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2021-10-31 Sun

#4570. ѸˤϹ⹻ѸοؽƳΤˤɾƤ [hel_education][elt][world_englishes][standardisation]

Ѹ춵ѸˤγǤϤΤƤ뤳Ȥʿ30ǯ2018ǯˤ˹𼨤줿ֹعؽƳΡʿ30ǯ𼨡˲⡡ԡѸԡʿ30ǯ7ǤϡѸˤνɾƤ롥⹻ˤѸʤΤ뿷ƳΤˤơѸˤ䤬äǧƤȤȤ  *
31ᡡƳײθפ7 (214--15) ˼Τ褦ʸ롥

7˸ǽϤθޤ顤ưʤɤˤƹʤϢȤޤꡤƳθ̤ȤȤˡܸȱѸθäɽŸʤɤΰ㤤䶦˵դطʤˤˤʸʤɤФ򤬿褦פ򤹤뤳ȡ


ܸѸطʤˤˤʸפؤ¥ˤϡܸˤѸˤθȤȤǤ롥θˡΤ褦񤭤³ (215)

θϡǽϤθ夬عˤؤӤμ䡤ΤˤǽϤΰ˴ؤפʲǤȤʿ28ǯ12鿳IJ˴ŤʤλƳƤȤΤĤʤˤĤƽҤ٤ΤǤ롥
춵ȱѸ춵ϡؽоݤȤʤϰۤʤ뤬˸ǽϤθܻؤΤǤ뤿ᡤ̤ƳƤƳˡ򰷤̤롥ƳعˤƻƳƤƳˡŬڤϢȤ뤳ȤˤäơѸ춵̤ܸħ˵դꡤ춵̤ƱѸħ˵դꤹʤɡܸȱѸθȤƤζͭħؤεդ¥ȤˤꡤǽϤθŪʰˤĤʤƤȤפǤ롥


ܸȱѸθȤƤζͭħؤεդפ¥ȤϡޤܤˤƱѸؤѸˤôäƤǤ⤢롥
ˡ32ᡡƤμ谷äƤθפ4ܤ (217)

4˸ɸŪʱѸˤ뤳ȡ͡ʱѸ줬Ū˹ߥ˥μʤȤƻȤƤ֤ˤθ뤳ȡ


ɸѸȤȤˡѸ (world_englishes) ¸ߤˤդʧ٤ȤƤ롥͡ʱѸ줬¸ߤºŤ٤Ǥ뤳ȤϡѸˤ̤ƺǤŪ򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥򺣤αѸ˸ˤơѸؤδؿޤäƤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#4558. ѸˤѸ ([2021-10-19-1]) ʤɤǤ⿨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥
33ᡡˤĤƤθפ2ˤϡľŪ˱Ѹˤ˴ؤʸǧ (219)

2˱ѸѤƤ͡濴Ȥοܿͤ͡衤¯ʪ졤ˡʸʳؤʤɤ˴ؤΤ椫顤̤ȯãʳ䶽̣ؿ¨ŬڤŪ˼夲ΤȤδθ뤳ȡ̸ά


Τ褦˱ѸˤϡؽƳΤˤɾƤꡤפ䤬ǧƤ뤳ȤĴƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-18-1] [2021-11-01-1]

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2021-10-30 Sat

#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ [pragmatics][semantics][speech_act][cognitive_linguistics][performative_hypothesis][conjunction][conceptual_metaphor]

because ͳɽ魯äȤ̤³ŪѻƤߤȡɽ蘆Ƥͳμˤ͡ʤΤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ǰ̴طůؤĤϤʤǧθؤδ˹ʤäƹͻƤߤǤ⡤3϶̤ǤSweetser (77) ʸ󤲤褦

(1) John came back because he loved her.
(2) John loved her, because he came back.
(3) What are you doing tonight, because there's a good movie on.

3ʸˤ because ɽ魯ͳμ餫˰ۤʤ롥(1) ϤäȤ̤ǡΰ̴طɽ蘆Ƥ롥ΤȤ򰦤Ƥ饸äƤΤ򲾤ˡָɤߡפȸƤǤ
(2) because ϡΰ̴طɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäƤΤȤͳǥ򰦤褦ˤʤäȤɤߤΩʤʸθȤȤϡäƤΤȤ򺬵Ȥƥ򰦤ƤΤüԤäȤȤbecause ϡüԤΰŤ뺬ȤʤäƤ롥μݤǤȤʸĥС"I conclude that John loved her, because he came back." ۤɤȤʤ򲾤ˡǧɤߡפȸƤǤ
(3) ϡ᤬̿ɽ魯ʿʸǤʤʸʤΤǡbecause 餫̿ФͳǤȲ᤹뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤֺղƤ롩פȻ䤬ҤͤƤͳϡDz褬ǤƤ뤫ǤꡤDzͶȻפäƤ뤫ȤʸĥС"I am asking you what you are doing tonight, because there's a good movie on." ۤɤȤʤ롥᤬ɽ魯ȯù԰ (speech_act) ԤʤäƤͳ because ʲǼƤ櫓򲾤ˡȯù԰ɤߡפȸƤǤ
3ʸˤ because ᤬餫ͳɽ路ƤȤϤäƤ⡤ͳ°˱ơָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯù԰ɤߡפȳơۤʤΤǤ롥3ĤΥѥɤȹͤƤ褤because 3ĤԤˤƳƤ³Ǥꡤθ𤻤˻ȤʤƤüԤޤ3ĤԤˤƸĤǤΤǤ롥

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

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2021-10-29 Fri

#4568. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ12ֻ̱̿ȿפ򽪤ޤ --- ˤƥ꡼λ [asacul][notice][history][link][slide]

1023ڡ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻12ֻ̱̿ȿס̤ȥ饤Ȥ߹碌ϥ֥åɷdz֤ޤ2ǯۤ˳ϤֱѸˤȸ츻ץ꡼κǽȤȤǤȤ꤭뤳ȤǤޤüԤīΥåդγΤǤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϡ̿Ӥä奢īλ塤ۤܤޤޤ17˾Ƥޤͥ󥹤Ǯᡤ̿ǹӤ줿ʤ⡤ΤħŤ줿ѸλʸȯŸƤޤλλʸϡ䤿ˤȤäƤʤ˸Ū˸ޤȤ櫓ŸλʸʸΤϡ䤿ˤȤäƿȶΤäƤѸʸϤȤޤ
ơѸ줽ΤΤ⤰ȸ˶ŤƤޤλޤǤֻɸಽϤʤٿʤǤޤʸˡŪˤ㤨еʸʸˤ do λѤʤɡŪŪ§Ωޤ
17ȾФ18ƬˤơѸ륢ǥߡΩؤδؿޤޤ1712ǯˤλߤܺäȡʸ塤ؿޤޤߤ˻ޤDZѸ쥢ǥߡʤΤ¸ߤʤΤϡΤȤܺääƤޤѸ줬21ǥߡԺߤɤȤʤΤȤʤΤθŪǤ⡤17αѸ򤷤ƤȤϽפǤ
ιֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸ޤΤǡʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤʤɤˤɤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻12ֻ̱̿ȿ
2. 12󡡻̱̿ȿ
3. ܼ
4. Ϣǯɽ
5. 1. 奢īȻ̱̿ --- ̳̿̾̿
6. 2. ͥ󥹤Ǯ̿ŴΤ
7. 3. Ѹλ̱ȥǥߡΩλ
8. 4. 17αѸܤ٤
9. 5. ѸŸܳŪ˳
10. ޤȤ
11. ʸ
12. 1ե󥷥١ؿɮ (Essays, 1597) ܤˤĤơ
13. 2ߥ奨롦ԡץ (Diary, 1825) 1665ǯΥڥȤ˴ؤ뵭Ͽ

ֱѸˤȸ츻ץ꡼ϤˤƽλǤ̤ǹֺ¤򳫤ͽǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-12-1]

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2021-10-28 Thu

#4567. ˡưκỤ̄ǧỤ̄Ʊ路Ƥͳ [auxiliary_verb][modality][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change][conceptual_metaphor][metaphor]

#4564. ˡưκỤ̄ǧỤ̄ ([2021-10-25-1]) ˰³ˡư2ĤˡˤĤơmay ˼ȡ?Ƥ褤פȤĤɽ魯Ụ̄ȡ?⤷ʤפȤǽɽ魯ǧỤ̄롥2Ĥΰ̣ϤʤƱ路ƤΤ
ˤĤƤϱѸؤǤ͡ʬϤƤʤƤSweetser ǧΰ̣˴Ť⤬ܤ롥ˤȡmay κỤ̄ϡּҲʪˤŪʾ㳲ʤפȤȤǤ롥㤨 John may go. ֥ϤäƤ褤פϡŪˡ֥󤬹ԤȤˤŪʾ㳲ʤפ̣롥ۤʤо㳲Ƥ뤫⤷ʤǤϤΤ褦ʾ㳲ʤȤȤ
may ǧỤ̄ϡǧˤŪʾ㳲ʤפȤȤǤ롥㤨СJohn may be there. ֥Ϥˤ뤫⤷ʤפϡǧŪʴ֥󤬤ˤȤˤŪʾ㳲ʤפ̣롥ߤμμ˴ŤСΤ褦˿뤳ȤǤ롤ȤȤ
ĤޤꡤҲʪˤŪʾ㳲ʤפǧοˤŪʾ㳲ʤפ˥ޥåԥ󥰤ƤȤΤξԤϡʲΤ褦ƱΥ᡼ޤ˴ŤƲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤŪʾ㳲ʤ鱦̤ȴȤ᡼

              
              
              
              
              
              
      ġġġġġġġġĢ
              
              

Sweetser (60) ϤΥ᡼ޤι¤ˤĤơΤ褦롥

1. In both the sociophysical and the epistemic worlds, nothing prevents the occurrence of whatever is modally marked with may; the chain of events is not obstructed.
2. In both the sociophysical and the epistemic worlds, there is some background understanding that if things were different, something could obstruct the chain of events. For example, permission or other sociophysical conditions could change; and added premises might make the reasoner reach a different conclusion.


