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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-26 Sun

#6208. Doric Ѹʸ̮ Scottish ¤ˤˤʤΤϤ⤷ [hellenic][greek][koine][scottish_english][scots][dialect][variety][oed]

Ѹˤ Doric Ȥꥷ Doris ʥɡꥹˤ˴Ťƻ줬롥֥ɡꥹΡɡꥹΡɡꥹפʤɤ򸶵Ȥ롥Doric ˤϡȤơΡļ¤ΡʤȤ櫓˥åȥ¤Ρפ⤢롥åȥ¤αѸ줬 Doric ȷƤ뤳ȤΤ˺٤Сä˥åȥAberdeen ʤɤŵŪ Doric Ȥ롥طʤˤϡɤʻ𤬤Τ
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ奮ꥷθˤ򿶤֤ȡ͡ʥꥷϤǡƳƥѤƤƥͤ濴˹Ԥʤ졤ؽѡʸؤôθդȤʤä Attic ˥ꥷΤߤʤ餺إ˥ koiné ȤƹäƤäаޤ롥 Doric ޤऽ¾ϡҲŪˡ̤ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤä
Doric ˽ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäļ¤פθꥷ˸¤餺ŪѤ褦ˤʤä麣٤ϱѸʸ̮òơȤ櫓֥åȥ¤פθӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ϶̣
OED Doric (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤȡꥷΥɡꥹؤ̾ˡȤơǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬˻ȤƤΤ롥

1.b. † Speech or writing likened to the Doric dialect of ancient Greek for its apparent simplistic, unrefined, antiquated, or rustic character. Obsolete. 1657-1888


Τ褦ˡŪˤߤʤ̾졦ƻȤƤˡ17Ⱦ鸫뤬줬Ѹʸ̮ǡ֥åȥ¤פؤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ19äƤǤ롥ޤ֥åȥ¤Ρפ̣ƻȤƤˡƤߤ褦

1.c. Of or relating to Scots, a variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. of or relating to the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1809-

   1809 Were she to stay much in the country, she would acquire some knowledge of our Doric dialect which (I mean in books) is too much neglected by a fastidious generation. (J. Ramsay, Letter 28 September (1966) 263)
   1840 The Scottish dialect of low life as first employed in novels by Sir Walter Scott:..it furnished the benefit of a Doric dialect. (T. De Quincey, Style: No. II in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine September 398/1)
   1933 She has no difficulty in carrying on a conversation, frequently utilising Doric words and phrases. (Scotsman 14 September 10/6)
   1993 The North East Scotland Heritage Trust, formed last year to promote the Doric language and culture, is facing an uncertain financial future. (Scotsman 6 April 5)
   2023 Flora Garry, one of the most important Doric writers of the 20th Century. (Press & Journal (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 13 September 7)


ˡ֥åȥ¤פ̣̾ȤƤˡˤĤƤ⡤ʸ󤲤褦

1.c. Scots (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1832-

   1832 He returned thanks in the Doric of his native hills. (Gentleman's Magazine February 159/1)
   1870 'My Lord,' commenced John, in his purest Doric..'I wad hae thocht naething o't.' (E. B. Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life v. 127)
   1872 The good doctor dropped into the broadest Doric. (C. Gibbon, For the King vol. I. iii. 22)
   1933 He fell readily into the Doric,..using it pithily and with humour. (N. Shepherd, Pass in Grampians iii. 15 in Grampian Quartet (2001))
   1966 As one, who has for years fought for the proper recognition of our North-east dialect, the Doric, I welcomed the gesture of the latest report on the problem. (Aberdeen Evening Express 7 September)
   2023 A book written and published in Doric by pupils from an Aberdeenshire school has been nominated for this year's Scots Language Awards. (Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 5 September 3)


ܲ Aberdeen ںߤƤ뤬Doric Ȥܤˤ꼪ˤꤹ뵡񤬤ޤˤ롥
Ϣơ#5505. 奮ꥷѡ ([2024-05-23-1])#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) ε⻲ȡ

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2026-04-25 Sat

#6207. Ѹˤ Scots ֥åĸפν [scots][variety][oed]

Socts ϡ֥åȥɱѸפ֥åȥɸפ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ⤹Ԥ "Scottish (standard) English" Ȥʤ뤷Ԥ "Scottish Gaelic" Ȥʤ롥Τʤ褦ȼ̾ͿΤȤΤޤ޲ڤơ֥åĸפ̵ȤȤˤʤ롥ʣˤؤäƤ뤿ˡ⤽⤳θѼˤߤ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥϡɬ⹭ΤƤȤϤʤcf. #1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]
Scots Ȥñ줬åȥɤμˤǯʾˤ錄äȼȯŸ뤲ƤѸѼؤΤȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡOED ˤ15ΤȤǤ롥Scots (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤ̾ȤƤθȤĤκǽ󤲤褦

1. A variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland; the variety of this used in parts of the north of Ireland. Frequently also viewed as a distinct language. 1494-

Scots developed from the early northern Middle English that supplanted a Brittonic language in the south of Scotland, and had by the Stuart era spread throughout the nation and taken the place of Latin as the language of record. During the Plantation of Ulster of the 17th cent. it was introduced by Scottish settlers to the north of Ireland, where it survives as Ulster Scots (Ulster Scots n.). From the mid 16th cent. onwards, Scots has become progressively more anglicized.

   1494 The figuris of armes [etc.]..translatit owt of Fraynche in Scottis. (Loutfut Manuscript f. 78, in Dictionary of Older Scottish Tongue at Scottis)
   a1522 So me behufyt quhilum..Sum bastard Latyn, French or Inglys oyss Quhar scant was Scottis. (G. Douglas in translation of Virgil, Æneid (1957) i. Prologue 118)
   1542 It salbe lefull to all or souirane ladyis lieges to haif þe haly write bait þe new testament and þe auld in þe vulgar toung In Inglis or scottis of ane gude and trew translatioune. (Scottish Acts Mary (1814) vol. II. 415/1)


ƻȤƤˡ16ϤޤäƤ롥

3. Designating a variety of English used in Scotland (see sense B.1), or literary compositions, speeches, etc., written or spoken in it; (of words, idioms, grammar, etc.) characteristic of or belonging to Scots. 1533-

   1533 Al quhilk onderstandis the scotis tung. (J. Gau in translation of C. Pedersen, Richt Vay To Reader sig. Aiv)
   1573 That Scotland neuer bure, In Scottis leid ane man mair Eloquent. (J. Davidson, Ane Breif Commendatioun of Vprichtnes in Respect of the Surenes of the Same, [etc.] sig. A.ivv
   1600 The ministers hes peruertit this text be thair Scottis translation. (J. Hamilton, Facile Traictise in T. G. Law, Catholic Tractates (1901) 227)


Scots ϥȷϤ "Scottish Gaelic" ؼñȤѤƤȤ䤳طʤ뤳Ȥˤդ줿1500ǯ򶭤ˡ Socts λؼоݤȤʤѼ郎ѤäƤȤˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-03-1]

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2026-03-29 Sun

#6180. űѸ졦Ѹˤ most ΰ۷ʬ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe_dialect][me_dialect][oe][germanic][analogy]

ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)򻲾ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED β򤸤äɤǤ

Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.


űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ񤷤褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.


Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ󤬰̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ󤬰̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])

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2026-03-28 Sat

#6179. Ǿӵ "dental suffix" դ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][suffix][germanic][rhotacism][sound_symbolism][-st][consonant][dental_suffix]

ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌໤ӵɽ路ĺ򶯤᤿ǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦໤ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-02-24 Tue

#6147. ѸȤƤ register ν [register][terminology][sociolinguistics][oed][youtube][inohota][sociolinguistics]

ε#6146. Τۤ register Ҳ𤷤ޤ ([2026-02-23-1]) ˰³register ȤѸˤĤơѸȤƤ register νĴ٤٤OED äƤߤ II.9.c ꡤǯ1956ǯȤ롥θʸ򤹤٤ OED Ѥ롥

II.9.c. Linguistics. In language: a variety or level of usage, esp. as determined by social context and characterized by the range of vocabulary, pronunciation, syntax, etc., used by a speaker or writer in particular circumstances.

   1956 He will on different occasions speak (or write) differently according to what may roughly be described as different social situations: he will use a number of distinct 'registers'. (T. B. W. Reid in Archivum Linguisticum vol. 8 32)
   1962 Interference may..vary according to the social role of the speaker in any given case. This is what the Edinburgh School has called register. (Canadian Journal of Linguistics vol. 7 69)
   1966 Varieties of English distinguished by use in relation to social context are called registers. (G. N. Leech, English in Advertising vii. 68)
   1971 A novel, then, can be seen as an amalgam of registers within a wider register of literary endeavour. (P. Young in J. Spencer, English Language in West Africa 173)
   1972 Chaucer must therefore have used what was, for the London of his time, a more formal, possibly more archaic, register. (Notes & Queries December 446/2)
   1977 They are aware..of the idea of 'varieties' of English, and they probably know the term 'register'---a variety related to a particular use of the language, a particular subject or occupation. (P. Strevens, New Orientations in Teaching of English x. 119)
   1991 An unexpected bonus is a bilingual section on letter-writing in both formal and informal registers. (Times Educational Supplement 15 March 49/2)
   2004 This marker is very often used by Catalan speakers in colloquial register when the speech formality is low. (M. González, Pragmatic Markers in Oral Narr. vi. 224)


ŵȤʤäƤ Reid ʸäƤߤȡΤ褦ˤä (32)

Even if we possessed a separate repertory of utterances for each of the groups of speakers into which the French speech community must be divided, we should still be unable to establish a single linguistic system for any one group. For the linguistic behaviour of a given individual is by no means uniform; placed in what appear to be linguistically identical conditions, he will on different occasions speak (or write) differently according to what may roughly be described as different social situations: he will use a number of distinct "registers"[note 2]


note 2: cf. the levels of diction, indicated in the Report of the Commission set up by the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies quoted by Professor J. R. Firth in Transactions of the Philological Society. 1951, p.81.


Reid (1901--81) ϥåեؤζǡޥ󥹸ؤ칶Ƥˤ⤢ȤꡤǥΤ Firth "levels of diction" ̤뤬 Reid "register" ̾դʤȤȤΤ褦70ǯˡ֤ΤۤפǤȤƼ夲ۤɤ˽פѸĹȤˤʤcf. #404. 쥸ȡenregisterment쥸ˤȥ쥸ӥ˷ɸ졤եߥ쥹ɸҲؤ鸫ȡˡ

Reid, T. B. W. "Linguistics, Structuralism and Philology." Archivum Linguisticum 8.1 (1956): 28--37.

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2026-02-08 Sun

#6131. kangaroo θ츻 --- 츻΢ [etymology][loan_word][language_myth][folk_etymology][oed][australian_english]

kangaroo θ츻ˤĤƤϡ#3048. kangaroo θ츻 ([2017-08-31-1]) Ǽ夲1770ǯ Captain Cook Υȥꥢãκݤˡ̱֤줿 "I don't know" ɽ˴ŤΤȤ⤬ήۤƤаޤ롥Ǥϡϼ츻ʲ츻ָ̱츻ˤȹͤƤ롥
American Heritage Dictionary Notes ꡤkangaroo ιѤ롥

Word History: A widely held belief has it that the word kangaroo comes from an Australian Aboriginal word meaning "I don't know." This is in fact untrue. The word was first recorded in 1770 by Captain James Cook, when he landed to make repairs along the northeast coast of Australia. In 1820, one Captain Phillip K. King recorded a different word for the animal, written "mee-nuah." As a result, it was assumed that Captain Cook had been mistaken, and the myth grew up that what he had heard was a word meaning "I don't know" (presumably as the answer to a question in English that had not been understood). Recent linguistic fieldwork, however, has confirmed the existence of a word gangurru in the northeast Aboriginal language of Guugu Yimidhirr, referring to a species of kangaroo. What Captain King heard may have been their word minha, meaning "edible animal."


OED kangaroo (n.) Notes ɤǤߤ褦

Cook and Banks believed it to be the name given to the animal by the Aboriginal people at Endeavour River, Queensland, and there is later affirmation of its use elsewhere. On the other hand, there are express statements to the contrary (see quots. below), showing that the word, if ever current in this sense, was merely local, or had become obsolete. The common assertion that it really means 'I don't understand' (the supposed reply of the local to his questioner) seems to be of recent origin and lacks confirmation. (See Morris Austral English at cited word.)

   1770 The animals which I have before mentioned, called by the Natives Kangooroo or Kanguru. (J. Cook, Journal 4 August (1893) 224)
   1770 The largest [quadruped] was calld by the natives Kangooroo. (J. Banks, Journal 26 August (1962) vol. II. 116)
   1777 The Kangooroo which is found farther northward in New Holland as described in Captn Cooks Voyage without doubt also inhabits here. (W. Anderson, Journal 30 January in J. Cook, Journals (1967) vol. III. ii. 792)
   1793 The animal..called the kangaroo (but by the natives patagorong) we found in great numbers. (J. Hunter, Historical Journal 54)
   1793 The large, or grey kanguroo, to which the natives [of Port Jackson] give the name of Pat-ag-a-ran. Note, Kanguroo was a name unknown to them for any animal, until we introduced it.
   . . . .


OED ξ嵭ѤǤ׻ȤȤƤ Austral English ˤĤƤϡ#6110. Edward Ellis Morris --- ȥꥢѸ켭 ([2026-01-18-1]) ǿ줿Ǥ kangaroo θ츻ˤĤƤϾܤͻȲ⤬ʤƤ롥I don't know ˤĤƤ "This is quite possible, but at least some proof is needed . . . ." ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤΤ߿Ƥ

Morris, Edward Ellis, ed. Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages. London: Macmillan, 1898.

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2026-01-20 Tue

#6112. OED 12åץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬11ɲá [oed][borrowing][loan_word][japanese][lexicology][maltese][notice][tufs][world_englishes][maltese_english][world_englishes]

oed_update_202512.png



OED Online ϡ3˰٥åץǡȤޤǿΥåץǡϺǯ12ΤΤǡեꥫޥ륿ܡڹȤ4Ĥϰ褫μѸ˾ƤƤޤܸ줫μѸ11ޤޤƤޤ
Ѹˤδ顤줾Υ󤷤ĤġȤäȻפޤޤ "From abeg to yassa: New words from West Africa" Ǥʥꥢʡӥ٥ꥢ쥪ͤȤä񡹤μѸ줬Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ㤨СʤŪʥ Adowa (1928) 䡤ʥꥢѸ bend down (and) select ʸ塤ޤϸԾˤʤɤȥ꡼뤳ȤˤʤäȤΤȤǤľʤȤˤȤäƤϱ󤤸äȤݤޤ󡥤ι񡹤ǤϱѸ줬Ѹ䤽˽ऺȤƵǽƤꡤȼαѸѼ (World Englishes) ˭˰äƤȤ¤򡤺ǧޤ
"From aljotta to pastizz: New words from Malta" Ǥ泤ޥ륿αѸѼMaltese EnglishˤθäǤޥ륿 (Maltese) ϡEU θѸͣ졤 (Semitic) °ʤƥʸɽǤˡεҤޤ

Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet and is the only Semitic and Afroasiatic language among the official languages of the European Union.


ɲä줿 pastizz ʥꥳåƦäѥˤ aljotta ʵΥסˤʤɤϡꥢ䥷ꥢαƶ⿧ǻȿǤƤꡤ캮ˤ򴶤ޤޥ륿θˤĤƤϡ#2228. ޥ륿αѸ (1) ([2015-06-03-1]) #2229. ޥ륿αѸ (2) ([2015-06-04-1])
ơhellog ȤƺǤܤ٤ϡ "From Ekiden to White Day: New words from Japan" ΥǤ OED ɲä줿ܸͳαñϰʲ11Ǥ

brush pen ɮڥ
Ekiden ʱ
love hotel ʥ֥ۥƥ
mottainai ʤäʤ
Naginata ʤʤʤ
PechaKucha ʥڥ㥯
senbei ߡ
senpai ڡ
Washlet ʥåȡ
White Day ʥۥ磻ȥǡ
yokai Ų

ޤ love hotel ǤܤäʸŪ֤ɽȤơä᤯ OED ˼褫äΤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤơʡˤμϿȤʤޤϢơ#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ⤴ɸǤ Washlet ƱͤˡܤΥȥʸξħȤǧΤ줿ڤǤ礦
̣Τ mottainai ʻʬǤܸǤϷƻǤOED Ǥϴʤ̾ˤȤϿƤޤĶʸ̮ǡ֤ʤƤȤäʤפȤʸ̮ǻȤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤȻפޤ
繥ʹ֤ȤƤϡĿŪ senbei ɲäˤꤿȻפޤ "usually . . . served with green tea" ʤƤȤȤ˽ФˤȡܤδʸޤǵҤƤΤʥǤ
PechaKucha ˤĤƤϡϲʹˤ̵ΤǤɤ顤20Υ饤ɤ20äǥץ쥼󤹤ؤǤNaginata Ekiden ɤμѸȸޤsenpai ϥ֥㡼ͳμѸȤ¸ߴ򼨤Ƥ褦ǤΥ˥եδ֤Ǥϡּʬ˵ŤƤۤƴоݡפȤʸ̮ notice me, senpai Τ褦ʥߡǻȤƤޤ̣ѤƤƤޤ͡
Ǹ "From ajumma to sunbae: New words from South Korea" Ǥˤ ajumma ޤܸΡ֤ФפǤѡޥإ䥵ХȤäƥ쥪פħȤȤ˵ҤƤΤˡǤ
ϤѸؤήäήϤȤɤޤ뤳ȤΤޤ󡥼 OED åץǡȤڤߤǤ

