#5212. ̾ؼԤϤʤեɥΤ ([2023-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ Taylor ʸθȾǡåȥ̾ζ֤˴ؤä٤˽Ф路 (82--83) 츻줬äʤʤäƿλ֤ФȤƤ⡤̾ζ֤ݤ뷹ȤȤ§ǤϤʤȤȤΤ褦դˤж֤γǧˤäƸ츻줬٤γΨǤȤȤˤĤʤ롥
It is very important to record how a place-name is pronounced, since this can yield vital clues for its correct analysis. For example it is a general, though by no means universal, rule that place-names which are stressed on the first element are in languages of Germanic origin, such as Scots or Norse, while place-names which are stressed on the second or third element are of Celtic origin, such as Pictish or Gaelic. It would be more accurate to say that in both language groups it is the specific element which bears the stress, but that in Scots and Norse names the specific usually comes first, the generic second, while in names of Celtic origin it is usually the other way round. It is a remarkable fact that the original stress pattern of a name tends to survive, even when the original language of coining has not been spoken locally for many hundreds of years.
Ϥ⤷ʵ䤬Ƭͯ夬äƤ롥
̸Ū specific/generic ζ̤֤䶯֤شطˤΤʤΤ
̾Ȱ̸ȤǤϡŪʶ֤ݻ䤹˺ΤʤΤ
Ʊ̾Ǥ⸽üԤȳüԤȤδ֤Ƕ֤ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥ뤬̾ϰˤ뺹ƱȤȤ館Ƥ褤Τ
Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.
87ʷˤˡ3̾ȤȤˡ̾ץȡפʤΤΩ夲ޤ˱Ѹˡؤδ̾פˤĤƵƤȤǤ֡ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פʤɤǴϢ륳ƥĤƤۤ͡ʥ٥ȤⳫŤƤͽǤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤⶨϤĤǡ̾פᤰ夲ƤȻפäƤޤܥ֥ɤߤγ⡤ȼƤС
ץȤʤƤ礿Сϡޤ4̾Ȥʤޤ3̾ϤǤ heldio ʤɤǤϤߤǤ
Ͻؤʥեꥹرؤۤ
ڹʷܳرء
¤ء
ץΩ夲4ͤ饤ǽ뤷ݤ˼Ͽ̲ݤΤ heldio ۿޤ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ¤30ʬۤɤĹˤİ
ǡ̾פȤäƤ⡤СϰϤϤƹǤ⤽̾פȤϲ䡤ȤȤϤޤꡤճȤؤǤޤˤäƤ̾פªۤʤ⤢ޤ
ؤβʬȤ onomastics ͭ̾פȤΰ褬ޤʻϡ̾ءפȸƤӤȤǤˡˤĤƤϡǤܥ֥Ǥ onomastics ¿εǽƤޤΤǡҤɤȤ櫓ʲεᤷޤ
#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])
#5189. ͭ̾ؤμϰϡ ([2023-07-12-1])
#5191. ̾פȤϲ ([2023-07-14-1])
Ҥ줫Ρ̾ץȡפưˤܤ
̾ؼ (toponymist) ϴ˸äƸ椹뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ Google Earth 3ǥϿޥեȤʤɤѤ륳ԥ塼κȤ¿ʤäƤ褦եɥȤϸʬ礫ʤȤ
åȥɤ̾椷Ƥ Simon Taylor Ȥ̾ؼԤͭ̾ؤ˴ؤϥɥ֥åΤʤ1ǡեɥˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ƥ롥̾ؼԤָ֤ɤäʤȻפäΤǰѤƤ
There is much in the life and work of the toponymist which involves sitting at a desk, whether at home, in a library, or in an archive. Equally, there are aspects essential to the work which involve 'getting out and about'; for the purposes not just of interrogating those who live in a landscape, as in the collection of oral material, but of interrogating the landscape itself. There are many cases in which the landscape offers the key to the interpretation of a name. Ambiguity and doubt abound especially in the interpretation of names which have been mediated by a language or languages different from the one in which they were originally coined, and it is often only a careful consideration of the physical landscape, past and present, which can offer any chance of certainty. While some of this can be done through maps, and with the recently available online resources such as Google Earth and the 3D modelling of maps in such programs as Fugawi UK, there is, for the foreseeable future at least, no substitute for being in and moving through the actual landscape.
Even in cases in which there is little or no doubt concerning a given element, a detailed engagement with the landscape can shed much light on the precise definition and application of the element involved, bringing us closer to the mindset and motivations of the original name-givers. (Taylor 75)
ʤۤɡ֤ϳ֤äƤȤƤ⡤֤ͭСĤƤ̾դưĤʤɤˤĤƲԥ졼뤫⤷ʤȤȤʤΤϡˤ˴ϢʬǤС̾˸¤餺ɤоݤˤĤƤ뤳Ȥ⤷ʤϲȤˤʤˤƤǤ뤳ȤƤΤΤʤȤФäƤʤdz˷Ф
Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.
