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oed - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-04-27 Tue

#4383. be surprised at ǤϤʤ be surprised by ¤ήԤäƤƤ [hel_education][link][khelf][passive][preposition][corpus][clmet][lmode][oed][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

4̤ƤֱѸƳ2021⡤ޤ֤ˤɤ夭ޤرȳαѸ˥ߤΥСֱѸ˥ƥġפ󶡤ȤǯٽΥڡŸƤޤ
46˸ɽ줿󥳥ƥĤϡ#4362. ֱѸƳ2021פץ󤷤ޤ ([2021-04-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť1ˡǤѸؽԤï⤬ be surprised at ǤǶǤ be surprised by ¿ʤäƤȤ׷λ¡ʡˤŦرˤ륳ƥĤǤ
ƺåפ줿ΤϡƱˤ2be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť2ˡǤϸѸνѼ˾ƤֶŪפƤǤϤ褤ѸỤ̄Ȥ⤤̻ŪפʥץǤʬϤǤʤΤȤäλ¤餫ˤʤޤѸƳȤƥʥǤҤɤ
⤽ƶ˻ɷ18--19դʬۤϤɤäΤȡѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ǤäȸƤߤޤ70ǯߤ3ʬ(be ưϤƻꤻsurprised at surprised by ǥҥåȿñӤƤߤޤ

Periodsurprised atsurprised by
1710--178015840
1780--185018955
1850--192015730


λˤ surprised by ϤޤΤ23٤äȤȤˤʤޤ嵭ΥƥˤСθ surprised by 20Ⱦ鿭ĥƤȤȤǡޤޤܤΥʤɤ夲ȤäƤ褤Ǥ͡ʤƥǤ⿨Ƥ̤ꡤ˴ؤܳŪʸȤưʲΤΤޤΤǡƤޤ

Taketazu, Susumu. Psychological Passives and the Agentive Prepositions in English: A Historical Study. Tokyo: Kaibunsha, 2019.

ΥƥϡѸ˳ؽؤƳȤƤϤϥ٥ä⤷ޤ󤬡Ѹ˸ؤƳȤƤϡŪʤ⤿ؤפʻŦ¿ޤǤȻפޤ5ۤɵ󤲤мΤ褦ˤʤǤ礦

Ѹ˸ˤϥѥѤؤͭǤ뤳
Ʊ OED (= Oxford English Dictionary) ѤԲķǤ뤳
餫줿ϡñ˷ˤĤʤΤǤϤʤŤʬϤ뤳ȤɬפǤ뤳
ϾѲƤȤ
ȻפäƤɽ¤ϸŤѤ줿Ȥ

ֱѸƳ2021Ϥޤޤ³ޤ³ꤤפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-09-1]

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2021-04-23 Fri

#4379. social distance/social distancing θùܲ [corpus][oed][covid][lexeme][unidirectionality][lexicalisation][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

4˥ߤγΩ夲ֱѸƳ2021ꡤåפ줿ƥĤȤּ֡ҲŪפʡֵΥפäƷɲҲ𤷤ޤᤷʡ᤯ȤʤäƤޤäܸ֥롦ǥ󥹡פȱѸ social distance/social distancing ˴ؤǤѸΤ2ĤɽˤĤơOED Ѥǫ˾Ƥ餤ޤ
ϡ褽1ǯܹΤߤʤ餺ˤƤޤ͡ʤ줫1ǯǤޤֱפʤֲ̡פȤΤᤷ¤ǤˡܸǤϡ֥롦ǥ󥹡פ夷ޤѸǤ social distancing ȤɽΤۤŪǤdistance Ȥ̾Ȥ distancing Ȥưͳ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǡֵΥפȤưư԰٤̲Ƥȹͤޤäܸ˼ޤСȤȤαѸˤ̾ư̾ζ̤ʤɤϿ᤭Ǥޤ櫓ʤΤǡξʤ֥롦ǥ󥹡פΤۤޤ줿ȤȤǤϤʤȡ򤷤Ƥޤ
ʲҤ˸줿1ǯ;ؼԤ⤿㤴ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥡#4129. ֥ʲҤȱѸפʤ餳줷ʤǤ硪 --- OED ε ([2020-08-16-1])#4339. American Dialect Society ˤ2020ǯ "Word of the Year" --- Covid ([2021-03-14-1]) ʤɤʬ̤ꡤषŪȤŻʤƤޤCoronavirus Corpus ʤ륳ѥиƤΤǤΥѥϡ2020ǯ1鸽ߤޤǤΥʴϢΥ˥塼򽸤᤿97300줫ʤ륳ѥǤñ㸡ˤޤ󤬡social distance 17,180social distancing 243,636郎ҥåȤޤĤޤꡤԤΤۤ15ܶ᤯¿ѤƤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ΤǤ
1ǯ֡बʤ٤äȤ social distancing ǤϤʤ physical distancing ǤϤʤäΤȤɽ˴ؤϡᤤʳ WHO ŦƤꡤ伫Ȥ⤺äȵˤʤäƤޤ嵭ƥǤҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤsocial distancing Τ褦ˡְ夷ƤޤäΤ㤦֤뤳ȤưפǤϤʤΡפǤ礦
Ρַƻ̾פʤ̾ social distance/social distancing ϡּҲŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡפȤͽ¬ǽʰ̣äƤϤǤɽϼ֤ȤƤϤäѤʪŪʵΥʤ뤳ȡˡסŵŪˤ2᡼ȥȸƤޤ͡ˤ̣ޤĤޤꡤ̣Ūͽ¬ǽƤΤǤ̾ǤϤʤʣ̾Ȥñ̤˶ŤƤȸƤ褤Ǥ礦Ĥޤꡤáʹܡ˲ (lexicalisation) ʤΤǤ
ʤߤˡsocial distance/social distancing ϡܥ֥Ǥ⡤ߤδɤȤ̵ط˼ҲؾѸȤѤƤаޤޤ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1]) ȡ#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1]) ѤƤޤΤǡ⻲ȡ

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2021-04-17 Sat

#4373. tsunami DZѸˡѸ [japanese][loan_word][corpus][coha][glowbe][oed][htoed][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸݤ߹ 'tsunami'ꤹ륳ƥĤֱѸƳ202111ܤȤƥرꥢåפޤñȤƤ tsunami λѤˤĤŪ빥ƥĤǤĴȥ󥹥ԥ졼Τ˻ȤƤ꥽ϡTwitter ˻ϤޤꡤCOHA (Corpus of Historical American English), GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English), OED (= Oxford English Dictionary), Ͽ̥ǡ١DzǤƤȤƤϡʳؤȼҲʳؤȿʸʳؤͻ礵ŪѸ˥ƥĤȤ٤˷ȯŪʽǤȤʤäƤޤޤֱѸƳ2021μݤ˥ԥåꡪҳɤǤ餤Ȼפޤ
ƱƥǤ⿨Ƥ̤ꡤܸȡפѸ tsunami ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ졤Ѥ줿Τ1897ǯΤȤǤˤϿܸñ줬Ѹ˻ޤޤñ⤽1ĤǤcf. #3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])ˡѸ˼Ѥ줿Ȥäơɬ餫ˤѤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥥ƥǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡtsunami ȡפ̣ŪʸȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡĤǶΤȤȤäƤ褤ΤǤ
ޤǤϡȡפ̣ñȤƤ tidal wave ѤΤ̤ǤߤǤ⤳ tidal wave tsunami ȶ¸Ƥޤ褯ͤƤߤ tidal wave ȤΤϸ򾷤䤹ɽǤĬΡȡפȸвȤʤǼˤʤޤĬפȤȤƤʤŪʳθݤǡ줬ʤȡפ̣褦ˤʤäΤȽȤޤ󡥼ºݡDurkin (397) ʤɤ tidal wave "misleading" ɾƤޤʢβս򶵤Ƥ줿˴աˡ

A special case is shown by tsunami (1897), which, since it denotes a widespread natural phenomenon, can be used freely in English without any implicit associations with Japanese (or even generalized Eastern) culture, and is now preferred by most speakers to the misleading term tidal wave.


ʤǯˤʤäơtsunami tidal wave ®Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ礦ϡޤ嵭ΥƥѸŪʥץˤ褷褦ȤƤǤ
ʲϻΥ֥쥹ȷ̤ˤޤ󤬡˴ؤäƤ¾αѸŪʴ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ƤߤȻפޤ tsunami ȤΥѥȡեܤǤ

̣ŪˤСtsunami tidal wave denotation Ū˼ѤǤΤΡȤζϤ䶲ʤɤ۵ connotation ääƤꡤȼ¸߲ͤĸȤƼƤ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʸŪˤСtidal wave Τ褦ʣǤϤʤñθǤȤȡܸȤƤߤСšסܡȡפ2Ǥˤϡ嵭μ connotation ʬŪǤϤʤŪ˴ޤ߹Ǥ뤳Ȥȥޥå롥
ŪˤС#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1])פǿ줿Ȥꡤonset ˤ /ts/ ϱѸŪˤϤʤ꿷ݤǤꡤ¿ʤȤۼΩĤȤˤʤ롥ǯμѸǤ뤳ȤƬǰȯǼ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϢươƬֻ <ts> Ѹ餷ʤΤǡϤѸǤ뤳ȤŪˤȤʤ롥餬ñΥѥȤ˹׸Ƥ롥
ΧŪˤС⤷ȤƱ3Ǥ tídal wàve ʶ嶯ˤ tsunámi ʼ嶯ˤȿФǤ롥Τ褦˱Χκۤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ū˸Ԥο⤭ĦˤƤΤ⤷ʤ
ҲŪˤСϼؤ䳤γؤʤɤü쥸°ñȤ֤Ť顤̥쥸ؿʽФȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

ʾ塤γθݤ˾ޤʤΤαñȤƤϹޤäƤޤä tsunami ˤĤơѸˡѸؤƤߤǤtsunami ˤĤƤϡ#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1]) εǤڤƤޤ
ʤ嵭 Durkin θڤˤĤƶƤ줿顤碌Tsunami or Tidal Wave? --- ӿȤ־εⶵƤ餤ޤؤ󵮽Ťʾ¿ա

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2021-03-11 Thu

#4336. Richardson μĹû [etymology][dictionary][lexicography][johnson][oed][webster]

#3155. Charles Richardson A New Dictionary of the English Language (1836--37) ([2017-12-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡRichardson (1775--1865) αѸ켭ϡJohnson, Webster, OED ȤˤήΤʤפƤꡤǤϤޤܤߤ뤳Ȥʤ19ȾФˤƤϽפ̤Ƥ
ĹȤƤϡѸ켭˾ܳŪˡˡפռäȤȤ롥ʸˤΥݡȤ Johnson ˻Ϥޤ뤬Johnson ȤŵˤʸϲŰʸΤΤǤꡤѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤϤʤäRichardson Ѹ졤ΡŪ§פʿ򳫤ΤǤ롥⡤ѿ Johnson ڤ˾äƤ롥̤Ȥơʸǰʤ2000ǤĶȤʤϤäꤤäƻȤŤ餤Ȥʤä (Dixon 146)
⤦1ĹŦȡμԻ찭¸μबȤƤRichardson ϥꥸʥܻؤȤǤ롥Τ륪ꥸʥμԻΤϡˤ Johnsonˤ OED 󤲤пԤƤޤۤɤξɤǤꡤˤ Richardson Ƶɾʤ
ûȤƤϡεǤ⿨줿Ȥꡤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸ˸츻Ҥˤ˴٤äƤޤäȤθ Horne Tooke (1736--1812) ȤϤŪȡ츻ԤˤΤǡοʪϺǤϴȤ٤2ΤαѸ츻˴ؤ The Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805) ΤƤ롥Richardson μȽ Webster ⡤ Tooke 櫤ˤϤޤä1ͤǤꡤλ塤츻̤ Tooke αƶϤӤäƤȤʬ롥
ˤ Richardson ϡѸ켭ˤˤƼפʼԻȤΤϤޤdz19ȾФνץä

ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-12-1]

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2020-12-08 Tue

#4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings [dictionary][lexicology][semantic_change][oed][bibliography][bleaching]

ޤΤƤʤȻפ NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings Ҳ𤷤ޤñΰ̣ѲòŵǤ긵֤ƤʤȤ¿Ǥñ줴Ȥˤΰ̣ѲĴ٤褦ȻפСޤ OED Τ̤ǤOED Ϥޤ˾̤¿ơäĴ٤ˤŬʤȤ¿Ǥ͡ܤ䤯ˤ󤾵Ѥ󡤤ȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤޤ󡥤ʤȤ˼֤Ƥʼŵ1Ĥ Room ԡˤμǤ̣Ѳ˾ʤäԤޤƤޤ꤬䡥
ΥץåȤ passion ȤεˤĤƴؿޤΰ̣ϡ־ǮפϤ֡ʥꥹȶ̤Ρ˼פ⤢ޤּư (cf. passive) ⤢ޤߤˤɤطΤǤ礦ȤȤθ츻ϥƥ patī (to suffer) ǤǦ֤餳ּפʤΤǤꡤ򴮤ǦФΡ־ǮפȤʤ櫓ǤּưȡפθǼǤǤ礦Ūʶɽ魯Τ츻Ǥ͡
ζǮŪɽ路줬Ѥ뤦ˡֶˡ§פˤꡤñʤ֤פؤȼޤäƤޤߤǤ He has a passion for golf. Τ褦줿̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
Ǥϡ嵭ΰ̣Ѳμ passion (200--01) äƤߤޤ礦ʲΤ褦ˤޤ

passion (strong feeling, especially of sexual love; outbreak of anger)
The earliest 'passion' was recorded in English in the twelfth century, and was the suffering of pain, and in particular the sufferings of Christ (as which today it is usually spelt with a capital letter). This is therefore the meaning in the Bible in Acts 1:3, where the word was retained from Wyclif's translation of 1382 down to later versions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (in the Authorized Version of 1611: 'To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion'). In the fourteenth century, the sense expanded from physical suffering to mental, and entered the emotional fields of strongly experienced hope, fear, love, hate, joy, ambition, desire, grief and much else that can be keenly felt. In the sixteenth century, there was a kind of polarization of meaning into 'angry outburst' on the one hand, and 'amorous feeling' on the other, with the latter sense of 'passion' acquiring a more specifically sexual connotation in the seventeenth century Finally, and also in the seventeenth century, 'passion' gained its inevitably weakened sense (after so much strength) as merely 'great liking for' (as a 'passion' for riding or growing azaleas).


ֶˡ§פθƤ빥ȤäƤ褵Ǥ

Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-05-1] [2021-01-23-1]

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2020-10-26 Mon

#4200. Hoosier --- ǥʽ̱Υ˥å͡ [onomastics][personal_name][ame][slang][etymology][oed][etymology][pc][coha]

ǯ٤θ⥪饤Ȥ³Ƥ뤬Υ߹ɤǹԤʤä¨Ѹ˥ƥĺΥ٥ȡcf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])ˤ줷ڤäΤǡȰˤ⤦٤äƤߤξDZñ1ĥ˳Ƥ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ90ʬ֤ǡֲפ񤯤Ȥԡϡɸ̤Τñ򿶤졤ִ֤ˤΤ뤤90ʬä̤򡤤˷Ǻܡ




źϰν̱˷ΡʤȤ˰ˤ򤳤᤿˥å͡դȤȤϡԤʤƤȤ櫓դ礤¿٤μԤ㲽̾դ륱¿ȤŪʥ˥奢󥹤ȼ͡ߥ󥰤äȤƤ⡤줿¦ȿȴƤȥ桼⥢Ǥ졤¾ȤѤƾΤȤ夹뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϥꥫͤؤ Yankee 츻Ͻ⤢뤬John 륪˻ؾդ Janke ǤϤǤϤʤȤƤ롥˥塼衼ʤĤƥ̱Ϥǡ֥˥塼ॹƥפȾΤ줿ˤΥ̱ͥåȤΥꥹ̱֥˷פȸƤޤäȤˤʤȤ
Yankee ۤͭ̾ǤʤͳϤäꤷʤ1ĤȤơƹ񥤥ǥʽν̱ˤĤ줿˥å͡ब롥ɸ Hoosier OED ˤȡHoosier, n. /huːʒiə/ ȸФΩƤƤꡤͽ̤ۤ˥ꥫѸǻѤ̾Ǥ롥2ĤߤĤ롥ĤʸȤȤ˼

1. A nickname for: a native or inhabitant of the state of Indiana.

1826 in Chicago Tribune (1949) 2 June 20/3 The Indiana hoosiers that came out last fall is settled from 2 to 4 milds of us.
1834 Knickerbocker 3 441 They smiled at my inquiry, and said it was among the 'hoosiers' of Indiana.
. . . .

2. An inexperienced, awkward, or unsophisticated person.

1846 J. Gregg Diary 22 Aug. (1941) I. 212 Old King is one of the most perfect samples of a Hoosier Texan I have met with. Fat, chubby, ignorant, and loquacious as Sancho Panza..we could believe nothing he said.
1857 E. L. Godkin in R. Ogden Life & Lett. E. L. Godkin (1907) I. 157 The mere 'cracker' or 'hoosier', as the poor [southern] whites are termed.
. . . .


1ϡ֥ǥʽν̱ס2ϡΤ餺ιȴʤļ˼ԡפۤɤǤ롥Ҥ̤ꡤΤο̤Τäϼˤ褦ʸƾΤǤ뤳ȤФ19ȾȤߤ롥
츻˴ؤƤ OED "Origin unknown" ʸ츻ԾܡˤȤꡤǰʸ¤ʤΤ櫓ˤϤʤƹΤȤǤСOED ̤˭٤ʤϤΡɴʼŵŪÿ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Ф褤®äƤߤȡᤷᡤ1Ĥ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥγפ⤷褦
츻ϰǤޤƤ뤬󥰥ɤΥС19ˡ֤ȤƤĤʤ礭Ρפ̣ hoozer Ȥ¸줬ʸڤ롥줬ѷƹ˻ޤ줿Τ Hoosier ǤϤʤȤԤνǯǤ1826ǯΤȤǤϤ뤬Dictionary of Americanisms ˤ "a big, burly, uncouth specimen or individual; a frontiersman, countryman, rustic"פˡļ˼ԤˡפθǸƤ뤳Ȥǧ졤OED 2ˤԤä̤롥
ºݡ19Ⱦ Hoosier ޤƹƽν̱˼Ūʥ˥å͡बĤ줿Ǥ롥ǥʽˤĤƤ⡤餯ٽν̱ʤɤ̾դδۤäƤΤܤ롼Ȥʬʤ Hoosier ļ˼Ԥˡˤä褦ƥ̱ Beetheads ʥӡƬˡХ޽̱ Lizards ʥȥˡ֥ͥ饹̱ Bugeaters Ϻˡƥߥ꽣̱ Pukes ʤؤɡˤʤɤ̾¡˰ޤ줿٤ Hoosier ϤҤɤǤϤʤ
򺣤 PC (= political correctness) λǤ롥ιǤϰǤ졤ν̱Ūʥ˥奢󥹤ӤӤ̾ǸƤִϡФˤʤĤĤ롥ϰΥݡĥΥ˥å͡ȤơΡ饤ʽ Tarheels ʥˤˤ䥪ϥ Buckeyes ʥȥΥˤʤɤ˻ĤʳˤѤʤʤäƤƤ롥
Corpus of Historical American English ˤ "[Hoosier]" ȤƸƤߤȡ1870ǯ夫1920ǯˤ⤭ߤϤĤĤŪ¿ѤƤ褦20ȾˤƤĴǤ롥

Hoosier by COHA

̱ϰ轻̱ؤŪʤ̾򤵤褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϤָˤϡפȤĤǤ롥ºݤˤϡγѤǡΤ٤Τʤǡ餫θդϻȤ³ΤǤ롥ޤûҤˤϤФ褦ˡޤ¤ϥ饦ɤˤϤФäƤΤǤ롥

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
Corpus of Historical American English. Available online at https://www.english-corpora.org/coha/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/. Accessed 20 October 2020.

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2020-10-24 Sat

#4198. DzΤȶ͡٤Ѥޤ [film][history][lexicography][oed][linguistic_imperialism][philology][comparative_linguistics][hellog_entry_set]

#4172. DzΤȶ͡٤θԤˤ OED ԻˡξҲʸ ([2020-09-28-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Dz褬轵ɥ硼ȤʤäΤǷ˴Ѥ˹ԤޤOED ʽǡԻʹ֥ɥޤǤͥХ줷ʤ٤ˡȤꤢۤҤ٤ƤȻפޤ

ϥΥեDzǤϾʤ餺ե󲽤ƤơݤѤäƤ褦ʡդˤСޤ̣äȤȡDzѤȤǡΥΥե餷̥Ϥ˵Ť
OED ԻطʤȤ¤ᤷäǤ뤳ȤƤ褯ʬä
OED ꥹȤƤΰҿäŪ˴褵졤Ի줿¤褯ƤѸʳء˻Ūʴ顤ϤȤƤסȤʤɤǵȻפäƤݥȡ
DzǤ OED Ȥ˿Ƥս꤬ʤʤϤˤΤǡOED μȤƤפäۤʤä褦ʡDz貽ˤϻʤäѤʹ֥ɥޤ̤˽椷Ƥͻҡ
Murray ΤڤȤ⤤٤ OED Խ紴ˤ EETS ΩԤǤ⤢ Furnivall 򤬤ȤƤɤ̣ФƤǤϤޤƤʤäʬʤΤǡDzǤäʤäϤꡤFurnivall ŷӤ̥ŪʱѸʸػ˾νץ顥
ֶ͡פȥ硼󡦥ڥα鵻äʥ롦֥ΡΡפ⽽ʬɤäȤϤˡ

Ǥ⿨Ƥ OED ԻδطˤĤƤϡҰʲεɤǤߤƤʵåȤȤƤˡOED θѤ뤫⤷ޤ

#304. OED ץȤΤΤ ([2010-02-25-1])
#638. ŪȤȤƤ OED Ի ([2011-01-25-1])
#644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭 ([2011-01-31-1])
#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])
#4131. ꥹ񲽤ˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1]

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2020-10-05 Mon

#4179. ֤κפ these days ʤΤ֤κκפ in those days [sobokunagimon][preposition][adverbial_accusative][adverb][clmet][oed]

رɸλŦʢʥʻŦ򤢤꤬ȤˡȤƤΡ֤κפֻʤ these days ̤ʤΤФơ֤κκפ in those days ֻ in ȼޤǤޤäռȤʤäΤˤӹ餵줿ΥϥϲʤΤ
OED these days Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡֻȼʤηϡʤ꿷褦㤬1936ǯȤʤäƤ롥1­餺ߤ OED 4ĤʸǼȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

1936 R. Lehmann Weather in Streets i. v. 97 An estate like this must be a terrible problem these days.
1948 M. Dickens Joy & Josephine i. iv. 132 'Play golf?' Mr. Gray asked George, who answered: 'Not these days,' as if he ever had.
1960 S. Barstow Kind of Loving ii. iii. 181 He looks as though he's walked out of an American picture. It's all Yankeeland these days.
1981 Woman 5 Dec. 5/1 These days women are educated to expect some choice in how they spend their lives.


λˤ in these days Ȥֻդɽ̤ä褦Ѹ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ǤäȸƤߤȤΤ褦ʷ̤Ȥʤä

Period (subcorpus size)in these daysthese days
1710--1780 (10,480,431 words)100
1780--1850 (11,285,587)561
1850--1920 (12,620,207)939


OED ǯȤƤ1936ǯˡֻʤ these days ȤƤȤʬ롥ʸ󤲤Ƥ

(from 1780--1850): Mr. Williams has been here both these days, as usual;
(from 1850--1920): SHAWN. Aren't we after making a good bargain, the way we're only waiting these days on Father Reilly's dispensation from the bishops, or the Court of Rome.
(from 1850--1920): PEGEEN. If they are itself, you've heard it these days, I'm thinking, and you walking the world telling out your story to young girls or old.
(from 1850--1920): "I'm as busy as Trap's wife these days;
(from 1850--1920): "My predecessor," said the parson, "played rather havoc with the house. The poor fellow had a dreadful struggle, I was told. You can, unfortunately, expect nothing else these days, when livings have come down so terribly in value! He was a married man--large family!"
(from 1850--1920): "He has no right!" Father Wolf began angrily--"By the Law of the Jungle he has no right to change his quarters without due warning. He will frighten every head of game within ten miles, and I--I have to kill for two, these days."
(from 1850--1920): "That is because we make you fisherman, these days. If I was you, when I come to Gloucester I would give two, three big candles for my good luck."
(from 1850--1920): I have literally not had time to write a line of my diary all these days.
(from 1850--1920): "One gets to know that birds have shadows these days. This is a bit open. Let us crawl under those bushes and talk."
(from 1850--1920): I do not love to think of my countrymen these days; nor to remember myself.


both all ԤƤֻ줬פȤʤװϤä⤷ʤŪˤϡŪʸ̮¿褦in æƸߤηϤ᤿Τ19ȾΤȤȤߤƤ褵

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2020-09-29 Tue

#4173. Palsgrave Υե󥹸ʸŵ [french][orthoepy][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling_reform][oed][emode]

ե󥹸츦ԤǤؼԤä16Ⱦ˳ꥹ John Palsgrave ϡѸʳء˻˾פǤ롥ե󥹸츦ԤȤ1530ǯ˱Ѹǥե󥹸ʸŵ Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse 路äȤ褯Τ줿ե󥹸ʸŵȤʤä#3836. ե󥹸ˤǯɽ ([2019-10-28-1]) ̾󤲤뤯餤Ǥ뤫顤αƶϤϤΤǤϤʤ
Palsgrave ϥɥޤ졤֥åؤ˳ؤӡѥǽι񤷤ƥե󥹸춵դȤʤ Thomas More ʤɤȤƸ򿼤᤿αѸػ˾κζӤϡǤե󥹸ֲɽפˤȤäƤ褤¾ȯҴŪ˵ҤȤβؤδŪʻϻϤʪǤp. 38ˡ
16ϡPalsgrave Τ褦ؼԤ¿ڽФǤ롥첻 (gvs) βѲʹԤȯֻΥå (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ĤĤʤǡֻ (spelling_reform) ʤ͡ʿرĤʤƤ츦ԤȯҴǤ롥Palsgrave ⡤㳰ǤϤʤѸȯֻ¡ʤ̴ؿ򼨤 (orthoepy) ̤äΤǤ롥ʤ츦Ω줫Ѹȯֻ˴ؿ򼨤ѸΡƱ֡פȤƤϡۤ De pronunciation Graecae (1555) 路 J. Cheke Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) 路 J. Wallis ⤤жp. 616ˡ
Palsgrave Τ⤦1Ĥܤ٤ϡOED ΰʸξϢǤ뤳ȤOED ϡ Lesclarcissement 5418ĤƤƤꡤλθõҤ¿ʹ׸ʤƤcf. #642. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (4) ([2011-01-29-1])ˡϸؽǤ뤫顤եȤǤ OED ԻԤˤȤäơʤ繥ʪפǤ롥ԻԤΤ褦ʿ޷Τ񤫤ʤȤ櫓ʸˡѸʤɤΡ˸ä򽸤Ƥʤ櫓ʤ
ʾ塤Palsgrave Ѹʳء˻˾ҤȤɤοʪȤƤطʤñ˾Ҳ𤷤

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-10-1]

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2020-09-28 Mon

#4172. DzΤȶ͡٤θԤˤ OED ԻˡξҲʸ [film][history][lexicography][oed]

OED ԻDzΤȶ͡١ʸ The Professor and the Madman1016ʶˤɥ硼ϤȤʤޤ롦֥ James Murray ˤȥ硼󡦥ڥʶ Doctor Minor ˤν鶦顥ָɹγؼԤȡ줿ȡαѸ켭ŵ˱줿¤ʪפȤåǤ

the_professor_and_the_madman.jpg

ϥΥե Simon Winchester ˤ The Professor and the Madman (1998) ƱȤˤ2003ǯǤ The Meaning of Everything ⡤Ʊ OED Իˤʹ̤ͤƤꡤȴˤ⤷Ǥ
OED Ȥϲʬ䤹ΤưפǤϤޤ󤬡The Professor and the Madman 2 (25--26) ˡԤˤƳʸϤΤǡѤƤޤ礦OED Իˡ˾ƤƳǤ

It took more than seventy years to create the twelve tombstone-size volumes that made up the first edition of what was to become the great Oxford English Dictionary. This heroic, royally dedicated literary masterpiece---which was first called the New English Dictionary, but eventually became the Oxford ditto, and thenceforward was known familiarly by its initials as the OED---was completed in 1928; over the following years there were five supplements and then, half a century later, a second edition that integrated the first and all the subsequent supplementary volumes into one new twenty-volume whole. The book remains in all senses a truly monumental work---and with very little serious argument is still regarded as a paragon, the most definitive of all guides to the language that, for good or ill, has become the lingua franca of the civilized modern world.
   Just as English is a very large and complex language, so the OED is a very large and complex book. It defines well over half a million words. It contains scores of millions of characters, and, at least in its early version, many miles of hand-set type. Its enormous---and enormously heavy---volumes are bound in dark blue cloth: Printers and designers and bookbinders worldwide see it as an apotheosis of their art, a handsome and elegant creation that looks and feels more than amply suited to its lexical thoroughness and accuracy.
   The OED's guiding principle, the one that has set it apart from most other dictionaries, is its rigorous dependence on gathering quotations from published or otherwise recorded uses of English and using them to illustrate the use of the sense of every single word in the language. The reason behind this unusual and tremendously labor-intensive style of editing and compiling was both bold and simple: By gathering and publishing selected quotations, the dictionary could demonstrate the full range of characteristics of each and every word with a very great degree of precision. Quotations could show exactly how a word has been employed over the centuries; how it has undergone subtle changes of shades of meaning, or spelling, or pronunciation; and, perhaps most important of all, how and more exactly when each word slipped into the language in the first place. No other means of dictionary compilation could do such a thing: Only by finding and showing examples could the full range of a word's past possibilities be explored.


θ OED ƳʸϤ³ޤޤǤǤԻˡΥˡʬȻפޤʪΤȶ͡٤ϡOED ԻˡΤΥˡ򼴤ŸƤޤǤ¤˳ڤߤǤ

Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. New York: HarperCollins P, 1998. HarperPerennial ed. 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1] [2020-10-24-1]

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2020-09-18 Fri

#4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥ [taboo][cryptography][oed][etymology]

ϡ饤󡦥߹ (#4159. 2֤Υ饤󡦥߹ɤԤޤ ([2020-09-15-1])) ΰĤȤƻ伫Ȥäϡɤʥ٥ȤʪǤ롥"taboo" ȤͿ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ»ˡֲ⤷ȡפ񤫤ʤФʤʤȤ¨ǥޥåäμľä褽Τޤޤηǰʲ˷Ǻܤ롥




ʤȤиʤ롥ʤȤпꤿʤ롥ʤȤиʤ롥źͶǤǤäƸäμ͸ϤʤƸäμ͸Τߤʤ餺ʹ֤ï --- ʤ --- ΥޥͥåȤĶϤʰϤƨ뤳ȤϤǤʤ֡ȾΤΤϡʹּҲΤʤΥѥޤ餷ʤ⡤ġͤˤȤäư۾̥Ūʸ̤äƤ롥
ȥ󥬸ޤݥͥͥνѤƤ tabutapu Ȥͳ褹롥18󥰥ɤɽҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook 1777ǯ˥ȥ󥬤ˤƤθ˽в񤤡ιҳΤʤDz٤Ѥ̡taboo 뤤 tabu ȤƱѸ˻ޤ뤳ȤˤʤäθϸϸǤϤʸˤĤơ֡ʤξˤΤߵƤ뤬˰̤˶ؤƤפ̣ҷƻȤѤƤCook ƻȤƤΤۤߤäȤ̤ˡǤ֥֡شפ̣̾ȤѤƤ롥
taboo ϤȤȽ¿˴ŤƼν˴ؤֶشסŵŪˤϡֿ٤ƤϤʤΡסֿäƤϤʤΡפʤɤؤ줬20Ⱦ˸աʸˤΰŬѤ졤ؤѸȤơָäƤϤʤΡפؤ褦žȡ䤿ˤʤ߿֥֡졤ض硤߻פθϡŪΤȤȤˤʤ롥OED ˤȡ֥֡פȤƤνϡtaboo | tabu, adj. and n., 3b ˵󤲤Ƥ롥̾⤤ꥫθؼ Bloomfield ζʽ񤫤Ǥ롥

1933 L. Bloomfield Language xxii. 396 In America, knocked up is a tabu-form for 'rendered pregnant'; for this reason, the phrase is not used in the British sense 'tired, exhausted' . . . In such cases there is little real ambiguity, but some hearers react nevertheless to the powerful stimulus of the tabu-word.


εǤϡBloomfield Ȥΰ̣Ǥ tabooʤ˴ؤ륿֡ --- äƤϤʤ --- ܤ롥
ϡ1˸ߤΰտޤ礦ƻǤ롥䤿ʹ֤ϡäͭβǤѤʤ饳ߥ˥äƤ롥Ρָ1פͤȤ֡¸ߤ餫̷ϤǤ褦˸롥ָäƤϤʤաפϤμҲΤʤԻѤȤƤꡤߥ˥Ū˾Ȥ餷ơ¸߰յʤ褦˻פ뤫
֡˴ؤƸ1Ĥλ¤¸ߤ롥ϡźοʹ֤θǡ֡⤿ʤΤ¸ߤʤȤȤȤȡ֡ˤ¸ߤʤФʤʤͳȹͤʤʤïѤʤϤΡָäƤϤʤաפʤɤ¸ߤΤ
֡ϡ塤ïѤʤϤʤΤºݤˤϳΤäƤ롥θդˤƤϤʤȤȤ򡤼ҲγΤäƤ롥ϼˤȤʤعǤ⽬ʤϤǤꡤΤ뵡񤬤ʤ˻פ롥Ի׵ĤȳΤäƤ롥䡤⤷ïΤʤä顤⤽Ȥ¸ߤʤѸˤʤäƤˤ򤱤٤ΤȤưռ뤳ȤʤϤ¤ϳΤäƤ뤫餳ռŪ򤱤뤳ȤǤȤʤΤǤϡʤΤ뵡ΤʤϤΤΤ򡤳ΤäƤΤ
嵭εФϡ֥֡ϼºݤˤϤष褯ѤƤפǤ롥֡ϡϤȤƻѤ򤱤٤ɽˤ¤ˤˤ˻ѤƤ롥ष֡ϡŪǿȶʤΡĤޤʹ֤ƤʤɬդäƤʤФʤʤΤ˴ؤ줬¿ࡤĶŪ¸ߤ˴ؤΤ¿ܸǤϡ֤ס֤ס֡ʤ򼰤ǡ˻̡ס֡˥סѸǤ cock, shit, die, (oh my) God ʾʤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ˸ˤŪǿȶǡ˻Ҥ繥ʸշǤ롥
ɽ魯ñ˼coney /ˈkʌni/ ϤȤȡ֥ʥפɽ路¯ǥ֡ι⤤ֽפ˸žȡ֥ʥפΰ̣ѤΤ񹳤򴶤üԤϤᡤ֥ʥפˤϾ餷 /ˈkoʊni/ ȯѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥襤֥ʥפϡ֡ζǡֽפˡconey /ˈkʌni/ ȤȯϤʤʤäΤǤ롥ʤߤˡǤ⤢롥ȤȡͺĻפɽ路Ƥ cock ¯ˤŪʸˤǡͺĻפθɤФ졤θ rooster Ȥ̤θˤäô褦ˤʤäconey ˤ cock ˤ衤夫äƤǡ֡ĸŪʷդƤ֤ƤüäƤޤȤȤ֤Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡ֡ϤƤŪǿȶ顤ïؿäƤȤΤ֤Ǥ롥ξǡ֡ϲΤ¸ߤΤȤ˿Ūʵ丫ˤС֡ϡθѤƤҲΤ٤ƤιϸäƤϤʤʤդΤäƤ뤳Ȥǧ󶡤ƤΤǤϤʤȤȤäƤϥȤȤΤäƤСοͤϻ䤿Ʊ롼פ°Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤǤʤгμԤǧǤ롥ι礤աפɽƤ褤̾Ρι礤աפϡߤбʸȯ뤳ȤˤäơľŪˤʸΤäƤ뤳Ȥǧǧ롥֡Ȥι礤աפλѤˤƤϡΤäƤ뤱ɤ⤢ƸʤפȤƹ٤롼뤬ͿƤΤҶκꤽθҲΤʤ褷Ƥʤ¤ꡤμԤˤϴñ˽Ǥʤ --- 줬Ҳˤ륿֡ʤΤǤϤʤ֡ϡߥ˥ƻǤȤ1ռˤȤĤġҲȳʬ뤿κǶΥѥɤȤƵǽƤΤǤ롥
21κü̻ҰŹǤ顤֤ס֤ coney, cock ˤϤʤʤɤ֡ʢʤҤɤϿԤ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: OUP, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/ . Accessed 8 September 2020.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-26-1] [2020-10-26-1]

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2020-09-15 Tue

#4159. 2֤Υ饤󡦥߹ɤԤޤ [hel_education][oed][academic_conference]

轵ΤȤˤʤޤǯ23̥߹ɤ夨ơǯ٤ Zoom ѤΥ饤󡦥߹ɤ98ʲСˡ9ʿˤξˤ錄äƴԤޤü԰ƱζϤΤȡ̹ɤ˾Ȥʤǻ̩ʱѸҤ2֤ᤴȤǤޤ30̾᤯λäǤȥ֥ʤࡼ˿ʹԤޤ
θϡƵ٤˽ʤ᤿롼פˤOEDߥʡפμ»ܤ˻ϤޤꡤƱˤOED˴ؤ饦ɡơ֥롦ǥåפⳫŤޤOEDˤĤƿͤ뵡Ȥʤޤ
θϡü԰ͤҤȤ꤬ȤƥʱñͿ졤90ʬ֤ǤΤˤĤOEDѤơֲפ񤫤ʤФʤʤȤǥޥåŪʥ٥ȤԤʤޤʢ⻲äơ̤ƤʤסˡơդˤƤǯѤ̺ƲǤפ˺ϥ饤߲ˡ
2ܤθϡĿ͸ȯɽʤƬȯɽǤϤʤ򺣤Υ饤ز䥦֡ե󥹤ǤФи롤ȯɽ˲դΤİȤ֤Ǥˡ줫顤´ʸɮͽԤͤҤȤ Zoom ξ˾ڤαꥢɥХȤݤΡͭյ̤Ԥʤޤ
2ܤθϡΤ礤θԤ4̾եޥ˱ѸˤˤĤ̤ԤʤȤӤߤޤ̤äƤơͽλ֤򤺤֤ĹƤޤޤ
ͤߤȻפۤ2֤Ǥ饤Ǥ⽽ʬ˹ɤ餷ȤǤȤȤʬޤüԤϳηǮФۤɳؤȤȻפޤ伫Ȥ⡤οǤΥ߹ɤ̤ơüԤγ󤫤鹭ѸˡʤȤ櫓OEDˤ˴ؤ͡ʥ󥹥ԥ졼Τǡ̤Ϻ hellog ˤȿǤƤȻפޤΰ̣ǡߤγޤỲä٤Ƥ˴դޤ
̥߹ɤϤϤΤƤǤΥǤޤäƤߤȻפäۤɤǤȤȤǡͤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-05-1] [2020-09-18-1]

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2020-08-31 Mon

#4144. 20θȯ [oed][pde][lexicology][statistics][renaissance]

#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 OED ĤƤ֥ˡTwentieth century English --- an overview ꤹ뵭롥20αѸΤ줿ɾȤʤäƤꡤɤǤ
Τʤ1 "Lexis: dreadnought and PEP talk" ǡ20αѸθȯͻҤŪʿȤȤ˵ҤƤ롥

The Oxford English Dictionary records about 185,000 new words, and new meanings of old words, that came into the English language between 1900 and 1999. That leaves out of account the so-called lexical 'dark matter', words not common enough to catch the lexicographers' attention or, if they did, to compel inclusion, words perhaps that were never even committed to paper (or any other recording medium). Even so, those 185,000 on their own represent a 25 per cent growth in English vocabulary over the century --- making it the period of most vigorous expansion since that of the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.


20ʸ̩ˤ1900--1999ǯˤˡOED ˺Ѥ줿Τ˸¤äƤ185οʵˤääȤΤϡ䤹ȯ֤Ǥ롥ѤθȾǿƤ̤ꡤλǤСθȯ1600ǯαѹͥ󥹴ˤߤ줿#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ǸȤꡤGörlach (136) "The EModE period (especially 1530--1660) exhibits the fastest growth of the vocabulary in the history of the English language, in absolute figures as well as in proportion to the total." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
2017ǤϼҲξѲ®٤礭ۤʤΤǡñ˿ǤӤǤʤ20ϡʤƤޤФȤäƤ褤21⤪餯˱ѸθȯεϿɤؤ뤤ɤؤĤĤȤäƤ褤

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2020-08-28 Fri

#4141. 1150ǯۤƻĤʤäűѸñ OED 鳰Ƥ [oed][oe][doe][periodisation][lexicography][lexicology][manuscript]

OED ǤϸűѸñϤɤΤ褦˰Ƥ뤫դϡOED Online 󶡤 Old English in the OED ̤Τ뤳ȤǤ롥
OED ϡ§Ȥ1150ǯĶƻĤʤäűѸñϼ갷ʤƤ롥Ū§Ӥ OED ȤƤϡΤ褦˽ñäȤñǤȤǧƤϤƱԻĹˤ餫ˤǤꡤ The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) ԻǤ뤳Ȥ顤ŪȤƤΤ褦ʸ§ΩƤƤΤǤ⡤1150ǯʸڤ졤ζǯӤ7500ۤɤθűѸñ줬ϿƤȤ¤ϻŦƤ
űѸλʬˤĤƤ⡤ OED Ǥ3ʬȤˤ򼨤Ƥ롥'early OE' (600--950), 'OE' (950--1100), and 'late OE' (1100--1150) 3Ǥ롥礿űѸ200ΤۤȤɤ 'OE' (950--1100) ͳ褷ǾڵФ꤬뤳Ȥפʤʤ 'early OE' (600--950) °Τ20̤ˡ3ʬƤϤ뤬Ǥ뤫ؽŪˡǤꡤǯνǯεҤˤͭѤƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-18-1]

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2020-08-27 Thu

#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤 [oed][japanese][borrowing][loan_word][lexicology][statistics]

#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ʤɤεǸƤ褦ˡѸˤϰճ¿ܸñ줬Ǥ롥ξܿ16ʹߤΤȤǤ (cf. #4131. ꥹ񲽤ˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1]))ܸñμѤϱѸˤδ餹ŪݤȤϤ뤬¸ߴ򼨤ƤȤäƤ褤ΤȤϡ#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1]) ʤɤǤ⿨Ƥ
OED Online ˤϡ͡ʥѥ᡼ˤꡤɤλˤɤΤ餤ñ줬Ѹä˲ääвƤ "Timelines" Ȥʵǽ롥ȤСܸ줬츻Ǥñפꤹȡܸ줫μѸ줬֤ġס֤ɤΤ餤ױѸήΤ¨¤˥ղƤ롥η̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

Japanese Loanwords in English Chronologically by OED

ȤƤ19ȾȯŪϤᡤ˻뤳Ȥ狼롥19ȾȤС椬񤬱ƤޤνȤǻ̩ܿ򳫻ϤݿλǤ롥
դ򥯥åȡñΥꥹȤ롥ޤǴñǥղƤȤˤʤäʤ

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2020-08-25 Tue

#4138. ե󥹼ѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǡĽ׸ [oed][french][latin][loan_word][statistics][lexicology][borrowing]

Ѹûˤˤơե󥹼ѸήΥԡѸˤäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ΤȤϡ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1]) ʤɤΥդ򸫤СưפǤ
OED 󶡤Ƥ Middle English: an overview "Borrowing from Latin and/or French" ɤǤȤȴϢƶŪʿ󤲤ƤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ

By 1500, over 40 per cent of all of the words that English has borrowed from French had made a first appearance in the language, including a very high proportion of those French words which have come to play a central part in the vocabulary of modern English. By contrast, the greatest peak of borrowing from Latin was still to come, in the early modern period; by 1500, under 20 per cent of the Latin borrowings found in modern English had yet entered the language.


ե󥹼ѸήΥԡѸǤꡤƥѸΥԡ϶ѸäȤˤĤƤλŦϤ̤ܤΤϡѤκǽ˵󤲤Ƥ40%ȤǤ롥Ѹäˤե󥹼ѸΤ40%ѸμѤǤꡤ⸽ߤŪʸäȤƳƤȤ򤫤Сλ˼Ѥ줿եñϡųʤ⸽ߤ˻ޤͭݤ³ƤΤ¿ȤȤǤ롥¸Ψ⤤ȸäƤ褤
ФƥѸλ¸Ψϡǰʤɽ蘆Ƥʤե󥹸Τ⤺ä㤤ȹͤ롥ԤǤʤ顤ߤޤǻĤäƤʤʤ뤤ϾʤȤͭѤʸȤƻĤäƤʤˤΤ¿ΤǤcf. #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])ˡѸˤˤơΥե󥹸ȥƥθŪƶκۤ϶̣
ȴϢơ#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])#2667. Chaucer Ѥä10--15%ե󥹼Ѹ ([2016-08-15-1])#2283. Shakespeare ΥƥѸäλ¸Ψ ([2015-07-28-1]) ʤɤ⻲Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2021-07-04-1]

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2020-08-24 Mon

#4137. 󥰥ɤäƤե󥹸 Anglo-Norman Anglo-French [oed][anglo-norman][french][me][variety]

󥰥ɤѤƤե󥹸Ѽ򲿤ȸƤ֤٤ȤˤϡĹ餯ƬǺޤƤѸˤǤ⡤ѼˤĤƤФиڤ뵡񤬤뤫ܥ֥εդƤ륿ȤƤ (anglo-norman) ѤƤʸǤ Anglo-French θƾΤ⼫ͳ˻ȤäƤ
ε#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤1 Middle English: an overview ɤǤȤ"A multilingual context" ꤹΤȤɸؤθڤ򸫤Ĥ

What to call the French used in Britain in this period is a difficult scholarly question. Traditionally the term 'Anglo-Norman' has been used, notably in the title of The Anglo-Norman Dictionary. In fact, the present-day editors of that dictionary note that in many ways 'Anglo-French' is a more appropriate term, since it better reflects the wide variety of inputs shown by the French used in medieval Britain. OED3 retains the term 'Anglo-Norman' largely to maintain consistency with the title of The Anglo-Norman Dictionary.


Ѥ̤ꡤOED ˤȤƤϴ¸ The Anglo-Norman Dictionary θƾΤȰפ Anglo-Norman ѤȤȤΤ褦⿴ΤȤѼؤΥץåȤ Norman French ˸¤ʤȤ顤äȹ Anglo-French ȸƤŬڤȤϹͤƤ餷
ľ OED θäƤߤ褦ޤ Anglo-Norman "The variety of the French language spoken and written in medieval England after the Norman Conquest." Ȥ롥̾̾ȤƤ1818ǯƻȤƤ᤯1735ǯ˽ФƤ뤬ޤǶˤʤäƤθƾΤǤ롥
Anglo-French äƤߤȡ"The variety of the French language spoken and written in medieval England." Ȥ롥ۤȤȰ㤤ʤ̾̾ȤƤ1862ǯƻȤ1884ǯ˽ФƤ롥Τˡνפä

Anglo-French developed after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and remained current in some functions until the mid 15th cent. The term 'Anglo-Norman' has traditionally been used in the same meaning (cf. Anglo-Norman n. 2), but 'Anglo-French' is preferred by many scholars since this variety was not solely based on Norman French. French in later legal use is normally distinguished as Law French (see law-French n. at law n.1 Compounds 3).


Ϥ OED ⿴ Anglo-French θƤ̾ΤۤäƤ褦˻פ롥Law French Ȥ̤λΤռƤ (cf. law_french) ̾ϡ˼ҲŪȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿#3558. ȸ̾ε ([2019-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

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2020-08-20 Thu

#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ [oed][lexicology][lexicography][historiography][toc][hel][hel_education]

OED ΥȤˤʤѸˤ˴ؤܤǤ롥äɤȤϤʤäΤзۤɽФƤѸˤΥƥĤˤOED ĤƤ֥ꡤѸ˳Ȥ٤ʲ˵󤲤Ƥ
OED 餷ûˤ濴ȤʤäƤΤϤ󡤼Իδؿ¸ʬȿǤ줿ˡʱѸˤȤʤäƤꡤ¤ɤ߱롥Ȥ櫓ŤαѸ evidence manuscript dating ˴ؤʤɤϽȤۤʤ㤨 Middle English: an overview "Our surviving documents" ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡޤȤʤ20αѸɾʤɤϡαѸͤɬɤǤϤʤ
󡤰ʲ򤸤äɤǤ館ФȻפޤ

Old English --- an overview
- Historical background
- Some distinguishing features of Old English
- The beginning of Old English
- The end of Old English
- Old English dialects
- Old English verbs
- Derivational relationships and sound changes
- cf. Old English in the OED
Middle English: an overview
- Historical period
- The most important linguistic developments
- A multilingual context
- Borrowing from early Scandinavian
- Borrowing from Latin and/or French
- Pronunciation
- A period characterized by variation
- Our surviving documents
Early modern English --- an overview
- Boundaries of time and place
- Variations in English
- Attitudes to English
- Vocabulary expansion
- 'Inkhorn' versus purism
- Archaism and rhetoric
- Regulation and spelling reform
- Fresh perspectives: Old English and new science
Nineteenth century English: an overview
- Communications and contact
- Local and global English
- Recording the language
- A changing language: grammar and new words
- The science of language
Twentieth century English: an overview
- Circles of English
- Convergence: the birth of cool
- Restrictions on language
- Lexis: dreadnought and PEP talk
- Modern English usages

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2020-08-18 Tue

#4131. ꥹ񲽤ˤв "The OED in two minutes" [oed][map][lexicology][lexicography][philology][history][web_service]

ε#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƱƥĤ򡤰ۤʤ٤įƤߤThe OED in two minutes ǸƤѸûϿΥƥĤǤ롥
ѸλϤޤȤʤ1150ǯ1ǯȤ˻֤ʤƤȡФ餯ư衼å˸¤ƤꡤƤ⤷ʤΤ15ȾˤʤäƤ̥եꥫʤɤ˻ȯŪƤ롥ơ16ȾˤʤȿΦ䥤̤ˤݥĥݥĤƤơܤо줷Ƥ롥ξ1718ˤƵǤϤʤʤäƤ롥ܤ٤ưФƤΤϡ18ȾΥ˥ʿΡեꥫȤäȾ濴ȤϰǤ롥19ȥեꥫޤ᤿ιǤ褦ˤʤꡤƱȾˤꥫä롥20Ϥޤ˥ХǤ롥
¤ˤ⤷Ʊˡ¤˶16Ⱦ19ޤǤλȤ˴ؤ뤫ꡤΤޤޥꥹ񲽤­פûˤδѥե졼ƥĤ˸Ƥľܡܤ˥ꥹλ۸εڤڤɤĤ֤ˤϿޤϡַŪʡϿޤȤƸƤ뤷̣ʬ䤹Τ褦ʡָûŪʡϿޤ¿쾯ʤפȤΤϡȤ̣ơԤϿޤOED ȤѸʸؤοȤ٤ؽŪʪѤƺƤ뤳ȡޤμ񤽤켫ȤκǤ19ȾФδλʪǤ뤳ȤפФȤ̣ʾˡΤΤʤ򴶤롥
OED ϳؽŪʸŪ˰ζȤθġǤꡤǻ޻ޤ뤳ȤǤʤλ¤ǧĤġ켫Τ˫ȾФˤλʪǤ뤳ȤϴΤäƤϢưʲε⻲ȡ

#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])
#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])

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2020-08-17 Mon

#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" [oed][map][lexicology][borrowing][lexicography][philology][statistics][web_service][hel_education]

The OED in two minutes ˡѸλϤޤ1150ǯ2010ǯޤǤαѸʼѡ˸ûˤϿ޾ǻвƥȤǼƥĤɽƤ롥ƥġ¤ˤߤȤ˱Ѹä¿ͲȳˤɽƤꡤ⤤ʰ̣ǹͤ롥ɤ

Map of Loanwords in 1726 by OED



Ͽޤβˤ뿧դӤϡѸˤ老Ȥȡ٤ɽ路ƤظѤƤǡ١ Google Ngrams 1970--2008ǯʬȤˡ2010ǯߤϿޤ˼פߤƤߤȡȡ٤ˤơޥϤθáӡˤ49%ѸǤ˴Ťʣʤɡӡˤ26%ʤΤǡޤǤΤ3/4Ǥ롥ޥ󥹷Ϥθáӡˤ18%ƥ줬7%Ƥ¾0.2%ѸˤǤϸäˤϼѤˤǤȤΤ֤ȡ٤ǹͤ¤ꡤߤǤѸθäϰŪ˥󥰥ʤ뤤ϥޥŪǤȤäƤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥λ¤ˤĤƤϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) ȡĥäε򻲾ȡ
Ͽ޺ǯ˽ŤʤäƤ볥ΥХ֥ϡ٤¿ñ줬ääǯۤ礭ʤꡤ٤ľñ줬ääˤʤǯˤϾʤ롥17̤Ū礭äХ֥뤬18ˤƤܤǤͻҤⶽ̣ (cf. #2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ ([2017-07-09-1])#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])#4070. 18θŪ¤Τʤ ([2020-06-18-1]))
Ѹʸá˻ˤŤߤˤϡΤ褦ʥȤλХƥĤϤȯ롥

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