Ѹˤˤͤ (swearing) 夲̾ʸ Hughes 롥Ѹͤդ⡤¾θոȰۤʤ餺ƻμҲۤȿǤĤѲƤȡĤޤήԤΰǤ뤳Ȥ䤫Ƥ롥ϤƬˡSwift ΰŪ2ĤΰѤƤ (236)
For, now-a-days, Men change their Oaths,
As often as they change their Cloaths.
Swift
Oaths are the Children of Fashion.
Swift
ѸͤդˤˤϡĤ礭Ĭήѻ롥Hughes (237--40) ˰͵ơŦƤ褽ḽˤƤѲȤȤ館Ƥ褤
(1) ֿʤΡˤˤơפΤ褦 by to ʤɤֻѤ (asseveration) ϸƤ
(2) ͤդΥפˤĤơŪʤΤŪŪʤΤؤθ夬ߤ롥
(3) C. S. Lewis "the moralisation of status word" ȻŦ褦ˡɽ魯줬ƻŪʰ̣礤ӤӤѻ롥㤨 churl, knave, cad, blackguard, guttersnipe, varlet ʤɤϤȤȳʬ̾äƻŪʡְפްդ褦ˤʤꡤͤղƤ
(4) ϫƯפȴϢơvagabond, beggar, tramp, bum, skiver ʤɤͤղηϡϲƤꥶ٥īħŪˤߤ줿
(5) ͤդ̩ܤʴطĥ֡ (taboo) ˤĤơǯŪʥפͼŪʥפؤθ夬ߤ롥
ѸͤդĬήɤ븦ϡֱѸ˼ҲפΰȤ٤ˤϼ¤꤬͡ޤޤƤ롥㤨С嵭ˤ̤ꡤ֡䤽ȴϢնʸˡ (euphemism) ȯŸȤδϢΤꤿʤäƤ롥ޤŵŪʸѲΥפȤɲ (amelioration) 䰭 (pejoration) ˤ̩ܤ˴طˡǯ political correctness (= pc) ˡȤδϢⵤˤʤȤslang ˤȤŤʤꡤҲŪӸŪʹͻоݤˤʤ롥ƲοΰȻפ
Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.
ǯ٤θ⥪饤Ȥ³Ƥ뤬Υ߹ɤǹԤʤä¨Ѹ˥ƥĺΥ٥ȡcf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])ˤ줷ڤäΤǡȰˤ⤦٤äƤߤξDZñ1ĥ˳Ƥ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ90ʬ֤ǡֲפȤԡϡɸ̤Τñ졤ִ֤ˤΤ뤤90ʬä̤˷Ǻܡ
źϰν̱˷ΡʤȤ˰ˤ˥å͡դȤȤϡԤʤƤȤ櫓դ礤¿٤μԤ㲽̾դ륱¿ȤŪʥ˥奢ȼ͡ߥäȤƤ⡤줿¦ȿȴƤȥ桼⥢Ǥ졤¾ȤѤƾΤȤ夹뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϥꥫͤؤ Yankee 츻Ͻ⤢뤬John 륪˻ؾդ Janke ǤϤǤϤʤȤƤ롥˥塼衼ʤĤƥ̱Ϥǡ֥˥塼ॹƥפȾΤ줿ˤΥ̱ͥåȤΥꥹ̱֥˷פȸƤޤäȤˤʤȤ
Yankee ۤͭ̾ǤʤͳϤäꤷʤ1ĤȤơƹǥʽν̱ˤĤ줿˥å͡ब롥ɸ Hoosier OED ˤȡHoosier, n. /huːʒiə/ ȸФΩƤƤꡤͽ̤ۤ˥ꥫѸǻѤ̾Ǥ롥2ĤߤĤ롥ĤʸȤȤ˼
1. A nickname for: a native or inhabitant of the state of Indiana.
1826 in Chicago Tribune (1949) 2 June 20/3 The Indiana hoosiers that came out last fall is settled from 2 to 4 milds of us.
1834 Knickerbocker 3 441 They smiled at my inquiry, and said it was among the 'hoosiers' of Indiana.
. . . .
2. An inexperienced, awkward, or unsophisticated person.
1846 J. Gregg Diary 22 Aug. (1941) I. 212 Old King is one of the most perfect samples of a Hoosier Texan I have met with. Fat, chubby, ignorant, and loquacious as Sancho Panza..we could believe nothing he said.
1857 E. L. Godkin in R. Ogden Life & Lett. E. L. Godkin (1907) I. 157 The mere 'cracker' or 'hoosier', as the poor [southern] whites are termed.