Ƕᡤ̾θءפǤͭ̾ (onomastics) ˴ؿƤꡤΥϥɥ֥åǽ餫ɤ߿ʤƤ롥̾ݤˤĤơͤȤʤä٤ͻäƤꡤǻɷŪʵȤʤäƤ롥
̾ˡ˴ؤ5ϤɤǤȤ̾θ츻õäƤ븦ԤˤȤäƤ̾κƷƲϤ褯äΤäפָ̱̾츻 (folk_etymology) ˤȤȤʡָ̱츻פȤƾΤäƤϡ#5180. ֳؼԸ츻פȡָ̱츻פ餿õ츻פȡֲ츻 --- ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) κǿ ([2023-07-03-1]) ȡˡ
ƱϤɮ Taylorϡåȥɤ̾θԤǤꡤåȥɤ Aberdeenshire Buchan Deer Ȥ̾ζλҲ𤷤Ƥ롥 Deer Ȥ̾ The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer Ȥåȥɡǽ줿ƥȤΤʤ˵ϿƤ롥ΥƥȤȤϡ10ʡȴΤʤ12ˤʤäƽޤ줿 Deer λϿǤ롥
Deer Ȥ̾ͳϡ餯ԥȸǡ֥ڡפ̣ *derw- ꤵƤ롥Ǥ The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer λˤϡ̾ϥåȥɡǡޡפ̣ déar Ȳᤵ褦ˤʤäƤ餷ȤΤϡζ㫤ƤɥФ̤ݤޤήȤ̾ͳǤȡǤ˹ͤƤ뤫
Τ̾ˤϤΤ褦˰ŪʪФ٤Ʋᤵ䤹¦̤뤫⤷ʤ̸⡤ȡ䤹ȤФ褤͡¤λʪǤ롥
Taylor, Simon. "Methodologies in Place-name Research." Chapter 5 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 69--86.
ɽˡ (place formulations) ˤϡĤ롥De Stefani (60) ϡԸ˸ڤ5ĤƤ롥줾ˤĤƻפĤź롥
1. geographical formulations: ꡤ١١ѡΥ
2. relation to members formulations: ڷβȡסֻγع
3. relation to landmarks formulations: ֱؤסֶζ
4. course of action places: ֻ䤬Ƚвäءס֤Υäѡ
5. place names: ַػĥѥס֥ɥ
ۤˡ֤ (here) ֤ (there) ʤɤľɽ⤢
⤷ΤϡƱξؤˤƤʣɽˡ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨СˤȤäơ֤פϡԡԡĮܡϡפǤꡤֻβȡפǤ⤢ꡤ֤εƤפǤ⤢롥ɽ뤫ϡ䤬ɤΤ餤β٤ǤξؤΤʹ꤬ɤ٤λμ碌Ƥͽۤ뤫ʤʣΥѥ˰¸롥
㤨СѸҤ˱ؤؤƻҤͤ줿ˡ֤˸2ܤο˶ʤä150ȥ뤯餤ǤפΤ褦˥ɥޡΥʤɤξͿĤȤȤϤ褯뤬褷ơֻ䤬ȽвäءפڷβȤ鸫ȤפȤʤ߹٤ˤ͡ʥѥθǺǤŬڤФ줿ɤȤʤΤǤ롥
Τߤʤ餺ͤɽˡˤĤƤƱ褦ʤȤǤ롥Ǥϡ(5) Τ褦̾ƿ̾ľѤ륱ȤΤϡɤΤ褦ʾʤΤ㤳ˤơ̾ȿ̾ʤɤ̾оݤȤͭ̾ (onomastics) ϡ (pragmatics) ʬ (conversation_analysis) ʤɤʬȸĤȤˤʤ롥
De Stefani, Elwys. "Names and Discourse." Chapter 4 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 52--66.
ؤȼҲؤݤ碌ȡ֤ˤäơҲ (sociolinguistics) μҲ (sociology of language) cf. #1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1])#4750. Ҳؤ3ĤΥѥ ([2022-04-29-1])ˡ
ˡȸͭ̾ (onomastics) ݤ碌ȡɸ̤Ҳ̾ (socio-onomastics) ̾μҲ (sociology of names) ΩƤ롥2ĤΰˤĤơDe Stefani (57) ˤʹ
I draw a distinction between socio-onomastics and the sociology of names by observing divergent methodological procedures and research topics in the two fields. Socio-onomasticians apply methods inherited from sociolinguistics to the analysis of names. They use interviews, focus group discussions or questionnaires as the basis of their analyses, and describe name usage with respect to previously defined social categories (e.g. 'male', 'female', 'young', 'native', 'migrants', etc.). In this line of research, name variants as used by different populations in urban settings constitute a privileged topic of investigation . . . . By contrast, the sociology of names mainly addresses larger societal questions, arising for instance from language contact, in particular in the presence of so-called minority languages or dialects. The use of names in the construction of an individual's or a community's identity is a central topic of investigation, as exemplified for example by numerous studies on linguistic landscapes . . . .
ȤƤʬ䤹ʬǤ롥ȤˤҲؤȸμҲؤζ̤ޤŪʤΤȤȤ館ȸʤʤäƤޤȤΤƱͤˡҲ̾ؤ̾μҲؤζ̤⤢ޤŪʤΤȤƤȤ館ƤۤΤ褤ȹͤ롥
De Stefani Ǥϡ⤦1Ĥγݤ碌Ȥơ߹٤̾ (interactional onomastics) Ȥ̥ŪΰҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
̾ؤμϰϤϹ#5189. ͭ̾ؤμϰϡ ([2023-07-12-1]) ȡ
De Stefani, Elwys. "Names and Discourse." Chapter 4 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 52--66.
̾ˤ϶ŪŪʴ鳬ΤǤϤʤVan Langendonck (33--34) ǡΤ褦ʶ̣ƤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
ZERO MARKING, as in city and town names: London, Berlin;
SUFFIXING, as in country names: Fin-land, German-y;
ARTICLE PREPOSING, as in names of, e.g. fields, regions, and rivers: the Highlands, the Rhine;
The use of CLASSIFIERS plus possibly an article, as in names of seas, oceans, or deserts: the North Sea, the Gobi Desert
̾ˤߤͭɸγؤϡʹ֤ȿŪʴͿοϢưƤΤǤϤʤȤʹּҲˤȤäơԻԤϤƽפоݤ٤й衦ʤɤϿʹּҲؤαƶʳ褦˻פ롥嵭γؤϡֿʹ濴ΡϢ³ ("'anthropocentric' cline") ȤäƤ褵 (Van Langendonck 34)
Van Langendonck (34) ϡ괧̵ͭ˴ؤơ٤Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . English shows the humanized place-names (e.g. settlement names) omitting the article, whilst the non-human place-names (e.g. river names) tend to adopt the article. This can be observed where the names of former colonies or regions lose their article when they become independent countries: the Ukraine > Ukraine, The Congo > Congo, the Lebanon > Lebanon.
θѶŪ˼ȤȡɤΤ褦ʲΩƤΤ褤°ˤʤ⡤ۤɶᤷ¸ߤǤϤʤΤˤ괧 the Ĥ䤹ʳ¸ߤǤ the ĤˤȤȤˤʤ̣ĹǤ롥
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
ɸ䤤ˤĤƤϡ¿εʤƤ㤨п̾̾ͤƤߤ褦ëפֹפˤϡؼо (referent) Ǥꡤ˰̣ (meaning) ϤʤȤ롥ϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) ǤȤΩ
ëפϡ礭סëסֹפϡֹספȤǤꡤơǤ⡤Ȥ߹碌ʪ⡤줾ܸˤƳΤ˰̣ĤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤС¿ܸüԤˤȤä¿ξ硤ëפˤϥץ峦ˤҡΥտ路Ƥꡤֹפˤʿ¤ΥåƤ롥Τ褦ʥåϡỤ̄ǤȤϤʤޤǤ⡤̤δ鲿餫ΰ̣ǤȤȤǤäợְפȤ뤫ȤˤĤʤäƤȤԲǤ롥
ȴϢơNyström 5Ĥۤɤΰ̣̤Ƥ롥ΥȤդʤ⤹롥
(1) Ụ̄ (lexical meaning)嵭ǤСëפϡ礭ëפۤɤ̾θỤ̄äƤ롥
(2) ͭ̾Ụ̄ (proprial meaning)ֹפϡܤܽ˰֤븩뤤ϻԤؼͭ̾Ǥ롥
(3) Ụ̄ (categorial meaning)֥ݥפϡŵŪˡ˸Ȥƥ°Сդ̾Ǥ롥
(4) ϢỤ̄ (associative meaning)ëפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˥ץ峦δ˾Ǥ롥
(5) Ụ̄ (emotive meaning)ֹפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˸ﳲζỴʿ¤ؤδꤤ롥
Ȥ櫓 (4) (5) Τ褦ʴỤ̄ (connotation) ϡƤ٤Ŀͤˤäơ뤤ϽĤˤȤäưۤʤΤǤꡤỤ̄ͭ̾Ụ̄ˤߤɬߤʤ⤷ʤ
Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̾ (name) ؤβʬǤ롥ʬǤϡΤȤʤ̾ȤϲŪȤʤ롥ϡ#5191. ̾פȤϲ ([2023-07-14-1]) #5192. ̾ĤΤ --- ͭ̾̾դоݤΥץȥס ([2023-07-15-1]) Ǥ夲ƤñǤϤʤ
Ǥ⻲ȤƤ Van Langendonck and Van de Velde (19--20) ˤС̾ݤˤ̾ (name) ̾ (name lemma) ̤ɬפ⤫Ƥ롥Ԥ̾˵ܤĤҤȤĤ̾ǤꡤԤ̾θФȤΩƤ̾Ǥ롥
. . . names need to be distinguished from name lemmas. The term name lemma indicates a dictionary entry with an onomastic valency. For instance, the lemma Mary has the potential to be used as a name with one or more sublemmas that each underlie a name. Thus, the lemma Mary underlies a large number of names, such as Mary the mother of Jesus, Mary Stuart, and so on.
ˡ̾ޤˤ⤤Ĥμब뤳ȤҲ𤵤롥嵭 Mary ϡŵŪ̾Ѥ̾ޤǤꡤproprial lemma ȸƤФ롥proprial lemma ϡa different Mary Τ褦Ū̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
¾μ̾ޤȤƤϡŪ̾줬̾ȤѤ륿פ appellative lemma 롥Dz Gladiator ϱDzΥȥȤ̾ˤϰ㤤ʤ̾ޤϲȤСַƮΡפ̣̾̾ gladiator Ǥ롥¾ˤ The Old Man and the Sea Τ褦˶礬̾ޤˤʤ phrasal lemma ⤢롥
̾ᤰˤƤϡ̾̾ޤŤ˶̤ƤʤȺ褿
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
ͤϲ̾ĤΤŪˤϡȤΤ̾Ĥ롥ºݾ⡤ͤϸ̤ƿݤ˥٥ŽդƤ줬̾ (noun) Ǥ롥ͤΤϤ⤦̣Ǥ̾ͭ̾Ǥ롥ͤϲ˸ͭ̾ĤΤ
Van Langendonck and Van de Velde (33--38) ϡۤʤ͡ʸӤǡʸˡŪʴ顤̾դоݤŵˡʤץȥŪʤΤ餽ǤʤΤءƤ롥ŪʰǤϤʤȤǤ뤳ȤƤ
̾
̾
̾
̾ɸ̾
µ̾ʪμ̾
"autonym"
ʸǤϳƹܤ˲⤬ĤƤ뤬ǤϺǸ "autonym" ñ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤʤǤϺǤץȥŪǤϤʤ֤Ťˤ̾դоݤǤ롥ϡ㤨 "Bank is a homonymous word." Bank ʤȤñˤƱ۵ǤפȤ Bank ΤȤؤƤ롥Ȥɽξ¤ǡ̾פȤʤ롤ȤȤŪ̾դˤϡ#1300. hypostasis ([2012-11-17-1]) طƤ롥
β2ܤˤµ̾ʤɤϡ̾դоݤȤƤΥץȥ㤤ΤǡˤäƤϸͭ̾Ϳ줺ޤ̾Ȥ̤äƤˤʤȤ⤢롥Τ Covid-19 ϸͭ̾ݤ cold ̾ݤ˸ͭ̾ĤΤȤˤĤƤϡ̸Ū˷ϤΤΡޤǥץȥפȤƹͤɬפȤȤ
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) Υϥɥ֥åˤơname ̾ˤĤηƤ롥2ϤηεҤǤ褯ޤȤޤäƤ褦˻פΤǡʬѤ褦
Names are nouns with unique denotation, they are definite, have no restrictive relative modifiers, and occupy a special place in anaphoric relations. They display an inherent basic level and can be argued to be the most prototypical nominal category. Names have no defining sense. They can have connotative meanings, but this has little grammatical relevance. We have stressed the need to rely on grammatical criteria, which are too often ignored in approaches to names.
The approach developed in this chapter aims at being universally valid in two ways. First, the pragmatic-semantic concept of names defined in the introduction is cross-linguistically applicable. It is distinct from language-specific grammatical categories of Proper Names for which language-specific grammatical criteria should be adduced. Second, our approach takes into account all types of proper names. The question of what counts as a name, very often debated in the literature, should be answered on two levels, keeping in mind the distinction between proprial lemmas and proper names. The language specific question as to what belongs to the grammatical category of Names does not necessarily yield the same answer as the question of what can be considered to be a name from a semantic-pragmatic point of view. Mismatches are most likely to be found at the bottom of the cline of nameworthiness . . . . (Langendonck and Van de Velde 38)
ΤˤСʸϤ name Ȥ⡤name ˳ǧŵŪʣħҤΤȹͤ롥2ˤ褦ˡʤħϡ(1) ̸ŪͭǤꡤ(2) ̾̾˸¤餺̾ƤϤޤ롤Ȥ2ˤơ褯줿ΤȤäƤ褵ˤʸϤϡ̾ᤰǤϡܤ̾ݤȤǥǤϤʤ̾餷פΥץȥפꡤ٤ȤƤȤ館ɬפ뤳Ȥ⼨Ƥ롥
̾פۤʣDZԤΤȤϻפʤä
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
ְʼδѸظإͥκǿåפޤ#144. ꥹ̾˥ --- ȡϽؤǤϽؤƤ41ƤȤʤޤ
ϤθơޤϸűѸⶵա Wulfstan ȤθǤΩؤʸȤ "Wulfstan as an Evolving Stylist: A Chronological Study on His Vocabulary and Style." Фذ̼ͿƤޤWulfstan ˤĤƤܥ֥#5176. űѸ Wulfstan ȤϲԤ --- ϽؤȤ heldio ̡ ([2023-06-29-1]) ޤϤϺ YouTube Τ褦ˡꥹ̾ä˸ťΥɸǤޤ̾ˤˤؿǤ
ϤȤϡ YouTube ˤ⡤Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פʣˤ錄̤ͻҤۿƤޤºݡī heldio ǿǤ⾮ϤȤ̤ۿƤޤޤǤ̲ˤޤȤޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤİС
#759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡ629ۿ
#761. Wulfstan Υ --- ϽؤȤ̡2ơۡ71ۿ
#763. Wulfstan ⤿餷Ķñ "law" --- ϽؤȤ̡3ơۡ73ۿ
#765. Wulfstan ΥꥢȥȥåѲ --- ϽؤȤ̡4ơۡ75ۿ
#767. Wulfstan ȾϤΥꥢҲ --- ϽؤȤ̡5ơۡ77ۿ
#770. ؤǤαѸ˹ֵ --- ϽؤȤ̡6ơۡ710ۿ
#773. ϽؤȤοΩ夲ʤ뤫713ۿ
ϤκαѸ˳ưhelˤˤԤƤޤ
ʰʲϡ2023/08/02(Wed) դDzä嵭Ǥ
YouTube Ͻؤ1ơ#144. ꥹ̾˥ --- ȡϽؤǤ
YouTube Ͻؤ2ơ#146. ɿⶵ Wulfstan ΥХؤⶵŪ۸ܿ
YouTube Ͻؤ3ơ#148. ŷⶵջʶϻŪ˥ʤ!?
YouTube Ͻؤ4ơ#150. ܺ긩¼Ѹؼԡphilologistˤǥԥ˥ȾϽؤ4
ε#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) ǡͭ̾ (onomastics) äܤҲ𤷤μϰϤϤȤˤƱΥȥԼ Hough ˤ뼹ɮˤȤʤ1ϤǤϡ(1) ̾ȤϲޤŪʹͻ(2) ˤ줫鰷äƤƬФʤ졤(3) ǸˤʬغŪǤꡤǯޤޤȯƤƤ뤳Ȥڤ롥ɤǤܤαޤäʬĤȴ롥
. . . names are definite nouns with unique denotation, an inherent basic level sense, no defining sense, and optional connotative meanings. (3)
Onomastics is essentially inter-disciplinary, and it might be difficult to identify any major subject area to which it is completely unrelated. (9)
ȥκǸǤϡͭ̾ؤ괬ǯǮˤĤƼΤ褦ˤ롥
As well as outlining the current state of name studies in its various branches, the chapters in this volume show the discipline continuing to expand and to develop into new areas. To mention a few examples from different sections, de Stefani introduces the concept of interactional onomastics, Neethling argues for song lyrics as a legitimate area of investigation for literary onomastics, Sandnes introduces contact onomastics as a branch of contact linguistics, and some of the legal cases cited by Teutsch show changes still in progress through ongoing rulings with a binding effect. Research within name studies is vigorous, vibrant, and innovative, and if this volume had been produced twenty or even ten years ago, many of the chapters would have been radically different or even absent. We can be confident that a similar undertaking in another ten or twenty years would be as different again. (13--14)
ȥǤϸͭ̾ؤؤ¦̤ڤƤ뤬䤬ˤʤäΤΰʲƤʬι褯ʬ
⤽̾Ȥϲ
ͭ̾Ȥʳΰ̸ȤϲɤۤʤΤ
1ĤоݤФʣ̾Ĥ븽
ļˤ̾ȪϡڡˤԻԤ̤̾ꡤ
̱ϰ̱Ϥ̾դ뤫
̱²̱̾̾
ʸؤˤ̾λ
ƿ̾̾˥å͡ࡤڥ͡
ʤͭ̾ϳФˤפФˤΤ
̾θƤӤ
̾
̾θ츻
ųؤȸͭ̾
ܿ̾
̾¤ˡΧ
̾θ
ż֡ڥåȡܤʤɤ̾դ
̾˽ȥ
ŷΤ̾դ
̿ȼ̾դѹ
Hough, Carole, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ܥ֥Ǥϡ̾פؤʬͭ̾ (onomastics) ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥʹ֤μҲˤ̾ؤʤΰϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褯̾θؤɬŪ˳غŪʤΤȤʤ롥ºݡʬˤϡǮƤ롥Ҳ𤹤Τϡθ¤ʤʬƥƳƤϥɥ֥åǤ롥

Ϥޤ Hought ˤ륤ȥɤˤʤǤˤʬΥСΰι˰ݤƤ롥ʲܼ
Front Matter
1. Introduction
Part I. Onomastic Theory
2. Names and Grammar
3. Names and Meaning
4. Names and Discourse
Part II. Toponomastics
5. Methodologies in Place-name Research
6. Settlement Names
7. River Names
8. Hill and Mountain Names
9. Island Names
10. Rural Names
11. Street Names: A Changing Urban Landscape
12. Transferred Names and Analogy in Name-formation
Part III. Anthroponomastics
13. Personal Naming Systems
14. Given Names in European Naming Systems
15. Family Names
16. Bynames and Nicknames
17. Ethnonyms
18. Personal Names and Anthropology
19. Personal Names and Genealogy
Part IV. Literary Onomastics
20. Theoretical Foundations of Literary Onomastics
21. Names in Songs: A Comparative Analysis of Billy Joel's We Didn't Start The Fire and Christopher Torr's Hot Gates
22. Genre-based Approaches to Names in Literature
