churchill (1871--1947) ƱƤϤʤʤ
ۤˡŪ̾ˤ̾ˤѤȤȤϡ19ˤ̤ä褦Crystal (150) ˤСBaron, Beverley, Fletcher, Maxwell ϤᡤäˤȤ̾ȤѤƤ Clifford "ford near a slope", Douglas "dark water", Shirley "bright clearing" ʤɤ̾ȤƺѤ뤳ȤϴŪäȤ
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
#3124. ܸ (1) ([2017-11-15-1]) ȡ#3125. ܸ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) ǸҲ𤷤¾ (23) Ͽ̾ˤ̾θˤĤƤδް (typological implication) ȻŦƤ롥
SOV δܸܸīǤϡְܿס֥ࡦפʤɡ鷺Ȥ줿̾פο̾Ȥʤ롥ˤĤƤʿŪǤꡤְܼפΤ褦ˡܸפȤʤ롥Τ褦ˡδްդǧ뤳ȤǤ
(patronymy) ˤƤ⡤ηߤȤåȥɸ졤ɸ졤إ֥饤ʤɤ VSO ܸȤ뤬ΤˤƤϡֻҶ¹פɽ魯ʰʲֻǼˤ̾ΤΤԤ롥줾 MacAlister, O'Hara, Ben-Gurion ǡǤ롥
Ǥ SOV θ줬äƤ뤬ǤΤϵդθȤʤ롥˥ Khachaturian 䥰른 Basilashvili ǡǤ롥
¤ϡ¿Τ˴ؤƥθƱ Gruberovàɸ Sigurðsdottirǥ AnderssonƱѸ Browning ʤɤȤʤ롥ΤȤϡĸδܸ礬Ĥ SOV ǤäȤƤΤ⤷ʤ
ϤޤǷȤ館ΤǤꡤɬĥΤǤϤʤ̾η¾θηشطΤǤС̾츻ʤɤˤ⿷ʸƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Ϣơ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) ⻲ȡ
Сʡɡƥޥ塼ޥꥢݥ ԡ ˼ ؿʸա١νӡ2005ǯ
åץ (722--39) ˡָͭ̾줫ޤ줿աפΰ롥ʲǤϡΰѤ˺Ƹ롥ɽθλˤĤƾܤľܥåץˡ뤤ϳƼμäƤȤꤢΤ褦ɽΤȤȤƤ
Adonis
agaric
agate
Alexandrine
Alice blue
America
ammonia
ampere
Ananias
Annie Oakley
aphrodisiac
areopagus
argosy
Argus-eyed
arras
artesian well
astrachan
Atlantic
atlas
babbitt
bacchanals
bakelite
barlett (pear)
battology
bayonet
begonia
bellarmine
bergamask
bison
blanket
bloomers
bobby
bohemian
bowdlerize
bowie
boycott
braille
brie
Brithg's disease
bronze
brougham
Brownian movement
brummagem
bunsen (burner)
Casarean
camembert
cantaloup
cardigan
caryatid
Cassandra
cereal
chalcedony
cherrystone clams
Chippendale
coach
Colombia, Columbia
cologne
colophony
colt
copper
coulomb
cravat
cupidity
currant
daguerreotype
dauphin
derby
diesel (engine)
diddle
doily
dollar
dumdum bullet
Duncan Phyfe
Dundreary (whiskers)
echo
epicurean
ermine
erotic
euhemerism
euphuism
Fabian
Fahrenheit
faience
Fallopian
farad
Ferris (wheel)
fez
forsythia
frankfurter
frieze
galvanize
gamboges
gardenia
gargantuan
gasconade
gauss
gavotte
gibus
Gilbertian
gladstone (bag)
Gobelin
gongorism
Gordian knot
gothite
greengage
Gregorian (calendar/chant)
guillotine
hamburger
havelock
Heaviside layer
hector
helot
henry
hermetically
hiddenite
Hitlerism
Hobson's choice
hyacinth
indigo
iridium
iris
jacinth
Jack Ketch
Jack Tar
jeremiad
jobation
Jonah
joule
jovial
Julian calendear
laconic
lambert
landau
Laputan, Laputian
lavalier
lazar
leather-stocking
Leninism
Leyden jar
lilliputian
limousine
loganberry
Lothario
lyceum
lynch
macadamize
machiavellian
machinaw
mackintosh
magnet
magnolia
malapropism
Malpighian tubes
manil(l)a
mansard roof
marcel
martinet
Marxist
maudlin
mausoleum
maxim (gun)
mayonnaise
mazurka
McIntosh (apple)
Melba toast
Mendelian
mentor
Mercator projection
mercerize
mercurial
meringue
mesmerism
mho
milliner
mnemonic
morphine
morris chair
morris dance
Morse code
negus
nicotine
Nestor
Occam's razor
odyssey
ogre
ohm
Olympian
panama (hat)
panic
parchment
Parthian glance, Parthian shot
pasteurize
peach
peeler
peony
percheron
philippic
pinchbeck
