ɸ䤤ˤĤƤϡ¿εʤƤ㤨п̾̾ͤƤߤ褦ëפֹפˤϡؼо (referent) Ǥꡤ˰̣ (meaning) ϤʤȤ롥ϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) ǤȤΩ
ëפϡ礭סëסֹפϡֹספȤǤꡤơǤ⡤Ȥ߹碌ʪ⡤줾ܸˤƳΤ˰̣ĤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤС¿ܸüԤˤȤä¿ξ硤ëפˤϥץ峦ˤҡΥտ路Ƥꡤֹפˤʿ¤ΥåƤ롥Τ褦ʥåϡỤ̄ǤȤϤʤޤǤ⡤̤δ鲿餫ΰ̣ǤȤȤǤäợְפȤ뤫ȤˤĤʤäƤȤԲǤ롥
ȴϢơNyström 5Ĥۤɤΰ̣̤Ƥ롥ΥȤդʤ⤹롥
(1) Ụ̄ (lexical meaning)嵭ǤСëפϡ礭ëפۤɤ̾θỤ̄äƤ롥
(2) ͭ̾Ụ̄ (proprial meaning)ֹפϡܤܽ˰֤븩뤤ϻԤؼͭ̾Ǥ롥
(3) Ụ̄ (categorial meaning)֥ݥפϡŵŪˡ˸Ȥƥ°Сդ̾Ǥ롥
(4) ϢỤ̄ (associative meaning)ëפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˥ץ峦δ˾Ǥ롥
(5) Ụ̄ (emotive meaning)ֹפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˸ﳲζỴʿ¤ؤδꤤ롥
Ȥ櫓 (4) (5) Τ褦ʴỤ̄ (connotation) ϡƤ٤Ŀͤˤäơ뤤ϽĤˤȤäưۤʤΤǤꡤỤ̄ͭ̾Ụ̄ˤߤɬߤʤ⤷ʤ
Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.
1֤ hellog Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥֻ (preposition) ܤ뵡ޤ¿椫ֻ쥦פȸƤȯƤޤֻˤؿΤϡҤο֤ε֤äƤФȻפޤ
ƱήǡճΤֻȤ sans Ҳ𤷤ޤwithout եֻǥեǤ sans /sɑ̃/ ȯޤѸȤƤֻ̤ /sænz/ ȯޤե줫餽Τޤ줿ɽֻϡ㤨 sans doute ֵʤ /sɑ̃ duːt/ Τ褦ˡեȯޤǤʤˤϱѸ첽 /sænz/ ȯޤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤ뤤Ͼ̤ᤫ connotation ѤޤʸƤߤޤ礦
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. ֡Ϸܤơ˻ʤܤʤ̣ʤвʤסShakespeare, As You Like It II. vii)
a wallet sans cash
There were no potatoes so we had fish and chips sans the chips.
He came to the door sans shirt.
She went to the party sans her husband.
She would not be happy with people seeing her sans makeup.
He was wearing running shoes, sans socks.
ƤߤȡʤʤȤäƤߤʤֻǤ͡
OED sans, prep. ˤȡѸǤνФϽѸ Kyng Alisaunder Ǥ
c1300 K. Alis. 134 Of gold he made a table Al ful of steorren, saun fable.
Shakespeare ˡϤŪȤƥեñȼäƤꡤХեδɽΤޤޱѸ˼ΤΤ褦Ǥ (ex. sans delay, sans doubt, sans fable, sans pity, sans return)ѸˤŪֻȤȯãΤϡθͷӤŷͤ桼⥢ƺƳȤäƤ褵Ǥ
ƸʸˤơưʪȼξħỤ̄äƤ롥Ѹξ硤á̱äʤɤ̤ưޤƤŪϢŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ줬üԤδ֤ǹͭƤ뤿ˡʸءȤ虜ͷӤʤɤˤƤ¿Ѥ롥ưʪ̾ڤȡΤ褦ˡΥۤɤˡʸ˿դƤΤǤ롥رѸŵ (pp. 177-78) ꡤŵŪʤΤ褦
| ưʪ̾ | ħỤ̄ |
|---|---|
| ant | cooperation ϡpatience Ǧ |
| bear | maternal protection ǽstrength |
| butterfly ij | beauty balance ѹ |
| cat ǭ | independence Ωagility Ҿ |
| deer | gentleness ¡peace ʿ |
| dog | royalty love |
| dove ȷ | peace ʿ¡innocence ̵ |
| elephant | wisdom ηástrength |
| fox | camouflage ֡cunning Ѥ |
| giraffe | intuition ľϡforesight 踫 |
| horse | friendship ͧpower |
| lion 饤 | courage ͦstrength |
| mule | stubbornness ǡindependence Ω |
| owl ե | wisdom ηáclairvoyance Ʃǽ |
| serpent, snake | temptation Ͷǡwisdom η |
| turtle | longevity Ĺlove |
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