23. Corpus-based Approaches to Names in Literature
24. Language-based Approaches to Names in Literature
Part V. Socio-onomastics
25. Names in Society
26. Names and Identity
27. Linguistic Landscapes
28. Toponymic Attachment
29. Forms of Address
30. Pseudonyms
31. Commercial Names
Part VI. Onomastics and Other Disciplines
32. Names and Archaeology
33. Names and Cognitive Psychology
34. Names and Dialectology
35. Names and Geography
36. Names and History
37. Names and Historical Linguistics
38. Names and Language Contact
39. Names and Law
40. Names and Lexicography
41. Place-names and Religion: A Study of Early Christian Ireland
Part VII. Other Types of Names
42. Aircraft Names
43. Animal Names
44. Astronomical Names
45. Names of Dwellings
46. Railway Locomotive Names and Train Names
47. Ship Names
End Matter
Bibliography
Index
800ڡĶǤϤ뤬Ǥ̾˴ؤʬ夷ƤȤϸʤ줯餤˹ʬȤȤͭ̾ء٤
Hough, Carole, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ʤ Japan ˤ -ese ȤĤΤˤʤޤ͡*Japan-ian Ǥʤ *Japan-ish ǤʤѸǤ Japan-ese ȤȤˤʤäƤޤ
˱Ѹˤ뤤ϱѸ˸ؤδƧ߹Ǥߤȡ̥Ūʣʥѥ뤬ŸƤޤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤοĹڵʬäƤޤ
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǤϡڤȤ̤Ǥ̤ꤷƤޤ#701. ʤܿ͡פ Japan-ese ʤΡο --- ڵȤ̡İ
̤Υ١ȤʤäƤΤϡإ (Colloquia) ʸȤƸɽƤʲΤΤǤ
Aoki, Hikaru. "Why Japan-ese and Not Japan-ian?: Historical Relations between Demonymic Suffixes and Country Names." Colloquia 43 (2022): 85--102.
ʸ˴Ťơڤ khelf ư̤ơӤӸ̤ƤƤޤ
رѸ˿ʹ51̤εֿ̾͡Τɤ --- ʤ X-ish ȤƤ̾ϥꥹդ¿Τ --- ʤ X-ish ȤƤ̾ϥꥹդ¿Τ ---
heldio #680. ʤܿ͡פ Japanian ʤɤǤϤʤ Japanese ʤΡ --- ڵȤ
heldio #683. ʤ English Τ褦 -ish ΤĤƤ̾ϥꥹդ¿Ρ --- ڵȤ̡
ޤǤˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְʼδѸظإ̤ͥơʣˤ錄ءˤɸ (trademark linguistics) ˤĤ̤Ƥޤ
ΡVoicy
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ329
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ42
#674. ¤Ȥ --- ɸŪˡ45
ΡYouTube
#112. ɸθ --- ¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ¤μȡ329
#116. ǤϤʤɸ¤ؤڤǥץ45
#118 412ͽˤ³ʸ嵭2023/04/12(Wed)#118. ¤ꤹˡءɸ --- ѥˡؤء
ɸθؤȤΤϻˤȤäƤߤäΤǤ¤ŪäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϢʬ¿ΰ褬ȤȤ褯ʬޤ伫ȤδؿϱѸˡ˸ؤǤδͤƤ¿ޤפĤΤվǵƤߤޤ
ΰ̣ѲȤΥᥫ˥ࡥä , metonymy, synecdoche ʤɡ rhetoric Ȥɤ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̡̾ (personal_name)̾eponym ʤɡ餬ˤư̾βΤȤꡥ
ΰ̣ѡʲ˴ؤ벾ȤƤ "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) ˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1]) ȡ
(semiotics) ̤νꡥ
ħ (sound_symbolism) Ȳ (phonaesthesia)
դˤʸʸޥΡåΤ (cf. capitalisation)
ïȥ뤹ΤȤȻۤȸμҲŪꡥ츢 (linguistic_right) ײ (language_planning) Υơޡ
٤Ƥȥ꤬ʤǤ˾ɸθؤ¸ߤǰƬ֤ƤȻפޤ
ε#5089. eponym ([2023-04-03-1]) ǡetymon ̾ (personal_name) Ǥ褦ʸˤĤƹͻetymon ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#3847. etymon ([2019-11-08-1]) ȡˡȤǡ̾ȤȤ˸ͭ̾ (onomastics) νפʹͻоݤȤʤΤ̾ (place-name, toponym) Ǥ롥ȤСͽۤΤϡetymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸ¸ߤǤ롥ºݡ̾Ȥ٥ǹͤǤ japan ʼˡchina ʼˡturkey ʼĻˤʤɤ˻פ⤫֡cf. heldio #626. ƫ china ȼ japan --- Ϥʤɽ魯ñ줿#625. Turkey --- ȥ륳ȼĻδطˡ
Τ褦̾˴Ťƺ줿¿櫓ȸƤ֤٤eponym Ϥޤǿ̾١¤Ϳ줿̾Ǥ롥toponym place-name бѸǤꡤϤ̾פ˸ꤷѤƤۤ𤬾ʤCrystal (165) ϡΤ褦˾ʻơ"eponymous places" ȸƤ֤ȤˤƤ褦ʤǤ⾯ʬ꤯ȤϤ뤳ȤǧᤶʤˡCrystal Ƥ "eponymous places" ƷǤ褦
alsatian: Alsace, France.
balaclava: Balaclava, Crimea.
bikini: Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands.
bourbon: Bourbon County, Kentucky.
Brussels sprouts: Brussels, Belgium.
champagne: Champagne, France.
conga: Congo, Africa.
copper: Cyprus.
currant: Corinth, Greece.
denim: Nîmes, France (originally, serge de Nîm).
dollar: St Joachimsthal, Bohemia (which minted silver coins called joachimstalers, shortened to thalers, hence dollars).
duffle coat: Duffel, Antwerp.
gauze: Gaza, Israel.
gypsy: Egypt.
hamburger: Hamburg, Germany.
jeans: Genoa, Italy.
jersey: Jersey, Channel Islands.
kaolin: Kao-ling, China.
labrador: Labrador, Canada.
lesbian: Lesbos, Aegean island.
marathon: Marathon, Greece.
mayonnaise: Mahó, Minorca.
mazurka: Mazowia, Poland.
muslin: Mosul, Iraq.
pheasant: Phasis, Georgia.
pistol: Pistoia, Italy.
rugby: Rugby (School), UK.
sardine: Sardinia.
sherry: Jerez, Spain.
suede: Sweden.
tangerine: Tangier.
turquoise: Turkey.
tuxedo: Tuxedo Park Country Club, New York.
Venetian blind: Venice, Italy.
ǤꥹȤĹƤΤȤưʤʤɤΥ뤬¿ݤǤ롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
eponym ȤϿ̾˴Ť¤줿ΤȤǤ롥ѸζˤĤƤϡ#2842. ͭ̾줫ޤ줿 ([2017-02-06-1])#2849. macadamia nut ([2017-02-13-1])#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1])#3461. ٴ bobby ([2018-10-18-1]) ǵƤޤeponym ϡ#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ ([2023-03-24-1]) ȤطοǤ롥McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵˤС̤ꡥ
EPONYM [19c: from Greek epṓonumos named on]. (1) A personal name from which a word has been derived: John B. Stetson, the 19c US hatter after whom the stetson hat was named. (2) The person whose name is so used: The Roman emperor Constantine, who gave his name to Constantinople. (3) The word so derived: stetson, Constantinople. The process of eponymy results in many forms: (1) Such simple eponyms as atlas, which became popular after the 16c Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator put the figure of the titan Atlas on the cover of a book of maps. (2) Compounds and attributive constructions such as loganberry after the 19c US lawyer James H. Logan, and Turing machine after the 20c British mathematician Alan Turing. (3) Possessives such as Parkinson's Law after the 20c British economist C. Northcote Parkinson, and the Islets of Langerhans after the 19c German pathologist Paul Langerhans. (4) Derivatives such as Bowdlerize and gardenia, after the 18c English expurgator of Shakespeare, Thomas Bowdler, and the 19c Scottish-American physician Alexander Garden. (5) Clippings, such as dunce from the middle name and the first element of the last name of the learned 13c Scottish friar and theologian John Duns Scotus, whose rivals called him a fool. (6) Blends such as gerrymander, after the US politician Elbridge Gerry (b. 1744), whose redrawn map of the voting districts of Massachusetts in 1812 was said to look like a salamander, and was then declared a gerrymander. The word became a verb soon after. Works on eponymy include: Rosie Boycott's Batty, Bloomers and Boycott: A Little Etymology of Eponymous Words (Hutchinson, 1982) and Cyril L. Beeching's A Dictionary of Eponyms (Oxford University Press, 1988).
eponym ϸ츻ŪˡʰǤ˿̾˴ŤƤ졤etymon ̾Ǥ褦ʸȤơޤǸ츻ŪʴƤ뤳ȤդĤޤˤ̤θФꡤ̣ѲФꤷޤޤ졤ȤʤäƤϷ֤̣ˤƥꥸʥο̾͡ˤǤʤۤɱΥƤޤäƤ륱⤢ȤȤ츻ŪŤƤȤüСeponym Ϥ¾ΰ̤θȤۤѤʤƤȤΤǤϤʤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ؤΩ줫ɸ (trademark) 椷Ƥؤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤ޤͻҤϡȤƤİޤ#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲǤ
hellog ȤƤΤ褦ˡ#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1])#5079. ɸ (trademark) θŪʰ ([2023-03-24-1]) ǴϢ夲ξǺ̤פȤǤ
̤Υѡ1ȤȤǡꤵȤΤҲ𡤾ɸμҲˤ¸ߴɸϸͭ̾ʤΤǤʤΤɸϱѸDzȤΤȤäƳŪȤʤޤơǸϡ־ɸΰ㤤ϲפȤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ塤ѡ2ѡ3³ƤɸˤĤƤεɤɤޤäƤޤΤǡɤڤߤˤƤƤ
ꤵˤϡ轵 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפˤ⤴б餤ƤޤǤ⾦ɸ (trademark linguistics) ˴Ϣ˸ڤƤޤΤǡҤİYouTube Ǥ⤹Ǥ2ʬƤޤ轵3ͽǤ
#112. ɸθ --- ¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ¤μȡ329
⤳˾ɸȤȶоݤŪ˹ͤƤߤޤͭ̾ (onomastics) ȸϤȤޤ̣Ѳ (semantics) ȤϢΤǽʬ˱Ѹ˥ޥȤʤΰǤ
εǾҲ𤷤#5078. ˡ (forensic linguistics) ([2023-03-23-1]) ϹˡȸפʬȤȤ館Ƥ褤1Ĥ˾ɸ (trademark) 롥ɸˤϥԡ饤ȤͿ졤ˡŪ˼뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬б뾦ʤޤ˿͵ȡɸŪ (generic) ̾졤Ĥޤ̾˶ŤƤ롥ˡŪ˼ƤȤϤҲ¿ˤ̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤСˡΧȤƼҲδѤ˹碌ѲƤʤɸŪˡҲŪˤɤΤ褦˰֤Ť뤫ϼºŪǤ롥
McArthur Ѹ켭ŵȤȡtrademark ŪǤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥
TRADEMARK, also trade mark, trade-mark, [16c]. . . . A sign or name that is secured by legal registration or (in some countries) by established use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar brands sold by competitors: for example, the shell logo for Shell, the petroleum company, and the brand name Jacuzzi for one kind of whirlpool bath. Legal injunctions are often sought when companies consider that their sole right to such marks has been infringed; the makers of Coke, Jeep, Jell-O, Kleenex, Scotch Tape, and Xerox have all gone to court in defence of their brand (or proprietary) names . . . . Although companies complain when their trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or elsewhere, their own marketing has often, paradoxically, caused the problem: 'Most marketing people will try hard to get their brand names accepted by the public as a generic. It's the hallmark of success. But then the trademarks people have to defend the brand from becoming a generic saying it is unique and owned by the company' (trademark manager, quoted in Journalist's Week, 7 Dec. 1990).
There is in practice a vague area between generic terms proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and trademarks that are recognized as such. The situation is complicated by different usages in different countries: for example, Monopoly and Thermos are trademarks in the UK but generics in the US. Product wrappers and business documents often indicate that a trademark is registered by adding TM (for 'trademark') or R (for 'registered') in a superscript circle after the term, as with English TodayTM, Sellotape®. The term usually differs from trade name [first used c.1860s] by designating a specific product and not a business, service, or class of goods, articles, or substances: but some trademarks and trade names may happen to be the same. Everyday words of English that were once trademarks (some now universal, some more common in one variety of English than another, some dated, all commonly written without an initial capital) include aspirin, bandaid, cellophane, celluloid, cornflakes, dictaphone, escalator, granola, hoover, kerosene, lanolin, mimeograph, nylon, phonograph, shredded wheat, zipper. Trademarks facing difficulties include Astroturf, Dacron, Formica, Frisbee, Hovercract, Jacuzzi, Laundromat, Mace, Muzak, Q-Tips, Scotch Tape, Styrofoam, Teflon, Vaseline, Xerox. The inclusion of such names in dictionaries, even when marked 'trademark' or 'proprietary term', indicates that their status has begun to shift. Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both generally and in lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of dictionaries is to regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial letter: that is, Xerox (noun), but xerox (verb).
ɸΰ֤ŤŪѰۤŪѲȤʤСѲ˸ؤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ־ɸαѸˡפȤΤʤʤ⤷ʥơޤǤϤʤ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
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