䤿ʻȤѸ켭ܸ켭ʤɤǤϡФΤȤˤɤΤ褦ʾܤƤФ줽켫Τϡե٥åȽ礢뤤ϸ¤٤줿ǡƸ줬ˡ§äʸǷǤƤΤ̤θȯʬĶʬˤξܤƤ뤳Ȥ¿θ塤ʻƼʸˡ졤1İʾΤŵǤ롥ȥˤϡˡ졦Ϣ졤츻¾ʤɤդƤ뼭⤢̤μ (dictionary) Ȥˡܺ٤ϰۤʤ褽Τ褦ʥ쥤ȤǤ롥
Ǥϡ䤿üԤƬˤ뼭 (lexicon) ϡɤΤ褦ƤꡤƸιܡʤõܹ (lexical entry) ˤϤɤʾֵܡפƤΤϡ̣ŪǤ롥
ޤùܤ¤Ӥե٥åȽǤϤʤȤľ롥ޤʸɤ߽ǤʤλҶƬθõܹܤˤϡˡξäƤʤˡʻʤɤΤ褦ˡ̤˸츻˴ؿΤüԤǤʤ¤ꡤƬθõܹˡָפΤ褦̻ŪʥʡꤵƤȤϹͤˤ
ȯʻƼʸˡˤĤƤϡμ (dictionary) ȤϰۤʤȤͽۤ뤬餫ΥեޥåȤƬμˤֵܡפƤȹͤ롥ǤϡŪˤɤʥեޥåȤʤΤ
ϸ̣ʬŪǤꡥ줾ȤǤƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤľƬƤߤ櫓ˤϤʤ绨Ĥʹդ뤳ȤΤѸñǹͤ¤ꡤ㤨СBauer (192--93) ϡLyons Ȥ¾ΤĤԸˤۤꤷĤġ4ܤƤ롥
(i) stem(s)
(ii) inflectional class
(iii) syntactic properties
(iv) semantic specification(s)
(i) stem(s) ʸ촴ˤȤ뤬ȤƤ뤳ȤϲʬĶʬˤξΤȤǤ롥(ii) ϷŪ(iii) Ū(iv) ϰ̣ŪǤ롥Ǹιܤϡ¿ξˤϡʣԡפˤ錄
ؤθϤϡˡ츻;ϤϤʤΤǧᤶʤʸȸ츻Ǥ˸ؼԤˤȤäơäȼ䤷ȤǤϤ롥
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
Lyons, John. Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1977.
ɸ䤤ˤĤƤϡ¿εʤƤ㤨п̾̾ͤƤߤ褦ëפֹפˤϡؼо (referent) Ǥꡤ˰̣ (meaning) ϤʤȤ롥ϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) ǤȤΩ
ëפϡ礭סëסֹפϡֹספȤǤꡤơǤ⡤Ȥ߹碌ʪ⡤줾ܸˤƳΤ˰̣ĤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤС¿ܸüԤˤȤä¿ξ硤ëפˤϥץ峦ˤҡΥտ路Ƥꡤֹפˤʿ¤ΥåƤ롥Τ褦ʥåϡỤ̄ǤȤϤʤޤǤ⡤̤δ鲿餫ΰ̣ǤȤȤǤäợְפȤ뤫ȤˤĤʤäƤȤԲǤ롥
ȴϢơNyström 5Ĥۤɤΰ̣̤Ƥ롥ΥȤդʤ⤹롥
(1) Ụ̄ (lexical meaning)嵭ǤСëפϡ礭ëפۤɤ̾θỤ̄äƤ롥
(2) ͭ̾Ụ̄ (proprial meaning)ֹפϡܤܽ˰֤븩뤤ϻԤؼͭ̾Ǥ롥
(3) Ụ̄ (categorial meaning)֥ݥפϡŵŪˡ˸Ȥƥ°Сդ̾Ǥ롥
(4) ϢỤ̄ (associative meaning)ëפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˥ץ峦δ˾Ǥ롥
(5) Ụ̄ (emotive meaning)ֹפϡ¿οͤˤȤäơ˸ﳲζỴʿ¤ؤδꤤ롥
Ȥ櫓 (4) (5) Τ褦ʴỤ̄ (connotation) ϡƤ٤Ŀͤˤäơ뤤ϽĤˤȤäưۤʤΤǤꡤỤ̄ͭ̾Ụ̄ˤߤɬߤʤ⤷ʤ
Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.
#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1])#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ ([2019-02-11-1]) ³McArthur AAVE θŪħҲ𤹤롥ϸáˡ¾ˤĤơ
(1) goober (peanut), yam (sweet potato), tote (to carry), buckra (white man) ʤɤեꥫθä̤롥
(2) ⽸Ĥ homeboy / homegirl ʼʬζпȤμ͡ˡhomies (homegirls) ʤɤѤ롥
(3) 뽸ĤΤƸƤ̾ΤȤ honkie / whitey (͡ˡredneck / peckerwood ļˤϤΡ͡ˤʤɤѤ롥
(4) ¯Ȥ bad / cool / hot (ɤ)crib ʲȡˡshort / ride ʼ֡ˤʤɤѤ롥
(5) ŪʸˡȤơstepped-to ʡʷޤǡͭʡˡupside the head ƬΤȤǡʲˡˡashy ʡ椬æơˤʤɤѤ롥
(6) ¿ AAVE ɽꥫѸθˤȤäƤ롥hip / hep ʥݥԥ顼㡼̤Ƥ͡ˡdude ˡ
(7) եꥫθƬͳ褹͡ɽϤꥢꥫѸθ˳ȤäƤ롥the dozens ƤФȯˡrapping ͺۤǹߤʸոˡshucking / jiving ͤչߤˤ餫äꡤޤꤹ뤳ȡˡsounding ʸդˤзˤʤɡ
Ȥ櫓äɽΰǸʤΤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡ̤ΥꥫѸθ졦¯ˤ¿Ǥ뤳ȤꥫѸǡʤȤȤϡ٤ɸѸǤˡAAVE ̵Ǥʤ餤¸ߴäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓 AAVE Υݥåץ㡼θؤαƶϤ礭
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ʸʸˡ (Construction Grammar) ˤʸ (construction) Ȥϡ¾γɤ̤Ǥ빽ʸȤϰۤʤäγǰѸǤ롥Goldberg (4) ˤСΤ褦롥
C is a CONSTRUCTION iffdef C is a form-meaning pair <Fi, Si> such that some aspect of Fi or some aspect of Si is not strictly predictable from C's component parts or from other previously established constructions.
Goldberg (4) ϼΤ褦³롥
Constructions are taken to be the basic units of language. Phrasal patterns are considered constructions if something about their form or meaning is not strictly predictable from the properties of their component parts or from other constructions. That is, a construction is posited in the grammar if it can be shown that its meaning and/or its form is not compositionally derived from other constructions existing in the language . . . .
פˡȵǽˤơθδ¸νǤŪƤȤߤʤʤС٤ƹʸǤȤȤˤʤ롥ȤȤϡGoldberg (4) ³褦ˡΤ褦ʷ˵夹롥
In addition, expanding the pretheoretical notion of construction somewhat, morphemes are clear instances of constructions in that they are pairings of meaning and form that are not predictable from anything else . . . . It is a consequence of this definition that the lexicon is not neatly differentiated from the rest of grammar.
ˤСǤ⡤Ǥιʤ¿⡤Τ˳ƹǤ餽η䵡ǽͽ¬ǤʤΤ顤ʸȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦˹ʸʸˡħ1ĤϡʸˡʤɤȰۤʤꡤ (lexicon) ʸˡ (grammar) Τʬʤˤ롥
Goldberg, Adele E. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.
ޤǤεǤܡ (linguistic item) ȤѸѤƤѰۤ뤢ñ̤ؤνѸȤơHudson (21--22) ˤäƳ줿ΤǤ롥ŪʸѸǤ "lexical items" ñ, "sounds" ȯ, "constructions" ʹʸˤʤɤñ̤̤Ƥ뤬ҲŪѰۤȤǰ㤤Ϥʤñ̤Ǥ졤ؼǤѸ줬ߤȤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ƹܤ嵭3Ĥñ̤˶̤ơ줾ñ̤ˤѰۤļҲŪʵǽͤȤ˺ϤΤĤޤꡤñѰۡȯѰۡʸѰۤȤ٤ȡҲŪˤߤơѰۤμ˰㤤ϤΤ
ͻˤäơܸǤѸǤ⡤ȯѰۤñ乽ʸѰۤȤϰۤʤ밷䤹Ȥ¤ŦƤϰˤĤˤȤ̤ˡäʸˡΰ㤤⡤ȯΰ㤤Ŧ뤳Ȥ¿¤ (accent) ȤƸڤΤǤ롥ѸαƺǤ⡤äˤʸˡˤϤ뤬줾ѼüԤϡޤȯˤäѼǧ롥ʪŪʸݤȤľŪѰۤΥǥåȤߤʤ䤹Ȥ𤬤ꤽǡȯüԤνмҲŪʵǽ¾ñ̤äƤȲꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϡФƸä乽ʸѰۤϤɤΤ褦ʵǽäƤȲǤ뤫
Hudson (44--45) ϡХ륫Ⱦɤ (linguistic area) ˤơʸˡܤγۤƹäƤʤ顤ʸʤɤʸˡܤϸäȯ٤Ѱ̤ۤʤȤΩƤƤ롥θǤϡäѰۤϼҲŪʺۤɽ魯Τͭ˳ѤƤ롥顤Hudson (45) ϸܤ3Ĥñ̤ˤĤơŪʲ
A very tentative hypothesis thus emerges regarding the different types of linguistic items and their relations to society, according to which syntax is the marker of cohesion in society, with individuals trying to eliminate alternatives in syntax from their individual language. In contrast, vocabulary is a marker of divisions in society, and individuals may actively cultivate alternatives in order to make more subtle social distinctions. Pronunciation reflects the permanent social group with which the speaker identifies.
ķɽ魯ʸɽ魯áǥƥƥɽ魯ȯڤ٤Ȥơ¤˶̣롥
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡ١DzƤߤ褦ȹͤVersion 2 ǿ˲ä줿 (English Frequency, Syllables) Υ֥ǡ١ˤꡤѸǺǤ¿פΥ
ϡCELEX2 ΤȤˤʤäƤ륳ѥΤΤ7.26%130äե֥ѥФ줿٤Ǥꡤ٤ǤϤʤȡ٤ˤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤäդˤ뤢ñ٤⤱Сʬñ˴ޤޤ벻פ٤⤯ʤȤȤǤ롥㤨Сof "Ov" (= /ɒv/) ɽ벻ϡ4̤٤Ǥ롥ʤ̵ͭϹθ٤Ƥ롥
ʲΥꥹȤ˵벻ɽϡIPA ǤϤʤ CELEX ͤäɽʤΤǡбɽƤ

Ǥϡʲ˥ɽǥȥå50̤ޤǤǺܤ롥٤ñβפΤޤ̤ȿǤƤơޤꤪ⤷ɽǤϤʤΩĤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
| Rank | Syllable | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | eI | 72971 |
| 2 | Di: | 60967 |
| 3 | tu: | 31446 |
| 4 | Ov | 30108 |
| 5 | In | 29906 |
| 6 | &nd | 28709 |
| 7 | aI | 23822 |
| 8 | lI | 19728 |
| 9 | @ | 19566 |
| 10 | rI | 14356 |
| 11 | ju: | 12598 |
| 12 | dI | 12465 |
| 13 | D&t | 12118 |
| 14 | It | 11504 |
| 15 | wOz | 10834 |
| 16 | fO:r* | 9778 |
| 17 | Iz | 9517 |
| 18 | tI | 9161 |
| 19 | fO | 9042 |
| 20 | Sn, | 8969 |
| 21 | hi: | 8928 |
| 22 | r@n | 8638 |
| 23 | bi: | 8505 |
| 24 | bI | 7936 |
| 25 | nI | 7068 |
| 26 | wID | 7046 |
| 27 | On | 7030 |
| 28 | &z | 6919 |
| 29 | O:l | 6569 |
| 30 | h&d | 6240 |
| 31 | E | 6165 |
| 32 | bl, | 6021 |
| 33 | sI | 5836 |
| 34 | @U | 5824 |
| 35 | t@r* | 5687 |
| 36 | &t | 5652 |
| 37 | hIz | 5564 |
| 38 | bVt | 5416 |
| 39 | mI | 5397 |
| 40 | s@ | 5391 |
| 41 | nOt | 5357 |
| 42 | D@r* | 5339 |
| 43 | I | 5283 |
| 44 | tId | 5259 |
| 45 | DeI | 5162 |
| 46 | IN | 5063 |
| 47 | t@ | 5053 |
| 48 | s@U | 4974 |
| 49 | baI | 4894 |
| 50 | h&v | 4769 |
Please note that the English corpus used by CELEX for deriving these frequencies contains only 7.3% spoken material. This means there is a rather tenuous relationship between the full frequency figures, which are based on written forms, and the syllable frequencies, which merely refer to phonemic conversions of these graphemic transcriptions. Of course it could be argued that frequencies of syllables, as lexical sub-units, are less liable to get skewed from differences in medium than full words, but it has to be taken into account that NO FIRM EVIDENCE ABOUT SPOKEN FREQUENCIES can be derived from these data.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow