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lexicon - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 18:54

2024-02-23 Fri

#5415. õܹ (lexical entry) ˤϲܤƤ뤫 [lexicon][lexicography][lexicology][semantics][dictionary][orthography][etymology]

䤿ʻȤѸ켭ܸ켭ʤɤǤϡФΤȤˤɤΤ褦ʾ󤬵ܤƤФ줽켫Τϡե٥åȽ礢뤤ϸ޽¤٤줿ǡƸ줬ˡ§äʸǷǤƤΤ̤θȯʬ᲻Ķʬ᲻ˤξ󤬵ܤƤ뤳Ȥ¿θ塤ʻƼʸˡ󤬼졤1İʾ󤵤ΤŵǤ롥ȥ꡼ˤϡˡ졦Ϣ졤츻¾ʤɤդƤ뼭⤢̤μ (dictionary) Ȥˡܺ٤ϰۤʤ褽Τ褦ʥ쥤ȤǤ롥
Ǥϡ䤿üԤƬˤ뼭 (lexicon) ϡɤΤ褦ƤꡤƸιܡʤõܹ (lexical entry) ˤϤɤʾ󤬡ֵܡפƤΤϡ̣ŪǤ롥
ޤùܤ¤Ӥե٥åȽ޽ǤϤʤȤľ롥ޤʸɤ߽񤭤ǤʤλҶƬθõܹܤˤϡˡξäƤʤˡʻʤɤΤ褦ˡ̤˸츻˴ؿΤüԤǤʤ¤ꡤƬθõܹˡָפΤ褦̻ŪʥʡꤵƤȤϹͤˤ
ȯʻƼʸˡ󡤸ˤĤƤϡμ (dictionary) ȤϰۤʤȤͽۤ뤬餫ΥեޥåȤƬμˤֵܡפƤȹͤ롥ǤϡŪˤɤʥեޥåȤʤΤ
ϸ̣ʬŪǤꡥ줾ȤǤƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤľƬƤߤ櫓ˤϤʤ绨Ĥʹդ뤳ȤΤѸñǹͤ¤ꡤ㤨СBauer (192--93) ϡLyons 򻲾Ȥ¾ΤĤԸˤۤꤷĤġ4ܤ󤲤Ƥ롥

(i) stem(s)
(ii) inflectional class
(iii) syntactic properties
(iv) semantic specification(s)


(i) stem(s) ʸ촴ˤȤ뤬ȤƤ뤳Ȥϲʬ᲻Ķʬ᲻ˤξΤȤǤ롥(ii) ϷŪ(iii) Ū(iv) ϰ̣ŪǤ롥Ǹιܤϡ¿ξˤϡʣԡפˤ錄
ؤθϤϡˡ츻;ϤϤʤΤǧᤶʤʸȸ츻򰦤Ǥ˸ؼԤˤȤäơäȼ䤷ȤǤϤ롥

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
Lyons, John. Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1977.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-07-20 Thu

#5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ [onomastics][semantics][sign][semiotics][lexicon][connotation]

ɸ䤤ˤĤƤϡ¿εʤƤ㤨п̾̾ͤƤߤ褦ëפֹפˤϡؼо (referent) Ǥꡤ˰̣ (meaning) ϤʤȤ롥ϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) ǤȤΩ
ëפϡ礭סëסֹפϡֹספȤǤꡤơǤ⡤Ȥ߹碌ʪ⡤줾ܸˤƳΤ˰̣ĤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤС¿ܸüԤˤȤä¿ξ硤ëפˤϥץ峦ˤҡΥ᡼տ路Ƥꡤֹפˤʿ¤ΥåƤ롥Τ褦ʥ᡼åϡỤ̄ǤȤϤʤޤǤ⡤̤δ鲿餫ΰ̣ǤȤȤǤäợְפȤ뤫Ȥ񤷤ˤĤʤäƤȤԲǤ롥
ȴϢơNyström 5Ĥۤɤΰ̣̤Ƥ롥ΥȤդʤ⤹롥

(1) Ụ̄ (lexical meaning)嵭ǤСëפϡ礭ëפۤɤ̾θỤ̄äƤ롥

(2) ͭ̾Ụ̄ (proprial meaning)ֹפϡܤܽ˰֤븩뤤ϻԤؼͭ̾Ǥ롥

(3) Ụ̄ (categorial meaning)֥ݥפϡŵŪˡ˸Ȥƥ꡼°Сդ̾Ǥ롥

(4) ϢỤ̄ (associative meaning)ëפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˥ץ峦δ˾Ǥ롥

(5) Ụ̄ (emotive meaning)ֹפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˸ﳲζỴʿ¤ؤδꤤ򴭵롥

Ȥ櫓 (4) (5) Τ褦ʴỤ̄ (connotation) ϡƤ٤Ŀͤˤäơ뤤ϽĤˤȤäưۤʤΤǤꡤỤ̄ͭ̾Ụ̄ˤߤɬߤʤ⤷ʤ

Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.