Platonic
Plimsoll line [mark]
poinsettia
polka
polonaise
pompadour
praline
Prince Albert
procrustean
protean
prussic (acid)
Ptolemaic system
Pullman
pyrrhic victory
pyrrhonism
quisling
quixotic
raglan
rhinestone
rodomontade
Roentgen ray
roquefort
Rosetta Stone
Rosicrucian
Salic (law)
Sally Lunn
Samaritan
sandwich
sardine
sardonic
sardonyx
satire
saxophone
scrooge
Seidlitz
sequoia
shanghai
Sheraton
shrapnel
silhouette
simony
sisyphean
socratic
solecism
spaniel
Spencer
spinach
spruce
Stalinism
stentorian
Steve Brodie
sybarite
tabasco
tangerine
tarantella
tarantula
thrasonical
timothy
titanic
tobacco
Trotskyte
trudgen
Vandyke
vaudeville
venery
Victoria
volcano
volt
vulcanize
watt
Wedgwood ware
Wellington (boot)
Winchester rifle
wulfenite
Xant(h)ippe
Zeppelin
ͤ̾Ȥˡ䲿餫ħȿǤ̾줬ޤΤϡ metonymy κѤȹͤ롥ޤϸͭλؼоݤäƤΤŪѤ褦ˤʤäȤạ̇̄γλȤ⤤
åץθ츻˴ؤꥹȤȤƤϡۤˡ#1723. åץˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) ǤˤΤǻȤ
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Rose 뤤 Rosa Ȥ̾鯤̣ΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤThe Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names (200) ˤȸ horse ȷӤĤƤǽ⤤褦
Rose (f)
From the name of the flower. Common long before flower names came into popular use in the 19th century. Probably from Germanic names, based on words meaning 'horse', an important feature of the life of Germanic tribes. However, the English flower name is a more attractive association for most people.
Variant form: Rosa
ḽζŪʴФȤƤϡ̾ϴְ㤤ʤ֤ rose ȷӤĤƤ뤬θ츻ϥޥϤϤɽ魯ñ졤űѸǤȤ hros ˤȤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡűѸ hros ϸ˲ž (metathesis) ˤ hors(e) ȷѤޥ̱²ˤȤäƽפưʪ̾μ뤷ȤȤϡˤꤽǤ롥θ¤ Rose ϡˤθ츻˺졤֤ rose Ȥǧ褦ˤʤä֤ rose Τϡ˸츻õΤ褦Ǥ˥ƥ rosa ȤѤƤꡤ줬űѸ rōse ޤᡤޥؤѤ줿
鯤ȤϢۤϡŪʸˤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ19˲֤̤̾˿̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤäаޤȤδϢⵤαƤ¾Ȥ19 Daisy) ˤС19ˤϰ̤̾̾ȤѤĬäˤĤƤϡ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ
Macleod, Isabail and Terry Freedman. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.
ܸˤͤ̿̾˴ؤơ饭͡ǯȤʤäƤ롥ˤȯȤƤŪ̾Ǥʤ鶯ƻɽΤ⤢С⤽ŪǤʤܿ̾ʤ䵭ˤɽΤ⤢롥ä͡ʰո뤳ȤϼΤ̤Τ褦̾դ̾դƤϡҶθμʤǤȰͤ˼ĥ롥
ȤȤǤСΤαѸʸΤۤʤǤΤǤϤʤ뤬ºݤ˥饭͡Τ϶ǯ褯ߤ롥Ϥۤʤ褦Horobin (225) εҤߤƤߤ褦
The idea of a personalized orthography is also apparent in the recent phenomenon of giving children names with non-standard spellings. Often such names remain phonetically identical to their traditional spellings, but changes in spelling are used to endow them with a unique identity. While many popular names already have variant spellings, such as Catherine, Katherine, Kathryn, others have only recently developed alternative forms. Parenting websites are littered with helpful suggestions of ways of respelling traditional names to give 'funky' alternatives, such as Katelyn, Rachaell, Melanee, Stefani. Discussion boards record lively debates between those in favour of such personalizations, and those for whom such 'incorrect' spellings are complete anathema.
ѸΥ饭͡ˤĤħŪʤΤϡȯȤƤŪ̾ѤƤ뤬ɽֻˤäƤȤ㤬̤Ǥꡤ⤽Ūʼ̾ϤޤäƤʤȤȤޤܸǤϤȤɤߤʣʴȤʸηϤѤơƻפȤˡʤΤФơѸǤϸ§ȤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤơֻˤäɸŪʸܻؤˤȤɤޤ롥ѸΥ饭͡Ȥϡ褽饭饹ڥȸƤ褤٤ΤΤǤ롥
ܸδ٤СѸΥڥȯΰæ٤ϤƤ롥ѸǤϥ饭饹ڥѤƤ⡤ȤƤŪ̾Ǥ뤫Ƚ̤ϤäưפǤϡ饭饹ڥˤ̿̾ԤϰƳݼŪȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤȤΤϡɤΤȤΤ褦̿̾ԤɸѸֻˡ˴Ťʤ顤ȯŸŪ˱ѤƤˤʤȤͤ뤫
ͤ̾Ǥʤʤ䥵ӥ̾˿Ϳ뤿˰֤ѤȤ⡤ʿŪ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Horobin (226) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
An important feature of many such novel spellings is that they should be easily understood as an alternative spelling of a particular standard English word, so that the product or service to which it relates is clear.
̾ˤ辦ʡӥ̾ˤ衤ѸǤɸֻȤ졤ɸȯɽȤϤۤȤɤʤȤդɬפ롥ޤ̾βŪ¸ϼҲ˹ͭɸŪŪʤΤˤȤɤޤΤǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸˤʸѤˤĤƤϡĤδʲεǰäƤ
#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])
#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1])
#1310. ѸʸѤδ ([2012-11-27-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
ƬʸѤˤĤơĤʸɤѸθƬʸѤˤϡֻФʸפȡְ̣ʸפȤȤФʸȤϡʸƬιƬ֤κǽʸʸˤΤǤꡤñʻʤʸʸñεǽδ֤ľŪʤĤʤ꤬ʡפʸƬȤƬɸȤƤΰ̣⤿ʤ (47) ŪбζĴȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥΰ̣ʸȤϡỤ̄¤˴ؤΤǤ롥ŵϸͭ̾θƬʸǤꡤĤϤħ̾ǰפɽƤ롥̣ŪˤϡΡǰפɤߤ뤫פǤ롥 (48--49) βƤΤǡطս
ʸ줿̾ϼʤΰ̣¤ΰĤǤǰȯǰ롥̾ΰ̣¤ΰĤǤǰʸȤǶ벽ȹͤ롥ФʸȤϰ㤦Ǥ롥̾ʳʻˤʸ᤹ΰ̣ŪڤӿŪ礱Ƥ롥
̾Ū͡ʲǽäƤ롥͡ǽ⡤äˡǰפȤǽ²ҤΩƤơɼԤδ˶ĴƤߤΤʸǤ롥
ФǰȤϤʤ복ǰǤΤǤ
ǰŪä̾Ǥ롥餢դİƤ˿֥ǰǤ롥İбȤ褦äơŪŪ䵬ԤθŪǰǰǤ롥
ǰˤĤŪ롥
ǰ̾˲äʤˤŪʥǤ롥ȤƤ̾İбȸƤ֤Ȥ롥̾İбΤͤ˶̤ʬǰȸƤ֤櫓Ǥ롥ä̾ϡǰΰ°¤ꡤǡطʤʿǡã뤳Ȥ롥̾Τˤ褯դ罰ãΤ椭ȤɤƤΤۤɰطʤãϤ礭ǡä̾ǰΤ Mass Communicated Sign MCS ȸƤ֤Ȥˤ롥
MCS ϰƤã롥Ǥ狼Τ顤Ρ֤٤ơɬ٤䤫dzǰŪΤƤǤϤʤñľŪʥե˰㤤ʤ
ǰ MCS Τ褦˶̤ƱΥطʤȤ̤äƤ롥ҹ̤δޤߤǰ̿Ǥ롥äǰλĴޤߤϡĿŪŪǤäƤϤʤʤĿͤˤʤʤˤãˤϿǤ꤬ɬפǤ롥ĿͺʤʤФʤǰȤƤŬϰϤ٤⤯ʤ롥äǰϾ˸̺ʤưȸĤζ̤ռŪӽǸĤɽ路ꡤʬΤɽꤹ롥ǰϸĤ ذ̲뷹롥
ǰΰ̲ײȡͭвˤ롥ηϿʹֿ˶ƶڤܤǰǤۤɡͤ˱ƶͿ줿ϰܲ졤ĤθͭʪȤʤ롥
ʾޤȤȡǰˤϡ罰ãȡͭȤĤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ǰθͭȤ¦̤ϡŵŪˤ̵ͣθͭ̾줬ħĤκƱˤͭ礬롥㤨СBible, Fortune, Heaven, Sea, World तǤ롥ϡѸʸˤơ̵ͣθͭ̾줽ΤΤǤ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館ƤǤ롥ʸʸ̮ˤƵͭ̾첽ȤäƤ⤤ᡤ̤̾ʤɤ⡤ĤκƱ˴ŤʸΤǤ롥Ʊth River, th Far East, the City ʤɤ̾ First Lady, President ʤɤοͤɽƱͤǤ롥ˤ metonymy ѤƤ롥
ǰ罰ãȤ¦̤θΤϡޥߤήۤҲݤ˴ؤǤ롥Communism, Parliament, the Constitution, Remember Pearl Harbor, Sex without Babies λԤˤȤäƤϡΰʤʸǧ뤳ȡˤǡطʤʸ̮ľŪΤǤ롥
ʤ;ñ̾ I 봷ϡ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) 餫ˤ褦ˡ̣ʸȤϡषФʸȹͤ٤I ΰ̣ǤϤʤñ˻Ū˺Ω뤿ʸȹͤΤ̤ˤϽ (minim) 1ܤǤϼϤνפƸʬդˤȤȤ뤬1ܤǽȤ¦̤⡤1ʸǽǤȤ¦̤Τۤפ⤷ʤȤΤϡĤθ褦ˡ15Υޥ̥ץȤȤϤʸʤ괧 a Ƥ㤬뤫Ǥ (49)
ʸȴϢơͭ̾첽ˤĤơ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1])#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) Ȥ줿
١Capitalization ˤĤơסػѸظ61桤1967ǯ47--53ǡ
Ѹ̾ˤĤƤϡtoponymy γƵǼ夲Ƥˤ֥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ˤĤơ (pp. 191--209) ˴ŤơɤΥȸ̾ʬۤˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥
5ȾꡤޥΥ͡͡塼ȿͤ꼡ǥ֥ƥ轻ΥȷϽ̱²̤ɤꡤ˥ɤȸƤФΰаޤϡ褯ΤƤ (#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤͤϥɤΤ ([2015-10-06-1])) ޤԤαѸ줬ԤΥȸ줫ۤȤΩäüѤԤʤäȤ⡤褯ΤƤ롥Ȥ#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) #1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̾ˤĤƤ㳰Ȥ٤ǤꡤȸǤȤɤ륤̾ϾʤʤȤ櫓ɤβˤĤƤϡ¿ȸϤ̾ͿƤ뤳ȤŪ˻ŦƤ (cf. #1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]))
ޥν̱²꽻ϡλ֤ơɤ줫ؿʹԤȹͤ뤬ϥȸ̾ʬۤȤ褯פ롥ʲϿޡp. 199ˤϡȸϤβ̾ʬۤˤꥤɵڤӥ륺4Ĥΰ˶ʬΤǤ롥Ⱦʬ Area I 顤Ⱦʬޤ Area IIƤϢܤ Area III 顤ǤŪʥ륺䥳뤫ʤ Area IV ޤǡȸϤβ̾ڤ̩̾٤ǻʤ롥

꽻ˤȥȸ̾ǻøϢŤȡΤ褦ˤʤArea I ϡ5--6˥ͤ䥵֥ͤƥ褷ܵϤȤΰǤꡤͽۤ褦ˤˤϳμ¤˥ȸϤȤ̾϶ˤƾʤܤ Area II ؤϡͤ6Ⱦˡͤ7˿ʽФΰǤϡArea I ٤֡Ӥʤɤ̾˥ȸϤ̾¿뤬Ѹ̾ȤӤˤʤʤ餤Ǥ롥ˡ7--8ˤơͤϡ¦ʤ Devonshire, Somerset, Dorset; Worcestershire, Shropshire; Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland ʤɤ Area III ؤŸΰǤϡ֡ӤΤۤ¼졤ŪħŤ˥ȸǤä¿ѻ롥ͤ Area III ؤοʽФϡArea I ٤2ۤɤ٤줿λ֤κȸ̾Ǥǻøκˤ褯Ƥ롥ǸˡCornwall, Wales, Monmouthshire, Herefordshire ʤ Area IV ϡȷ轻̱ǸޤƧߤȤɤޤäΰǤꡤʤ顤ȸ̾Ū¿
Τ褦˷ˤ̾Ǥˤ줤ȿǤƤϾʤʤ⤦1ĤλȤơ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) Ȥ줿
ظؼ?ػˤäŷ͡ۺͤμ?١īǼҡ2010ǯ
ͭ̾ϸݤȤϡů˳ؤˤפǤ롥ͭ̾ȡʳθȤϡ¿ۤʤ롥#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡޤͭ̾ˤϰ̣ʤͭ̾줬äƤΤϰ̣ǽǤϤʤޤǻؼǽˤȤɤޤäƤ롥ͭ̾ϡŪˤߤȳͲˤϽäƤ뤬̻ŪˤߤȲŪʽ뤳Ȥ㤨СѸ̾ʤɤֻȯΥƤ٤ϡ̤θǤϤʤ (ex. Silverstone /silsn/) ¤줵줿ˤ餫ä֤ߤǤƤ뤳Ȥʤ椨˶Ūˤʬǽ̵̣ȤʤΤΤ褦ˡͭ̾줬¾θब̤ˤäƤפ礤ƤΤϡ䤬ְ̣פ뤳ȤǤϤʤֻؼפ뤳ȤòƤ뤫ʤΤ
ǤϡΤ褦ʸͭ̾ɬפȤѤꤹüԤʹ֤ϡޤǤƲֻؼפΤ塤ʹ֤ؼΤɽʤϡʹ֤ȾȤȤΤ褦ʸˤäơĤˤäơʳλʪФƥեȤ⤤۾ʴؿơȤͭ̾ǻؼȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤġοʹ֤ȾˤĤƴ̵ؿȤʸϤʤźθˤƿ̾̾Ȥͭ̾줬Ū˸뤳Ȥ顤ǧᤶʤΤ褦ʹ֤Ū˲˴ؿäƤ뤫פʴѻǤ롥Coates (315) ۩
Personal names appear to be the prototypical names, as all humans have overwhelming interest (1) in being able to refer conversationally to other humans with the expectation of uniquely identifying them in context, and (2) in catching the attention of other humans individually. Accordingly, personal names typically have both a referential and a vocative function. Their fundamental nature is also seen in the way they are applicable to other categories of individual, for instance animals. Places gain significance because we all move and act in space, so they gain significance through the way(s) in which they fit into human perceptions of landscape, townscape and starscape, which is what governs their naming. Other categories of object may bear proper names, and the more intimately associated with human activity a type of object is, the more readily it seems able to acquire a proper name, though the systematic application of names to other categories is quite rare, and the degree of intimacy with which something is felt to be associated with human activity may vary from culture to culture.
Ϣͭ̾ˤĤƤϡonomastics γƵȤ櫓#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) Ȥ줿
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ΰʤ̾ (toponymy) ϡѸǤ褯椵ƤѸ̾ؤʤѸ츻ؤȤϢѸ줬˾͡ʸܿƤ¤ˤꡤѸ츻ؤʣǤΤƱͤˡѸ̾ؤǤ롥Ʊؼ̾ΤΤϤˤäưۤʤβŪħȿǤʤɤ̻ŪƱǧʸŪʺȤʤΤǤ롥ѸΤߤʤ餺طθ츻ءֻʤɡ¿γغŪμưƽƱǽȤʤ롥
αѸ̾ؤˤĤơCoates (338--39) ϼΤ褦ɽƤ롥
[E]xplaining many English names is a delicate exercise in philology, as the elements which make them up have to be identified in one of a number of languages. The tradition of writing in England stretches back more than 1,300 years, and phonetic and orthographic evolution have not always been in step with each other. In addition, there is a radical discontinuity in the written record. Before 1066, the record contains many place-names formulated in interpretable OE, the native language of most of those engaged in writing, though Latin was also a language of record. After 1066, a bureaucracy was installed where, irrespective of the writers' native language, Latin and French were the languages of record; the scribal practices adopted were in part those used for Latin, but otherwise those originally applied in the writing of French late in the first millennium. These did not sit easily with the phonology of English, and there was a period where the recorded names may be hard to interpret, i.e. to assign to known places. By the thirteenth century, those who applied the conventions were again producing passable renderings of the phonology of English names, and they often begin to show affinity with the forms current now. Until the fifteenth century, they are often still in French or Latin texts and influenced to some degree by that context, e.g. by being formed and spelt in a way suitable for declension in Latin (normally first-declension feminine --- Exonia for Exeter, for instance, or more mechanically the twelfth-century Stouenesbia for Stonesby (Lei)); administrative writing in English belongs only to the period since Henry V set the tone for the use of English in chancery.
Τ褦ʻǡ㤨иűѸΤ̾Ѹ礭ۤʤֻǸƤ褦ʥǡ̤ƤƱ뤷Ƥ褤ΤγǧΤʸŪʺȤɬפȤʤ롥С695ǯ˵ϿƤ Gislheresuuyrth ϡߤ Isleworth (Mx) ƱؼоݤȹͤƤ뤬ƱϰȤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ޤ륢ְܴ̾ۤ㤤ʤűѸ˻ѤƤȹͤƤ褤ˤ⤫餺ʸ Domesday Book ǽƵϿ˸Ȥ⤢롥̤˸ؤν̿ǤϤ뤬̾ȤƼºߤƤʸ˸Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤȤ֤ϡȤ櫓̾ؤξˤӻ顤̾ؤȼΥץ⤿Ω1Ĥγʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
ɸϡ̾פθ뤷ƤܸüԤˤȤäơѤʵǤ롥ܸǤϡڰϺסѸǤ John Smith ȤʤΤϤʤ
üŪˤСξˤ뽤、θκۤͳǤ롥Ǥñʡַƻ̾פȤ˴ؤƤѸǶ̤Ƥ뤬ʬʤĹΤˤʤȡܸǤϡֽ、פȤʤΤФơѸǤֻطפ⤫٤Ф狼褦ˡ、ܽפθȤʤ롥ڲȤΰϺפܸǤϡڡʤΡ˰Ϻפ뤬֥ߥȤΥפѸ褦Ȥ John (of) Smith Ȥʤ롥֤ΡפǤС*Smith's John Τ褦˽ͭʡʸŤ°ʡˤѤСܸˡֽ、פȤʤ⤢äΤǤϤʤȤ䤬롥ʤμʤ줿Τ
ε#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ (surname) Ѥ褦ˤʤäͳ1Ĥϡ̾ (first name) ΤߤǤϿʪǤʤǽޤäǤ롥ɤȤƤǶΤǤ̱ΤˤʪϽפʥ٥Ǥɤ John ʤΤ̤ɬפϤäǡȥ˥ߡθ̾俦̾ʤɤŬʼ̻ȤѤơ֡ΥפʤɤȸƤ֤褦ˤʤäκݤαѸǤθϡä̾ʤɤѤˤϡX's John ǤϤʤ John of X ̤ä̾ England's king Ȥϸ鷺 the king of England ȸ̤Ǥ롥ڤΰϺפ֤ΡפάơڰϺפȤʤäꤵΤƱͤˡ John of Smith ֻ of ά John Smith Ȥʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʴϢơ°ʤȱ°ʤ̻ŪʬۤˤĤƤϡ#1214. °̾ΰ֤θ경ˡ ([2012-08-23-1])#1215. °̾ο of ȯã ([2012-08-24-1]) ȡ
ˤäꤵֻ줬æȤٻ뺬ȤƤϡof ǤϤʤȤƤ⡤Uppiby (up in the village), Atwell, Bysouth, atten Oak ʤɤֻߤᤤѻ뤳Ȥ롥#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⡤ɤˤե de Lacy ʤɤϤ̤ǤäΥѥˤǼǼԤϽͭο̾¿äȤ¿פʤλˡֻϤ褽üƤȤˤʤ롥
ѸγϤȡե de 䡤бɥĸ von, van ʤɤϡФп̾˻ĤäƤ롥Ρ֤Ĥʤפֻοϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤ褦
ε#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɤ̾ (first name) ˲ä (surname) Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤϡͥΥޥʹߤǤꡤѤνҲŪʬι⤤Ԥ㤤ԤˤƤǤä13--14ˤư̤˳Ȥä褦ϰ躹⤢ꡤ٤äCoates (327--28) Ѥ롥
Surnames came into use among the Norman aristocracy shortly before the Conquest. The practice was neither universal nor stable then or in the early period of Norman rule in England, though by about 1250 it was the norm in the highest social class and the knightly and other taxpaying classes. Between 1300 and 1400 the practice had spread to the urban moneyed classes, though it appears that in some towns, such as York, the lower classes might be without surnames till as late as 1600. Rural small free tenants, for whom evidence is more scant, began to acquire surnames before 1300 in the south, and the practice moved northwards, with new surnames still being formed in Lancashire as late as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and this development is mirrored by that of the servile class. The adoption of surnames did not happen overnight anywhere, and our knowledge of the process is hindered by the different degrees to which social classes are represented in the record. . . / Surnames are distinguishing names given to people bearing the same personal name, and many of these came to be inherited, though the system is not in fully complete operation everywhere till the 1600s. Those which have been inherited were of course the ones originally bestowed on males, for a complex of reasons involving unambiguous identification of the rightful heir.
ǴٲޤǤˤϡԤʤФʤʤۤɡδϤäȹޤäƤäȤˤʤ롥Ȥ˴ؤƤϡѸˤ¿θѲؤȤΤФ촷ѲȸƤ֤٤κѤषؤȳȤäȤΤ⤷
ŪŤФ̤ؤȤȤˤĤƤϡ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1]) Ȥ줿
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
Ѹο̾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϡ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ۤpersonal_name γƵǰäƤ
Ѹ̻̾ŪʰܤѤä˥ΥޥΥե줫֤Ű֤ˤϡä롥ˤϡۤȤɤο̾ѸΥޥǤȤ߹碌Τä줬쵤˥եȤʤäŪˤС#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1066ǯΥΥޥȸοǯδ֤ʬθűѸ̾ Richard, William, Henry ʤɤ Norman French ֤̾줿¿Ѹ˷ѾƤ롥˻ĤűѸ̾ Edward, Alfred, Audrey, Edith ʤɾǤפȤȤˤʤ롥ե줫֤줷̾ȤƤϡȤƤΦޥե첽ǺѤ줿 Robert, Roger 䡤ե첽ͤ̾ John, Matthew, Mary, Peter, Luke, Stephen, Paul, Mark ʤɤޤƤ褤ˤ衤ɿͤϡΥޥ塤äȤ֤˥ե̾̾褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ȥ϶
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȤǤ Coates (320--21) ΥޥαѸ̾ˤĤΤ褯ޤȤƤʸϤΤǰѤ褦
[N]ames of English origin declined fairly suddenly after 1066, but at different rates in different social groups . . ., persisting till about 1250 only among the peasantry. . . . Very few names of OE origin were preserved, the only really durable ones being of three popular saints, Edmund, Edward and Cuthbert.
The typical 'English' names of the Middle Ages and later fall mainly into two categories: French-mediated ones of CWGmc [= Common West Germanic] origin and French-mediated ones of customary saints. Germanic ones included William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud, together with the Breton Alan; Christian names were those of biblical personages or post-biblical popular saints, including Adam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John and its feminine Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery, from the late twelfth century onwards, Mary, and from the fourteenth Christopher. Whilst the fortune of individual names ebbed and flowed in time and in place, this is the name stock for both sexes which until recently served as the canon of 'English' names.
̱²Τۤե֤̾줬ᤫäȤȤ䤹¤ƱȤ (surname) γˤĤƤ⤤롥Υޥʹߡ̾뽬ȯãطʤˤϡ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡԤˤǤħʤɿ̱ŪǻääơޤǶʧ̳Τ뵮²ӤӤ뤳ȤȤʤäξˤƤ⡤̾ȥơʼҲŪҿˤ̩ܤʴط롥
Coates θͭ̾ˤĤơ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
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