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2010-02-28 Sun

#307. ѥѤ [corpus][link]

Ѹ츦Ϥ츦˥ѥѤ褦ˤʤäơǤ˵פѸˤʬǤ⡤׿Ū The Diachronic Part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts νǰ衤͡ʼˡ̻ѥФƤ롥
ˤ礤˥ѥѤѥѸʥȤĤǡ˵󤲤Ƥ (McEnery et at. 121)

(1) ѥ negative evidence 󶡤Ƥʤɤ뤫϶Ƥ뤬ߡߤʤȤ϶ƤʤʤŪˤä¸ߤʤ⤷ʤȤ򸦵椹뤳Ȥ񤷤Τǡϥѥؤ˸¤äǤϤʤ
(2) ѥϻ¤󶡤Ƥ뤬λ¤ϤƤʤʳΤˡ켫ȤϸԤλŻǤ롥
(3) ѥϡϰϤꤹ롥ʥѥǤϤǤʤ⤿󤢤롥ѥϡŬڤꤹФŪΤˤϾͭǤ롥ǽγˤ꤬äƤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤ
(4) ѥƳ줿̲ݤˤϺٿդפ롥ʤʥѥǤ⡤ޤоݤȤ¤ʬǤ롥

ʾ4αƤߤƤդΩߤޤäͤƤߤС4ϥѥѤʤ餺Ȥ˵ĤʤФʤʤǤ롥Ѹˤޤ˸ؤθϡüԤľ뤳ȤǤʤʾ塤Ĥ줿¡ʡᥳѥˤʬϤȤϤޤ餶򤨤ʤΤ顤ŻŪ˰ݤˤ餺äƤ뤳ȤϥѥؤˤۤʤʤŻŪפܤ뷹ΤǯΡʥԥ塼˥ѥؤǤϡ嵭4ˤĤ;פդ٤ȤȤϸ
(3) ˴Ϣơ˾ʥѥؤɽŪˤȸʸؤʬϤɽŪˤȤ̣ѥѤ뤫ݤˤ餺ŪǽפȤȤ

If it is ridiculous to criticize a telescope for not being a microsope, it is equally pointless to criticize the corpus-based approach for not doing what it is not intended to do (McEnery et al. 121)


Ѹ쥳ѥȤơʲɼʥ󥯤򻲾ȡ

ѥؤ: ջΥȤꡥѸ˸ͭѡ
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JAECS Ѹ쥳ѥز

ʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)
ᥳѥ: ؼѥء٤Ԥΰܲ͡עΥ󥯽

McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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2010-02-27 Sat

#306. Samuels Ѹȯã񤭤Ȥɸ4 [standardisation][chaucer][auchinleck][chancery_standard]

Ѹ14Ⱦ顤Ѹ˽񤭤Ȥɸ ( written standard ) Фκ顤Ѹ줬ޤǤΥե󥹸äʸؤΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ깭Ѥ񤭤Ȥɸब褦ˤʤä񤭤Ȥɸȯãʣǡޤ޵깭Ƥ뤬νȯȤ Samuels ν񤭤Ȥɸ4פͭ̾Ǥ (165--70)ʲˡHorobin (13--15) 򻲹ͤˤޤȤƤߤ롥

Type 1: the Central Midlands Standard ȤƤΤ롥John Wycliffe Lollards ȷӤĤʤɤΥƥȤ˻Ĥ񤭤ȤС

Type 2: 14Υɥܷ˻Ĥ񤭤ȤСɥпȤμ̻ˤä1340ǯ˽̤줿 Auchinleck ܤΥƥȤޤࡥ¾ˡ(1) The Mirror: BL MS Harley 5085, (2) Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 282, (3) Glasgow University Library MS Hunter 250 ޤࡥ1380ǯ˰ͤμ̻ˤäƽ̤줿(4) BL MS Harley 874, (5) Bodleian Library MS Laud Misc. 622, (6) Magdalene College, Cambridge, MS Pepys 2498 ʤɤޤࡥNorfolk Suffolk ɥذ̱͡θħȿǤƤ롥

