#5031. -ism εȯã ([2023-02-04-1])#5033. -ism ¿ ([2023-02-06-1]) (suffix) ȤƤ -ism ˾ƤƤ (productivity) ι⤤ȤƾҲ𤷤ƤŪˤϺǶɤΤ褦 -ism 줬ƤƤΤOED 1900ǯʹߤ˽Ф -ism ȴФƤߤΤ724ñ줬ä10ǯߤǰƤߤ롥
Ρ1900ǯ (1900--1909)135ñ졡
antidisestablishmentarianism, Big Brotherism, cultism, expansionism, heterotrophism, hyperthyroidism, maraboutism, meningism, middle-of-the-roadism, muckerism, Mu'tazilism, neopositivism, neuroticism, Old Testamentism, pentamerism, prostatism, spoonerism, structurism, thanatism, thigmotropism, divisionism, imperativism, motorism, pan-Europeanism, piezomagnetism, productivism, pyromagnetism, Sivaism, sociologism, tabloidism, antilogism, chronotropism, gargoylism, interactionism, ladronism, mescalism, multimodalism, Oblomovism, ogreism, pacifism, pan-Buddhism, seismism, tactism, theoreticism, transitivism, chemotactism, favism, Fletcherism, hippomobilism, homoeothermism, homosexualism, intimism, luminarism, macroseism, Marconism, Mendelianism, Mendelism, neo-Confucianism, osmatism, physogastrism, poikilothermism, polychromism, practicism, preferentialism, racism, stand-pattism, supernationalism, syntonism, aniconism, cryptomerism, Deweyism, ecologism, geneticism, katamorphism, manism, mascotism, microbism, monoclinism, nounism, pan-Africanism, pan-Asiaticism, thermochromism, hypothyroidism, luminism, neurotropism, Nietzscheanism, nomism, pan-Asianism, Parnassianism, Prometheanism, Pygmalionism, quattrocentism, vicinism, Victorianism, Addisonism, champagne socialism, ethnocentrism, hereditarianism, millennialism, new realism, nyctinastism, pismirism, post-classicism, reluctantism, immanentism, immoralism, inhumanism, reactionaryism, reincarnationism, suffragettism, syndicalism, Syrism, Christocentrism, deductivism, expressionism, ingotism, neo-realism, pacificism, Pan-Turkism, rotativism, substitutionalism, super-individualism, theriomorphism, vagrantism, xenophobism, cameralism, heurism, innatism, maximalism, neo-Aristotelianism, oculism, Porro prism, protagonism, Uranianism, voltinism
Ρ1910ǯ塧103ñ졡
adrenalism, conservationism, hypoparathyroidism, perspectivism, pithiatism, post-Impressionism, pre-animism, Sillonism, alloerotism, Cubism, factualism, Georgianism, inspirationalism, masculinism, Ottomanism, Rotarianism, autism, clientelism, eunuchoidism, imagism, marginalism, mobilism, mutationism, orthomorphism, selectionism, Synchromism, transvestitism, trichotomism, Acmeism, apotropaism, behaviourism/behaviorism, monophyletism, moronism, neo-imperialism, taurodontism, Theravadism, transvestism, Zapatism, pansexualism, phobism, postmodernism, supermanism, Thespianism, vorticism, zabernism, Balkanism, consumerism, distributism, Hohenzollernism, homoeroticism, lawyerism, new federalism, polyarchism, rurbanism, Simultaneism, bushism, denationalism, homoerotism, moanism, monenergism, multilingualism, neo-nationalism, pan-Turanianism, Pelmanism, presentism, Russellism, Schoenbergism, Boloism, Bolshevism, defeatism, environmentalism, hyperparathyroidism, indigenism, mathematicism, Mondism, Montessorianism, non-interventionism, pan-Indianism, pan-Turanism, philism, anorchidism, Dadaism, defencism/defensism, diffusionism, Fordism, Leninism, neo-Marxism, preventionism, Rasputinism, surdimutism, biomechanism, culturalism, hegemonism, inflationism, Lukanism, multi-partyism, pan-Arabism, panchromatism, paroicism, predictionism, sadomasochism, social imperialism, unanimism
Ρ1920ǯ塧111ñ졡
gangsterism, Kemalism, Menshevism, mid-Victorianism, mosaicism, Moscowism, myrmecophytism, photoperiodism, predatism, retreatism, servomechanism, fascism, futilitarianism, Mennonitism, New Zealandism, pastism, polycratism, Suprematism, abstract expressionism, adaptationalism, ameliorism, anarcho-syndicalism, Couéism, existentialism, finitism, introspectionism, isolationism, Menckenism, metapsychism, nabism, neoprimitivism, Poplarism, Rayonism, romanticalism, Sitwellism, allelism, neo-Communism, Nordicism, parkinsonism, peyotism, porphyrism, robotism, Tubism, constructionism, constructivism, fictionalism, MacDonaldism, Marranoism, Mussolinism, neo-Freudianism, nondeterminism, paragrammatism, peripheralism, Pollyannaism, redemptivism, voyeurism, Babbittism, configurationism, enantiomerism, Hattism, hyperurbanism, Pirandellism, puerilism, reductionism, Sun Yat-senism, Trotskyism, boosterism, conformism, diachronism, holism, liturgism, mechanomorphism, mycetism, squadrism, totalitarianism, unilateralism, Yiddishism, alloeroticism, choralism, contortionism, diatonism, homoism, Machism, minimalism, monolithism, occupationalism, Petrarchanism, pleiotropism, Praedism, providentialism, sexationalism, Stalinism, surrealism, Buchmanism, dispensationalism, Eonism, mesomerism, multilateralism, normativism, stylism, Undinism, welfarism, wholism, bovarism, contextualism, exceptionalism, foodism, market fundamentalism, Marxism-Leninism, productionism, situationism
Ρ1930ǯ塧90ñ졡
corporativism, hyphenism, metakinetism, National Socialism, Nazism, neocapitalism, neo-modalism, operationalism, social fascism, diatonicism, dirty realism, no-Goddism, pentatonism, post-communism, presenteeism, privatism, substantivism, bruxism, conciliarism, connectionism, Narodnikism, neo-Gothicism, polytypism, Rooseveltism, biocentrism, careerism, escapism, magic realism, Marxism, mesomorphism, New Dealism, nice nellyism, socialist realism, elitism, extrinsicism, inhibitionism, monophysism, Morganism, rightism, transvesticism, trilingualism, descriptivism, Edwardianism, Jocism, linearism, male chauvinism, Neo-plasticism, nothing-but-ism, operationism, quadrupedalism, rheomorphism, spatialism, thingism, Zenonism, conspiratorialism, Cubo-Futurism, Goldwynism, microprism, Miltonicism, non-objectivism, non-racialism, polyphyletism, Rexism, shitticism, apoliticism, Blimpism, Bukharinism, Caodaism, logicism, Marxist-Leninism, neocatastrophism, pandiatonicism, pentaprism, cultural Marxism, Francoism, narcism, nemesism, partitionism, photojournalism, pronatalism, pseudoallelism, sanctionism, blondism, Chamberlainism, essentialism, kineticism, neo-traditionalism, precisionism, verificationism, vicariism
Ρ1940ǯ塧58ñ졡
ahistoricism, photoisomerism, post-humanism, semanticism, technologism, megadontism, New Criticism, Pétainism, preservationism, Vansittartism, capitulationism, managerialism, momism, patrimonialism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, chemoautotrophism, do-goodism, globalism, identitarianism, neo-fascism, passéism, pranksterism, againstism, ethnophaulism, multinationalism, critical rationalism, eliminationism, veganism, lettrism, Peronism, reductivism, supremacism, dynamicism, microphonism, Titoism, Afghanistanism, ecumenism, emotivism, ferrimagnetism, Lysenkoism, magmatism, Messalianism, neo-Nazism, one-worldism, prescriptivism, rejectionism, resistentialism, tailism, white supremacism, immobilism, justicialism, Levantinism, marhaenism, Michurinism, Palamism, Panglossism, restrictivism, tectonism
Ρ1950ǯ塧68ñ졡
abstract impressionism, Atlanticism, Gaullism, judgementalism/judgmentalism, majoritarianism, Maoism, Marrism, McCarthyism, multiracialism, Narodnism, ouvrierism, psychoticism, Bevanism, neo-isolationism, photochromism, revanchism, troilism, amensalism, kleptoparasitism, neocolonialism, Nixonism, Nicodemism, obsessionalism, transsexualism, workerism, Butskellism, Islamicism, multi-partism, neo-Stalinism, retributivism, skollyism, tripartism, alternativism, morphism, neo-Gaullism, postcolonialism, Poujadism, ad hocism, Anglocentrism, diffeomorphism, ebullism, Europocentrism, Mendèsism, Nasserism, patternism, polycentrism, superparamagnetism, breatharianism, hipsterism, Khrushchevism, monoglacialism, multiculturalism, neo-expressionism, Parkinsonism, spiralism, transhumanism, Zhdanovism, archaeomagnetism, outsiderism, pentatonicism, televangelism, Antikythera mechanism, disimperialism, ethnonationalism, Fidelism, macrodactylism, nannyism, proceduralism
Ρ1960ǯ塧64ñ졡
Castroism, Goldwaterism, moderationism, multiregionalism, neo-Dadaism, Nkrumahism, nuclearism, supremism, Asiacentrism, audio-lingualism, compressionism, Kennedyism, neo-behaviourism/neo-behaviorism, neo-Keynesianism, non-ism, permissivism, photorealism, mycomysticism, mycoparasitism, prescriptionism, splittism, tokenism, entrism, neo-Pentecostalism, Parsonianism, polyphenism, Rachmanism, aleatorism, allosterism, androcentrism, credentialism, Montaignism, neuterism, triumphalism, dysmorphism, Eurocentrism, generativism, parajournalism, Powellism, renewalism, symphonism, transgenderism, entryism, neo-modernism, Paisleyism, paramilitarism, Popperism, Reaganism, McLuhanism, monetarism, Naderism, Olympism, Pinterism, polysomatism, auteurism, incrementalism, madrigalism, Panglossianism, workaholism, ageism, anarcho-capitalism, consequentialism, gravitropism, yobbism
Ρ1970ǯ塡53ñ졡
migrationism, Naxalism, Orwellism, spontaneism, tropicalism, heightism, logocentrism, multidialectalism, panselectionism, posthumanism, post-minimalism, sizeism, Afrocentrism, heterosexism, new historicism, O'Neillism, phonocentrism, polyglacialism, processualism, supersessionism, Velikovskianism, eliminativism, polystylism, stabilism, monoculturalism, neurotrophism, ockerism, preparationism, Mobutuism, multiculturism, phallocentrism, phallogocentrism, post-structuralism, speciesism, bioregionalism, ecocentrism, Eurocommunism, post-materialism, pre-modernism, social constructionism, Lacanianism, macromutationism, punctuationism, trendyism, lookism, Manhattanism, me-ism, nutritionism, whataboutism, computationalism, machoism, Mitterrandism, reliabilism
Ρ1980ǯ塧29ñ졡
Bushism, ecofeminism, neo-conceptualism, neosemanticism, originalism, popism, ableism, rockism, social constructivism, ecotourism, post-feminism, mimeticism, yuppieism, conspiracism, eco-socialism, shopaholism, post-Fordism, short-termism, cryovolcanism, fattism, long-termism, New Ageism, Euroscepticism/Euroskepticism, Islamofascism, Majorism, Norman Rockwellism, negaholism, phoenixism, techno-shamanism
Ρ1990ǯ塡8ñ졡
Extropianism, voluntourism, Afrofuturism, Blairism, slacktivism, turntablism, hacktivism, Stuckism
Ρ2000ǯ塧5ñ졡
craftivism, lactivism, disaster capitalism, cissexism, clicktivism
ȤƤߤ20ȾԡǡθϸäƤƤ褦ˤߤ롥OED ԻԹǡŤǯΤۤĤƤĤΤ䤷Ƥ֤Ĺ¿οĤФ䤹ȤϤ뤫⤷ʤǿοˤĤƤȤԻƤǽ⤢롥Τ褦θǡ OED ˴Ť -ism ΰɾɬפ
ȤƤ⡤20ȾȤưλ -ism Ӥ줿Ȥ϶̣20ȾʹߤϡǤ˽Ф٤ΤϽФäƤޤ-ism ˿̣ȤʤäȿǤƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤤ϡǯǤ⤫Ǥ -ism ղä褦ˤʤäƤޤäˡOED ԽѤΤƤޤäȤȤ⤷ʤ
-ism ΰϤɤɤߤޤ
μͭӥ Mond ˴Ƥ1αѸ˴ؤ뵿ФƲޤ䤤ϡֶĴ do, does, did ϡĤиΤǤ礦פǤ

Ĵ do ȤϡŵŪˤϼΤ褦ˡǤʿʸˤơǤϤʤǤ뤳ȤФȤѤޤ
Why didn't you come to the party last night? --- But I díd còme.
I díd stùdy very hard, but I didn't pass the exam.
I'm sorry we don't have hamburgers, but we dó hàve pizzas.
ǤޤѸ˾夤ĶĴ do иˤ뤳ȤϴñǤϤޤȤΤϸѸȰۤʤѸѸǤϡʿʸˤƶĴˡǤʤ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) Ū褯ѤƤǤdo ˶뤫ݤϽդɤ뤳ȤǤʸ̮Τߤ˰¸ȽǤʤФʤʤˡԤμŪɤ߹ߤͿƤޤǽ⤤ΤǤ
ˡ OED Ǥ do, v. 32d θȤƵƤޤǽ5ʸޤǰѤޤ
d. In affirmative sentences, used to give emphasis, esp. in contrast with what precedes or follows.
The stress is placed upon the auxiliary, as in the perfect and future tenses. There may be inversion of order as well.
In many Middle English and early modern English examples it is impossible to be certain that the use is emphatic.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. viii. l. 164 (MED) And so bileeue I lelly..Þat pardoun and penaunce and preyers don sauen Soules þat han sunget.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin (1899) vi. 101 Loke ye, do not lye; and thow do lye, I shall it know wele.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. f. 27v But these same..doe manye times more offend..than those who doe commit them [1738 tr. S. Guazzo Art Conversat. 52 Than those who actually commit them].
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. iii. 188 And so will hee doe, for the man doth feare God, howsoeuer it seemes not in him, by some large iestes hee will make.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. i. 27 Vio. Thou art a merry fellow, and car'st for nothing. Clo. Not so sir, I do care for something: but..I do not care for you.
OED ˤȽc1390 Piers Plowman λȤʤäƤޤǤ don sauen (= do save) Ĵ do ˡʤΤɤʤΤȽǤˤϡ깭ʸ̮θǤοŤʵɬפǤ礦Ҥ OED ȤɡΤޤƤޤ櫓ˤϤޤǫʸƤᤵΤǤ
ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥϤޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ
Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤäƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲ƤޤʲȤ
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])
515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ
֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)
ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥СȡɥRobert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1])ˡ
ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ
17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>
The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.
⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե켰ֻΤƤ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡեǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡեǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥեǤ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥
The suffix -IZE/-ISE
There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.
Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
- The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
- The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
- Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.
Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡեƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ư -ize/-ise ˤĤơΥڥѤ뤫Ȥ顤#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) ˤƤ OED εҤʤ顤ˤ⤹롥
-ize/-ise ϥꥷư -ƦŦɦ ̤롥̱ͤ²ɽ魯̾ˤĤơ~̱͡²ˤȤơʤΤ褦ˡ˿פΰ̣ư뤳Ȥ¿äѸбǤ barbarianize, tyrannize, Atticize, Hellenize Τ褦
34ˤϥƥ -izāre ȤƼޤ졤Ϥ夷ƤäꥹȶůؤѸȤ baptizāre, euangelizāre, catechiizāre, canōnizāre, daemonizāre ʤɤ߽Ф줿䤬ơꥷưѤꡤ路ư¤줹ݤΰŪʷȤ夷
ϡƥʥ顼ˤơ䤬ưŪ˥ƥηƻ̾줫ư뵡ǽȯãεǽΰ̲Ϥ餯եˤƺǽǤ -iser ֤褦ˤʤäciviliser, cicatriser, humaniser ʤɤǤ롥
ѸѸե줫 -iser ưѤݤˡե켰˴Ť -ise ֤뤳Ȥ¿äϡ˱ѸǤȼκݤ˥ƥեǤΤȤưˤ -ise ꥷǤ˴Ťˤϥꥷ츻ºŤ -ize Ѥʤɤη⸽줿ηϤޤȾüʤΤäˡ-ize -ise Τ䤳꤬˻롥OED ˤȤƤϡ츻ŪǤꡤ /z/ ʸ̤ɽ魯ڥȤ -ize 줷ƤȤ
ʤѸΤ2첻뤳ȤˤĤơOED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In the Greek -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /-idz/ became īz, whence English /-aɪz/.
goblin mode: a type of behaviour which is unapologetically self-indulgent, lazy, slovenly, or greedy, typically in a way that rejects social norms or expectations.
ǯ Oxford Word of the Year ˵Τ goblin mode ʤʣ̾ˤäThe Guardian ®ϰɼդƤä褦ǡ34ͤĶѸüԤɼ礭ͤƤΰäȤΤȡʼ Metaverse, #IStandWithˡ
2022ǯĹʲҤˤ뵬Ͻ̤Ƥ͡SNSʤɤۤμʬλѤåפΤ˰ष餷ʤμʬ餱Ф졤Ƥˤϥ饤ƤȤƤ뤫⤷ʤ"goblin mode" äʿ͡λѤ͵夬Ȥϡ
θ2009ǯ˥ĥå˽ФƤǯ2˰쵤˥ХɤȤʤäOxford University Press ϡθήԤطʤˤĤƼΤ褦˥ȤƤ궽̣ǤȤ櫓
Seemingly, it captured the prevailing mood of individuals who rejected the idea of returning to 'normal life', or rebelled against the increasingly unattainable aesthetic standards and unsustainable lifestyles exhibited on social media.
goblin Ͽʹ֤ˤƯͤΤȤǤ롥ήԸϡ־ʪǤ뼫ѡפ goblin ˽Ť碌ȤǤ褤˥֥ˤʤäƤޤ櫓ǤϤʤ֥Υ⡼ɤ˰ŪäƤȤޤߤꡤ˾ʤʤ
goblin Τθ츻ˤϽ⤢褦OED θ츻ɤǤߤ褦
Apparently < Old French gobelin (late 12th cent. in an isolated attestation; subsequently in Middle French (a1506 as gobellin); French gobelin), apparently ultimately < ancient Greek ʏ¦˦Ϗ rogue, knave, ʏ¦˦Ϧ (plural) mischievous sprites invoked by rogues, probably via an unattested post-classical Latin form; the suffix is probably either Old French -in or its etymon classical Latin -nus -INE suffix1. Compare later (apparently < Greek) post-classical Latin cobalus, covalus, kind of demon (16th cent.).
Compare (apparently < French) post-classical Latin gobelinus (first half of the 12th cent. in a British source).
餯ŪˤϥꥷΡ֤Ĥפ̣̤ꡤʥƥФơ˥ե줫ѸäƤΤȤѸǤνФ1350ǯ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡȤȤˤ⤷⤬ͿƤ롥
1100ǯեĮ Evreux ˽פȤϡƥ gobelnus ̾դ줿 (O)F gobelin ˤ¤Ȥͤ롥ۤˡ̾ Gobel (cobalt Ʊˤ˻ؾ -et ΤĤΤȤ䡤MHG kobolt (G Kobold) 'kobold' OF ̤ƼѤ줿Ȥʤɤ롥
ޤΥ֥⸽οʹֳǥХɤˤʤȤϻפäƤʤäʤ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ӡ#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) splendid ȤߤƤ֤θˤĤƤϸߤ˽ŤʤȤ¿Τ⤽ɤΤ褦ʸΤߺǤ̤ηƻǤ splendid ܤƸγȤǧƤ
ȯ䤵줿Фإ˥¼ŵ6ˤȡΤ褦3ĤθͿƤ롥
(1) ԤšФ餷ʬΤʤ (excellent, great) || a splendid idea Ф餷ͤ / a splendid achievement Ωɤʶ / We had a splendid time at the beach. ӡǤФ餷ᤴ
(2) ݤͿ (magnificent); ڤ || a splendid view į / a splendid jewel ڤС
(3) ԤšաδŪˡϤФ餷绿
splendid ϡε ([2022-12-04-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ츻ȤƤϥƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹롥ηƻ splendidus 17˱Ѹ첽֤Ǽޤ줿ȤȤǤ롥ϡ뤤ƤפۤɤѸǤνиϤषŪʸֹڤʡʡפǤ롥ǤϡξˤʤäƤǧ롥ˡФơְʡסͭ̾ʡס֤줿ˤ褤פθ⼡ȸƤ롥19ȾγǤ in splendid isolation ָɤΩפɽ蘆Ƥ褦Ūʸˡ⡤17˳ǧ롥Τ褦ʸ̻ŪȯŸȶŪȤϡե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)ɲ (amelioration) (pejoration) ʤɤδǤͤޤǤ OED θʬƤ
1.[ | ѥڡ ]
a. Marked by much grandeur or display; sumptuous, grand, gorgeous.
b. Of persons: Maintaining, or living in, great style or grandeur.
2.
a. Resplendent, brilliant, extremely bright, in respect of light or colour. rare.
b. Magnificent in material respects; made or adorned in a grand or sumptuous manner.
c. Having or embodying some element of material grandeur or beauty.
d. In specific names of birds or insects.
3.
a. Imposing or impressive by greatness, grandeur, or some similar excellence.
b. Dignified, haughty, lordly.
4. Of persons: Illustrious, distinguished.
5. Excellent; very good or fine.
6. Used, by way of contrast, to qualify nouns having an opposite or different connotation. splendid isolation: used with reference to the political and commercial uniqueness or isolation of Great Britain; . . . .
Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñȡѸ13줢ޤ
resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous
OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡
Ρ#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ӺΡ#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū ([2022-11-11-1]) ε˰³°³ˡʲˡ˸ߤǤʤ should Ǥʤճ shall ѤƤŪŪäȽƤߤޤ
OED Ĵ٤ȡˡ shall, v. θ11aޤ
11. In clauses expressing the purposed result of some action, or the object of a desire, intention, command, or request. (Often admitting of being replaced by may; in Old English, and occasionally as late as the 17th cent., the present subjunctive was used as in Latin.)
a. in clause of purpose usually introduced by that.
In this use modern idiom prefers should (22a): see quot. 1611 below, and the appended remarks.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7640, 1 Þiss child iss borenn her to þann Þatt fele shulenn fallenn. & fele sHulenn risenn upp.
c1250 Owl & Night. 445 Bit me þat ich shulle singe vor hire luue one skentinge.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 213 Thei gon under proteccioun, That love and his affeccioun Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve.
c1450 Mirk's Festial 289 I wil..schew ȝow what þis sacrament is, þat ȝe schullon in tyme comyng drede God þe more.
1470--85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xiii. xv. 633 What wille ye that I shalle doo sayd Galahad.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 156 I sall do swa thow sall be king.
1558 in J. M. Stone Hist. Mary I App. 518 My mynd and will ys, that the said Codicell shall be accepted.
1611 Bible (King James) Luke xviii. 41 What wilt thou that I shall doe vnto thee? View more context for this quotation
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 70 Were it not better you shall cast away a few words, than I loose my Life.
1698 in J. O. Payne Rec. Eng. Catholics 1715 (1889) 111 To the intent they shall see my will executed.
1829 T. B. Macaulay Mill on Govt. in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 177 Mr. Mill recommends that all males of mature age..shall have votes.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxiv. 199 We shall have the first of the fight, Sir; and depend on it Boney will take care that it shall be a hard one.
1879 M. Pattison Milton xiii. 167 At the age of nine and twenty, Milton has already determined that this lifework shall be..an epic poem.
Ȥ櫓1829ǯ1847ǯϡ侩ɽ魯ˡ˶ޤ
MED shulen v.(1) θ4a(b)21b(ab)դˤ⡤˥ԥåǤϤʤˤ㤬Ƥޤ
Ūʴ餹ȡ侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall ˡΡָפϡˤѸޤǤϤɤȤǤơʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιͤƤФȻפޤ
3֤ hellog ΤޤȤȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#530. ܥϥظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
hellog Ϥ13ǯȾۤɤФޤϤ2009ǯˤϥ֥ȤϤǤ˿ƩƤޤblog ȤñνиϤ餵10ǯ̤ä1999ǯΤȤǤOED εҤˤаޤɤäƤߤޤ礦
blog Ȥ weblog ǤƬڤ (clipping) ˤꡤṳ̂줿 blog ޤweblog 1997ǯ˼Τ褦 URL ʸΰȤƽФޤ (sv weblog, n.)
1997 J. Barger Lively New Webpage in alt.culture.www (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Dec. I decided to start my own webpage logging the best stuff I find as I surf, on a daily basis:..www.mcs.net/~jorn/html/weblog.html.
2ǯ1999ǯ blog Фޤ
1999 P. Merholz peterme.com 28 May (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 25 Dec. 1999) For those keeping score on blog commentary from outside the blog community.
Ʊǯˡʻž (conversion) ̤ư첽ΤФƤޤ֥֥ɤˡפΰ̣Ǥ
1999 TBTF for 1999-08-30: Aibo Rampant in cistron.lists (Usenet newsgroup) 30 Aug. Blog..to run a Web log.
ưȤƤ blog 顤ϤƱǯΤ blogging, blogger ޤƤޤ
θ塤blog 2004ǯ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary ˤ "word of the year" Ȥ졤ȤñȤʤޤcf. #262. 2009ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2010-01-14-1])ˡblog ΤʬǤȤ뿷Ȥʤꡤmoblog, audioblog, photoblog, videoblog (vlog), linklog, sketchblog, microblogging, blogstorm, blog swarm, blogoise, blogerati, bleg, blogorrhea ʤɤο줬߽Фޤ (Crystal, p. 457) 줾ɤʰ̣ʬǤ礦㤨кǸñϡĹ¡פۤɤǤ
伫Ȥ blogger ǤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υ֥ⱿĤƤΤ audioblogger Ǥ⤢ΤȻפޤȤȤ I (audio)blog therefore I am. ȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤ³ꤤޤ
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
8˥ꥶ٥ (Elizabeth II) ˴ʤꡤ19˥ȥߥˤƹĤޤͽȤΤȤǤ֤ϥꥹ˾Ĺ70ǯޤ1ĤˤǤơ㡼륺 (Charles III) ¨̤ޤ
ޤ Queen's English ȸƤФƤ륤ꥹɸѸϡ King's English ȤƾΤ˲뤳ȤˤʤȻפޤε King's English Queen's English ȤƤˤĤƾĴ١ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#476. King's English Queen's EnglishꤷƤ٤äƤߤޤ
ǿ줿 OED ˤξɽνФˤĤơʲäƤޤޤKing's English ˤĤƤϡking, n. βǡΤ褦㤬ͿƤޤ
King's English n. [apparently after king's coin n.] (chiefly with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the King of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually taken as that written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. Queen's English n. at queen n. Compounds 3b.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 86 These fine Englishe clerkes, will saie thei speake in their mother tongue, if a man should charge them for counterfeityng the kynges English.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 5 Abusing of Gods patience, and the Kings English.
1787 Eng. Rev. May 284 That fervent zeal which now displays itself among all ranks of persons,..to circulate the purity of the king's English among them.
1836 E. Howard Rattlin xxxv. 144 They..put the king's English to death so charmingly.
1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South i. i. 28 Smelly old fellows with baggy pants and a capacity for butchering the king's English.
2003 E. Stuart Entropy & Alchemy vi. 71 The British, custodians of the King's English and supposedly so careful and conscientious with words.
king's coin ʹŲߤ˹ޤƤξˤǤϤʤȤȤǤɤʤΤǤ礦ʤߤ˽Ф1553ǯȤΤϡEdward VI Mary I Ȥ¨̤ǯǤ⤢ꡤ̣ߥǤϤޤƤ T(homas) Wilson ˤĤƤϡ#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ ([2020-07-11-1]) ʤɤȡ
Queen's English ߤƤߤޤ礦queen, n. βǡΤ褦˵ҤƤޤФ1592ǯ Elizabeth I Ǥ
Queen's English n. (usually with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the Queen of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually as written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. King's English n. at king n. Compounds 5b.
1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. B1v He must be running on the letter, and abusing the Queenes English without pittie or mercie.
a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. iii. 81 He was pretty far overcome by the Champaign, for he clipped the Queen's English.
1848 Southern Literary Messenger 14 636/2 'On' yesterday, (another Southern emendation of the Queen's English, which is funny enough,) I was so unfortunate [etc.].
1867 F. S. Cozzens Sayings 82 In fact, that arbitrary style of speaking which is commonly known as the Queen's English.
1885 Punch 4 July 5/2 (heading) The Premier's Primer; or Queen's English as she is wrote.
1902 F. Hume Fever of Life 146 I! Oh, how can you? I speak the Queen's English.
1991 K. Waterhouse English our English p. xvii The more slipshod English in circulation, the wider the assumption that it doesn't matter any more, that the Queen's English is by now the quaint preserve of pedants.
2006 PC Gamer Apr. 79/1 This doesn't mean that the cast of characters suddenly speak the Queen's English with cut-glass accents and quote Shakespeare.
ɤޤʸФƤꡤ OED ȴޤξɽȤǯ夬16ȤΤޤ⤷ȤǤѹͥοˤäƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵФƴ줬ޤäƤޤΰǥʥ顼ǤѸؤμ⾯ĿޤäƤƤޤιμ٤ִפȤơΥȥåפǤ뷯礬Ф줿ȤϼʤȤǤߤޤ400ǯʾ³ƤȤΤϡϤ©ĹȤȻפޤ
take, meme, fine, pope, cute ʤɤθ -e ϡ켫ΤȯʤԤ첻ĹפɤޤޤȤƵǽ롥Τ褦ˡ e magic e ʥޥå eˤȸƤФ롥ˡΤ褦¾첻ȯƤޤѸ춵顦ؽѸȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥
magic e Ưˤξܺ٤ hellog ʲεȤ줿
#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])
magic e ȤƾΤΤΤ˾ƤOED magic, adj. (and int.) ΤȤɤ߸ФΩƤƤ롥
magic e n. (also with capital initials) (chiefly in primary school literacy teaching) a silent e at the end of a word or morpheme following a consonant, which lengthens the preceding vowel and consequently appears to transform its sound; as the e in hope, lute, casework, etc.
Cf. silent adj. 3c.
1918 Primary Educ. Mar. 183/2 Let us see how the a will sound after magic e is fastened on mat. (Write mate on board. Pronounce.) You see what trick he did. He changed short a into long a.
2005 L. Wendon & L. Holt Letterland: Adv. Teacher's Guide (2009) ii. 58 It was recommended that children play-act the Magic e's function in tap and tape.
Ф100ǯۤζػȤʤäƤ롥1918ˤ̤ʤŪɽǤϤʤͽۤƤä褦
嵭 Cf. ȤƵƤ silent, adj. and n. ȤƤߤȡ3c ι "silent e" ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä
c. Of a letter: written but not pronounced. Cf. mute adj. 4b, magic e n. at magic adj. Compounds.
Sometimes designating a letter whose absence would have no impact on the pronunciation of the word, as b in doubt, and sometimes designating a letter that has a diacritic function, as final e indicating the length of the vowel of a preceding syllable, as in mute or fate.
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 113 Som vse the same silent e, after r, in the end, as lettre, cedre, childre, and such, where methink it were better to be the flat e, before r, as letter, ceder, childer.
1775 J. Walker Dict. Eng. Lang. sig. 4Ov Persuade, whose final E is silent, and serves only to lengthen the sound of the A in the last syllable.
1881 E. B. Tylor Anthropol. vii. 179 The now silent letters are relics of sounds which used to be really heard in Anglo-Saxon.
2017 Hispania 100 286 The letter 'h' is silent in Spanish and is often omitted by those who are not familiar with the spelling of a word.
magic e "silent e" ƱͤǤϤʤԤϸԤüǤ롥ΰѤ Mulcaster ν magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥2ܤ Walker ϡΤ magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
mute, adj. and n.3 4b ιƤߤ "mute e" ȤƤ⤢ʬ롥 "silent e" ƱͤǤ롥θƾΤνϼ̤ǡǤϼ¼Ū magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
1840 Proc. Philol. Soc. 3 6 It gradually was established..that when a mute e followed a single consonant the preceding vowel was a long one.
ε#4817. standard θ츻 ([2022-07-05-1]) ˰³OED standard Ȥܤ롥ϡñȤƤ standard ɤạ̈Ѳεפɤꤿ *
褦ˡstandard Ѹ˽Фݤˤϡַפ̣ƤθϸߤǤĤäƤ롥θ塤15ˤʤȡ̹դδñ̡פθOED Ǥ A. III θˤȯãΥޥƥǤǤȯãƤΤ褦ǡѸȤƤ⤳ڤꤿȤȤ餷OED ǤϡΤ褦롥
The senses of branch A. III. originally arose in Britain. The first of these senses, denoting a legal weight or measure (see A. 15) is attested slightly earlier in Anglo-Norman and Latin than it is in English; compare (in this sense) post-classical Latin standardus (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman estandard (a1280 as estaundart); this use may be a development of the sense 'military flag or banner' (see sense A. 1), with the royal standard taken as the symbol of royal authority, e.g. to impose the legal norms (compare also later sense A. 4).
ΰѤθȾʬŪǤ롥ַפȡָפζϡֲξħפǤ뤳ȤȤ
ơ褤˴ؤ standard θĤޤɸפо줹뤬ȤƤ϶äۤ٤1904ǯФǤ롥OED θ23ȤνѤ롥
23. A language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form, esp. for written use. Cf. sense B. 3d.
. . . .
1904 Life 18 Feb. 167/1 Each one of these variations in tone and pronunciation is bound to give us some day a conglomerate which will not be pure in inflection or pronunciation unless we have a single, spoken standard, to which all who call themselves educated will seek to conform.
嵭ϡɸפ̣̾ȤƤνǤꡤƤƻɸŪʡפθˤĤƤСB. 3d θȤ11806ǯ˽ФƤ롥
d. Designating a language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form (esp. for written use), as in Standard English, Standard American English, Modern Standard Arabic n., etc.
A standard language variety is often associated with or prescribed in various ways by formal institutions, including government, language academies, and education and national media.
1806 G. Chalmers in D. Lindsay Poet. Wks. I. 141 The Scottish dialect was formed, as the various dialects of England were formed, by retaining antiquated words and old orthography, while the standard English relinquished both, and adopted novelties.
ַסָפήθȡ˴ؤɸʸˡפθȯãطʤˤϡֹθҤ˻٤줿ͣϡסֹ̱äƽ٤ޤפȤäܵФǤ롥⤷ΰ̣ѲΥ롼ȤȤСˤĤƤ standard ϡ顤ñʤɸפȤ⡤ȥåץζֵϡפ˶ᤤ촶ȼäƤΤǤϤʤȵ롥ݡФǤʤǤˤäƤϡֵϡפץץƤΤ standard θ촶
Ϣơ#4777. ɸױѸΰ̣ --- ֳ̤Ѹפ֤餤Ѹءס ([2022-05-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
ᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ츻ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.
ʩ졿Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.
3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard եꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1]) εǡñȤƤ vernacular νФ OED ˤ1601ǯäȤҤ٤֡ʥƥǤϤʤ˱Ѹǽʿ͡ˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƻȤƤ롥
θˤĤƤϡOED μˡ˴ؤ𤬤Τ⤷ʤ17椫ϰճȾʤ18ʹߡȤ櫓19ʹߤˤϡ͡ʸ̾ȤƤˡ졤ʸƤ롥ܤʬۤˤĤƤϡѸΥѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ʤOED ˤȡ1607ǯˤ vernaculous ȤηƻФƤꡤ17ˤѸȤʤäƤޤä褦ƤǤ㤬ǧ롥
ơvernacular ФΤ17κǽǯäȤ¤˶̣Ѥܤ뤳λϡɤαѸ줬衼åѤΰҿθǤƥɤĤȤ⤬ʤ顤¤˼ĤĤääѸ줬ɤθŪʽդˤơƥȤ¸ߴ̱ĥϤǤ롥ܤϡʲεȡ
#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])
#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])
#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1])
Ѹ줬դˤƻ̱褦Ȥ⤬ƤλĬήؤơϡֱѸˤˤظʸױư١פȸƤǤcf. #3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױưס ([2018-05-24-1])ˡܤΡָʸױưפϤƤ̾ǤϤ뤬ɤΤߤʤ餺衼åѤ¾ǤƱ褦Ĭήߤ줿ȤȤͤ碌ȡޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) ȤƤդ路ȤʤλˤĤƤϡᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤Τ˻䤬ɮ6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פΤʤǤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) Ȥ줿
Τ褦17ȾϡѸ줬ƥйƼƤȤư֤Ť졤ȿä vernacular ȤñѤϤΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ켫Τƥ줫μѸǤȤ⸫ƨƤϤʤʤѸϡޤǥƥΰҸˤʤäȼĤƤΤǤ롥#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) εκǸǽҤ٤Ȥ
ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥
#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1]) vernacular ΰ̣ˤĤƹͤѸ˽ƥƥ줫Ƴ줿ñϡ21Ѹ (world_englishes) ݤͤǥɤȤʤꤦ롥ϤäʱѸˤδŵŪ˥ƥˤФθʥɤŪѤ줿ѸˤȤƤαѸؤդѸ줳ĤƤΥƥΤ褦ʼҲŪ˰ҿĸȤʤäƤޤäƤΤǡˤäƤϱѸ vernacular ȸƤ֤Ȥʶȼ
δ餹ȡñȤƱѸؤ vernacular ϼ깤ΤĤѸȤʤʤǤǤ folk indigenous 褦ʤΤּ깤פн褹ˤϡñŪˡҤȤƤߤɬפ롥OED vernacular, adj. and n. ιäɤǤߤ *
θθ츻Ǥƥ vernāculus ϡѸˤ1601ǯˡֱѸǽʺȡˡפۤɤ̣ƻȤƼʸˤʸڤ롥
1601 Bp. W. Barlow Def. Protestants Relig. 2 A vernaculer pen-man..hauing translated them into English.
䤿ˤȤäƺǤפʸϡƤˡ OED 2aȤƼΤ褦˽Ф롥
2.
a. Of a language or dialect: That is naturally spoken by the people of a particular country or district; native, indigenous.
Usually applied to the native speech of a populace, in contrast to another or others acquired for commercial, social, or educative purposes; now frequently employed with reference to that of the working classes or the peasantry.
1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 149 This [sc. Welsh] is one of the fourteen vernacular and independent tongues of Europe.
θ塤٤17Ⱦ18ʹߤˤʤäơʸؤݽѤʤɤˤŬѤƤȤΥƥ vernāculus ηƤ˸¤餺Ūɽ魯ΤѤ줿ΤФơѸǤϼѤνˤϤȤ櫓ʼաˤ˸ꤷѤƤȤΤħŪǤ롥ߤǤ⡤εܤȤƤϸʳоݤƤΤѤΤΡŪˤϸȤδϢƻȤäƤ褤
ʤߤˡθפ̣̾ˡȤƤϡ18μ㤬ФǤ롥
a1706 J. Evelyn Hist. Relig. (1850) I. vii. 427 It is written in the Chaldæo-Syriac, which was..the vernacular of our Lord.
Τ褦˱ñȤƤ vernacular ˡϡؤμ夬ϡϤҿƥФҿʤѸȤޤˤä줬ޤҿɸ˱ѸȰҿʤɸˡιޤ۵ʸ̮Ѥ뤳ȤƤȤΤϡ̣ĹǤ롥
̡̾ȤΤԲĻ̾Ǥ English, French, Japanese Τ褦̵Ѥ롥ˤƤؤˤƤ⡤ƸΤʤ͡ѼˤȤȤϾQŪΤƤꡤƻ American English, Old French, written Japanese ʤɤȤɽ뤳ȤϰۤλȤʤäƤ롥ǫ˥ѥե졼ʤ an American variety of English, an ancient variety of French, a written variety of Japanese ʤɤȤʤǫʥե졼顤 variety of άΤ American English, Old French, written Japanese ʤɤɽȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
Τ褦ˡޤɽΥ硼ȥåȤȤȤ館ΤǤСʾ;Ϥʤ⤷ʤصξάɽˤʤEnglishes Τ褦ɽϡƤȯۤξˤȿǤ褦ȤȤˡ롥¤ Englishes ȤʣݥȤʤΤǤϤʤan English ȤŪñפʥݥȤʤΤǤ롥פ English βĻ̾첽Τ
American English British English 碌 two Englishes ɽǤ褦ˤʤäطʤˤϡ͡αѸѤž롥ޤǤ two varieties of English ȤϤǤ櫓ǡ varieties of ʤ two Englishes ȤɽäȤȤñ˷ѲȤƺѤޤǤϤʤǧѲؤäƤΤѸĻ̾ȲᤷʤȤΥѥȤ礭
OED English, adj. (and adv.) and n. II. 2. d ˤȡEnglish βĻ̾ȤƤν1910ǯ H. L. Mencken Ǥ롥ιƸ褦
d. As a count noun: a variety of English used in a particular context or (now esp.) a certain region of the world; (in plural) regional varieties of English considered together, often in contradistinction to the concept of English as a language with a single standard or correct form.
1910 H. L. Mencken in Evening Sun (Baltimore) 10 Oct. 6/8 (heading) The two Englishes.
1941 W. Barkley (title) Two Englishes; being some account of the differences between the spoken and the written English languages.
1964 Eng. Stud. 45 21 Many people side-step the recognition of a plurality of Englishes by such judgments as: 'Oh, that's not English, that's American.'
1978 J. Pride Communicative Needs in Learning & Use of Eng. 1 The role of literature in non-native Englishes may be focal.
1984 Eng. World-wide 5 248 An overview of some aspects of various Englishes suggesting areas of possible research.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 11 It was one of the first places to be settled in the Plantations; there's an English spoken there that's unique.
㤬ꥫѸ˴ؤ̾ The American Language 路㡼ʥꥹȡɾȤ H. L. Mencken ȤΤʤäꥫѸȥꥹѸ̤ΤȸƤ Mencken αѸѤ˾Ȥ餻Сब The two Englishes ɽȤϤޤäԻĤǤϤʤ鼪ä
OED ʸӤΥϤ뤫⤷ʤؽѻ俷ʹȤΥǥΰѤ¿褦˸롥English βĻ̾ȤƤˡѸ츦ȤؽŪʸ̮ǻȤϤ졤줬İ̤ˤäƤȤɤ뤳ȤǤ
Englishes Τ褦ʣѤ롤ȤѸѤѲμ郎Ƥ顤100;ǯ¿ʤȤΤƤΤΡޤȤƳؽѤʬѤˤʤüˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɤդƤΤäƤ
#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡס ([2021-10-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBeowulf ܤȤΥƥȤϡ"myth of the longevity of English" ϽФΩΤ˹ƤʸŪʺ˴Ťơ700ǯȿꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤѸȱʸؤŪȱӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤ʸŪ˳Ĵι⤤ȤäƤϡäƤĤȤʤ롥
Beowulf βͤƭΡֿáפ줿Τϡ19äȤդɬפǤ롥ʤλäΤʤ㤨ХؤϤޤä16ʤɤǤϤʤäΤWatts (52) ϡ줬19ŪʸݤǤ뤳ȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
As a whole the longevity of English myth, consisting of the ancient language myth and the unbroken tradition myth, was a nineteenth-century phenomenon that lasted almost till the end of the twentieth century. The need to establish a linguistic pedigree for English was an important discourse archive within the framework of the growth of the nation-state and the Age of Imperialism. In the face of competition from other European languages, particularly French, it was perhaps necessary to construct English as a Kultursprache, and one way to do this was to trace English to its earliest texts.
üŪˤСꥹϡꥹΰҿгŪ˷뤿ˡξħǤѸȤ줬Ĺͭ뤳ȤäƼɬפäȤȤŪ§ΩӤ OED Ի⡤19ʸ̮ΤʤǤȤ館ɬפcf. #3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])ˡ
16ˤϡˤޤΤ褦ưŤ¸ߤƤʤä16Υɤˤ̤δؿäϡإ7ˤäƳ줿ФΥƥ塼ī˸ҤŤ뤫ƥإ8ˤäΩ줿ѹ뤫ȤȤäŪΤˡΥޥīŤˡꥹȶʸŵˡΧѸȤǽƤȤŪ¤Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥ塼īϤȤ櫓פɤ֤ƤǤ뤫顤ŪʥƥȤΰˤϿŤäBeowulf Τ褦̱²ΥƥȤˤϡŪˤäƤۤɤδؿʤäȤ櫓Watts (52) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The dominant discourse archive at this particular moment of conjunctural time [= the sixteenth century] was religious. It was the struggle to assert Protestantism after the break with the Church of Rome that determined the focus on religious, legal, constitutional and historical texts of the Anglo-Saxon era. The Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century sustained this dominant discourse and relegated interest in the longevity of the language and the poetic value of texts like Beowulf till a much later period.
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
ܸѤ֥եȥ˥åפȤϡ֥ǤפǤ뤫Τ褦˰̤ˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤñȤƤ photogenic ϤǤ¸ߤSNS Ȥǥоˤäƿ̿ޤ졤ܸǤޤäȤȤ֥եȥ˥åפ photogenic θߤˡˤĤƤϡǯ56˥åפ줿ˤ륳ƥ֥եȥ˥åʥĤ photogenic ʥǥǼ夲Ƥꡤƻ#4393. ޤ false friends --- photogenic ȡ֥եȥ˥åס ([2021-05-07-1]) ɽ
OED ˤȡñȤƤ photogenic photographic ʼ̿ʽѡˤΡˤƱȤ1835ǯ˽ФƤ롥μפʸǤּ̤̿Τ褤פȤƤνϡ٤1922ǯΤȤǤ롥OED ȤƤ "Originally U.S. Of a person or thing: that is a good subject for photography; that shows to advantage in a photograph or film." Ȥ롥ꥫ1922ǯΤȡ "film" Ȥ⤢Τǡϥϥꥦåɤ̵Dzĺ뤷ȯŸ̵طʤϤϤʤ¤ˤϡּ̤̿Τ褤פȤֱDz̤Τ褤פΤۤ˶ᤫäΤǤϤʤȵʤ롥ºݡRoom ΰ̣Ѳŵˤ photogenic ικǸ˼ΥȤߤĤ
The modern popular meaning, 'photographing attractively', evolved in the United States in the 1920s, especially in connection with the cinema. In recent use, the word is often little more than a synonym for 'good-looking', or at most as a synonym for 'handsome'(of a male) or 'pretty as a picture' (of a female).
photogenic ȤñȿϡѸǤܸǤ⡤Ȥ櫓Фʤ뿷ǥоȤȤ˱ɤƤȤ롥100ǯۤɤλϤΤΡζϤȤƤⶽ̣
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ε#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ餤 (cf. #3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])ˡϱѸ˵Ҥ˴ؤ뾮ȹͤƤ뤬ʤäΤ
Hendriks (1660) ˤСᾮɾƤͳ1ĤȤơɽȤϽ줬ѸȶǤꡤġñθ츻꤬ǤŦƤ롥ѶŪ˥ͳǤȽǤʤ¤ꡤѸǤȤݼŪȽǤͥ褵Τ̵̤ȤѸˤϤޤäƱѸ¸ߤȤǤʾ塤ˤƶεŸ뤳Ȥ餫˱ѸȤϰۼθ츻ǤȽ䤹եʤơ٤ǤťΥɸˤ٤СϳΤǤ롥
[C]ontributions from the Scandinavian and French languages to the lexicon of English, for example, are discussed in terms of certainty, whereas contributions from the closely related varieties of "Low Dutch" or "Low German" are couched in terms of "probably" or "possibly" or are simply not discussed.
ʾ Hendriks ĴƤΤϡαѸˤɸŪͽطʤ˲ "purist language ideologies" (1659) Ǥ롥Hendriks ϤۤɲʪƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ̤ȤƤŪʱѸ˵ҤФ붯ǿȽȤʤäƤȤäƤ褤ܤ٤ͤȻפ
Hendriks ϵ2˹ʤäƤ롥1ĤϡOED ʸإƥнŤؤȽǤ롥OED ŪˡѸˤʣκ "macaronic" ʥƥȤȤƽƤºݤˤϡΤ褦ʼŪǸŪʥƥȤޤ˥ʤɤοƳηƤ⤷ʤȤOED ˤǧʤäȤȤǤʤܲԻ3ǤˤƤϤDzȤȤ Hendriks (1669) ȤڤƤˡ
⤦1ĤϾ嵭ȤϢ뤬OED ϸɸѸϢʤѸѼˤƤƤʤäȤŦ줫μѸϡषɸѸ줫æ쥸㤨оʬ̾ʬ "macaronic" ʥ쥸ǤƤꤵ뤬OED ʤѸˤɸŪͽǤϡΤ褦ɸŪʥ쥸ϤޤȤ˰ƤʤäHendriks (1662) ۩
Non-literary sources such as macaronic business writings, however, may be more likely to reflect the vernacular of London than the more pure literary texts selected to compile the atlas. Given the literary emphasis in the OED and the LALME, the range of topics which appear in these sources may be considerably restricted. The consequence of this is that entire semantic fields --- such as those pertaining to industrial or commercial relations, that is, fields where the significant contribution of Low Dutch to the English lexicon would be observed --- remain undocumented.
ˡѸʹߤ˸¤СOED "Standard English" ʳΥڻ뤷ƤȤ¤Ŧʤ
פˡѸ줬¸ߴƤϤΥ쥸OED ɮƬȤɸŪեΥˤϴޤޤƤʤäȤȤʤΤϡѸˤ historiography ˤܼŪȸ虜ʤ
Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
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