ؤοۤˡΤΰΥѥեåȤꡤդȼ˼äƤߤΤʤˡUNIVERSITY JARGON ꤹ륳बäؤǤνؤλû˶Ƥ
UNIVERSITY JARGON
Starting to research your study options and already feeling lost in the jargon? Here are some common terms you're likely to come across.
A DEGREE is the qualification you complete at university. This is your overall PROGRAMME. Your degree will have an abbreviation such as BA, BSc or BCom. That's code for Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, or Bachelor of Commerce, and so on.
Some PROGRAMMES, such as Health Sciences First Year (HSFY), will lead on to many other degrees.
The SUBJECT you specialise in within your degree is called your Major. When you start your first year at university, choose three or four subjects you'd like to try. One will become your major.
In many degrees you can choose to have a MINOR as well. This is a subject you have stuided at each level, but not in as much depth as your major.
Each subject has LEVELS (100, 200, 300). The first courses youtake are called 100-level papers or beginner papers.
Each subject is divided into PAPERS. They are like topics within each subject --- the building blocks of your degree. They have codes like HIST 104, PSYC 201 and MART 304. The papers you choose each year are your course of study.
When you pass each paper, you get POINTS towards your degree. Papers are generally worth 18 points and a three-year degree needs 360 points. This usually consists of 20 papers, an average of 7 papers per year.
A DOUBLE DEGREE is when you study two degrees at the same time. There are also options to combine two majors from different degrees in a single four-year degree. These COMBINED DEGREES include Arts and Business, Arts and Science, and Business Science.
ʤʣƥѥȤ˲⤷ƤʸϤȻפˤȤäƽ鸫ΤưפǤϤʤɤλؤΥƥƤΤǡʬΤºݤˤ϶Ž̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥Ȥ major specialise Ȥ jargons ΰ̣ϡߤ˵ꤵΤǤ뤫顤Ʊʸ˶뤳ȤˤäơǤȤ䤹ʤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ¾ǤץץȤʤäƤޤ줬롥
ʸϤϡġ jargon Τ˲⤷ƤʸϤȤɤΤ̤¤Ͽ jargon ȤϲʸϤȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤǤ⤷Ĥޤꡤǿ̣ jargon ˤ餹ȤˤäơؤȤͭͶְռ褦ȤƤΤȡ
jargon ϡΰ̣츫ƼǤϤʤȤ¸롥jargons 䤽θηϤϡḁ̈ŪĤ˰ԤΤߤĤҲŪʵǽäƤ롥
Ϣơ#2410. slang, cant, argot, jargon, antilanguage ([2015-12-02-1]) ȡ
ܲNew Zealand Ƥ롥Ҥ1Ĥܥ֥ǤǶӤӼ夲Ƥ A History of the English Language in 100 Places Ǥ롥
NZ طεҤȤƤϡ#5974. New Zealand English Υᥤ ([2025-09-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤52äճʤȤˤ⤦1ᤢä66 "GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)" Ǥ롥
Gisborne NZ ߤιĮǤ롥ĮDZѸ켭Իε Eric Partridge (1894--1979) ޤ줿ȤͳǡˤƱѸ slang äŸ뤳ȤˤʤΤPartridge ζӤΤʤǤȤ櫓̾⤤ΤA Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937) Ǥ롥νǰ衤ߤޤDzǤ³ƤƶϤΤѸ¯켭
1ڡȾۤɤû slang ªɤΤʤ̥ϤͤޤƤ롥slang ˤĤƤεҤ⡤ꤲʤǤϤʤܼͤƤ롥ǤϺǸ1
The aim of people using and creating slang is to make up words that are not in the dictionary in order to shock, delight, amaze, intrigue and mystify. Friends and enemies alike can be the objects of this verbal gaming, but slang users have to contend with the online glossaries that are being constantly updated. The best of these is Urban Dictionary; it boasts over 6 million definitions. Hard copy slang dictionaries are far behind; the Oxford Dictionary of Slang (2003) can boast no more than 10,000 slang words and phrases. Moreover, as a word moves from speech to print and from print to dictionary, its slanginess must steadily decrease.
塤Ѹ slang Իϡ̤μԻ٤Ƥ⡤Ϥ뤫椫äƤȤο롥μª줿ǡslang ϤܼŪȾмäƤȤȤˤʤ뤫Ѳ̣Ѳΰˤ slang αƶϤϻפΤۤ礭slang ϸѲθǤ롥
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ
(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ
(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ưפͳΰĤǤָߴλΤʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ
(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
桦 h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ
(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤ѲƤޤ
(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲ޤ
(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ
(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ
(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ
(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ
ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ
źθǡ˴ؤϥ֡ (taboo) Ȥʤ䤹͡նɽ (euphemism) ȯãΤǤ롥ѸǤפ̣ˤȤޤʤŪѤƤʤ־פθ礫顤¯ (slang) ȤǤȤʤֲפθޤǡ¤Hughes (242) ɹΰѤȤơΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
reproduction
generation
copulation
coition
intercourse
congress
intimacy
carnal knowledge
coupling
pairing
mating
at roughly which point the line is drawn, below which are found:
shagging
banging
bonking
fucking
岼2ʬ뤪褽5ܤ˰Ƥ뤬ϲΥ饹°Ū¿ڤʤΤߤΤ¿ΤǡƾάƤȤȤߤΤĤǾҲ𤹤 beast with two backs, bum dancing, bottom wetting, a squirt and a squeeze ʤɡŪ¯켭ŵäƤߤСɴϤʤ¿Υ饹ˡ
岼ʬΰ֤ˤĤƤϡ⤽Ū뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤϸĿͤˤäƤۤʤ뤷ˤäƤѲƤ餯֤ǤλǧϤ餫ۤʤĴ٤ƤߤС̣̻Ūˤʤꤽ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
ѸˤˤơGod ʿˤϥ֡ (taboo) ζǤ공ǰǤ롥#4457. ѸͤդĬή ([2021-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥ֡濴ϽŪȤषŪ뤤ϿͼŪʤΤȤʤäƤ뤬ֿΥ֡Ͼ¸ߤƤۤɺʥ֡Ǥ뤫顤ʬбնɽ (euphemism) ˭٤˳ȯƤHughes (13) ¿նɽ¤٤ƤΤǡƸƤߤ褦
| Term | Date | Euphemism |
|---|---|---|
| God | 1350s | gog |
| 1386 | cokk | |
| 1569 | cod | |
| 1570 | Jove | |
| 1598 | 'sblood | |
| 1598 | 'slid (God's eyelid) | |
| 1598 | 'slight | |
| 1599 | 'snails (God's nails) | |
| 1600 | zounds (God's wounds) | |
| 1601 | 'sbody | |
| 1602 | sfoot (God's foot) | |
| 1602 | gods bodykins | |
| 1611 | gad | |
| 1621 | odsbobs | |
| 1650s | gadzooks (God's hooks) | |
| 1672 | godsookers | |
| 1673 | egad | |
| 1695 | od | |
| 1695 | odso | |
| 1706 | ounds | |
| 1709 | odsbodikins (God's little body) | |
| 1728 | agad | |
| 1733 | ecod | |
| 1734 | goles | |
| 1743 | gosh | |
| 1743 | golly | |
| 1749 | odrabbit it | |
| 1760s | gracious | |
| 1820s | ye gods! | |
| 1842 | by George | |
| 1842 | s'elpe me Bob | |
| 1844 | Drat! (God rot!) | |
| 1851 | Doggone (God-damn) | |
| 1884 | Great Scott | |
| 1900 | Good grief | |
| 1909 | by Godfrey! |
Ѹˤˤͤ (swearing) 夲̾ʸ Hughes 롥Ѹͤդ⡤¾θոȰۤʤ餺ƻμҲۤȿǤĤѲƤȡĤޤήԤΰǤ뤳Ȥ䤫Ƥ롥ϤƬˡSwift ΰŪ2ĤΰѤƤ (236)
For, now-a-days, Men change their Oaths,
As often as they change their Cloaths.
Swift
Oaths are the Children of Fashion.
Swift
ѸͤդˤˤϡĤ礭Ĭήѻ롥Hughes (237--40) ˰͵ơŦƤ褽ḽˤƤѲȤȤ館Ƥ褤
(1) ֿʤΡˤˤơפΤ褦 by to ʤɤֻѤ (asseveration) ϸƤ
(2) ͤդΥפˤĤơŪʤΤŪŪʤΤؤθ夬ߤ롥
(3) C. S. Lewis "the moralisation of status word" ȻŦ褦ˡɽ魯줬ƻŪʰ̣礤ӤӤѻ롥㤨 churl, knave, cad, blackguard, guttersnipe, varlet ʤɤϤȤȳʬ̾äƻŪʡְפްդ褦ˤʤꡤͤղƤ
(4) ϫƯפȴϢơvagabond, beggar, tramp, bum, skiver ʤɤͤղηϡϲƤꥶ٥īħŪˤߤ줿
(5) ͤդ̩ܤʴطĥ֡ (taboo) ˤĤơǯŪʥפͼŪʥפؤθ夬ߤ롥
ѸͤդĬήɤ븦ϡֱѸ˼ҲפΰȤ٤ˤϼ¤꤬͡ޤޤƤ롥㤨С嵭ˤ̤ꡤ֡䤽ȴϢնʸˡ (euphemism) ȯŸȤδϢΤꤿʤäƤ롥ޤŵŪʸѲΥפȤɲ (amelioration) 䰭 (pejoration) ˤ̩ܤ˴طˡǯ political correctness (= pc) ˡȤδϢⵤˤʤȤslang ˤȤŤʤꡤҲŪӸŪʹͻоݤˤʤ롥ƲοΰȻפ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
45ϤޤäƤֱѸƳ2021ΥƥľҲϡǺǽȤʤޤoffice, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤǤȥơޤǤ͡ȥαѸʸˤ뤤ϱѸʸȤ٤ƤǡHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) ѤƤʤˤ⤷ĴǤΤȶƤ륳ƥĤǤƥοޤɤäƤǡȥͪפιڤळȤǤޤ
֡ (taboo)նɽ (euphemism) (synonym) Ȥä (lexicology) ϡѸˤ´ʸʤɤǤ͵ΥơޤǤѸ˸˴ؿä顤Υդ hellog εɤǤߤƤޤʲ˺ΥƥĤȴˤϢҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1])
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1])
#3392. Ʊ ([2018-08-10-1])
#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])
#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä ([2021-05-09-1])
#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus ([2011-08-22-1])
#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν ([2021-03-09-1])
#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1])
#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1])
#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ ([2020-07-10-1])
#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1])
ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤȯ˹Ҳ as mad as a hatter Ǥʤ˹ҲʤΤǤ礦ʸȸˤɤäƥĤǤ
ƥǤƤ̤ꡤƱɽȤƤ /m/ ƬƧ as mad as a March hare ΤۤŤ褦ǤμɽݸŪľ (proverbial simile) 䶯Ūľ (intensifying simile) ȸƤФޤ#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡäƬƧ as cool as a cucumber, as dead as a door-nail, as bold as brass त褯ΤƤޤ as mad as a hatter Τ褦ƬƧޤʤΤ⤢ޤΧθĴ˴ŤƤʤȤ⡤餫ΡָλסʺΥǤ˹Ҳȿδطˤͳ褹ʤɡ̤Ȥƥ桼饹ʸ̤ȤǤСΤ⤷ޤ
Ǥ⺣ΥƥĤ EEBO Ф줿ɽįƤ뤦ˡϤ¿ɽ˲鱤ΧװͿƤΤǤϤʤȻפĤޤޤ speculation ˤޤҤ٤ƤߤȻפޤ
as mad as a March hare ϽѸ˽ФŪŤɽǡƬƧǤޤ椷ơ19Ⱦ˸줿 as mad as a hatter ƬƧǤޤhare hatter /h/ ƬƧǤޤŤɽΤˤʤȡɽ뤳ȤˤʤޤΤ褦ʾ硤褯Τ줿Ťɽ˲餫ηǡְäפȤ⾯ʤʤΤǤϤʤȻפޤξˤϡhare /h/ Ȱä hatter ѤΤǤϤʤȵޤʤ˹ҲȿθλȤĤġˡas mad as a March hare Τ褦̾Ƭ "syntagmatic alliteration" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСhare hatter Τ褦ʴطƬ "paradigmatic alliteration" ȸƤ٤뤫⤷ޤСפαΧŪäΤȤǤ͡
ȡas mad as a hart ʤɤ⡤hare Ȥ "paradigmatic alliteration" 饤ԥ졼ɽ⤷ʤȤȤˤʤޤޤas mad as a bear Ȥɽ⤢ä褦Ǥʤɤ hare ȵӱǰääƤΤ "paradigmatic rhyme" ȸƤ٤뤫⤷ޤ١Ȥʤɽä夷ƤФۤɡ⤸äƿɽФȤ⤷䤹ʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 mad as a herring as mad as Marshal Stair Ȥä桼饹㤬ĤޤƱΤ⤸ȤߤȤǤ
ݸŪľȤθͷӤǤפαΧŪä꤬ͿƤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤߤǤϢơ#1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1]) ΤȤפ⤫Ӥޤ
Ѹθạ̈Ȥơնʸˡ (euphemism) ϳˤ˿͵ΤơޤǤ롥ΰȤ taboo, swearing, slang ΥơޤȤؤꡤҲشθäȤƹ̣ΤΤ褦
⤽ euphemism Ȥϲޤ Cruse Ѹ켭ŵͿ褦 (57--58)
euphemism An expression that refers to something that people hesitate to mention lest it cause offence, but which lessens the offensiveness by referring indirectly in some way. The most common topics for which we use euphemisms are sexual activity and sex organs, and bodily functions such as defecation and urination, but euphemisms can also be found in reference to death, aspects of religion and money. The main strategies of indirectness are metonymy, generalisation, metaphor and phonological deformation.
Sex:
intercoursego to bed with (metonymy), do it (generalisation)
penisHis member was clearly visible (generalisation)
Bodily function:
defecatego to the toilet (metonymy), use the toilet (generalisation)
Death:
diepass away (metaphor), He's no longer with us (generalisation)
Religion:
Godgosh, golly (phonological deformation)
Jesusgee whiz (phonological deformation)
Hellheck (phonological deformation)
μ˴ؿä顤ޤܥ֥#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) ϤȤ (euphemism) ε줫 taboo εˤܤ̤Ƥ餤
θ塤ʲγγʬȤ褤
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 198--203.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. pp. 43--49.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006. pp. 80--81.
ҥ٥ȤƤϡBussmann (157) McArthur (387) λʸꥹȤꡤʲǤ롥
Allan, K. and K. Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. New York: OUP, 1991.
Ayto, J. Euphemisms: Over 3,000 Ways to Avoid Being Rude or Giving Offence. London: 1993.
Enright, D. J., ed. Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism. Oxford: OUP, 1985.
Holder, R. W. A Dictionary of American and British Euphemisms: The Language of Evasion, Hypocrisy, Prudery and Deceit. Rev. ed. London: 1989. Bath: Bath UP, 1985.
Lawrence, J. Unmentionable and Other Euphemisms. London: 1973.
Rawson, Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemisms & Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown, 1981.
ŪʸĴˤäƤϡ OEDƼ켭ŵ (thesaurus)Room θΰ̣Ѳμŵʤɤ˳ѤƤ餤
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ǯ٤θ⥪饤Ȥ³Ƥ뤬Υ߹ɤǹԤʤä¨Ѹ˥ƥĺΥ٥ȡcf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])ˤ줷ڤäΤǡȰˤ⤦٤äƤߤξDZñ1ĥ˳Ƥ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ90ʬ֤ǡֲפȤԡϡɸ̤Τñ졤ִ֤ˤΤ뤤90ʬä̤˷Ǻܡ
źϰν̱˷ΡʤȤ˰ˤ˥å͡դȤȤϡԤʤƤȤ櫓դ礤¿٤μԤ㲽̾դ륱¿ȤŪʥ˥奢ȼ͡ߥäȤƤ⡤줿¦ȿȴƤȥ桼⥢Ǥ졤¾ȤѤƾΤȤ夹뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϥꥫͤؤ Yankee 츻Ͻ⤢뤬John 륪˻ؾդ Janke ǤϤǤϤʤȤƤ롥˥塼衼ʤĤƥ̱Ϥǡ֥˥塼ॹƥפȾΤ줿ˤΥ̱ͥåȤΥꥹ̱֥˷פȸƤޤäȤˤʤȤ
Yankee ۤͭ̾ǤʤͳϤäꤷʤ1ĤȤơƹǥʽν̱ˤĤ줿˥å͡ब롥ɸ Hoosier OED ˤȡHoosier, n. /huːʒiə/ ȸФΩƤƤꡤͽ̤ۤ˥ꥫѸǻѤ̾Ǥ롥2ĤߤĤ롥ĤʸȤȤ˼
1. A nickname for: a native or inhabitant of the state of Indiana.
1826 in Chicago Tribune (1949) 2 June 20/3 The Indiana hoosiers that came out last fall is settled from 2 to 4 milds of us.
1834 Knickerbocker 3 441 They smiled at my inquiry, and said it was among the 'hoosiers' of Indiana.
. . . .
2. An inexperienced, awkward, or unsophisticated person.
1846 J. Gregg Diary 22 Aug. (1941) I. 212 Old King is one of the most perfect samples of a Hoosier Texan I have met with. Fat, chubby, ignorant, and loquacious as Sancho Panza..we could believe nothing he said.
1857 E. L. Godkin in R. Ogden Life & Lett. E. L. Godkin (1907) I. 157 The mere 'cracker' or 'hoosier', as the poor [southern] whites are termed.
. . . .
1ϡ֥ǥʽν̱ס2ϡΤ餺ιȴʤļ˼ԡפۤɤǤ롥Ҥ̤ꡤΤο̤Τäϼˤ褦ʸƾΤǤ뤳ȤФ19ȾȤߤ롥
츻˴ؤƤ OED "Origin unknown" ʸ츻ԾܡˤȤꡤǰʸ¤ʤΤ櫓ˤϤʤƹΤȤǤСOED ̤˭٤ʤϤΡɴʼŵŪÿ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Ф褤®äƤߤȡᤷᡤ1Ĥ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥγפ⤷褦
츻ϰǤޤƤ뤬ɤΥС19ˡ֤ȤƤĤʤ礭Ρפ̣ hoozer Ȥ¸줬ʸڤ롥줬ѷƹ˻ޤ줿Τ Hoosier ǤϤʤȤԤνǯǤ1826ǯΤȤǤϤ뤬Dictionary of Americanisms ˤ "a big, burly, uncouth specimen or individual; a frontiersman, countryman, rustic"פˡļ˼ԤˡפθǸƤ뤳Ȥǧ졤OED 2ˤԤä̤롥
ºݡ19Ⱦ Hoosier ޤƹƽν̱˼Ūʥ˥å͡बĤ줿Ǥ롥ǥʽˤĤƤ⡤餯ٽν̱ʤɤ̾դδۤäƤΤܤ롼Ȥʬʤ Hoosier ļ˼Ԥˡˤä褦ƥ̱ Beetheads ʥӡƬˡХ̱ Lizards ʥȥˡ֥ͥ饹̱ Bugeaters Ϻˡƥߥ꽣̱ Pukes ʤؤɡˤʤɤ̾¡˰ޤ줿٤ Hoosier ϤҤɤǤϤʤ
PC (= political correctness) λǤ롥ιǤϰǤ졤ν̱Ūʥ˥奢ӤӤ̾ǸƤִϡФˤʤĤĤ롥ϰΥݡĥΥ˥å͡ȤơΡ饤ʽ Tarheels ʥˤˤ䥪ϥ Buckeyes ʥȥΥˤʤɤ˻ĤʳˤѤʤʤäƤƤ롥
Corpus of Historical American English ˤ "[Hoosier]" ȤƸƤߤȡ1870ǯ夫1920ǯˤ⤭ߤϤĤĤŪ¿ѤƤ褦20ȾˤƤĴǤ롥