ʬϤ must can ʤɡỤ̄ǧỤ̄¾ˡưˤŬѤǤ롥must ˤĤƤ Sweetser (64) βˤꡤ䴰줿

. . . I propose that the root-modal meanings can be extended metaphorically from the "real" (sociophysical) world to the epistemic world. In the real world, the must in a sentence such as "John must go to all the department parties" is taken as indicating a real-world force imposed by the speaker (and/or by some other agent) which compels the subject of the sentence (or someone else) to do the action (or bring about its doing) expressed in the sentence. In the epistemic world the same sentence could be read as meaning "I must conclude that it is John's habit to go to the department parties (because I see his name on the sign-up sheet every time, and he's always out on those nights)." Here must is taken as indicating an epistemic force applied by some body of premises (the only thing that can apply epistemic force), which compels the speaker (or people in general) to reach the conclusion embodied in the sentence. This epistemic force is the counterpart, in the epistemic domain, of a forceful obligation in the sociophysical domain. The polysemy between root and epistemic senses is thus seen (as suggested above) as the conventionalization, for this group of lexical items, of a a metaphorical mapping between domains.


Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-05-1]

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2021-10-27 Wed

#4566. heldio ǸűѸȸűѸû˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ10ʬ2 [notice][hel_education][oe][heldio][link][masanyan]

Ⱥ2֡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǸűѸʴˤĶϤƤޤ10ʬ2ûΤǤαѸΤäƤ뤱ɤŤѸϤޤäơȤ¿˸ơűѸȤϤɤʻʤΤűѸȤϤɤʸʤΤˤĤơ٤ꤷƤޤ



ָűѸäƤɤʻ塩ǤϡѸλϤޤ꤫⤭ơѸˤλʬƸűѸȤ5?12Υ󥰥ɤˤĤơ­Ȥꤴޤ
̡űѸ٤ΤޤˤȡűѸäƤɤʸ졩ǤϡܽθűѸ YouTuber Ǥޤˤȥեޥ̤̤ơűѸȤħҲ𤷤ޤ
ʤߤˡǶޤˤ֤ޤˤͥˤơ꡼űѸŪŸƤޤ heldio ̤ϸűѸĶΤߤǽäƤޤΤǡؿäϤűѸǶŪʸűѸ˥ƥȤ˿ƤߤƤʤܥ֥Ǥ1ǯȾۤˡ#4005. 饤Ρ֤ޤˤͥ --- Ѹˤδñؤ֡ ([2020-04-14-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ƥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-18-1]

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2021-10-26 Tue

#4565. ⹻˶ʽʱѸǡˤɤʸפȡʸפΰ㤤 [history][literacy]

ܤι⹻˶ʽαǤǤƤ롥̼ҤȻǼҤΤΤäƤ뤬ȤƤ⤪⤷ˤζܤǤ뤳ȤϤܸȤƤΤäƤΤ˱Ѹ⤫ǤʤѸ줬󤢤ꡤؤٶˤʤ롥⹻Τߤʤ餺ïˤȤäƤ12ܤؤ٤륹ѡȤäƤ褤ʸȤƤʿפǤ롥
¼οƽˤΡرѸɤ⹻ˡ١ʹ̼ҡ2017ǯˤƬ1ϡʸʸפˤĤơαѸǹ⹻ˤβʬ䤹

Civilizations and Cultures

   In ancient times, people of the West Asia started to live together in cities surrounded by walls with sundried bricks or stones, because of a dry climate and barren land. In the cities, people processed various natural materials and made their lives more comfortable. They also invented irrigated agriculture, metal ware and vehicles. In addition to this, philosophies and religions were created, and massive architectural buildings were constructed. Thus, the oldest civilization was established.
   From the beginning, civilisations were created being independent of or in conflict with, the natural environment.
   Therefore, they could spread beyond the difference of environments. On the other hand, cultures were the lifestyles made by the relations between humans and natural environments. In other words, each area has its own culture suitable for its environment. Relationships between humans and nature have made unique landscapes. It is difficult for a culture to spread beyond its own environment. Thus, the cultures were thought to be inferior to the civilizations. Since the end of the 20th century, however, the meaning of natural environments began to be reconsidered.


ʸʸˤĤƤʸؤǤ͡Ω줬ꡤ嵭1ĤθǤ뤳Ȥա㤨Сإ֥꥿˥ɴʻŵ2015٤ˤСʸפȤϼ̤ꡥ

ʸƱѤ뤳Ȥ¿ꥫꥹοؤǤϡäˤ̤ҲפȤˤơʣʼҲʸ򤵤ƺŪѤƤʤȤˡΧ¸ߤʸݽѤʤɤŪȯãƤҲʸҲȤ롥ǤϡԻԲʸνͭʸδǤȤƶ̵̤ʸ (ʸ) ҲˤʸθѤؼԤ¿ΩǤʸʸΰ̳֡ǰȤ롥ޤɥ̱²ؤʸҲؤǤϡŪʤΤȼŪʤΤ̤ۤ뤿εѤˤʪŪºŪˤΤʸ켫Τβͤ¸ŪŪˤΤʸȤ뷹롥


ʸν̵ͭͭ뤤 literacy ̵ͭפװȤʤȤФơ#3118. ̵ʸҲ˽ҡ ([2017-11-09-1]) Ǥߤ뤳ȤˤդƤ

¼ οƽˡرѸɤ⹻ Japanese high school textbook of the WORLD HISTORY١̼ҡ2017ǯ
 ˡ ʡʴƽˡWORLD HISTORY for High School ʸˡ١Ǽҡ2019ǯ

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2021-10-25 Mon

#4564. ˡưκỤ̄ǧỤ̄ [auxiliary_verb][modality][cognitive_linguistics][semantic_change][unidirectionality][conceptual_metaphor][metaphor]

must, may, can ʤɤˡư (auxiliary_verb) ˤϡỤ̄ (root sense) ǧỤ̄ (epistemic sense) Ȥ롥̻ŪˤǧŪˤԤԤΤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤŪ (root) ȾΤ뤬ǽܤе̳Ụ̄ (deontic sense) ôäƤȤäƤ褤
must ˼Сʸ (1) Ρ?ʤФʤʤפŪʤ뤤ϵ̳Ū˰̣Ǥꡤʸ (2) Ρ?ˤʤפǧỤ̄ȤȤˤʤ (Sweetser 49)

(1) John must be home by ten; Mother won't let him stay out any later.
(2) John must be home already; I see his coat.


ŪˤСỤ̄ϸε̳ġǽϤɽ路ǧỤ̄Ͽˤɬǽɽ魯Sweetser (51) ̤ѸǤС줾 "sociophysical domain" "epistemic domain" ˴ط롥츫ƴطƤȤϻפʤ2Ĥΰ衦ؤθڤƱˡưˤäƤʤƤΤ϶̣
ºݡѸ˸¤餺¿θˤơỤ̄ǧỤ̄ξĸ줬ѻ롥²Ϥ󡤥ࡤեԥ󡤥ɥޥ䡤ե󡦥νǤݤǧ롥⡤ŪԤԤȤ (unidirectionality) ζߤcf. #1980. Ѳ ([2014-09-28-1]))
Ȥȡ϶ǤϤʤ餫ưŤȤȤˤʤǧθؤǤϡ"sociophysical domain" "epistemic domain" δ֤Υ᥿եȤ褦Ȥ롥ΰ̴طǧΰ̴ط˥ޥåԥ󥰤̡Ụ̄ǧỤ̄ΤȤǤ롥

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-05-1] [2021-10-28-1]

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2021-10-24 Sun

#4563. OALD10 ѥ [dictionary][lexicography][notice][elt]

ǯǤ줿ѱѼ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English 10 (= OALD10) ˤĤơʲε񤤤Ƥ

#4518. OALD10 ѸΥ졼٥15 ([2021-09-09-1])
#4520. Oxford 3000, Oxford 5000, OPAL θá ([2021-09-11-1])
#4533. OALD10 դ¥ƤƱָΰ ([2021-09-24-1])

ꤷƤʤ٤¿ε˺Τʤꥪ饤ǤʤȤ褦ˤƤ뤬Ϥ䡤Ȥ˿ʲƤʤȤݤǤ롥Ȥ櫓饤ǤǤϡδܵǽϤ󡤥ʤɤαѵǽѤǤ롥ʸˡؽΥʡ⽼¤Ƥ뤷εǾҲ𤷤 Oxford 3000 ʤɤΥɥꥹȤǤ롥ʸƥȤꤲȡñ줬٤٥˱ƿŤ֤äƤ Text Checker Ȥӥ⤢롥¾ԡ󥰤饤ƥ󥰤γؽˤΩĥ꥽ѰդƤ롥ȤõƤDZѸγؽˤʤۤɤ
ʸҤߥڡ OALD10 γѥɤǤ롥OALD10ѥɡԡOALD10ѥɡץ꡿Webԡ2PDFꡤȤ櫓ԤϼؤθԤǤ뻳лˤ롤ƱλȤǫʲȤʤäƤꡤؤͭѡ
OALD10 μؤδܳŪʬϡ100ǰʾˤ錄롪ˤ Takahashi et al. 򻲾Ȥ줿

Takahashi, Rumi, Yukiyoshi Asada, Marina Arashiro, Kazuo Dohi, Miyako Ryu, and Makoto Kozaki. "An Analysis of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Tenth Edition." Lexicon 51 (2021): 1--106.

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2021-10-23 Sat

#4562. ̻֤϶֤ŪͿ󶡤 [saussure][diachrony][language_change][sociolinguistics][link]

塼衤 (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) δط䤨ᤷʤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ˤĤ͡˵Ƥ

#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1])
#1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1])
#1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1])
#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1])
#2134. Ѳ̷ǤϤʤ ([2015-03-01-1])
#2197. 塼ζ֤̻֤ǧ ([2015-05-03-1])
#2555. 塼ˤζ֤̻֡ ([2016-04-25-1])
#3264. Saussurian Paradox ([2018-04-04-1])
#3508. 塼Ωǰ3 ([2018-12-04-1])

˥ץ2Ĥ֤˴ؤƻιͤȤˤС̻֤϶֤ŪͿ󶡤ΤǤϤʤŪͿȤϡλDzѤŪϿȤۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ξ֤ϳΤľԤ뼴ǤޤǰۤʤäƤΤߤȤˤͣܿġܿξ֤Υͥ륮Ž̤ƤȤߤƤ롥ּΤ1ˤ̿ޤǤζ֤ϡ̻֤饨ͥ륮󶡤ơΤ褦̿ޤˤʤäƤΤ
Sweetser (9--10) νϤˤơ塼ΥȤ򤢤ưѤĤġ褦ʸ򼨤ƤΤǰѤ

. . . [W]e cannot rigidly separate synchronic from diachronic analysis: all of modern sociolinguistics has confirmed the importance of reuniting the two. As with the language and cognition question, the synchrony/diachrony interrelationship has to be seen in a more sophisticated framework. The structuralist tradition spent considerable effort on eliminating confusion between synchronic regularities and diachronic changes: speakers do not necessarily have rules or representations which reflect the language's past history. But neither Saussure nor any of his colleagues would have denied that synchronic structure inevitably reflects its history in important ways: the whole chess metaphor is a perfect example of Saussure's deep awareness of this fact. Saussure, of course, uses chess because for future play the past history of the board is totally irrelevant: you can analyze a chess problem without any information about past moves. But he could hardly have picked --- as he must have known --- an example of a domain where past events more inevitably, regularly, and evidently (if not uniquely) determine the present resulting state. No phonologist today would reconstruct a proto-language's sound system without attention both to recognized universals of synchronic sound-systems and to attested (and phonetically motivated) paths of phonological change; it is assumed that the same perceptual, muscular, acoustic, and cognitive constraints are responsible for both universals of structure and universals of structural change. And, for a historical phonologist or semanticist trying to avoid imposing past analyses on present usage, it is an empirical question which aspects of diachrony are preserved in a given synchronic phonological structure or meaning structure.


ͤᾭ֤ΤηȤƤϤ褤֤ΤΤǤϤʤ츦⡤֤ο餳ѻоݤȤΤǤäƤۤ

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-22 Fri

#4561. Ⱦ¤θ [word_order][syntax][information_structure]

ѸˤˤƤϡˤƸ (word_order) ѲƤȤ䤤1ĤνפʸȤʤäƤ롥űѸǤϤ⤽ SVO ʤɤθǤϤʤŪͳä櫓ʤɤΤ褦ˤƸθ礬ȯãƤΤȤΤ礭Ȥʤ롥
ޤűѸǤϼ켫ΤɬܤǤϤʤ礤ʸȤפǤ롥ǤϡʤˤˤƼ줬ɬܤȤʤäΤŪȤʤ櫓
Τ褦ˡѸ˸ˤˤƸѲ (syntax) ˤδؿǤ³ƤȤǤ롤Ȥ츫ΤȤ館⿵Ť˺ƸƤɬפ롥ϳΤǤϤ뤬Ʊˤƾ¤ (information_structure) ˴ؤǤ⤢뤫Fischer et al. (211) ϡŪѲ򰷤äϤκǸǡΤ褦˷Ǥ롥

Word order sits at the cross-roads between syntax and information structure. On the one hand, syntax provides the basic templates that speakers can draw on to manage the information flow in and between clauses. On the other hand, the repertoire of syntactic structures available to speakers is attuned to the demands of information management. Unsurprisingly, then, it is by taking into account information structure that most recent progress in understanding word order and word-order change has been made.


¤¦ߤȡűѸΤ褦˸礬ŪǤСν𤵤椨ɽμͳ٤褬롥礬경ȡ¤󤬲ݤ졤ˤԼͳ䤦ˡ̤θŪפɬפȤʤäƤ롥
ѸؽԤǤ䤿ϱѸθŪѲ䶦ŪѰۤñ˽䤹ˤȤȤ館ƤޤˤȤäƸȤϡΤȾʬŪŪǤϤ뤬⤦ȾʬϾ¤ä˴ؤǤ뤳ȤǧƤ

Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-21 Thu

#4560. ߹ɤǤΥƥŸΥ٥Ⱥ [hel_education][khelf][notice]

92122ξǯ˰³饤󳫺ŤȤʤޤرΥ߹ɤ»ܤޤܥ֥Ǥ#4530. ǯ٤Υ饤󥼥߹ɤ1ܡ ([2021-09-21-1]) ȡ#4531. World Englishes ץ饤 --- 饤󥼥߹ɤ2ܤιֵ ([2021-09-22-1]) Ǵñ𤷤̤Ǥ2֤ˤ錄를߹ɤǤ͡ʥ٥ȤŹԤޤ
Τʤ̤ܶ1Ĥ4عƱdzŤ饤ΡֱѸ˥ƥŸפǤʶŪˤϳؽء콤ءرءءˡ˱Ѹˤ˴ؤĴ٤ƥġʻ̰ʾǥݡȰʲؽѤΥ롼§äƻʸʤɤϤäդȡȤ͡ˤƿ̾Ǹɽ줿ˤߤɤ߹äơĥ˥ȤȤ饤Ǥ
ŸθˤϽŸԤǤƱΤɼԤʤ⤷äƥĤФȤųݤߤޤΥ٥10ƥġʼºݤˤϽ̥ޤ12ˤޤޤΤǡ̤ˤȻפޤkhelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum) ΥȤŸߥڡߤޤ
ҳνʹ񿴤ȱԤռѸˤȱͷӿ饹ȤؤӤ餷򤴴ǽʲˤ饤󥢥åפ򼨤Ƥޤڤɤߤ䤹ΤĴԤϺޤǡΥƥĤ·äƤޤʤˤŸԤϳ2ǯβ˥γޤǤ˴ۤ¿ˤ錄äƤ⤷Ǥ

"dog" Фֿʹ֡פΥ᡼
I think, I think ä
Ȼ̵뤹륹 'ain't'
֤Ϥ ʤʤǤ
ե꡼󥹤ȵ
ʬ̾Ҳ𤹤ȤɤȤ
츻ͤʹ
ɤää֥鸫ס
ȡ֥ѥ׽Ƥޤ
Let It Go٤ϤʤȤΤޤޡɤ롩

˥塼衼̾鸫Ѹ

Ѹ˶顦ؽΰĤȤƹԤʤäǤݤ򤷤ƤҳڤǤɤߤйǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-20 Wed

#4559. Ѹ flouren cakes ϡ¿ʬޤŤʤ˾ѥ [suffix][adjective][semantic_change][me_text]

رμȤǤ Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Land of Cokaygne ɤǤ롥14μܤ˻ĤѸƥȤǡѥξʤѥǥʤǤ롥ѥʤΤǡȤ⤷̤ΤʪʪǤǤƤȤ꤬롥ǤƸäʤɤˤ⤪ۻҤβȤȤդꡤˤŤʤΤʤȤ󥰥ɤǤϴŤۻҤȤ櫓ǤϤʤǡ̤į¤ꡤΥѥȤIJͤȤɤ餫ȤȱΤ뿩ʪʤʪ̤ΩġߤϤߤˤϡΤۤĥޥߤȤƤɤ롥
57ܤ Fluren cakes beþ þe schingles alle ȸ롥ֲĤϤ٤ƾʴ cakes ǤפȤʸ2ŦʰʲرιôԤβˤäƤˡޤǤ cakes Ȥ뤬ŪʴŤ֥פȤϡۤɴŤʤ⤷ʤ̤Ρ֥ѥפ̣褦˻פ롥MED cāke n. ˤȡ1 "A flat cake or loaf; also, an unbaked cake or loaf" Ȥ롥ŤʤȤƤϤʤͤԤŤǤϤʤȤΤθΩƤǤ롥
Fluren ܤ뤬Ͼʴ̣ flour ηƻǤ롥ѸǤ *flouren ѸȤʤäƤꡤ̤ floury floured Ѥ롥Ѹˤ̤Ƥ⡤̾Ф -en 뤳ηƻϵΤ褦ǡMED Ǥ OED Ǥ⡤ΥƥȤΤβս꤬ͣȤʤäƤ롥MED flouren adj. ꡤʲ̤ꡥ

?c1335(a1300) Cokaygne (Hrl 913)57 : Fluren cakes beþ þe scingles alle.


-en ȤϤäϡ#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) Dz⤷褦ˡǺɽ魯ƻ (suffix) -en Ǥ롥²ΤʤǤ˸ŤΤ褦ǡƥ -īnusꥷ -inos󥹥åȸ -īna ʤɤˤƱõƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѸǤѸޤǤϤŪä褦Ѹʹߤ̾줬Τޤ޷ƻŪѤ褦ˤʤȤ׿ꡤ-en ˤƻθϿषߤǤȤΤȤ earthen, golden, wheaten, wooden, woolen ʤɤ󤲤뤬 *flouren Ͼ嵭㤬ͣΤ褦ǡ⸽ޤĤäƤʤ
ʴΥѥβĤǤнʬˤǤϤ뤬ŤϤۤɴԤʤۤ褤ΤʤȻפĤġιԤʬ˾̣

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-19 Tue

#4558. ѸˤѸ [hel_education][world_englishes][model_of_englishes][variety][link][heldio]

ε#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1]) ǡرؤDZѸˤμȤôƤྰˤҲ𤵤Ƥޤ7ܤνҤǤĻҡˡعݶ̸ȤƤαѸ١ʹ̼Ҹ忷2011ǯˤճäƼ뤫⤷ޤ󡥥ȥ뤫ϳΤ˱ѸפǤ뤳ȤʬΤǤѸˤȤɤΤ褦˴ؤΤȤ䤬⤫֤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ǧ٤˰³ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƱ̤ޤ̡Ѹˡ߹ݱѸפȤǤʲɤ



ѸˤΰǤ϶ǯѸ (world_englishes) ؤδؿ޾徺Ƥޤ伫Ȥ⿩餤ĤƤʤФȻפˤ狼ٶϤƤ櫓Ǥ޷ʥ饤󡦥꥽γޤäơǤʬ˾Τ񤷤ˤޤĥƤޤؿϤäƤɤϤ᤿褤¤Τ̵⤢ޤ
Τ޽ȤƤϡ߷ͧˡαѸ줬Ǥޤǡ١ʰ˼2016ǯˤ󤲤Ƥޤܥ֥Ǥ world_englishes model_of_englishes ˤƴϢ뵭¿񤤤ƤޤŪǶ񤤤ԥååפȡΤ褦ʥ饤󥢥åפˤʤޤ

#4531. World Englishes ץ饤 --- 饤󥼥߹ɤ2ܤιֵ ([2021-09-22-1])
#4466. World Englishes ؤ6ĤΥץ ([2021-07-19-1])
#4506. World Englishes Ū3 ([2021-08-28-1])
#4507. World Englishes ෿ؤ2ĤΥץ ([2021-08-29-1])
#4508. World Englishes Υѥ̤ ([2021-08-30-1])
#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1])
#4492. αѸѼˡ --- Gupta 5ס ([2021-08-14-1])
#4493. αѸѼˡ --- Mesthrie and Bhatt 12ס ([2021-08-15-1])
#4501. αѸѼˡ --- McArthur "Hub-and-Spokes" ǥ ([2021-08-23-1])
#4502. αѸѼˡ --- Görlach "Hub-and-Spokes" ǥ ([2021-08-24-1])

Ѹ򰷤饤󡦥ѥȤƤϡˤ⿨줿 GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) ȤƤᤷޤΥѥˤĤƤϡ콤ʸѸƸزHPΥڡ˴Ϣ󤬤ޤʤߤ˵HPõҲ𤹤륳ƥֵΥۡڡˬƤߤ褦 رäƤޤΤǡ⤪ᤷƤޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-18 Mon

#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10 [hel_education][bibliography][khelf][link][heldio][masanyan][voicy]

ĻѸ˸Ļرء߷šˤ饤dzŤޤָפȤϤΤΡϱѸˤؤ礿륪ǥ󥹤ȤꤷѸˤγؤӤ򥨥󥫥å͡ʴ褬Ȥޤޤ⻲äƤޤؤ¤¿Ȥʤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ץ1ĤȤơرؤDZѸˤμȤôƤྰˤֱѸˤؤξԡ10פҲ𤵤ޤεĤơΥꥹȡʼºݤˤϥޥդ11ˤʲ˷ǺܤޤˤȡνǼ˼äƤߤ뤳Ȥ򤪴᤹ȤΤȤǤ
ʤߤȤϡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƱ̤ƤޤΤǡİꥹȤȤΤϡԤˤñʲ⤬ǤϤޤ͡



߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ
ջҡإ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפ ϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١ҡ2011ǯ
߷ ͧαѸ줬Ǥޤǡ١˼2016ǯ
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
Ļ ҡعݶ̸ȤƤαѸ١̼Ҹ忷2011ǯ
¼ ԡإѥȱѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2019ǯ
ԡë ̦ ջҡˡ˼Ҳ١罤۽Ź2015ǯ
Baugh, A. C. and T. Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. Routledge, 2013.
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

ֳԤȤơͤˤʤ륦֥ȤȤȤǰʲ4Ҳ𤵤ޤ

TED Ed
YouTube ֤ޤˤͥ
hellog?Ѹ˥֥
khelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum)

ʾ塤ѸˤγؤӤΥ󥫥åǤε#4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 ([2021-10-17-1]) 碌Ƥɤ

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2021-10-17 Sun

#4556. Ѹˤˤ褦 [hel_education][notice][heldio][hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][link]

شλϤʤΤǡɸΤ褦ʡֱѸˤγؤӤΥ󥫥åϡפε¿ʤޤǶǤϡ#4546. شλϤޤˡѸˤγؤ ([2021-10-07-1]) 񤤤Ƥꡤܥ֥εʤɤ˴Ϣ󥯤¿ĥäƤޤΤǡܤ󤽤⤴εפ6ΤߥԥååפƱѸˤؤ⤷ޤ

(1) δˤιֱͤѸˤ̥ϡפϥХꤳ졥

1. Ѹθ180Ѥ롪
2. ѸˡʼҲʡˤߥåԻ׵ĤʴФβܡ
3. Ѥʵ䤳⤷
4. Ѹ줬ˤ褯ʬ褦ˤʤ롪

(2) 嵭ΡѤʵ䤳⤷פǤ#1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1]) ˵󤲤褦ʵ䤬Ѹˤˤꥹ륹Ȳ򤱤ƤޤǤ­ʤϡ#4389. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ2685クޤ ([2021-05-03-1]) ǤɤǤ礦

(3) ܥ֥hellog?Ѹ˥֥ϡֱѸˤ˴ؤ򹭤Ĺ󶡤³֥פȤ2009ǯ51Ω夲ΤǤؤαѸ˳ιֵФŪɤʪ󶡤ݤǻϤޤεμ¿ˤ錄ꡤѸؤӻϤ᤿ФʤɤɼԤꤷ⤢СرβγǰƬˤؽŪ⤢ޤ񤭼ʳäƤ뤫ʬʤȤ⾯ʤʤȻפޤ顪Ǥ⡤ȥǤܤ̤ƤСѸˤΥСϰϤιʬäƤȻפޤȥϤĥå⤢ޤ

(4) ܥ֥λǡǤȤhellog 饸 (hellog-radio)ס2020ǯ623?2021ǯ27ǡˡ³ԤǤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)2021ǯ62긽ߤޤŪˡˤۿƤޤhellog ١ϡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפˤ褽òƤޤ10ʬûѸ˥ͥǤҤʹȤݤˤɤʤߤǤϡ嵭 (1) ǮäƤޤ



(5) 1019ϡTOEIC סĤ TOEIC Ȥʤɤ꤬ IIBC ʰ̺ˡ͹ݥӥͥߥ˥󶨲Υ󥿥ӥ塼ޤơޤϡֱѸϤˤζ̸ˤʤäΤפȤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤˤε1ĤǤѸĶȤʤäƤΥ󥿥ӥ塼ɤcf. #4545. ֱѸϤˤζ̸ˤʤäΤ --- IIBC Υ󥿥ӥ塼 ([2021-10-06-1]

(6) Ǹ˻#4358. Ѹ˳ν2021ǯǡˡ ([2021-04-02-1]) ѸˤؤӻϤˤϡʤȤäƤܤɤΤ֤Ǥ

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2021-10-16 Sat

#4555. Ω̣ǧΰ̣ [semantics][cognitive_linguistics][history_of_linguistics]

̣ (semantics) ȰˤäƤ⡤͡ʤȤ館롥ơسˤȶ롥̾ semantics ʣ -sϡǤդ路Ȥ⤤롥
礭2ĤȶʬʤСŪʷ̣ʹ¤̣ޤˤ1970ǯȾ˶äǧΰ̣Ȥʤ롥ϡ̸ؤǤȤι¤ʸˡǧθؤΩˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ
Sweetser (12) ̣2ĤȶΩˤĤơʬ䤹ҤƤ롥

Recent work in linguistics has tended to view semantics in one of two divergent ways: either meaning is a potentially mathematiziable or formalizable domain (if only we could find the right primes or premises for the mathematical analysis), or meaning is a morass of culturally and historically idiosyncratic facts from which one can salvage occasional linguistic regularities. Those who do the former kind of semantics have frequently been eager to separate linguistic meaning from general human cognition and experience, and to keep linguistic "levels" 'syntax vs semantics vs pragmatics) distinct from one another; formalization is presumed to be easier if the domain can be successfully delimited. Semanticists of the latter sort, on the other hand, are often quite ready to accept the direct influence of experience or cognition on meaning-structures, but find it hard to see how such meaning-structures could be formalized: how can airtight generalizations be made about experience-shaped semantics, when experience itself is so varied and so far from currently being described by any complete formal analysis?


ΤΩιޤȤϤʤäƤ뤬Ụ̄ȿΰ̣γơˤĹ⤢û⤢롥䴰ŪˤߤƤΤ褵Ϣơ#1686. Ụ̄άˡ ([2013-12-08-1]) ⻲ȡ

졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

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2021-10-15 Fri

#4554. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ8֤ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][link][gvs]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ11ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢܤƤֱѸΥܥʵפ8ȤʤäƤޤϱѸ첻ɤߤ˴ؤ롤Ѥʵ֤ʤ A ɤߤϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פʤΡפ夲Ƥޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ11



ܥ֥ɼԤ¿ϡε䤬ѸˤǤȤΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˴ؤΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ꤫ȻפޤϢܤоɼԤȤΤǤΤǡѸФȤϹȹͤޤơؤѸ䳵ǰʤɤȤ뤳ȤϤǤޤ󡥤ȤȤǡ̤첻ܤŪܤȤϤʤ٤פߺդ褦ؤޤ̤Ȥơ첻ΤߤˤȤɤƸ첻ˤĤƤϿʤǤʤɡ򤷤ˤʤꤽʬפڤäƳ䰦ޤΤ褦ʼǡϻˤȤä1ĤĩȤʤޤʤɤΤ餤Ƥ뤫ʬޤͤˡ
첻ܤζʽŪȤƤܥ֥Ρ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) ɤ⤦ܤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ٤1.32.5򤴻ȤŪˤ gvs γƵǰäƤޤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-14 Thu

#4553. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (4) [contact][language_change][causation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

ɸˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤӵƤ㤨м̤ꡥ

#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])
#1232. ѲϱϳǤ ([2012-09-10-1])
#1233. ѲݤڤǤ ([2012-09-11-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])
#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) ([2014-09-25-1])
#1978. Ѳˤܿν (2) ([2014-09-26-1])
#1986. Ѳ multiple causation 뤤 "synergy" ([2014-10-04-1])
#3152. Ѳ "multiple causation" ([2017-12-13-1])
#3271. Ѳ multiple causation ƹ͡ ([2018-04-11-1])
#3355. ѲθŪװ쳰Ūװ"multiple causation" ([2018-07-04-1])
#3377. Ѳθ2ȷ3 ([2018-07-26-1])
#3842. Ѳθʣ¿ ([2019-11-03-1])
#3971. Ѳ multiple causation ƺƹ͡ ([2020-03-11-1])

ϡ⤦1 Hickey (487--88) ɲäǯ͡Ω줬Τ褯ޤȤƤ롥

2.1 Language-internal versus contact factors

In the current context language-internal change is understood as that which occurs within a speech community, among monolingual speakers, and contact-induced change as that which is induced by interfacing with speakers of a different language.
   Opinions are divided on when to assume contact as the source of change. Some authors insist on the primacy of internal factors . . . and so favor these when the scales of probability are not biased in either direction for any instance of change. Other scholars view contact explanations more favorably . . . while still others would like to see a less dichotomous view of internal versus and external factors in change . . . .
   The fate of explanations based on language contact has varied in recent linguistic literature. During the 1980s many linguists reacted negatively to apparently superficial contact explanations . . . . Others . . . have been consistently skeptical of contact explanations, stressing the coherent internal structure of languages and assuming by default that this is the locus of new features. This position has also been theoretically contested . . . , as it is unproven that language-internal factors take automatic precedence over contact in language change.
   Another point needs to be highlighted: at best contact accounts for a phenomenon but does not explain why this should have arisen in the first place. Contact treatments tend to push sources back a step, but not to explain ultimate origins. Rather contact seeks to account for how features come about. "Account" is a more muted term and does not raise expectations of high degrees of adequacy implied by "explanation" . . . .
   It would be blind to neglect the possible language-internal arguments for various features suspected of having a contact source. If internal arguments are considered and then deemed insufficient on their own, this actually strengthens the contact case, as contact is then seen as a necessary contributory factor to account fully for the appearance of features. Ultimately, contact accounts depend for acceptance on whether scholars are convinced by what they know about contact scenarios in general, specific contact in the case being discussed, possible alternative accounts and the crucial balance of internal and external factors.
   Given that both language-internal and contact sources are available to speakers, it might be fair to postulate that no matter what the likelihood of transfer though contact, language internal factors can always play a role. It is the nature and rate of change which can be influenced by contact, a factor which can vary in intensity.


伫ȤϡˤĤ͡ʰոɤ߹ͤƤѲ̤ˤĤƤиŪŪװξפǤȤΩ줫ưȤϤʤ̤θѲˤĤƤС줫װ궯ѤƤȤȤϤȹͤ롥

Hickey, Raymond. "Assessing the Role of Contact in the History of English." Chapter 37 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 485--96.

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2021-10-13 Wed

#4552. borrowing, transfer, convergence [terminology][contact][borrowing][language_shift]

ܿ (contact) ˴ؤɸ3ĤνפѸ⤹롥Τ褦ѸѤݤդ٤ϡԤˤäƲؤۤʤ뤳ȤǤʬȤǤ Hickey (486--87) Ѥ

(1) Borrowing. Items/structures are copied from language X to language Y, but without speakers of Y shifting to X. In this simple form, borrowing is characteristic of "cultural" contact (e.g. Latin and English in the history of the latter, or English and other European languages today). Such borrowings are almost exclusively confined to words and phrases.
(2) Transfer. During language shift, when speakers of language X are switching to language Y, they transfer features of their original native language X to Y. Where these features are not present in Y they represent an innovation. For grammatical structures one can distinguish (i) categories and (ii) their realizations, either or both of which can be transferred.
(3) Convergence. A feature in language X has an internal source (i.e. there is a systemic motivation for the feature within language X), and the feature is present in a further language Y with which X is in contact. Both internal and external sources "converge" to produce the same result as with the progressive form in English. . . .


3Ĥζʬϡܿ˵ agentivity X, Y Τθü¦ˤΤ뤤ξ¦ˤΤбȤäƤ褤 agentivity δˤĤƤϡ#3968. ܿ2סimitation adaptation ([2020-03-08-1])#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Hickey, Raymond. "Assessing the Role of Contact in the History of English." Chapter 37 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 485--96.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-12 Tue

#4551. 19 Beowulf βͤƭͳ [beowulf][oe][literature][language_myth][manuscript][history][reformation][philology][linguistic_imperialism][oed]

#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡס ([2021-10-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBeowulf ܤȤΥƥȤϡ"myth of the longevity of English" ϽФΩΤ˹׸ƤʸŪʺ˴Ťơ򵪸700ǯȿꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤѸȱʸؤŪȱӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤ʸŪ˳Ĵι⤤ȤäƤϡäƤĤȤʤ롥
Beowulf βͤƭΡֿáפ줿Τϡ19äȤդɬפǤ롥ʤλäΤʤ㤨Х󥰥ؤϤޤä16ʤɤǤϤʤäΤWatts (52) ϡ줬19ŪʸݤǤ뤳Ȥ򼡤Τ褦Ƥ롥

As a whole the longevity of English myth, consisting of the ancient language myth and the unbroken tradition myth, was a nineteenth-century phenomenon that lasted almost till the end of the twentieth century. The need to establish a linguistic pedigree for English was an important discourse archive within the framework of the growth of the nation-state and the Age of Imperialism. In the face of competition from other European languages, particularly French, it was perhaps necessary to construct English as a Kultursprache, and one way to do this was to trace English to its earliest texts.


üŪˤСꥹϡꥹΰҿгŪ˷뤿ˡξħǤѸȤ줬Ĺͭ뤳Ȥ򡤺äƼɬפäȤȤŪ§ΩӤ OED Ի⡤19ʸ̮ΤʤǤȤ館ɬפcf. #3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1]
16ˤϡˤޤΤ褦ưŤ¸ߤƤʤä16Υ󥰥ɤˤ̤δؿäϡإ꡼7ˤäƳ줿ФΥƥ塼ī򤤤˸ҤŤ뤫ƥإ꡼8ˤäΩ줿ѹ񶵲򤤤뤫ȤȤäŪΤˡΥޥīŤ󥰥ˡꥹȶʸŵˡΧѸȤǽ񤫤ƤȤŪ¤Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥ塼īϤȤ櫓פɤ֤ƤǤ뤫顤ŪʥƥȤΰˤϿŤäBeowulf Τ褦̱²ΥƥȤˤϡŪˤäƤۤɤδؿʤäȤ櫓Watts (52) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The dominant discourse archive at this particular moment of conjunctural time [= the sixteenth century] was religious. It was the struggle to assert Protestantism after the break with the Church of Rome that determined the focus on religious, legal, constitutional and historical texts of the Anglo-Saxon era. The Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century sustained this dominant discourse and relegated interest in the longevity of the language and the poetic value of texts like Beowulf till a much later period.


Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.

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2021-10-11 Mon

#4550. ŪϸΩŪʾ󸻤ǤϤʤ [lexicography][dictionary][cawdrey][johnson][philology]

츦塤ϤʤƤϤʤʤ󸻤Ǥ롥ܥ֥濴ŪǤѸ˸ˤƤ⡤ƻμ̻ŪʼϤʤƤϤʤʤġȤƿͤκäΤǤ롥ԻԤθ٤ȿǤƤΤԻԸĿͤΥХ⤫äƤΤǤ롥츦Τˤϡդռ˼ʤӸμˤѤɬפΤΤ褦ʤƥեʴϰռγ֤뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сҿ OED ξǤдְ㤤ϤʤʤɤŪʿ󤻤ƤޤȤϤ褯롥
Ѹܤȡ㤨бѸ˾αѸ켭Ȥ 1604ǯ Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall ȡⲼäƵϼϤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language ȤǤϡԻ줿طʤۤʤи٤ۤʤΤǡƱФʤɤ٤ȤƤ⡤ˤϳΤ̻ŪѲȿǤƤǽϤΤΡ⤽ԻտޤۤʤȤθƤʤˤܤ˹礦⤷ʤColeman (99--100) ŦƤ롥

For example, the title of Cawdrey's Table Alphabetical (1604) explains that the dictionary was compiled "for the benefit and help of ladies, gentlewomen, or any other unskillful persons. Whereby they may the more easily and better understand many hard English words, which they shall hear or read in scriptures, sermons, or elsewhere, and also be made able to use the same aptly themselves" (spelling modernized). Similarly often quoted is the preface to Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755):

When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and energetic without rules: wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be disentangled, and confusion to be regulated; choice was to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selection. (Johnson 1755: Preface)


   These quotations illustrate changing ideas about the status of English and the purpose of a dictionary. Cawdrey acknowledged that the vocabulary of English was varied and challenging, but apparently did not consider this to be a problem. His purpose was to help uneducated people struggling to understand loans from classical and modern languages: the deficit was in English speakers, not the language. Johnson, on the other hand, considered the exuberance of English to be problematic in itself, and for him the priorities were regulation and control of the language.


17 Cawdrey ϱѸüԤˤȹͤƤ18ȾФ Johnson ϱѸ줽ΤΤˤȹͤƤԻΥݥꥷߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥
ɸˤǤ̤ŪϸΩŪʾ󸻤ǤϤʤײǽ⤤Τռ˼СṲ̄ơ̻ŪʸѲξڵʤȤ⡤ƻθ٤򤳤ǤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤŪϻȤ褦Ǥ롥

Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 98--110.

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2021-10-10 Sun

#4549. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ12ֻ̱̿ȿפΤ [asacul][notice][history][link][emode]

ī㡼󥿡ɶˤ12δ2ǯۤ˻Ϥ᤿ֱѸˤȸ츻ץ꡼褤ǽȤʤޤ2ָä12ʺǽˤΤΤ餻Ǥֻ̱̿ȿפꤷ2021ǯ1023ڡ15:30--18:45˳ͽǤ̤ȥ饤Ȥ߹碌ϥ֥åɷͽꤷƤޤؿΤꤴͽ󤯤μݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

17󥰥ɤϡ̳̿פȡ̾̿פȤ2Ĥѳפиޤ̤˹κȤȤ館ƤޤѸˤδϡ˱Ѹ줬񳰤ŸƤ椯­ۤȤƽפʰյޤºݡƱ˥󥰥ɤƤ˿̱ϤۤɤؤαƶϤϤޤѸŪŸܳŪ˻ϤޤȤƤ˾ƤĤġѸθߤ̤ˤĤƤͻޤ


ϡ󥰥ɤγ̿λ塤17˾Ƥޤλϡ󥰥ɹξˤޤ񳰤ؤŸϽĴǤꡤ20--21ˤؤĹƤȤˤʤƤ䥤ɤ˶ƬȤۤȤơŪˤؤפʰյޤפȤ٤ͥ󥹤ǮƤޤäΤΡѸ줬褤輫Ȱ괶⳰ˤƵϤΩ褦ȰäǤ⤢ޤľ̤ħռޤ줿λܤĤġ21αѸꤤʤܥ꡼᤯ꤿȻפޤͤΤäԤƤޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-09 Sat

#4548. ȤỌ̇̄Ѥδط [metaphor][semantic_borrowing][semiotics][semantic_change][semantics][polysemy]

ΰ̣Ѳ˴ؤ Williams ɤǤơʤۤɤȻפäȤ롥ޤǤޤӤĤƤȤʤä2ĤγǰδطˤĤƹͤ줿ΤǤ롥 (metaphor) Ọ̇̄ (semantic_borrowing) ˤȿФǤϤ뤬ˤƶ̤ƤȤ⤷طˤȤȤ
ȤȤΤϡ¸θΰ̣򡤲餫ΰ̣Ū­ˤơ̤ΰ (domain) ˻DZѤǤ롥̣ѤȤΤϡ¸θηܤ¾Ǥθ줬ˡ¾Ǥθΰ̣Ǥ롥
֤ۤʤΤ褦˻פ뤬롥ŪˤС¸εǽ (signifiant) ϤΤޤޤˡ국 (signifié) Ū˳ĥѤȤΤǤ롥̤Ȥơȿ夤ƶ¸뤳Ȥ⤢СɤФȤ⤢뤬褽ηϤꤽȤξˤϤƤݻ¿ (polysemy) ˵뤹̣ѤξˤϤƤϤ˴ơ̤ȤƸִ (semantic replacement) Ȥˤʤ
ưŤˤĤƤСȤϼ˥ꥸʥƥդ̣δϢŤ˰¸Ƥ뤬̣ѤϤޤ¾ǻäȤˤϢŤǤꡤꥸʥƥǤ롥
嵭Υ󥹥ԥ졼뤳Ȥˤʤä Williams (193) ʸϤѤƤ

Semantic Replacement
   In our linguistic history, there have been cases in which the reverse of metaphor occurred. Instead of borrowing a foreign word for a new semantic space, late OE speakers transferred certain Danish meanings to English words which phonologically resembled the Danish words and shared some semantic space with them. The native English word dream, meaning to make a joyful noise, for example, was probably close enough to the Scandinavian word draumr, or sleep vision, to take on the Danish meaning, driving out the English meaning. The same may have happened with the words bread (originally meaning fragment); and dwell (OE meaning: to hinder or lead astray).


ȤʤäƤ̣ѤŪȤƤ dream, bread, dwell ˤĤƤϡ#2149. ̣ѡ ([2015-03-16-1]) 򻲾ȡȤ櫓 bread ˤĤƤϡ#2692. ťΥɸѸ˴ؤ Gersum Project ([2016-09-09-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.

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2021-10-08 Fri

#4547. clang association [semantic_change][synonym][psycholinguistics][terminology][etymology][semiotics][pun][clang_association]

ѸˤθŵŪȤäƤ褤 Algeo and Pyles ɤǤơΰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ȴϢ clang association ȤѸΤäȤȤϿؤѸΤ褦಻ϢۡϢˡϢפ졤㤨 cling ring Τ褦˲ʤȯƤɤ˺Ѥ̣ŪϢۤΤȤ򤤤褦ĤαѸѸ켭ŵƤܤäƤʤäΤǡ夲Ƥ Algeo and Pyles (233--34) Ѥۤʤ

   Sound Associations
   Similarity or identity of sound may likewise influence meaning. Fay, from the Old French fae 'fairy' has influenced fey, from Old English fǣge 'fated, doomed to die' to such an extent that fey is practically always used nowadays in the sense 'spritely, fairylike.' The two words are pronounced alike, and there is an association of meaning at one small point: fairies are mysterious; so is being fated to die, even though we all are so fated. There are many other instances of such confusion through clang association (that is, association by sound rather than meaning). For example, in conservative use fulsome means 'offensively insincere' as in "fulsome praise," but it is often used in the sense 'extensive' because of the clang with full. Similarly, fruition is from Latin frui 'to enjoy' by way of Old French, and the term originally meant 'enjoyment' but now usually means 'state of bearing fruit, completion'; and fortuitous earlier meant 'occurring by chance' but now is generally used as a synonym for fortunate because of its similarity to that word.


ȯᤤñɤ̣Ǥƶ礦ȤΤϡŪˤϤäȤʤȤ뤷Ƥ꿼ͤ뤳Ȥʤä֤ϢȤȤΤϡ٤˵뤳ȤΤǤҥȤʤǤϷǤ롥䡤ΩӤ륪䥸㥰뤳Ȥʤ졥Ωɤ clang association ʤΤ顥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2021-10-07 Thu

#4546. شλϤޤˡѸˤγؤ [hel_education][sobokunagimon][link]

ǯ٤ϤޤȤʤޤǯٽ4ˡܥ֥ǤϱѸˤγؤӤΥ١륭ڡĥäΤǤγش10ˤ⡤ƱѸˤγؤӤ¥٤󤷤Ȼפޤ
ޤ䤬ǯ٤뤤ϿشνμȤɬҤ٤뤳ȤˤƤֱѸˡפ̥4ޤ



--- Ѹˤ̥ ---

(1) Ѹθ180Ѥ롪

(2) ѸˡʼҲʡˤߥåԻ׵ĤʴФβܡ

(3) Ѥʵ䤳⤷
 
(4) ѸäƤѸ




ʲˡ嵭4Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤ롤ѸˤγؤӤΩܥ֥ε򤤤ĤҲ𤷤ޤ

#4358. Ѹ˳ν2021ǯǡˡ ([2021-04-02-1]) --- 񤫤ޤǤθ
#4359. ұѸ˳ؽΤ hellog γѤ򡪡2021ǯǡˡ ([2021-04-03-1]) --- hellog θŪʻȤ tips
#4421. ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸פ򥪡ץ󤷤ޤ ([2021-06-04-1]) --- hellog βǤȤ٤ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Voicy ˤۿ桥110ʬ̤DZѸˤϤƤޤ
#4360. ñθ츻Ĵ٤ؤӤȤˤϡ ([2021-04-04-1]) --- ؿıñθ츻ꡥɤɤĴ٤ƤߤƤ
#4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1]) --- 嵭̥ (2) ̤äǤ
#1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1]) --- 嵭̥ (3) ̤äǤ
#4389. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ2685クޤ ([2021-05-03-1]) --- Ӥΰľɤ
#4545. ֱѸϤˤζ̸ˤʤäΤ --- IIBC Υ󥿥ӥ塼 ([2021-10-06-1]) --- Ѹˤ˴ؤˤε䤫⤷ޤ󡥥󥿥ӥ塼˴Ť狼䤹ˤʤäƤޤľɤ
֤ʤѸˤؤ֤Τפεå --- ͡ʳ٤鸡ƤƤߤޤֱѸˤäƲΤᡩ (heldio) Ǥ⤷٤äƤޤ
#4417. ֱѸƳ2021פλޤ ([2021-05-31-1]) --- ǯٽ˴褷ѸˤγؤӤ礹륤٥ȡǤ˽λƤޤֱѸ˥ƥġפȤϲ褯ʬޤ

󡤺ش¤¿ؤӤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-06 Wed

#4545. ֱѸϤˤζ̸ˤʤäΤ --- IIBC Υ󥿥ӥ塼 [notice][hel_education][sobokunagimon][link][future_of_english][linguistic_imperialism]

TOEIC Ȥʤɤ꤬ IIBC ʰ̺ˡ͹ݥӥͥߥ˥󶨲 Newsletter 44ΤˡɸˤĤƤΥ󥿥ӥ塼ޤ1019TOEIC פꤵ줿ǡ̴ȤƤμǤʴطԤγ͡Ƥν뤤Ǥθ漼ޤǤӤ꤬Ȥޤ
ΤǤȯԤƤΤǤ֤ǤɽƤޤꤴɤѸĶȤʤäƤޤʥޥޤѸάǯɽ⡤ȤƤ⤭줤˺äƤޤ줫̿⡥
ɸѤʵؤϥ󥿥ӥ塼ɤǤʬ櫓ǤĤޤǤбξƸȤҲŪװۤܤ٤ƤǤѸθä˭ȤʸˡñȤ¾αѸθŪü˵ΤǤϷ褷Ƥޤ󡥤ܥ֥Ǥ֤ⷫĥƤޤʲϴϢ뵭Ǥ

#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])
#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])
#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])
#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])
#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])
#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])
#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1])
#2935. ַкѡ줬ڤ뻰Ĥǡס ([2017-05-10-1])
#3470. ξԤϲˤäƤ뤫 ([2018-10-27-1])
#4279. ʤѸȤʤäƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-01-13-1])

󥿥ӥ塼θȾǤϡषѸ줬ɤʤäƤΤȤǮޤˤĤƤ future_of_english εɤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-05 Tue

#4544. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄򸦵椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤʲǡ [semantic_change][semantics][bibliography][lexicology][htoed]

ǯνˡ#4289. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄򸦵椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤ ([2021-01-23-1]) ȤݥȤޤܳŪưФǯٸϡѸ˴ϢΤĤμȤǡֱñΰ̣Ѳפ礿ơޤȤƷǤ뤳ȤˤƤޤǼóݤβǤޤĤʸ򿷤˲äȤդޤ̤Ȥˡ¤٤Ƥߤޤܥ֥ semantic_change semantics ɤνɲäƤȻפäƤޤ

Ρ̻ŪʴؿΤ --- ñΰ̣ѲˤĤƤΤ

߷ ⡡7ϡ̣ѲסرѸΰ̣١Ӿ ɧԡˡ罤ۡ1996ǯ113--34.ʤޤϤ餫顤ȤϤ1ϤǤ
߷ ⡡رñ --- ¿Ọ̇̄Ѳ鸫١ҡӡ2016ǯ.ʤޤϤ餫顤ȤϤ1Ǥ
δ졡8ϡ̣ѲѲס˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3 ԡˡīҽŹ2018ǯ151--69ǡcf. #3283. ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡϤǤޤ ([2018-04-23-1])
ϲ ͭԡˡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡˡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯpp. 98--107 ˥ѥȤ̣Ѳޤ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯʱѸػŵ pp. 765--80 ̣ѲγȤʤäƤޤ

Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 153--93 ̣ѲȤˤ褯񤱤Ƥޤ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. "Words and Meanings." Chapter 10 of The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. 227--44.ʤ褯ɤޤƤѸ˳1Ϥꡤ褯񤱤̣ѲγǤ
Bloomfield, Leonard. "Semantic Change." Chapter 24 of Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984. 425--43.ʸؤθŵŪ̾1Ϥǡɤ߱ޤ

Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.ʰ̣ѲܳŪʸǤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.ʰ̣ѲθŵŪǡ٤ŪǤ
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.Ʊ̣ѲθŵŪ̾ǡŪǤ
Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.ʥե󥹤̾ʸؼԤˤΰ̣ѲθŵŪͤǤ

Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.ʤ긵ˤƤǤcf. #4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings ([2020-12-08-1])
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.ʰ̣ΥϥǥѸ켭ŵǤ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Beginnings to 1066. Vol. 1 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.ʤȲ2ϡҤѸ˥꡼γƻˤäỌ̇̄ѲŪʵǤ
Burnley, David. "Lexis and Semantics." 1066--1476. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 409--99.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.ʤȤ櫓 pp. 433--54 ϰ̣ѲγȤʤäƤޤ

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.ʱѸλỤ̄ΰܤȤƤϺΤȤͣΤΡHTOED ؤƳǤ⤢ޤcf. #3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])

Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.ʰ̣ѲȤѲᥤǤ˴Ϣ꤬ޤɤʪȤƤ⤪⤷Ǥ
Hughes, G. Words in Time. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.ʾƱԤˤŪǤ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.ʻŪȤ櫓ѸλŪǤ̣ѲʬǤ⤢ޤ

˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯʰ̣Ѳޤ᤿ŪʲǤ

Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. ˼ѤѲ̣ѲθˤĤƤΥ᥿ˡƤޤФᤫλǤʤ굮ŤǤ

ΡŪʴؿΤ --- ̣Ȥϲؤ֤Τ

ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯʰ̣ȤƤϡܤ
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯʸȤԤˤ̣Ǥ
졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯʤʤΤܤǤ

Hofmann, Th. R. Realms of Meaning. Harlow: Longman, 1993.ʱѸɤߤ䤹̣ȤƤǤ
Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.ʰ̣θŵŪ̾Ǥ
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Ụ̄γǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-31-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-04 Mon

#4543. subreption [semantic_change][semantics][terminology]

ΰ̣ѲŵŪʥѥȤơΰ̣ѤʸȯŸȼäѲȤ㤬롥㤨СѸ ship ϸűѸ줫餢ųñΤؤäݤȡȡξȡΥԥ塼ܤκǿԤȤǤϡؼоݤλѷǽ礭ۤʤˤ⤫餺ֿ⤫ְưʡפȤܵǽƱǤ뤿ˡƱ ship Ȥ̾ǸƤФƤ롥ship ΰ̣ѲȤΤɤ̯ؼоݤѲƤȤȤǧᤶʤμΥפϡΰ̣ѲεˤơФкǽ˵󤲤륿פλǤ (cf. #1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1])#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1]
Stern Ϥμΰ̣Ѳ "substitution" ȸƤǤ롥Ĵ٤ʤǽΤäΤPearce (183--84) ˤȡ"subreption" ȤѸѰդƤ褦

Subreption A process of semantic change in which objects, entities, social roles, concepts, institutions and so on change over time, but the words for them remain the same. Take, for example, the phrase 'the driver of the car looked at the dashboard'. The emphasized words have their English origins at a time when all wheeled vehicles were powered by horses: the original meaning of drive (a meaning which it still retains) was 'to force to move before one' (which is what a 'driver' did with horses); car is derived from an earlier word meaning 'chariot', and dashboard originally referred to the wooden board located at the fron of a horse-drawn carriage to prevent objects kicked up by the horses' hooves from hitting the driver.


subreption ̾ϡֵפ̣ˡΧѸǤ롥̤μǤϾܤܤäƤʤۤɤѸǤ롥OED ƤߤȡѸȤƤϷǺܤƤʤ褦1 "Misrepresentation or suppression of the truth or facts; an act or instance of this." ˤȤɤޤ롥
ΰ̣Ѳ˴ؤƲɤֵפʤΤȹͤΤȤ㤨СΰѤˤ⤢ dashboard ϡϡϼϤˤäķФ줿ť褱ġפۤɤΰ̣Ȥȡߤ̤ΰּ̣ư֡Եʤɤη״ספϡȤϤ鷺Ȥ⸶äƤޤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤΰ̣ dash + board QŪ˿¬̣ΥƤޤäƤ롥Τ褦ʰ̣ǤΡֵס礲ʸƤǤϤ뤬ˤȤȤ
ܸǤϡ̤ǤϤʤƤΤˡޤˡֲȢפȤȤ롥⸷̩ˤгΤˡֵפǤϤʡͤùߤɤˤ顤subreption ˤʤΤ

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-10-03 Sun

#4542. Ѹο̾Υȥ [onomastics][personal_name][me][norman_conquest]

#4539. 󥰥̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ǸűѸο̾ηߤΤǡ³Ѹο̾ΥȥɤƤߤ (Coates 320--21) Ǥ˰ʲεʤɤǽҤ٤ƤȤŪˤϥΥޥ򶭤ˡűѸο̾¿Ѥ줺˾ä˥ե󥹸줫֤ο̾ή͵ȤäƤ褤

#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])
#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե󥹸줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#3902. 㥢󥰥̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])

ե󥹸줫֤ο̾Ȥ򤷤̩ˤХե󥹸ͳäƤ̾ȤȤǤꡤõХե󥹸ǤϤʤ̤θ˵̾ۤȤɤǤ롥ޤ2ʬ롥
1ĤϡȤȤϱѸ켫Ȥ°Ƥޥͳ褹̾ǡ줬ե󥹸ͳƺƤӱѸäƤȤǤ⤤٤̾Ǥ롥William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud ʤɤ󤲤롥ե󥹸ݤ꤬뤬¤ϤȤϥޥϤο̾Ǥ롥
⤦1Ĥ˸ʪ䡤͵Τͤˤʤ̾ǡAdam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John; Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery ʤɤ󤲤롥12Ⱦ Mary 14 Christopher ʤɤäƤƤ롥
¾ͭ̾оʪ̾Ȥ Arthur, Guenevere, Launcelot 䡤֥ȥ줫 Alan ʤɤ⤢äۤΩʤ
Ǥˤäƿ͵Τ̾դȤΤϰۤʤΤѸƱǡϤꤹ꤬ä褦Ǥ롥

Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-09-1]

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2021-10-02 Sat

#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡ [beowulf][oe][literature][language_myth][manuscript]

1731ǯ1023ȥߥ󥹥ΥСʥࡦϥл˸줿˼ǼƤåȥ¢ (Cottonian Library) ƤɤƼȤ줿żܤΤʤ˸űѸν Beowulf ΥƥȤ᤿ܤäˤĤ Watts (29) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The loss of Beowulf would have meant the loss of the greatest literary work and one of the most puzzling and enigmatic texts produced during the Anglo-Saxon period.


ˡʸ΢֤бʸؤɽǤʺʤŪˤлߤ줿ȤݤʸǤ롥ʸؼԤѸ˳ؼԤʤ餺Ȥ⡤ۤȤɤο͡μܤüȤˤ褫äȻפ
ָοáפβΤ⤯ Watts ιͤϰۤʤ롥Ƽۤ褫äȼĥ櫓ǤϷ褷ƤʤäȤ˼Τ褦ʸϤ³Τ

But it would also have made one of the most powerful linguistic myths focusing on the English language, the myth of the longevity of English, immeasurably more difficult to construct. This is not because other Anglo-Saxon texts have not come down to us; it is, rather, because of the perceived literary and linguistic value of Beowulf. To construct the longevity myth one needs to locate such texts, and the further back in time they can be located, the "older" the language becomes and the greater is the "cultural" significance that can be associated with that language.


Watts μĥϡƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤϡѸ˴ؤǤ⶯ϤʿáʤֱѸĹáפϽФΩΤѤƤȤȤBeowulf ܤĤäȤˤֱѸˤΤʸǤפȸ䤹ʤäȤ櫓
Beowulf ܤĤäΤ϶Ǥ롥̤ê¸ƤƼƤ⤷ʤơ⤷ƤƤޤäƤʤСʸؤѸϤۤˤʤȤˤʤꡤۤɰǤʤʤʸؤѸ̤ΡפõʤФʤʤä˰㤤ʤ
θϡʸؤѸ줬礫ǤʤϲлεڤϰϤȤ˰¸ƤꡤɬŪˡ뤤ܼŪ˰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤƶˤĤʤ롥줬Watts äβΤˤäƹԤʤȤƤ뤳ȤʤΤ

Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-12-1]

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2021-10-01 Fri

#4540. ǰ᥿եָϿʹ֤Ǥ [conceptual_metaphor][language_myth][link]

#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1]) ǸȤꡤָϡǤפΡˤ͡ʤΤ롥ʪȤΤӤʪΤʤǤȤ櫓ʹ֤ȤȤȯۡĤޤָϿʹ֤ǤפȤǰ᥿ե (conceptual_metaphor) ϰճȸᤴƤ⤷ʤWatts (13--14) "A LANGUAGE IS A HUMAN BEING" θɽ򤤤ĤäƤߤ褦

- <A language is born>
- <A language dies>
- <A language grows old>
- <A language is mature>
- <A language at time point x is the same language as at time point y>
- <A language has a character>
- <A language is a potential actor> (i.e. has the ability to initiate and carry out actions)
- <A language is corrupt>
- <A language is noble>
- <A language is perfect>
- <A language is homogeneous>
- <A language is polite>
- <A language is hesitant>
- <A language is bold>
- <A language is great>
- <A language is healthy>
- <A language is sick/ill>
- <A language is fit>
- <A language is ailing>
- <A language is dying>
- <A language is weak>
- <A language recovering/reviving>

ΰˤϡcharacter ʡˤ˴ؤɽĤޤޤƤ롥ŪʪȤΤǤϤʤȤ櫓ʹ֤ȤݥȤϡʤŤפˤꤽʹְͤҤȤʤΤƱͤˡƸˤͭʤȤ˰äȤȤȤ
͡ʳǰ᥿ե̤Ƹ뤤ϸΤȤ館Υѥ򸫤ƤΤϡʤʤ⤷Ǥ롥ϢεȤơʲ󤲤Ƥ

#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1])
#1579. ָϿʪǤפȡ ([2013-08-23-1])
#1722. Pisani ۩ָϤǤס ([2014-01-13-1])
#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])
#2743. ʾȸ ([2016-10-30-1])
#3771. Wittgenstein Ρָ쥲 (1) ([2019-08-24-1])

Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.

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