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2019-02-12 Tue

#3578. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- áˡ¾ [aave][variation][variety][slang][lexicon][ame]

#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1])#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ ([2019-02-11-1]) ³McArthur AAVE θŪħҲ𤹤롥ϸáˡ¾ˤĤơ

(1) goober (peanut), yam (sweet potato), tote (to carry), buckra (white man) ʤɤեꥫθä̤롥

(2) ⽸Ĥ homeboy / homegirl ʼʬζпȤμ͡ˡhomies (homegirls) ʤɤѤ롥

(3) 뽸ĤΤƸƤ̾ΤȤ honkie / whitey (͡ˡredneck / peckerwood ļˤϤΡ͡ˤʤɤѤ롥

(4) ¯Ȥ bad / cool / hot (ɤ)crib ʲȡˡshort / ride ʼ֡ˤʤɤѤ롥

(5) ŪʸˡȤơstepped-to ʡʷޤǡͭʡˡupside the head ƬΤȤǡʲˡˡashy ʡ椬æơˤʤɤѤ롥

(6) ¿ AAVE ɽꥫѸθˤȤäƤ롥hip / hep ʥݥԥ顼㡼̤Ƥ͡ˡdude ˡ

(7) եꥫθƬͳ褹͡ɽϤꥢꥫѸθ˳ȤäƤ롥the dozens ƤФȯˡrapping ͺۤǹߤʸոˡshucking / jiving ͤչߤˤ餫äꡤޤꤹ뤳ȡˡsounding ʸդˤзˤʤɡ

Ȥ櫓äɽΰǸʤΤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡ̤ΥꥫѸθ졦¯ˤ¿Ǥ뤳ȤꥫѸǡʤȤȤϡ٤ɸѸǤˡAAVE ̵Ǥʤ餤¸ߴäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓 AAVE Υݥåץ㡼θؤαƶϤ礭

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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2018-12-19 Wed

#3523. ʸʸˡˤ빽ʸȤϡ [construction_grammar][terminology][grammar][lexicon]

ʸʸˡ (Construction Grammar) ˤʸ (construction) Ȥϡ¾γɤ̤Ǥ빽ʸȤϰۤʤäγǰѸǤ롥Goldberg (4) ˤСΤ褦롥

C is a CONSTRUCTION iffdef C is a form-meaning pair <Fi, Si> such that some aspect of Fi or some aspect of Si is not strictly predictable from C's component parts or from other previously established constructions.


Goldberg (4) ϼΤ褦³롥

Constructions are taken to be the basic units of language. Phrasal patterns are considered constructions if something about their form or meaning is not strictly predictable from the properties of their component parts or from other constructions. That is, a construction is posited in the grammar if it can be shown that its meaning and/or its form is not compositionally derived from other constructions existing in the language . . . .


פˡȵǽˤơθδ¸νǤŪƤȤߤʤʤС٤ƹʸǤȤȤˤʤ롥ȤȤϡGoldberg (4) ³褦ˡΤ褦ʷ˵夹롥

In addition, expanding the pretheoretical notion of construction somewhat, morphemes are clear instances of constructions in that they are pairings of meaning and form that are not predictable from anything else . . . . It is a consequence of this definition that the lexicon is not neatly differentiated from the rest of grammar.


ˤСǤ⡤Ǥιʤ¿⡤Τ˳ƹǤ餽η䵡ǽͽ¬ǤʤΤ顤ʸȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦˹ʸʸˡħ1ĤϡʸˡʤɤȰۤʤꡤ (lexicon) ʸˡ (grammar) Τʬʤˤ롥

Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-20-1]

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2013-06-08 Sat

#1503. 졤áȯμҲŪ [variation][syntax][lexicon][variety][sociolinguistics][terminology][linguistic_area]

ޤǤεǤܡ (linguistic item) ȤѸѤƤѰۤ򼨤뤢ñ̤ؤνѸȤơHudson (21--22) ˤäƳ줿ΤǤ롥ŪʸѸǤ "lexical items" ñ, "sounds" ȯ, "constructions" ʹʸˤʤɤñ̤̤Ƥ뤬ҲŪѰۤ򼨤Ȥǰ㤤Ϥʤñ̤Ǥ졤ؼǤѸ줬ߤȤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ƹܤ嵭3Ĥñ̤˶̤ơ줾ñ̤ˤѰۤļҲŪʵǽͤȤ˺ϤΤĤޤꡤñѰۡȯѰۡʸѰۤȤ٤ȡҲŪˤߤơѰۤμ˰㤤ϤΤ
ͻˤäơܸǤѸǤ⡤ȯѰۤñ乽ʸѰۤȤϰۤʤ밷䤹Ȥ¤ŦƤϰˤĤˤȤ̤ˡäʸˡΰ㤤⡤ȯΰ㤤Ŧ뤳Ȥ¿¤ (accent) ȤƸڤΤǤ롥ѸαƺǤ⡤äˤʸˡˤϤ뤬줾ѼüԤϡޤȯˤäѼǧ롥ʪŪʸݤȤľŪѰۤΥǥåȤߤʤ䤹Ȥ𤬤ꤽǡȯüԤνм򼨤ҲŪʵǽ¾ñ̤⶯äƤȲꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϡФƸä乽ʸѰۤϤɤΤ褦ʵǽäƤȲǤ뤫
Hudson (44--45) ϡХ륫Ⱦɤ (linguistic area) ˤơʸˡܤγۤƹäƤ󤲤ʤ顤ʸʤɤʸˡܤϸäȯ٤Ѱ̤ۤʤȤΩƤƤ롥θǤϡäѰۤϼҲŪʺۤɽ魯Τͭ˳ѤƤ롥顤Hudson (45) ϸܤ3Ĥñ̤ˤĤơŪʲ󵯤

A very tentative hypothesis thus emerges regarding the different types of linguistic items and their relations to society, according to which syntax is the marker of cohesion in society, with individuals trying to eliminate alternatives in syntax from their individual language. In contrast, vocabulary is a marker of divisions in society, and individuals may actively cultivate alternatives in order to make more subtle social distinctions. Pronunciation reflects the permanent social group with which the speaker identifies.


ķɽ魯ʸɽ魯áǥƥƥɽ魯ȯڤ٤Ȥơ¤˶̣򤽤롥

Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2013-04-06 Sat

#1440. ٥󥭥 [syllable][corpus][lexicon][phonetics][frequency][statistics]

#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡ١DzƤߤ褦ȹͤVersion 2 ǿ˲ä줿 (English Frequency, Syllables) Υ֥ǡ١ˤꡤѸǺǤ¿᥿פΥ󥭥󥰤
ϡCELEX2 ΤȤˤʤäƤ륳ѥΤΤ7.26%130äե֥ѥФ줿٤Ǥꡤ٤ǤϤʤȡ٤ˤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤäդˤ뤢ñ٤⤱Сʬñ˴ޤޤ벻᥿פ٤⤯ʤȤȤǤ롥㤨Сof "Ov" (= /ɒv/) ɽ벻ϡ4̤٤Ǥ롥ʤ̵ͭϹθ٤Ƥ롥
ʲΥꥹȤ˵󤲤벻ɽϡIPA ǤϤʤ CELEX ͤäɽʤΤǡбɽ󤲤Ƥ

CELEX2 Phonetic Character Set

Ǥϡʲ˥󥭥ɽǥȥå50̤ޤǤǺܤ롥٤ñβ᥿פΤޤ޾̤ȿǤƤơޤꤪ⤷ɽǤϤʤΩĤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

RankSyllableFrequency
1eI72971
2Di:60967
3tu:31446
4Ov30108
5In29906
6&nd28709
7aI23822
8lI19728
9@19566
10rI14356
11ju:12598
12dI12465
13D&t12118
14It11504
15wOz10834
16fO:r*9778
17Iz9517
18tI9161
19fO9042
20Sn,8969
21hi:8928
22r@n8638
23bi:8505
24bI7936
25nI7068
26wID7046
27On7030
28&z6919
29O:l6569
30h&d6240
31E6165
32bl,6021
33sI5836
34@U5824
35t@r*5687
36&t5652
37hIz5564
38bVt5416
39mI5397
40s@5391
41nOt5357
42D@r*5339
43I5283
44tId5259
45DeI5162
46IN5063
47t@5053
48s@U4974
49baI4894
50h&v4769


󥭥ɽ򸫤ϡֶڤ Syllable Frequency Rank Table by CELEX2 򻲾ȡ֥饦DZϡɤΤȤƤ11492ΰۤʤ벻᥿פϿƤꡤ٤1ʾΤΤ7934פ롥#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) κǸǡѸβ᥿פܸ٤ƶäۤ¿¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿οߤǼǤϢơsyllable γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤCELEX2 Υޥ˥奢ˤϰʲâ񤭤ƤΤǡƷǤƤ

Please note that the English corpus used by CELEX for deriving these frequencies contains only 7.3% spoken material. This means there is a rather tenuous relationship between the full frequency figures, which are based on written forms, and the syllable frequencies, which merely refer to phonemic conversions of these graphemic transcriptions. Of course it could be argued that frequencies of syllables, as lexical sub-units, are less liable to get skewed from differences in medium than full words, but it has to be taken into account that NO FIRM EVIDENCE ABOUT SPOKEN FREQUENCIES can be derived from these data.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2019-07-03-1]

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