̱ϰ轻̱ؤŪʤ̾褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϤָˤϡפȤĤǤ롥ºݤˤϡγѤǡΤ٤Τʤǡ餫θդϻȤ³ΤǤ롥ޤûҤˤϤФ褦ˡޤ¤ϥ饦ɤˤϤФäƤΤǤ롥
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
Corpus of Historical American English. Available online at https://www.english-corpora.org/coha/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
褤ϤޤäشμҲؤμȤǤϡָפȤȴʤ̥ơޤΥơޤϢۤ¿ˤ錄롥ޤ˹ϰϤʤäƤ뤿ˡ˾ΤʤۤɤǤ롥ºݤˡȤϢۤվǵƤäȤΤ1,000ͥĶ꤬ޤäʣΤ¿ФȸȤϻפ뤬ˤƤʢϤ꤬ȤˡΰƤߤ褦
ʱѸ˼פʰˤߤʸˡ (grammatical gender)
̾ˤߤ
̾ιݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness)
LGBTQ ȸ
Ͳ줿̾
̾ˤ
˸աפȡֽա
˴ؤ륹䥿֡
̤ˤ륳ߥ˥μΰ㤤
ȥ͡
⤽⡤ź٤Ƥθǡˡ (man) ȡֽ (woman) Ȥ2Ĥñ줬̤ѤƤ餷ơ⤦ˤäϻϤޤäƤΤǤ롥üδؿǤ LGBTQ ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥˡǤϸ˿ޤƤ롥
üȤȤǤС102俷ʹīǡJAL ҤФ֥ǥɡȥפθƤӤ֥롦ѥå㡼פڤؤȤεɤʹ֤δؿȤƤϺǽפʤΤ1ĤȤǧ줬ʹ֤ͭθȤηϤޤƤʤ櫓ʤΤǤ롥
ָפΥơޤι̣臘ȤϤȻפäƤ롥 hellog åɤ
Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵƤޤ
äȵƤߤȸƤʤʤŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)
A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.
˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤƤޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
ȤǥǥåʤɤƤȡȤ˳ä褦ȯۤӽФ뤳Ȥ롥¤ˡȤƤξά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ȥ夲üԤϲΤ˸ڤͤΤȤȤ
ȤǤϡüԤˤѤɽûڤȯȤäºŪߵꡤάṳ̂ȤŪʤ̤ơߵΤȤ褦ȻפäƤĤޤꡤüԤϽ˷ŪʴؤܻؤƸưԤʤȤФФ롤ȤȤ褦ȹͤƤ
ȤפäƤߤʤ̤饳Ȥ줿άṳ̂ϤΤ褦ʷŪǤФǤϤʤ켫ΤȼεǽäƤΤǤϤʤȤΤȤС֥ӥˡפϡ֥ӥ˥ȥפñû˺줿άǤȤϳΤ˼뤬Ǥ줬ñʤ륳ӥ˥ȥʡŹˤˤȤɤޤ餺ȼŹ֤ȸä֥ӥˡפȤͭ¸ߤǤ뤳Ȥ뤿ˡơ֥ӥ˥ȥפȤϰۤʤ֡ξˤϽ줿֤äƤΤǤϤʤȡĤޤꡤάṳ̂ˤϵǽŪ䤬ȤŦ
Τ˸ɽ١ˤʤ⡤ȤϰۤʤɽФȤϡǽŪΩܻؤ¤٤Ȥ롥Τ褦¤ˡˤϼѡžޤ͡ʷŪʤ뤬ǤǼŪˡ1Ĥ˾άṳ̂ȯڤˤʤ뤷ɽȤϻƤʤۤʤ֤ˤʤȤǤϡάṳ̂ʣŪʥˡƤͥȤ
¯졤ʤɤưˤĤʤפʻǤ롥餷
#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1])#3577. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ʸˡ ([2019-02-11-1]) ³McArthur AAVE θŪħҲ𤹤롥ϸáˡ¾ˤĤơ
(1) goober (peanut), yam (sweet potato), tote (to carry), buckra (white man) ʤɤեꥫθä̤롥
(2) ⽸Ĥ homeboy / homegirl ʼʬζпȤμ͡ˡhomies (homegirls) ʤɤѤ롥
(3) 뽸ĤΤƸƤ̾ΤȤ honkie / whitey (͡ˡredneck / peckerwood ļˤϤΡ͡ˤʤɤѤ롥
(4) ¯Ȥ bad / cool / hot (ɤ)crib ʲȡˡshort / ride ʼ֡ˤʤɤѤ롥
(5) ŪʸˡȤơstepped-to ʡʷޤǡͭʡˡupside the head ƬΤȤǡʲˡˡashy ʡ椬æơˤʤɤѤ롥
(6) ¿ AAVE ɽꥫѸθˤȤäƤ롥hip / hep ʥݥԥ顼㡼̤Ƥ͡ˡdude ˡ
(7) եꥫθƬͳ褹͡ɽϤꥢꥫѸθ˳ȤäƤ롥the dozens ƤФȯˡrapping ͺۤǹߤʸոˡshucking / jiving ͤչߤˤ餫äꡤޤꤹ뤳ȡˡsounding ʸդˤзˤʤɡ
Ȥ櫓äɽΰǸʤΤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡ̤ΥꥫѸθ졦¯ˤ¿Ǥ뤳ȤꥫѸǡʤȤȤϡ٤ɸѸǤˡAAVE ̵Ǥʤ餤¸ߴäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ櫓 AAVE Υݥåץ㡼θؤαƶϤ礭
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1]) ǡꥹͳ褹ʤȤ˹̾ˤĤƿ줿Ʊꥹͳ褹롤⤦1ĤɽҲ𤷤褦ꥹǷٴΤȤ¯ bobby ȸƤ֤ϼԷٻ˿Ϥꡦ̳äǤ Sir Robert Peel (1788--1850) ΰΡBobby ͳ褹Ȥ롥

Peel ϡ19ȾȾˤ錄äƥꥹνäǤ롥ζӤȤƤϡMetropolitan Police Act 1828ǯ̲ᤵ1829ǯԷٻ֤Ȥ롥θ塤bobby ٴΰդ¯ȤʤäƤäĺˡΤˤϤ狼ʤOED ν1844ǯΤΤǤ롥
1844 Sessions' Paper June 341 I heard her say..'a bobby'..it was a signal to let them know a policeman was coming.
Էٻ֤Ʊ1829ǯˤϡ֥ȥå̲ˡơפΩƤꡤӿȯƤ롥Peel άǤϤʤȤפ˹ͤʤǤϡ夲 Earl Grey ƱäˡPeel ϤȤϼ絮²κ֤ǤäֹʪˡפڤȤǤ1845ǯΥɤΥ㥬ˡʪˡѻߤƧڤǤơǯѻߤ¸19פ뤲ä
ʤƱ¯ΡַٴפȤƼ¤ peeler Ȥñ⤢ΤդäƤ
ε#3223. George Andrews, A Dictionary of the Slang and Cant language (1809) ([2018-02-22-1]) ǡѸ˾¯졦Ѹ콸Thomas Harman A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) ˸ڤѸ˾αѱѼRobert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall 30ǯʾƽǤ줿ȤΤ϶ä٤Ȥ˻פ뤫⤷ʤ̤αѱѼ⡤Ѹ콸ΤۤᤤȤΤϡ⤷
ͥΥɤˤ뼭Իηаޤ֤äƤߤȡषήϼǤ롥ޤˤĤƺǽ˺뼭Ѹ콸ϡְܴۤ㤤ʤ켭Ĥޤ bilingual dictionaries/glossaries Ǥ롥ºݡѼʩѼ˱ѼʤɤѸ˾塤˸Ƥ롥ΤȤϡͤƤߤǤ롥ȤäƤ⡤ǤʤññǶƤΤ1Ǥ롥Ǥˤ褯ΤäƤñǸꤹ monolingual dictionaries/glossaries ϡǤͤΤλƤ뤬ˤäƤϡޤΰյϿ͡˥ԥȤʤä
ơ켭˽ऺΤȤơ¯졦 (canting language) Ѹ콸Ԥޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäɤʰ̻̱ˤȤäơcanting language ϳƱǤ롥äơA Caviat ⤢ bilingual glossary äȸäƤ褤ΤǤ롥
³ơ1604ǯ˱Ѹ˾Ρ̤αѱѼפۤɸڤ A Table Alphabeticall Ǥ줿ºݤˤϡ̡פαñΤǤϤʤȤƥƥѸʤɤʤפΤä⸫ˤäƤ bilingual dictionary ȤΤǤ롥θ塤17̤ƱѸ˴ؤ뼭Ǥ줿켭Ǥꡤbilingual dictionaries ΰФƤϤʤäȤͤcf. #609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])ˡ
嵭ηаޤƤȡݤơѸ˾αѱѼѸ콸 A Caviat Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤΤˤĤơBlank (231) Ѥ
In fact the original English-English dictionaries, long preceding those produced in the seventeenth century, were glossaries of the canting language. As Thomas Harman and his followers often noted, cant was otherwise known in the period as 'pedlar's French', a term which again reinforced notions of its 'foreign' nature. Harman's popular pamphlet A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) describes the underworld language as a 'leud, lousey language of these lewtering Luskes and lasy Lorrels . . . a vnknowen toung onely, but to these bold, beastly, bawdy Beggers, and vaine Vacabondes'. As a measure of social precaution, he included a glossary intended to expose the 'vnknowen toung', thereby translating the 'leud, lousey' language into 'common' English:
Nab, a pratling chete, quaromes, a head. a tounge. a body. Nabchet, Crashing chetes, prat, a hat or cap. teeth. a buttocke.
and so on through a list that includes 120 terms.
Blank, Paula. "The Babel of Renaissance English." Chapter 8 of The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 2006. 212--39.
19ȾˤϿ¯켭Ի줿Ū1Ĥˡϥ㡼ʸäϿʤä Johnson μ䴰Ȥä夲 George Andrews ˤ A Dictionary of the Slang and Cant language (1809) ˤϡäȡַŪפ䤬äϡť¯졦˹Τ餷뤳ȤˤꡤȺߤȤΤäμҲܻؤȤäƤ褤⤷ʤCrystal (68) ˤȡμʸȤơΤ褦ƤȤ
One great misfortune to which the Public are liable, is, that Thieves have a Language of their own; by which means they associate together in the streets, without fear of being over-heard or understood.
The principal end I had in view in publishing this DICTIONARY, was, to expose the Cant Terms of their Language, in order to the more easy detection of their crimes; and I flatter myself, by the perusal of this Work, the Public will become acquainted with their mysterious Phrases; and be better able to frustrate their designs.
Crystal (68) ˺ƷǤƤ롤ĤθФʲ˵褦19Ƭťα餯ߤťˤ̤ʤΤʤ
| Adam Tylers | pickpockets' accomplices |
| badgers | hawkers |
| bullies, bully-huffs, bully-rooks | hired ruffians |
| bloods | roisterers |
| buffers | horse killers (for the skins) |
| beau-traps | well-dressed sharpers |
| cloak-twitchers | cloak-snatchers (from off people's shoulders) |
| clapperdogeons (also spelled clapperdudgeon) | beggars |
| coiners | counterfeiters |
| cadgers | beggars |
| duffers | hawkers |
| divers | pickpockets |
| dragsmen | vehicle thieves |
| filers | coin-filers |
| fencers | receivers of stolen goods |
| footpads | highwaymen who rob on foot |
| gammoners | pickpockets' accomplices |
| ginglers (also jinglers) | horse-dealers |
| kencrackers | housebreakers |
| knackers | tricksters |
| lully-priggers | linen-thieves |
| millers | housebreakers |
| priggers | thieves |
| rum-padders | highwaymen |
| strollers | pedlars |
| sweeteners | cheats, decoys |
| spicers | footpads |
| smashers | counterfeiters |
| swadlers (also swadders) | pedlars |
| whidlers (also whiddlers) | informers |
| water-pads | robbers of ships |
ɸνѸϡü register ʻѰ衤ˤ°ɽ魯ߤ˽Ťʤʬ¿Τ̩ޤϡWilliams (203--04) ˤѸˤĤƤѤ褦
Cant (related to chant, and originally the whining pleas of beggars) is often used to refer particularly to the language of thieves, gypsies, and such. But it has also been used to refer to the specialized language of any occupation, particularly to the mechanical and mindless repetition of special words and phrases.
Argot (a French word of unknown etymology), usually refers to the secret language of the underworld, though it too has also been used to refer to any specialized occupational vocabulary---the argot of the racetrack, for example. Jargon (once meaning the warbling of birds) is usually used by someone unfamiliar with a particular technical language to characterize his annoyed and puzzled response to it. Thus one man's technical vocabulary is another's jargon. Feature, shift, transfer, artifactual, narrowing, acronym, blend, clip, drift---all these words belong to the vocabulary of semantic change and word formation, the vocabulary of historical linguistics. But for anyone ignorant of the subject and unfamiliar with the terms, such words would make up its jargon. Thus cant, argot, and jargon are words that categorize both by classing and by judging.
Slang (of obscure origin) has many of the same associations. It has often been used as a word to condemn "bad" words that might pollute "good" English---even destroy the mind. . . . / But . . . slang is a technical terms like the terms grammatical and ungrammatical---a neutral term that categorizes a group of novel words and word meanings used in generally casual circumstances by a cohesive group, usually among its members, not necessarily to hide their meanings but to signal their group membership.
Trudgill Ѹ켭ŵ˥ȥΤ롤slang, argot, jargon, antilanguage ˤĤƤѤ롥
slang Vocabulary which is associated with very informal or colloquial styles, such as English batty (mad) or ace (excellent). Some items of slang, like ace, may be only temporarily fashionable, and thus come to be associated with particular age-groups in a society. Other slang words and phrases may stay in the language for generation. Formerly slang vocabulary can acquire more formal stylistic status, such as modern French tête (head) from Latin testa (pot) and English bus, originally an abbreviation of omnibus. Slang should not be confused with non-standard dialect. . . . Slang vocabulary in English has a number of different sources, including Angloromani, Shelta and Yiddish, together with devices such as rhyming slang and back slang as well as abbreviation (as in bus) and metaphor, such as hot meaning 'stolen' or 'attractive'.
argot /argou/ A term sometimes used to refer to the kinds of antilanguage whose slang vocabulary is typically associated with criminal groups.
jargon . . . . A non-technical term used of the register associated with a particular activity by outsiders who do not participate in this activity. The use of this term implies that one considers the vocabulary of the register in question to be unnecessarily difficult and obscure. The register of law may be referred to as 'legal jargon' by non-lawyers.
antilanguage A term coined by Michael Halliday to refer to a variety of a language, usually spoken on particular occasions by members of certain relatively powerless or marginal groups in a society, which is intended to be incomprehensible to other speakers of the language or otherwise to exclude them. Examples of groups employing forms of antilanguage include criminals. Exclusivity is maintained through the use of slang vocabulary, sometimes known as argot, not known to other groups, including vocabulary derived from other languages. European examples include the antilanguages Polari and Angloromany.
줾Ѹλؤϡ줾Ťʤ礤ʤ⡤ȼǤäƤ롥ϡơѸʸˤƶ̤ôäƤȤξںѸȤΤΤѸȼҲäƤꡤäѸ
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Hughes (xvii--viii) ϡ A History of English Words ǡûˤȼˤǰƬ֤̻ˤŻ뤷ѸǯɽͿƤ롥άǯɽǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓ûˡȤδϢ̤˲ФƤǡԤƩƸǯɽǤ롥
| 410 | Departure of the Roman legions |
| c.449 | The Invasion of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians |
| 597 | The Coming of Christianity |
| 731 | Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People |
| 787 | The first recorded Scandinavian raids |
| 871--99 | Alfred King of Wessex |
| 900--1000 | Approximate date of Anglo-Saxon poetry collections |
| 1016--42 | Canute King of England, Scotland and Denmark |
| 1066 | The Norman Conquest |
| c.1150 | Earliest Middle English texts |
| 1204 | Loss of Calais |
| 1362 | English restored as language of Parliament and the law |
| 1370--1400 | The works of Chaucer, Langland and the Gawain poet |
| 1384 | Wycliffite translation of the Bible |
| 1476 | Caxton sets up his press at Westminster |
| 1525 | Tyndale's translation of the Bible |
| 1549 | The Book of Common Prayer |
| 1552 | Early canting dictionaries |
| 1584 | Roanoke settlement of America (abortive) |
| 1590--16610 | Shakespeare's main creative period |
| 1603 | Act of Union between England and Scotland |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall |
| 1607 | Jamestown settlement in America |
| 1609 | English settlement of Jamaica |
| 1611 | Authorized Version of the Bible |
| 1619 | First Arrival of slaves in America |
| 1620 | Arrival of Pilgrim fathers in America |
| 1623 | Shakespeare's First Folio published |
| 1649--60 | Puritan Commonwealth: closure of the theatres |
| 1660 | Restoration of the monarchy |
| 1667 | Milton's Paradise Lost |
| 1721 | Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language |
| 1762--94 | Grammars published by Lowth, Murray, etc. |
| 1765 | Beginning of the English Raj in India |
| 1776 | Declaration of American Independence |
| 1788 | Establishment of the first penal colony in Australia |
| 1828 | Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language |
| 1884--1928 | Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary |
| 1903 | Daily Mirror published as the first tabloid |
| 1922 | Establishment of the BBC |
| 1947 | Independence of India |
| 1957--72 | Independence of various African, Asian and Caribbean states |
| 1961 | Third edition of Webster's Dictionary |
| 1968 | Abolition of the post of Lord Chancellor |
| 1989 | Second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary |
εǤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) ˤĤƸSwift ƱͤǤ Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ⡤ˤۤƱ깭Ƥ롥
Joseph Addison launched an attack on monosyllables in the Spectator (135, 4 August 1711):
The English Language . . . abound[s] in monosyllables, which gives an Opportunity of delivering our Thoughts in few Sounds. This indeed takes off from the Elegance of our Tongue, but at the same time expresses our Ideas in the readiest manner.
He observes that some past-tense forms --- e.g. drown'd, walk'd, arriv'd --- in which the -ed had formerly been pronounced as a separate syllable (as we still do in the adjectives blessed and aged) had become monosyllables. A similar situation is found in the case of drowns, walks, arrives, 'which in the Pronunciation of our Forefathers were drowneth, walketh, arriveth'. He objects to the genitive 's, which he incorrectly assumes to be a reduction of his and her, and for which he in any case gives no examples. He asserts that the contractions mayn't, can't, sha'n't, wo'n't have 'much untuned our Language, and clogged it with Consonants'. He dismisses abbreviations such as mob., rep., pos., incog. as ridiculous, and complains about the use of short nicknames such as Nick and Jack.
ư -ed ˲ä -es Ჽͭʤ 'sܼ n't ̤˵äƤ롥 Nick Jack ˤޤ̷褬ڤǤ뤫顤ϤϤθȤΤȤˤʤäƤ롥
Addison ˤȤäƤԹʤȤˡƤܤ¿ϸɸѸdzΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Addison ˤ Swift ˤڳñ첽ɤޤܵǷäƤΤϤ狼ʤषˤϤӤֱѸפɤ٤ǥߡΩ뤿θ¤Ȥơ̤˵Τñ첽䤽¾κ٤ʹܤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ⤷ȤȡǤϤΤΡܼŪưŪäȤȤˤʤϼŪʸϡƤȤޤǤDzȤ餽þ뱿̿Ǥ롥ϡͤŤƤ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ礭ŪΤμʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦˻פ (cf. #468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]))
ʤͭʤ 's his ξάǤȤ Addison λŦˤĤƤϡѸˤΩ줫϶̣˴ؤơ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
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