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2026-01-19 Mon

#6111. Morris Austral English νʸ [australian_english][dictionary][lexicography][lexicology][oed][melbourne][new_zealand_english]

ε#6110. Edward Ellis Morris --- ȥꥢѸ켭 ([2026-01-18-1]) ˰³Morris बԻ Austral English 1898ǯԡˤˤĤơμνʸ "ORIGIN OF THE WORK" Ȥˡ˴ OED ȤδطƤ롥

. . . the noblest monument of English scholarship is The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, edited by Dr. James Murray, and published at the cost of the University of Oxford. The name New will, however, be unsuitable long before the Dictionary is out of date. Its right name is the Oxford English Dictionary ('O.E.D.'). That great dictionary is built up out of quotations specially gathered for it from English books of all kinds and all periods; and Dr. Murray several years ago invited assistance from this end of the world for words and uses of words peculiar to Australasia, or to parts of it. In answer to his call I began to collect; but instances of words must be noted as one comes across them, and of course they do not occur in alphabetical order. The work took time, and when my parcel of quotations had grown into a considerable heap, it occurred to me that the collection, if a little further trouble were expended upon it, might first enjoy an independent existence. Various friends kindly contributed more quotations: and this Book is the result.


Τ褦ʻǡΥȥꥢ˥塼ɱѸμ OED Ϣư߽Ф줿ǥˡǤ롥ʲKel (92--100) εҤ򻲹ͤˡAustral English ᤰܤ٤򤤤Ĥ

Morris ˼Τ (1) ¸αṇ̃ˡۤʤ "altered words" (2) ܥꥸˡ줫μѸǤ롥
ȥꥢΥꥹ̱ϤȤƤˤޤ120ǯۤɤûΤäǤ2000θФޤ500ڡ˵ڤּԻ줿ȤΤϡϤˤ¤˭ʪäƤ롥
Իˡ OED ƱŪ§פ˴ŤƤȤΤ⼭Ի˾塤ɮ٤Ǥ롥OED δ Austral English 30ǯ1928ǯäȤͤȡ̣ǤϡŪ§˴ŤؽŪʱѸ켭ΰ־äȤ⤤롥
kangaroo ιܤ7ڡ˵ڤ֡
μˤȽ⤢äMorris ܼŪ˥ꥹпȤΥ꡼ȳؼԤǤꡤȥꥢѸǤ⸲ħŤäդ¯ˤդʧäƤʤȤȽMorris Ͻ񤭸դФäƤꡤ˷礱ƤȡΤˤ̤ OED ȤƤ褽ƱäȤϹͤ碌ƤƤ褤

Morris, Edward Ellis, ed. Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages. London: Macmillan, 1898.
Richards, Kel. The Story of Australian English. Sydney: U of New South Wales, 2015.

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2026-01-18 Sun

#6110. Edward Ellis Morris --- ȥꥢѸ켭 [australian_english][dictionary][lexicography][lexicology][oed][link][biography][melbourne][new_zealand_english]


Photograph of Edward Morris, by Johnstone, O'Shannessy & Co, c1900, State Library of Victoria, H4705

(Photograph of Edward Morris, by Johnstone, O'Shannessy & Co, c1900, State Library of Victoria, H4705)



ȥꥢ Melbourne ȱѸˤݤ碌ȡEdward Ellis Morris (1843--1902) ̾⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥1898ǯ Austral English: A dictionary of Australasian words, phrases and usages with those aboriginal-Australian and Maori words which have become incorporated in the language, and the commoner scientific words that have had their origin in Australasia ꤹ륪ȥꥢѸ졦˥塼ɱѸθä򽸤ᡤܳŪ˼ԻʪǤ롥
Oxford ˤ New English Dictionary ʸ Oxford English DictionaryˤԻƤ James Murray (1837--1915) ϡ֤ͭ˸ƤӤñΰʸƤȥꥢѸ줫Ǻ󶡤Ƥ֤ͭܥؤθ졦ʸؤζ Morris οͤäˤǺΩƼȤԤΤAustral English Ǥ롥
Morris ϡ1843ǯΥɤDzײĹ̳ƤΤ Madras ޤ줿ϥꥹǼ饰ӡع䥪åեؤǥ꡼ȤȤưŵˡΧˤؤӡե󥹸ɥĸ1875ǯܥѹ񶵲񥰥ޡιĹǤ̿ƥȥꥢϤꡤ򤽤ϤDzᤴ1884ǯˤϥܥؤζȤƾ졤졦ʸؤǶܤ򼹤ä1902ǯںΥ󥰥ɤ¾ɥ Kensal Green Cemetery ̲äƤ롥
Morris Ϸʤʥꥹ󡤻ȡȤä1884--88ǯˤ Melbourne Shakespeare Society ߤĹȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦¿ʬdzư Morris ¿ΤǤ̾ʤΤȥꥢѸ츦εǰȤ٤ Austral English Ǥ롥Morris Ϥˤꡤ1899ǯƱغǽʸιͿƤ롥ޤ³ȥꥢѸ켭ηĤȤäƤ褤

Biography by Australian Dictionary of Biography
Biography by Dictionary of Australian Biography
Biography by People Australia
Wikipedia
Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages by Project Gutenberg

Morris, Edward Ellis, ed. Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages. London: Macmillan, 1898.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-08-1] [2026-01-19-1]

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2025-12-05 Fri

#6066take ¿ [johnson][oed][loan_word][old_norse][polysemy][collocation][idiom][phrasal_verb][asacul]

ư take ¿ (polysemy) ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ɤǶʬΤϰ̣θŵŪȤϤɤΤ褦ڤ򤷤Ƥ⡤take Τ褦ʴܸϡ¿ȸ虜ʤ
긵α¼ǤߤƤߤȡؿ缭ŵ6ǤǤϡ¾ưܤ38θΩƤƤ롥Ƹˤϲ̶ʬ⤢롥ʬǤϡäȺ٤ʤƤʤѱѸ켭ǤΰϤȤСOALD8 42롥Ūʼ򸫤ƤߤȡJohnson μ1755ǯˤ113ۤɡOED 2Ǥǰȡư take ι17 pp. 557--72 ˤ錄ꡤ47ۤɤʬ̤롥Ǥ94ڡ᤯äƤԴѤǤ롥ˤϡΤۤ take Ѥư䥤ǥʤɡεܤ˭٤
ưˤĤƤ΢ꤷ櫓ǤϤʤOED Ǥߤ¤ꡤtake ϱѸΰưΤʤǤⷲȴƵҤ¿θ¤ˤơҤȤޤ¿ŪȤäƤƴְ㤤ʤбܸΡ֤ȤפͤƤ⡤ϽʬǼǤ
Ԥ OED Online take ١Τ OED 2ǤεҤƤȻפΤϡƱܤƬ˶ᤤȤǡ¿12ʬȤƴʷ˼ƤƤȤOED Online ⡤ǥץ쥤Ǹ򤢤٥ȥ饤󲽤ƤΤǡƱͤξΤѶŪ˼˹ԤʤФʤʤ
Ǥ褫2Ǥꡤtake θʬ򼨤

General arrangement of senses: I. To touch. II. To seize, grip, catch. III. Ordinary current sense, i. with material obj.; ii. with non-material obj. IV. To choose, take for a purpose, into use. V. To derive, obtain from a source. VI. To receive, accept, admit, contain. VII. To apprehend mentally, comprehend. VIII. To undertake, perform, make. IX. To convey, conduct, deliver, apply or betake oneself, go. X. Idiomatic uses with special obj. XI. Intransitive uses with preposition. XII. Adverbial combinations = compound verbs. XIII. Idiomatic phrases, and Phrase-key.


¿򤭤äȤʤΤ񤷤Ȥ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-15-1]

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2025-10-26 Sun

#6026. OED ˤߤ1;̾ I ΰ۷ [personal_pronoun][spelling][variation][oed][dialect][punctuation][through][orthography]

ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤˤֻ¿ˤĤޤ˿Ƽ夲Ƥäˡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#5738. 516ܤ through 򸫤Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲 through ϡɸಽ줿ˡ˴줿䤿ˤȤäƾ׷ŪǤ餢롥
ơ through ˾ȤʤǤȶñŪ۷¿򤴾Ҳ𤷤1;ñ̾ I Ǥ롥ѸǤϥե٥å1ʸɽ蘆뤳̾줬˾塤뤤ˤơɤۤ˭ʻѤ򸫤ƤȤOED I (PRONOUN & NOUN2) ιܤ˷ǺܤƤ variant forms Υ1Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
ʲˡϰθ˽줿 I ΰ۷ǼΰŪʿ˶ä뤫⤷ʤ

α.
(a)
Old English

ich (Northumbrian), ih (Northumbrian)

Old English--early Middle English

ig (rare)

Old English--Middle English

ic

late Old English--early Middle English

hic, icc

late Old English--Middle English

yc

early Middle English

Hic, Hit (transmission error), hyc, Ic, Icc, ick (northern), Iic, Ik (east midlands and northern), it (transmission error), yg

Middle English

ik (chiefly east midlands and northern), ike (east midlands and northern), yk

(b) Scottish
pre-1700 Scottish

ic, ik

β.
(a)
Old English--Middle English; 1900s-- (nonstandard)

i

early Middle English

Hi, hi, Hy, ij, yi, yj

early Middle English--1500s

y

early Middle English--

I

Middle English

a (Yorkshire and Norfolk), e, hij, hy, j, Y

1700s--

a (regional)

1800s--

ah (regional), oi (regional)

(b) U.S. regional (chiefly south Midland and southern)
1800s--

ah, uh

1900s--

Ah, Hi, Oy, oy, u

(c) English regional
1700s--

a (chiefly northern and north midlands)

1800s

ai (Devon), au (northern and north midlands), aye (Yorkshire), ee (northern), eh (Lancashire), eigh (Yorkshire), ha (Yorkshire), O (Yorkshire)

1800s--

Aa (northern), aa (northern), Ah (northern and north midlands), ah (northern and north midlands), aw (northern and north midlands), hah (Yorkshire), Oi, oi

1900s--

A (chiefly northern and north midlands), hi (Worcestershire)

(d) Scottish
pre-1700

i, y

pre-1700; 1800s--

a, I

1800s--

Aw, aw

1900s--

A, Aa, Ah, ah, Eh (Dundee), eh (Dundee), ey (Dundee)

(e) Also Irish English
1800s

a' (northern)

1800s--

a (northern), Oi (southern), oi (southern)

1900s--

A (northern), Ah (northern), ah (northern)

(f) Also Australian
1900s--

Oi, O'i, oi

γ.
(a)
late Old English--1600s

ich

early Middle English

ch (probably transmission error), Hich, hich, icche, ichc, ichs, icht, ics, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic (probably transmission error), iho (transmission error), Iich, iich, yh

early Middle English--1500s

ych

Middle English

Ich, jch, yche

Middle English--1500s

iche

(b) English regional (south-western)
1700s--1800s

ich

1800s

iche (Somerset), ichy (Dorset), ish (Devon), uch, utch, utchy (Somerset)

(c) Irish English (Wexford)
1800s

ich

δ.
(a)
early Middle English

his, is

(b) English regional (south-western)
1700s

ees (Devon), es, Iss (Devon)

1700s--1800s

ise, us (Somerset)

1800s

Ice (Somerset), is (Cornwall), ize

ε. Chiefly English regional (south-western)
1500s

chee

1500s--1700s

che



ưʲ98ֻ줿A, a, a', Aa, aa, ah, Ah, ai, au, aw, Aw, aye, ch, che, chee, e, ee, ees, eh, Eh, eigh, es, ey, ha, hah, hi, Hi, Hic, hic, Hich, hich, hij, his, Hit, hy, Hy, hyc, i, I, ic, Ic, icc, Icc, icche, Ice, Ich, ich, ichc, iche, ichs, icht, ichy, ick, ics, ig, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic, iho, Iic, Iich, iich, ij, ik, Ik, ike, is, ise, ish, Iss, it, ize, j, jch, O, O'i, Oi, oi, Oy, oy, u, uch, uh, us, utch, utchy, y, Y, yc, ych, yche, yg, yh, yi, yj, yk
ʤOED Ǥϡΰľ˼â񤭤ĤƤ롥"(Capitalization in Middle English examples frequently reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)"
ܤˤºݤʸʸλȤʬޤǹθС۷οϤ˿줿 through 516̤ˤϵڤФʤ⤷ʤǤ⡤ä1Ĥεǽ줬Ƥ¿˶äؤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) Τ褦ʴܸǤ顤ܸ餳ˤ˭Ǥ롥

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2025-10-10 Fri

#6010. quick ˡƤפθ [adjective][semantic_change][polysemy][oed][khelf][oe][hee]

107ʲСˤ heldio ǤϤ khelf ˤνɾפ3#1591. νɾ by khelf ߷ --- ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡˤơquick Ȥƻ줬̣ѲȤδϢȤƤޤ
quick ϡ®Ф䤤פʤɤθܤǤ뤤ʸŪʶäơƤפθޤषθηƻθǡƤעȤƤ롤ӤӤƤעֵҤʡҴʡע®Ф䤤פΤ褦ʰ̣ŸéäȹͤޤOED ˤȡƤפϤȤ¿θǤ˸űѸ줫ߤޤäȤ߿Ǥ®Ф䤤פ1300ǯ˽ФƤޤ¿θˤΤʤؤΤ褦Ѥ߽ŤʤäƤƤꡤquick ŵŪ¿ηƻȤʤäƤΤǤ
quick ΤޤߤΤʤѤƤɽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦ʸŪǤ the quick and the dead ȤСԤȻԡפǤƱɽȤ quick with child ǥơư򴶤Ƥˡפ⤢ޤquick water ϡήפۤɤΰ̣ǡquicksilver ϡήפʤֿפ̣ޤ
̾첽 the quick ϡֿФκǤҴʬפۤɤΰ̣顤Ȥ櫓֡ޤϤޤβפθޤֿޤ򤹤פ cut a nail to the quick ʤɤɽޤ
quick ϸƤפ᥿ե䶦ФΥᥫ˥Фơޤޤʰ̣߽ФƤޤŪʸ餳ιϤŸȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
θ˴ؤ뤵ʤŸ縵θ츻ˤĤƤϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å quickly ιܤ⤴

߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

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2025-08-12 Tue

#5951. crocodile αѸ --- OED Ǹ츻ֻǧ [spelling][etymological_respelling][french][latin][greek][italian][spanish][loan_word][borrowing][metathesis][me][animal][oed]

#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco 󤫤Υ󥹥ԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥

Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).


ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥ󥹽ˤƤ夷Ѹؤե󥹸ͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile Ϥز󵢤ȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե󥹸 cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4򼨤

c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)


θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-29-1] [2025-08-13-1]

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2025-06-29 Sun

#5907. one ˡ OED dzǧ [oed][prop_word][pronoun][noun][countability]

ε#5906. (prop word) ΡֻפȤϡ ([2025-06-28-1]) ǤϡMy family is a large one. one ˡ˿줿ϡ one εˤĤơOED εҤǧ
OED one (ADJECTIVE, NOUN, & PRONOUN) PRONOUN V Υ󤬡ˡ롥ƱDz̶ʬ줿ܤΤȤ櫓ŵŪʻȤƤˡ˴ط V. 13 ˷ǤƤǽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

V. As substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
   V. 13. Following a determiner such as the, this, that, yon, any, each, every, many (a), other, such (a), what (a), what kind of (a), which, or (in certain phrases) following a, or (from Middle English onwards) following an ordinary adjective (occasionally also a noun used attributively) preceded by any of these or (in plural) alone.
      V.13.a. A thing or person (or, in plural, things or persons) of the kind in question (as indicated by the context).
      Down to the late Middle English period one was probably felt as an emphatic pronoun, intensifying the determiner with which it was coupled. In modern English it is generally an empty pro-form (sometimes referred to as a 'prop-word'), and the addition of one or ones often serves to specify number: cf. 'Which do you choose?' with 'Which one do you choose?' 'Which ones do you choose?'; 'the good one', 'the good ones' correspond to French le bon, les bons. As this use began before pronunciation with initial /w/ became standard (cf. the ε form), the γ form 'un (without initial /w/ ) often occurs in regional or colloquial speech.

         OE Æt æghwylcum anum þara hongaþ leohtfæt. (Blickling Homilies 127)
         a1250 (?a1200) Blescið ou mid euerichon of ðeos gretunges. (Ancrene Riwle (Nero MS.) (1952) 18 [Composed ?a1200]
         a1325 (c1250) Ilk kinnes erf and wrim and der..And euerilc-on in kinde good. (Genesis & Exodus (1968) l. 185 [Composed a1250]
         c1395 I haue the mooste stedefast wyf, And eek the mekeste oon that bereth lyf. (G. Chaucer, Merchant's Tale 1552)
         1463 To William Sennowe, oon of my short gownys, a good oon wiche as is convenient for hym. (in S. Tymms, Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 41 (Middle English Dictionary))
         . . . .
         . . . .
         . . . .


ƻ˸³ one ϡ٤ȤѸˤϸƤȤʬ롥³ĴƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-30-1]

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2025-03-22 Sat

#5808. ʤ wind û첻򼨤Τ [sobokunagimon][vowel][diphthong][gvs][homorganic_lengthening][homonymy][homonymic_clash][oed][homophony]

إᥤȤ ari note #227ڿ-ind -ing ȯΰ㤤뤤 wind ȯˤĤơꤹ뵭񤫤ƤĤ꤬夲Ƥ뤬Ȥ櫓 wind ˤ /wɪnd/ û첻ȯΤϤʤȤ䤤̣äΤŪͽۤ2첻 */waɪnd/ ȤʤꤽʤΤºݤƱְ۵ wind ʶʤ꤯ͤˤ /waɪnd/ ȯʤΤǡԻ׵ĤǤ롥
ari ʬŪ˰ѤƤ뤬OED wind (n1) ȯˤ˴ؤեǰѤ褦

Pronunciation

The phonological development of this word differs from that of nouns with a similar phonological shape in Middle English, such as hind n.1 and rind n.1, and similarly the verb wind v.1 These show the result of lengthening of the vowel before the homorganic consonant cluster -nd in Old English. The evidence of the early modern orthoepists shows that there was considerable variation in early modern English between pronunciations with a short vowel or a long vowel (or its diphthongal reflex after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift); this variation appears to have been unusually persistent in the case of the present word (compare discussion in E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §12), for which the pronunciation with a short vowel is the one that became usual in later standard English. Until the 18th cent. the diphthongal pronunciation appears to have been more usual, but by the end of the century had been largely supplanted in ordinary speech by the short-vowel pronunciation. Walker (1791), while listing both, puts the pronunciation with short vowel first, and notes: 'These two modes of pronunciation have been long contending for superiority, till at last the former seems to have gained a compleat victory, except in the territories of rhyme.' The poetic convention allowing rhyming use of the diphthongal pronunciation continued well into the 19th cent. (compare e.g. quot. 1811 at Phrases P.1n.ii, quot. 1820 at spring n.1 III.17a).

The preservation of the short vowel in this particular word is difficult to account for; it may have been aided by the large number of occurrences in compounds and derivatives, in which failure of vowel lengthening would have been more likely; it may also partly reflect a functional pressure to distinguish this word from wind v.1, which would otherwise have been homophonous. Frequent collocation with winter n.1 (with short vowel) could also have played a part.

Pronunciation with a diphthong (reflecting a Middle English long vowel) survives in some regional varieties and is occasionally reflected in forms such as wine and weind at α forms.


򤹤ˤϡ嵭 OED βΤɤ߲ɬפꡤΤˤϱѸβˤûˤγפΤäƤʤФʤʤȤ櫓ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening) (Great Vowel Shift: gvs)Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) ˴ؤ򤬷礫ʤ
OED ǤΤϽФƤʤΤǡΥ֥Ǥ⤦Ĵ٤Ƥari 󶡤꤬Ȥޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-03-16 Sun

#5802. ghost word --- ¤ Skeat ˤ [ghost_word][terminology][oed][lexicography][lexicology][metanalysis]

ͩˤĤ ghost_word Υǵ򤤤Ĥ񤤤Ƥε#5800. ghost word --- Skeat ۩ּ˺ϿƤϤʤס ([2025-03-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡghost word ʤѸ¤ФΤϡʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥
εǿ줿褦ˡabacot ʤñ줬 bycocket 줿ʸʬϤؤäƤ뤫ˤȤͩΤ褦ȹͤƤ롥Skeat ϡΤ褦ʸŵŪͩȹͤSkeat Ϥޤͩϴ¸ññʤѤȺƱ٤ǤϤʤȤ⤯ghost word 1 (p. 352) Skeat Ѥ褦

I propose, therefore, to bring under your notice a few more words of the abacot type; words which will come under our Editor's notice in course of time, and which I have little doubt that he will reject. As it is convenient to have a short name for words of this character, I shall take leave to call them "ghost-words." Like ghosts, we may seem to see them, or may fancy that they exist; but they have no real entity. We cannot grasp them; when we would do so, they disappear. Such forms are quite different, I would remark, from such as are produced by misuse of words that are well known. When, according to the story, a newspaper intended to say that Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of friends shooting pheasants, and the compositor turned this harmless piece of intelligence into the alarming statement that "Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of fiends shooting peasants," we have mere instances of misuse. The words fiends and peasants, though unintended in such a context, are real enough in themselves. I only allow the title of ghost-words to such words, or rather forms, as have no meaning whatever. (352)


μĥθ塤Skeat ϼѸʸɤ߰㤤ˤäͩ󤲤Ƥñȯɤ߰㤤θ塤äޤϢʤȼѤƤĤͩȵŤ뤳ȤΤʤ˶ͩؤȯŸƤΤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥Skeat Ϥä򶲤ƤΤɮԤϡΤ褦ñϤ켫ΤˤäƤꡤ⤷ƹǤˡ

Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

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2025-03-14 Fri

#5800. ghost word --- Skeat ۩ּ˺ϿƤϤʤ [ghost_word][terminology][oed][lexicography][lexicology][voicy][heldio][video_podcast][spotify]

ͩ (ghost_word) Ȥ̣оݤˤĤơhellog Dz٤夲Ƥ

#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1])
#5795. ghost word ˬ ([2025-03-09-1])
#5796. ghost word OED ǰƤߤ ([2025-03-10-1])

Ǥ˲εǿ줿Ѹ¤äΤϹ̾ʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥1886ǯ52Skeat ɥزˤƵǰֱԤʤäιֱΤʤǡ"Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence" ꤹ𤬤ʤƤ롥
ʲ˰ѤΤϡԻԤǤ⤢ Skeat ͩ OED ʤɤμ˺ϿƤϤʤʤȤ⤷ƤսǤ롥ͩζȤ abacot (= by-cocket) 󤲤Ƥ롥

Of all the work which the Society has at various times undertaken, none has ever had so much interest for us, collectively, as the New English Dictionary. Dr. Murray, as you will remember, wrote on one occasion a most able article, in order to justify himself in omitting from the Dictionary the word abacot, defined by Webster as "the cap of state formerly used by English kings, wrought into the figure of two crowns." It was rightly and wisely rejected by our Editor on the ground that there is no such word, the alleged form being due to a complete mistake. There can be no doubt that words of this character ought to be excluded; and not only so, but we should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors. We may well allow that Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary is an excellent book of its class, and that the latest editor, Mr. Annandale, has very greatly improved it; but I cannot think that he was was (sic) well-advised in devoting to Abacot twenty-seven lines of type, merely in order to quote Dr. Murray's reasons for rejecting it. Still less can I approve of his introduction of a small picture intended to represent an "Abacot," copied from the great seal of Henry VII.; it would have been much better to insert the picture under the correct form by-cocket. (351--52)


ʤߤˡʤȤ˺ǿ OED Online Ǥ abacot ΩवƤ롥Ȥ †bycocket ˤĤƤϡΤ褦ͿƤ롥

A kind of cap or headdress (peaked before and behind): (a) as a military headdress, a casque; (b) as an ornamental cap or headdress, worn by men and women.

The two crowns [? of England and France] with which the bycocket of Henry VI was 'garnished' or 'embroidered', were, of course, no part of the ordinary bycocket.


Skeat ΰѤȾ "we should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, . . ." ˤߤ jealously βˤĤơ heldio ۿ#1383. ʸɲ --- ͩᤰʸ jealously ɤ᤹롩Ǽ夲Spotify Υӥǥݥåɥ㥹ȤȤƤۿƤΤǡҤ餫ɤ



Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-16-1]

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2025-03-05 Wed

#5791. "word class" ʸˤ OED ˤ1882ǯ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][word_class][loan_translation][german]

ε#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ ([2025-03-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤʻ (pos) ȽŤʤĤĤ⡤äȴˤǤ (word_class) ˤĤ OED Ƥߤ

A category of words of similar form or syntactic characteristics; esp. a part of speech.

1882A root is an abstraction of all word-classes and their differences. (E. Channing, translation of A. F. Pott in translation of B. Delbrück, Introd. Study Language v. 74.
1914Other word classes which are not expressed by formational similarity. (L. Bloomfield, Introduction to Study of Language iv. 109)
1924We have a great many words which can belong to one word-class only: admiration, society, life can only be substantives [etc.]. (O. Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar iv. 61)
1953The so-called parts of speech (still more inappropriately word-classes) are classes of stem-morpheme. (C. E. Bazell, Linguistic Form vi. 76)
1998All of the general properties shared by whole word classes..are assumed to be within the competence of the grammar rather than of the lexicon. (Euralex '98 Proceedings vol. I. ii. 261)


Ф1882ǯǡŪˤϿ츻ˤϥɥĸ Wortklasse (1817) ΤʤȤμ⤢롥
̣ǤʻƱͤѤ뤳ȤǤΤΡñϤ򤤤褦ˤǤʬǤդʬˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤿ˡŪˤϤͭѤѸǤ롥

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2025-03-04 Tue

#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ [oed][pos][terminology][linguistics][category][morphology][inflection][loan_translation][latin][oe][aelfric]

Ѹǡʻפɽ魯 part of speech (pos) ϡɤΤ褦ƤΤƤĽФΤOED Ǥ part (NOUN1) I.1.c. part of speech ΩवƤ롥Ѥ褦

I.1.c. part of speech noun
   
   Each of the categories to which words are traditionally assigned according to their grammatical and semantic functions. Cf. part of reason n. at sense I.1b.
   
   In English there are traditionally considered to be eight parts of speech, i.e. noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; sometimes nine, the article being distinguished from the adjective, or, formerly, the participle often being considered a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars often distinguish lexical and grammatical classes, the lexical including in particular nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs; the grammatical variously subdivided, often distinguishing classes such as auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, determiners, numerals, etc. See also word class n.
   
   In quot. c1450 showing similar use of party of speech (compare party n. I).
   
      [c1450Aduerbe: A party of spech þat ys vndeclynyt, þe wych ys cast to a verbe to declare and fulfyll þe sygnificion [read sygnificacion] of þe verbe. (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 6 (Middle English Dictionary))
      c1475How many partes of spech be ther? (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 61 (Middle English Dictionary))
      1517For as moche as there be Viii. partes of speche, I wolde knowe ryght fayne What a nowne substantyue, is in his degre. (S. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (1928) v. 27)
      . . . .


Ǥϡʻ줬ʸˡỤ̄ŪʵǽˤäʬवƤ뤳ȡѸǤŪ8ġʾˤäƤ9ġˤʻ줬ǧƤȡʻʬ˽सƸ (word class) ȤʬˡŪ饹ʸˡŪ饹ʤɤʬ뤳ȤʤɤҤƤ롥
ǽʸ1450ǯΤΤȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ party of spech θǤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ˤȴϢ party of reason part of reason Ȥ OED ˺ϿƤꡤ˸1450ǯƱ D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts ʸȤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ
ޤpart ñΤȤơʻפ̣ˡꡤƥɽΤʤȤ̤ǻʤ᤯űѸʸڤƤÆlfric ʸˡˡ

OEÞry eacan synd met, pte, ce, þe man eacnað on ledenspræce to sumum casum þises partes. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 107)
OEÞes part mæg beon gehaten dælnimend. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 242)


part of speech ȤѸθϡűѸ˳ǧƥʸˡŪѸ츯ˤ䤫ĤġѸ˸졤θѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʻͤˤĤƤ pos δϢȤ櫓ʲε򻲾ȡ

#5762. ʻȤϲ --- ܸΡʻפŵŵĴ٤ ([2025-02-04-1])
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-05-1]

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