. . . .
1ϡ֥ǥʽν̱ס2ϡΤ餺ιȴʤļ˼ԡפۤɤǤ롥Ҥ̤ꡤΤο̤Τäϼˤ褦ʸƾΤǤ뤳ȤФ19ȾȤߤ롥
츻˴ؤƤ OED "Origin unknown" ʸ츻ԾܡˤȤꡤǰʸ¤ʤΤ櫓ˤϤʤƹΤȤǤСOED ̤˭٤ʤϤΡɴʼŵŪÿ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Ф褤®äƤߤȡᤷᡤ1Ĥ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥγפ⤷褦
츻ϰǤޤƤ뤬ɤΥС19ˡ֤ȤƤĤʤ礭Ρפ̣ hoozer Ȥ¸줬ʸڤ롥줬ѷƹ˻ޤ줿Τ Hoosier ǤϤʤȤԤνǯǤ1826ǯΤȤǤϤ뤬Dictionary of Americanisms ˤ "a big, burly, uncouth specimen or individual; a frontiersman, countryman, rustic"פˡļ˼ԤˡפθǸƤ뤳Ȥǧ졤OED 2ˤԤä̤롥
ºݡ19Ⱦ Hoosier ޤƹƽν̱˼Ūʥ˥å͡बĤ줿Ǥ롥ǥʽˤĤƤ⡤餯ٽν̱ʤɤ̾դδۤäƤΤܤ롼Ȥʬʤ Hoosier ļ˼Ԥˡˤä褦ƥ̱ Beetheads ʥӡƬˡХ̱ Lizards ʥȥˡ֥ͥ饹̱ Bugeaters Ϻˡƥߥ꽣̱ Pukes ʤؤɡˤʤɤ̾¡˰ޤ줿٤ Hoosier ϤҤɤǤϤʤ
PC (= political correctness) λǤ롥ιǤϰǤ졤ν̱Ūʥ˥奢ӤӤ̾ǸƤִϡФˤʤĤĤ롥ϰΥݡĥΥ˥å͡ȤơΡ饤ʽ Tarheels ʥˤˤ䥪ϥ Buckeyes ʥȥΥˤʤɤ˻ĤʳˤѤʤʤäƤƤ롥
Corpus of Historical American English ˤ "[Hoosier]" ȤƸƤߤȡ1870ǯ夫1920ǯˤ⤭ߤϤĤĤŪ¿ѤƤ褦20ȾˤƤĴǤ롥

̱ϰ轻̱ؤŪʤ̾褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϤָˤϡפȤĤǤ롥ºݤˤϡγѤǡΤ٤Τʤǡ餫θդϻȤ³ΤǤ롥ޤûҤˤϤФ褦ˡޤ¤ϥ饦ɤˤϤФäƤΤǤ롥
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
Corpus of Historical American English. Available online at https://www.english-corpora.org/coha/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
Ǥʸˡʤɤǿ뵡뤫Ǥ礦ɸμϤ褯ޤ̵̾ʪǤ顤;̾ȤƤο;̾ it ǼΤŬڤΤ褦˻פޤȤ˽ο;̾ she Ǽޤ
There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.
Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.
ѸˤäƤϡűѸˤϡեɥĸʤɤ˸ߤ¸ߤƤʸˡ (grammatical gender) äȤȤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤűѸǤϤ٤Ƥ̾줬Τ줫˿ʬƤꡤ⤽̾λؼоݤʪŪȤɬפƤʤäȤ̾ʬबäΤǤȡȤ she űѸʸˡ̾ĤǤϤʤȵ뤫⤷ޤ
ǤϤޤפˤĤƤиűѸ sċip (ship) ̾Ǥbāt (boat) ̾ǤĤޤꡤűѸʸˡ̵طǤǤϡʤѸǤ she Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ礦ɤ
űѸǵǽƤʸˡϡѸˤƤޤѸˡΦʸءʸαƶơʸˡȤΩֵפȤ̼Υȯã뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤϤȤʪƻƹȤʤɤϡɼˤ̤ƼôäƤޤԤǤϡȤϢ礤סְ͡סֻۡ椹٤ΡפȤƽ˸ΩƤȤȤ⤷ޤ
ǯαѸǤϤδϼƤƤꡤȤ櫓ŪʸջȤȤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤդäƤޤ礦
ȤȤǡɸѤʵФƤϡѸʹߤȯãֵפѤǤ顤ƤޤˤĤƿΤꤿϡ ##3647,852,853,854,1912,1028,1517εå ɤ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow