hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2023-02-08

■ #5035. 1900年以降の -ism 語 [neologism][word_formation][oed][suffix][productivity][lexicography]

　「#5031. 接尾辞 -ism の起源と発達」 ([2023-02-04-1])，「#5033. 接尾辞 -ism の多義性」 ([2023-02-06-1]) で接尾辞 (suffix) としての -ism に焦点を当ててきた．生産性 (productivity) の高い接尾辞として紹介してきたが，具体的には最近どのような -ism 語が現われてきているのだろうか．OED より1900年以降に初出した -ism 新語を抜き出してみた．全体で724単語が挙がった．10年刻みで一覧してみる．

［　1900年代 (1900--1909)：135単語　］

antidisestablishmentarianism, Big Brotherism, cultism, expansionism, heterotrophism, hyperthyroidism, maraboutism, meningism, middle-of-the-roadism, muckerism, Mu'tazilism, neopositivism, neuroticism, Old Testamentism, pentamerism, prostatism, spoonerism, structurism, thanatism, thigmotropism, divisionism, imperativism, motorism, pan-Europeanism, piezomagnetism, productivism, pyromagnetism, Sivaism, sociologism, tabloidism, antilogism, chronotropism, gargoylism, interactionism, ladronism, mescalism, multimodalism, Oblomovism, ogreism, pacifism, pan-Buddhism, seismism, tactism, theoreticism, transitivism, chemotactism, favism, Fletcherism, hippomobilism, homoeothermism, homosexualism, intimism, luminarism, macroseism, Marconism, Mendelianism, Mendelism, neo-Confucianism, osmatism, physogastrism, poikilothermism, polychromism, practicism, preferentialism, racism, stand-pattism, supernationalism, syntonism, aniconism, cryptomerism, Deweyism, ecologism, geneticism, katamorphism, manism, mascotism, microbism, monoclinism, nounism, pan-Africanism, pan-Asiaticism, thermochromism, hypothyroidism, luminism, neurotropism, Nietzscheanism, nomism, pan-Asianism, Parnassianism, Prometheanism, Pygmalionism, quattrocentism, vicinism, Victorianism, Addisonism, champagne socialism, ethnocentrism, hereditarianism, millennialism, new realism, nyctinastism, pismirism, post-classicism, reluctantism, immanentism, immoralism, inhumanism, reactionaryism, reincarnationism, suffragettism, syndicalism, Syrism, Christocentrism, deductivism, expressionism, ingotism, neo-realism, pacificism, Pan-Turkism, rotativism, substitutionalism, super-individualism, theriomorphism, vagrantism, xenophobism, cameralism, heurism, innatism, maximalism, neo-Aristotelianism, oculism, Porro prism, protagonism, Uranianism, voltinism

［　1910年代：103単語　］

adrenalism, conservationism, hypoparathyroidism, perspectivism, pithiatism, post-Impressionism, pre-animism, Sillonism, alloerotism, Cubism, factualism, Georgianism, inspirationalism, masculinism, Ottomanism, Rotarianism, autism, clientelism, eunuchoidism, imagism, marginalism, mobilism, mutationism, orthomorphism, selectionism, Synchromism, transvestitism, trichotomism, Acmeism, apotropaism, behaviourism/behaviorism, monophyletism, moronism, neo-imperialism, taurodontism, Theravadism, transvestism, Zapatism, pansexualism, phobism, postmodernism, supermanism, Thespianism, vorticism, zabernism, Balkanism, consumerism, distributism, Hohenzollernism, homoeroticism, lawyerism, new federalism, polyarchism, rurbanism, Simultaneism, bushism, denationalism, homoerotism, moanism, monenergism, multilingualism, neo-nationalism, pan-Turanianism, Pelmanism, presentism, Russellism, Schoenbergism, Boloism, Bolshevism, defeatism, environmentalism, hyperparathyroidism, indigenism, mathematicism, Mondism, Montessorianism, non-interventionism, pan-Indianism, pan-Turanism, philism, anorchidism, Dadaism, defencism/defensism, diffusionism, Fordism, Leninism, neo-Marxism, preventionism, Rasputinism, surdimutism, biomechanism, culturalism, hegemonism, inflationism, Lukanism, multi-partyism, pan-Arabism, panchromatism, paroicism, predictionism, sadomasochism, social imperialism, unanimism

［　1920年代：111単語　］

gangsterism, Kemalism, Menshevism, mid-Victorianism, mosaicism, Moscowism, myrmecophytism, photoperiodism, predatism, retreatism, servomechanism, fascism, futilitarianism, Mennonitism, New Zealandism, pastism, polycratism, Suprematism, abstract expressionism, adaptationalism, ameliorism, anarcho-syndicalism, Couéism, existentialism, finitism, introspectionism, isolationism, Menckenism, metapsychism, nabism, neoprimitivism, Poplarism, Rayonism, romanticalism, Sitwellism, allelism, neo-Communism, Nordicism, parkinsonism, peyotism, porphyrism, robotism, Tubism, constructionism, constructivism, fictionalism, MacDonaldism, Marranoism, Mussolinism, neo-Freudianism, nondeterminism, paragrammatism, peripheralism, Pollyannaism, redemptivism, voyeurism, Babbittism, configurationism, enantiomerism, Hattism, hyperurbanism, Pirandellism, puerilism, reductionism, Sun Yat-senism, Trotskyism, boosterism, conformism, diachronism, holism, liturgism, mechanomorphism, mycetism, squadrism, totalitarianism, unilateralism, Yiddishism, alloeroticism, choralism, contortionism, diatonism, homoism, Machism, minimalism, monolithism, occupationalism, Petrarchanism, pleiotropism, Praedism, providentialism, sexationalism, Stalinism, surrealism, Buchmanism, dispensationalism, Eonism, mesomerism, multilateralism, normativism, stylism, Undinism, welfarism, wholism, bovarism, contextualism, exceptionalism, foodism, market fundamentalism, Marxism-Leninism, productionism, situationism

［　1930年代：90単語　］

corporativism, hyphenism, metakinetism, National Socialism, Nazism, neocapitalism, neo-modalism, operationalism, social fascism, diatonicism, dirty realism, no-Goddism, pentatonism, post-communism, presenteeism, privatism, substantivism, bruxism, conciliarism, connectionism, Narodnikism, neo-Gothicism, polytypism, Rooseveltism, biocentrism, careerism, escapism, magic realism, Marxism, mesomorphism, New Dealism, nice nellyism, socialist realism, elitism, extrinsicism, inhibitionism, monophysism, Morganism, rightism, transvesticism, trilingualism, descriptivism, Edwardianism, Jocism, linearism, male chauvinism, Neo-plasticism, nothing-but-ism, operationism, quadrupedalism, rheomorphism, spatialism, thingism, Zenonism, conspiratorialism, Cubo-Futurism, Goldwynism, microprism, Miltonicism, non-objectivism, non-racialism, polyphyletism, Rexism, shitticism, apoliticism, Blimpism, Bukharinism, Caodaism, logicism, Marxist-Leninism, neocatastrophism, pandiatonicism, pentaprism, cultural Marxism, Francoism, narcism, nemesism, partitionism, photojournalism, pronatalism, pseudoallelism, sanctionism, blondism, Chamberlainism, essentialism, kineticism, neo-traditionalism, precisionism, verificationism, vicariism

［　1940年代：58単語　］

ahistoricism, photoisomerism, post-humanism, semanticism, technologism, megadontism, New Criticism, Pétainism, preservationism, Vansittartism, capitulationism, managerialism, momism, patrimonialism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, chemoautotrophism, do-goodism, globalism, identitarianism, neo-fascism, passéism, pranksterism, againstism, ethnophaulism, multinationalism, critical rationalism, eliminationism, veganism, lettrism, Peronism, reductivism, supremacism, dynamicism, microphonism, Titoism, Afghanistanism, ecumenism, emotivism, ferrimagnetism, Lysenkoism, magmatism, Messalianism, neo-Nazism, one-worldism, prescriptivism, rejectionism, resistentialism, tailism, white supremacism, immobilism, justicialism, Levantinism, marhaenism, Michurinism, Palamism, Panglossism, restrictivism, tectonism

［　1950年代：68単語　］

abstract impressionism, Atlanticism, Gaullism, judgementalism/judgmentalism, majoritarianism, Maoism, Marrism, McCarthyism, multiracialism, Narodnism, ouvrierism, psychoticism, Bevanism, neo-isolationism, photochromism, revanchism, troilism, amensalism, kleptoparasitism, neocolonialism, Nixonism, Nicodemism, obsessionalism, transsexualism, workerism, Butskellism, Islamicism, multi-partism, neo-Stalinism, retributivism, skollyism, tripartism, alternativism, morphism, neo-Gaullism, postcolonialism, Poujadism, ad hocism, Anglocentrism, diffeomorphism, ebullism, Europocentrism, Mendèsism, Nasserism, patternism, polycentrism, superparamagnetism, breatharianism, hipsterism, Khrushchevism, monoglacialism, multiculturalism, neo-expressionism, Parkinsonism, spiralism, transhumanism, Zhdanovism, archaeomagnetism, outsiderism, pentatonicism, televangelism, Antikythera mechanism, disimperialism, ethnonationalism, Fidelism, macrodactylism, nannyism, proceduralism

［　1960年代：64単語　］

Castroism, Goldwaterism, moderationism, multiregionalism, neo-Dadaism, Nkrumahism, nuclearism, supremism, Asiacentrism, audio-lingualism, compressionism, Kennedyism, neo-behaviourism/neo-behaviorism, neo-Keynesianism, non-ism, permissivism, photorealism, mycomysticism, mycoparasitism, prescriptionism, splittism, tokenism, entrism, neo-Pentecostalism, Parsonianism, polyphenism, Rachmanism, aleatorism, allosterism, androcentrism, credentialism, Montaignism, neuterism, triumphalism, dysmorphism, Eurocentrism, generativism, parajournalism, Powellism, renewalism, symphonism, transgenderism, entryism, neo-modernism, Paisleyism, paramilitarism, Popperism, Reaganism, McLuhanism, monetarism, Naderism, Olympism, Pinterism, polysomatism, auteurism, incrementalism, madrigalism, Panglossianism, workaholism, ageism, anarcho-capitalism, consequentialism, gravitropism, yobbism

［　1970年代　53単語　］

migrationism, Naxalism, Orwellism, spontaneism, tropicalism, heightism, logocentrism, multidialectalism, panselectionism, posthumanism, post-minimalism, sizeism, Afrocentrism, heterosexism, new historicism, O'Neillism, phonocentrism, polyglacialism, processualism, supersessionism, Velikovskianism, eliminativism, polystylism, stabilism, monoculturalism, neurotrophism, ockerism, preparationism, Mobutuism, multiculturism, phallocentrism, phallogocentrism, post-structuralism, speciesism, bioregionalism, ecocentrism, Eurocommunism, post-materialism, pre-modernism, social constructionism, Lacanianism, macromutationism, punctuationism, trendyism, lookism, Manhattanism, me-ism, nutritionism, whataboutism, computationalism, machoism, Mitterrandism, reliabilism

［　1980年代：29単語　］

Bushism, ecofeminism, neo-conceptualism, neosemanticism, originalism, popism, ableism, rockism, social constructivism, ecotourism, post-feminism, mimeticism, yuppieism, conspiracism, eco-socialism, shopaholism, post-Fordism, short-termism, cryovolcanism, fattism, long-termism, New Ageism, Euroscepticism/Euroskepticism, Islamofascism, Majorism, Norman Rockwellism, negaholism, phoenixism, techno-shamanism

［　1990年代　8単語　］

Extropianism, voluntourism, Afrofuturism, Blairism, slacktivism, turntablism, hacktivism, Stuckism

［　2000年代：5単語　］

craftivism, lactivism, disaster capitalism, cissexism, clicktivism

　数としてみれば20世紀前半がピークで，その後は減ってきているようにみえる．OED の編纂上の都合で，古い年代のほうが残されている資料を渉猟するのに費やしてきた時間が長く，多くの新語を見つけ出しやすいという事情はあるかもしれない．一方，最新の新語については選定という編纂過程が介入している可能性もある．そのような点を考慮した上で，この OED に基づく -ism 新語の一覧を評価する必要があるだろう．
　そうだとしても，20世紀前半という激動の時代に -ism の嵐が吹き荒れたことは興味深い．20世紀後半以降の漸減は，すでに出るべきものは出きってしまい，-ism に食傷気味となった世相を反映しているとみることもできそうだ．あるいは，近年，何でもかんでも -ism を付加するようになってしまったために，OED の編集部も採用するのに疲れてしまった，ということかもしれない．
　-ism 語の一覧，皆さんはどう読みますか？

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