Type 3: 1400ǯΥɥν񤭤ȤС(1) Hengwrt MS of The Canterbury Tales, (2) Ellesmere MS The Canterbury Tales, (3) Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, MS 61 of Troilus and Criseyde ʤɤκǽ Chaucer ܤޤࡥ¾ˤϡɥ󡦥ɤο丨ʪڿͤȤä̱Ͽ Thomas Hoccleve μɮ̾μܷޤࡥCentral Midlands ħ򼨤

Type 4: 15 Type 3 ֤񤭤Ȥɸࡥ"Chancery Standard" ȤƤФ롥1430ǯʹߡʸ̤˸Ƥ롥Central Midlands Τ North Midlands ֤äħ򼨤

Type 4 Type 3 ֤䡤Type 4 ߤν񤭤ȤɸȤʤطˤ뤫ˤĤƤ¿⤵˸椬ʤƤ

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.

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2010-02-26 Fri

#305. -ise -ize [spelling][ame_bre][bnc][corpus][suffix][z]

ϡʡѸ񤯤Ȥˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤ󤲤ñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ

item-ise rate (freq)-ize rate (freq)-ise + -ize
recognise61.1% (9143)38.9% (5812)14955
realise63.2% (9442)36.8% (5492)14934
organise62.3% (5540)37.7% (3359)8899
emphasise60.0% (2998)40.0% (1998)4996
criticise54.9% (2054)45.1% (1688)3742
characterise52.2% (1398)47.8% (1278)2676
summarise61.4% (1164)38.6% (731)1895
specialise70.7% (1163)29.3% (481)1644
apologise68.8% (1084)31.2% (492)1576
advertise99.5% (1542)0.5% (7)1549
authorise64.5% (987)35.5% (543)1530
minimise65.4% (984)34.6% (521)1505
surprise99.9% (1345)0.1% (1)1346
supervise99.8% (1303)0.2% (3)1306
utilise68.9% (798)31.1% (360)1158
maximise63.2% (719)36.8% (418)1137
symbolise49.2% (324)50.8% (334)658
mobilise45.5% (286)54.5% (342)628
stabilise53.5% (334)46.5% (290)624
publicise69.4% (419)30.6% (185)604


ɽ advertise, surprise, supervise 3ˤĤƤ -ise §ȤߤʤƤ褤ʳŪ -ise ͥʤ餤ǡꥹѸǤ -ize Ͻʬ˰ŪǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥399ʿѤȡ-ise Ψ51.6%Ȥʤꡤ-ize ȤۤɹƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ܤĴ٤иġưδѤȤΤΤ⤷ʤꥹѸ֤ȤƤϡҤȤޤ-ise פȹͤƤΤ꤫⤷ʤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2010-02-25 Thu

#304. OED ץȤΤΤ [oed][lexicography]

εϡإåեɱѸ缭ŵʪ٤ꡥ1857ǯ6The Philological Society of London ΥСǤä Herbert Coleridge, Frederick Furnivall, Richard Chenevix Trench λͤޤǤ˱ѸǽǤƤϤ Unregistered Words Committee ̤ϿѰפΩƵĴξߤƱǯ11ˤ Trench μȤƼ7ܤɽ (68--71)줬ʹ70;ǯˤ錄ä³丽ߤˤޤ³ The Oxford English Dictionary ץȤΤΤȤʤä

(1) Ѹ줬ʬ˵ϿƤʤ
(2) ñβ²ʸ췲ˤޤˤޤޤƤʤ
(3) ʤɤθˤ˴ؤ뵭Ҥʬ˲ˤΤܤƤʤ
(4) ñνפỤ̄ȸỤ̄ˤ˸ΤƤ
(5) Ʊɤ̤뤳ȤդʧƤʤ
(6) Ҥ˽ʣ¿פʵҤˤʤäƤ
(7) ʸΤ˱ɤ٤ʸ¿ɤޤƤʤ

ȯɽǤϡ Trench ϤƱν⤳ΥץȤ̤ȤˤɤۤɤεϤΤΤˤʤ뤫Ǥʤäޤ70ǯʾ夫Ȥͽۤ⤷ʤäˤʤ1928ǯ OED δϡּˤεǰǤ롥ĤθϤ鸫ˤǤפȤ Trench οǰη¤ˤۤʤʤ (72)
嵭7ܤϡդˤСޤǤμˤϤʤ OED ħˤĤʤ롥OED ˤˤĤƤϡHistory of the Oxford English Dictionary ⻲ȡ

󡦥إåեɱѸ缭ŵʪ١ ҡ2004ǯ

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2010-02-24 Wed

#303. äѸȯΥץ벻 [elf][link]

Υ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ EIL ( English as an International Language ) ˼夲뤬 ( see elf )ѸȯʹƤߤȤȤˤ˥ץ벻ȻפWebΥ꥽õƤߤäõɼΤΤäȤȻפȤꤢΤߤ

The International Dialects of English Archive: IDEA 󶡡˥塼ΡDialects & AccentפαѸΥץ벻ءtranscript Ĥ
the speech accent archive: ϰѼ郎濴ʳ¿ꡥƱƥȤɤ߾夲ƤꡤӤ
Listen to English around the World: αѸ饸֤ؤΥ󥯡ENL ESL ι񤬥ᥤ
Sample Sound Files from International Corpus of English: ICE 󶡤Υץ롥Australia, East Africa (Kenya & Tanzania), Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, The Philippines äѸΥץ벻뤬û

Referrer (Inside): [2012-11-18-1]

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2010-02-23 Tue

#302. űѸΥե󥹼Ѹ [french][loan_word][oe][benedictine_reform][i-mutation]

Ѹˤǥե󥹼ѸȤС[2009-08-22-1]Υդ餫ʤȤꡤ12ȾʹߡѸȤߤʤƤ롥ʤűѸˤե󥹸줫μѤäȤϡե󥹸̾ʡˤΤˤ⵭ƤƤ褤ʲKastovsky (337--38) ꡥ

prud, prut "proud"
sot "foolish" (but possibly from Vulgar Latin)
tur "tower" (but possibly from Vulgar Latin)
capun "capon"
tumbere "dancer" (from OF tomber "fall")
fræpgian "accuse" (from OF frapper)
servian "serve"
gingifer "ginger"
bacun "bacon"
arblast "weapon"
serfise "service"
prisun "prison"
castel "castle"
market "market"
cancelere "chancellor"


ʤѸǤʤʤ˽פʸ줬ޤޤƤǤϤʤ¿11Ⱦʸ˸ƤꡤűѸȤϤäƤ⤽κμѤǤ롥10Ⱦ11ˤƥ󥰥ɤ˵äƻ ( the Benedictine Reform ) ϥե󥹤ϤäƤꡤΥޥͤ ( the Norman Conquest ) ԤȤե󥹤ȤΥͥϤäޤɥ ( Edward the Confessor ) ϥΥޥͤˤΥޥǥ˴̿äʪȤơ󥰥ɤȥե󥹤ȤΥͥ˹׸Ƥ롥
Τʤǡä prud / prut "proud" ϡűѸ줫줬ߤͭǤ: ex. prutlice "proudly", pryto / pryte "pride", prytscipe "proudship", prutness "proudness", oferprut "haughty", prutswongor "overburdened with pride", woruldpryde "worldly pride", oferprydo "excessive pride"̾ pryto 첻ѲƤ뤳Ȥ顤θ췲ѸǻȤϤ᤿10餤ˤϤޤ i-mutation ѤƤȤ¬졤ѲˤˤƤפʰ̣ġ
űѸΥե󥹼ѸϤޤ˾ʤΩʤᡤѸˤγǤۤȤɰ뤳ȤʤΤǡεǼ夲补ȤФäƤߤƤ⡤ޥʡݤʤ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.

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2010-02-22 Mon

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 [prescriptive_grammar][double_negative][stigma][split_infinitive]

1986ǯBBC Radio 4 ꡼ English Now ǻİԥ󥱡ȤԤ줿äȤʸˡְ㤤󤲤ƤȤΤפη̡ʲΥȥå10󥭥󥰤줿 ( Crystal 194 )

(1) between you and I : ֻθʤΤ I Ǥʤ me Ȥ٤
(2) split infinitives : ʬΥסto suddenly go ʤɡto ưδ֤ߤ٤餺
(3) placement of only : I saw only Jane ΰ̣ I only saw Jane Ȥ٤餺
(4) none + plural verb : None of the books are Ǥʤ is Ǽ٤
(5) different to : different from Ȥ٤
(6) preposition stranding : ֻ֡סThat was the clerk I gave the money to Τ褦ֻǸ˻Ĥ٤餺
(7) first person shall / will : ̤ɽˤϡI shall, you will, he will Τ褦˿;ΤˤäƽưȤʬ٤
(8) hopefully : ʸȤƤˡ˾餯ϡפ򤱤٤
(9) who / whom : ŪʤѤThat is the man whom you saw Ȥ٤
(10) double negation : They haven't done nothing Τ褦꼭Ѥ٤餺

20ǯʾΥ󥱡ȤߤǤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褤ʤʤС嵭ιܤ¿19ˤäƤ18Ϣʤ³Ƥ롤©Ĺ stigmatisation Ǥ롥(8) ʤɤŪ褦¾ݤĹ餯ʸˡǡָפȤΥåƥŽƤΤФǤ롥Ȥ̤ؤʤɤϤäȤƤ⡤20ǯ䤽ǡ10ܤȥåץ饹ä뤳ȤϤʤʸˡɸѸθˡ礭ʱƶͿƤȤϻ¤Ǥ鶺褦ȤƤˤ錄äƱ꤬˸³Ƥ¤ߤȡεϤȤΤϤʤʤޤʤΤʤȲƹͤ롥

Though the grammarians indisputably had an effect on the language, their influence has been overrated, since many complaints today about incorrect usage refer to the same features as those that were criticised in eighteenth-century grammars. This evident lack of effect is only now beginning to draw the attention of scholars. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 6)


ϢȤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1], [2009-09-15-1]⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2010-02-21 Sun

#300. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ (2) [etymology][spelling][loan_word][latin][french][etymological_respelling][sobokunagimon]

ε[2010-02-20-1]³ȤơѸäΤʤǥƥѸȥե󥹼Ѹ줬ɤΤ褦ʰּǶ¸Ƥ뤫ͤƤߤ
餫ˤ̤ꡤexplain <i> ϡӥե󥹸첽ƱѸäƤƤ plain ֻˤ롥ľܥƥ줫Ρ explane ե󥹸ˡ줿 explain ˶ȤǤ롥βΤ⤷ϡѸˤǤ褯夲 etymological respelling ȿФδطˤ뤳ȤǤ ( see etymological_respelling )
ŵŪˤϡetymological respelling ϡ˥ե󥹸첽DZѸäƤֻ˽Ѹ˳ؼԤˤäơץƥηؽ줿Ȥؤ㤨Сƥ perfectum ˤΤܤ perfect ϡѸ˥ե󥹸첽 parfit ηDZѸäƤѸ˥ƥֻ˴Ť perfect ؤѹ줿ե󥹸ˡ줿׷ƥΡΡ׷줿ȤǤ뤫顤 explain ȤϹоȤʤ
explain <i> ֻ˸ꤵƤΤϤѸǤ뤫顤λˤϾ夫ζʥƥˤȲʥե󥹸ˤξƯƤȤȤƥ줫֤γؼԤƳˤϥƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ꡤ⤦̱Ūʥ٥ѤΤǤ folk respelling ȤǤ⤤٤ݤäȤȤäȤ⡤ä˸ԤϡѸ˸¤餺ĤǤⵯݤǤϤ롥
plain ʿʡפ˴ϢưĤ⤷¤դä褦θϡƥ plānus ե󥹸첽ֻ14˱Ѹꡤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥ؤѸȤƤΡʿ̤ΡפȤˤĤƤϡѸˡƥ򻲾Ȥֻ plane ô褦ˤʤäؼŪʤˤΤˤϳؼŪ򤷤ֻդ路ȤȤʿʡʿפʡפȤ줳ʿפʸϡʿ̱ˤդ路줿ֻ礤äȤȤ
explain <i> ꤫Ϥޤäơ⤷ȯ꼡

Referrer (Inside): [2015-01-26-1]

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2010-02-20 Sat

#299. explain ˤʤ <i> Τ [etymology][spelling][loan_word][latin][french][analogy][sobokunagimon]

νյ٤ߤ˥˥塼ɤ˸αΥ߳顤᡼ǼΤ褦ʼ䤬ä󶡤򤢤꤬Ȥˡ

Ȥ̾줫ưؤʻѤ򤷤Ȥˡexplanation explain ȤΤФƤޤɤ "i" ȤʸФƤΤΰ㤤ϲʤΤȼ䤷Ȥͥƥ֤ǤʬʤȤֻ֤äƤޤǤ


ΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥̾줬 explanation ǤСбư *explanate Ȥ *explane ǤäۤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥㤨Сprofanation ¡פФ profanate profane ¤פǡǤ롥
®츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤ¨¤˸Ĥäplain ʿפʡפֻ ( analogy ) Ȥexplain ϥƥ explānāre ˤΤܤ롥 ex- + plānāre ʬ򤵤졤촴ʬ plānus ʿʡפ̤ΤǡȤ plain Ȥϸ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬롥̣Ūˤϡʿ餫ˤעʿ˼עפȤϢǧ롥Ѹˤ1425ǯ˥ƥ줫ä
plain ֻפȤްդΤϡȤȤ explain ǤϤʤ explane ʤɤֻԤƤȤȤǤ롥OED Ĵ٤ȡºݤ1516ˤ explane Ȥֻǧ롥ߤֻ17ʹߤˤ褽ΩΤǤ롥
ǰĵ䤬롥explain <i> ΥǥȤʤä plain ƥ plānus ͳ褹ΤǤʤСplain Τ <i> ϲͳ褹Τƥ plānus Ϥʤ *plane ȤƱѸäƤʤäΤε򤯸ϡѷϩΰ㤤Ǥ롥explain ʤ explane ľܥƥ줫ѸäΤФplain ϥƥ줫ե󥹸ͳƱѸäΤǤ롥ե󥹸ͳʳǡ plānus plain ؤ졤Υե󥹸첽ֻѸäȤˤʤ롥plain αѸؤμѤ13ᤤΤǡѻΰ㤤ѷϩΰ㤤ˤȿǤƤΤȹͤ롥ȤƤϡƥ vānus ե󥹸ͳ vain Ȥ㤬󤲤褦⡤᤯12˱ѸäƤ
ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥explain <i> ϡplain <i> Ǥ롥ơplain <i> ʤˤ뤫ȤСθ츻Ǥƥ plānus ե󥹸첽ֻDZѸäƤǤ롥̤ȤơѸ plain explain ξˤƥե󥹸ѤȤˤʤ롥

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2010-02-19 Fri

#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) [chaucer][lydgate]

[2010-01-09-1]εؤɲáChaucer αѸ줬Ѹ˾ǤɤΤ褦ʰյĤˤĤƤε˴ϢơHorobin (1--2) 15˽ФƤĤɾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥ʲƤߤ롥

And eke my maister Chaucer is ygrave
The noble Rethor, poete of Brytayne
That worthy was the laurer to haue
Of poetrye, and the palme atteyne
That made firste, to distille and rayne
The golde dewe dropes of speche and eloquence
Into our tunge, thurgh his excellence
(John Lydgate, ''Life of Our Lady'', Book 2, Lines 1628--34)


The firste fyndere of our fair langage (Thomas Hoccleve, The Regement of Princes, line 4978)


[Chaucer's] diction was in general like that of his contemporaries. (Dr Johnson's "History of the English Language" in his Dictionary published in 1755)


. . . the English language must have imbibed a strong tincture of the French, long before the age of Chaucer, and consequently that he ought not to be charged as the importer of words and phrases, which he only used after the example of his predecessors and in common with his contemporaries (Thomas Tyrwhitt, ed. The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer. London: 1775--78. xxiii.)


Chaucer employed the London speech of his time, and a minute comparison of his usage with that of the contemporary London archives shows the two to correspond in all essentials. He not only did not invent or alter the grammatical inflections, but he also appears to have added few words to the English vocabulary. (Robinson, F. N., ed. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Oxford, 1957. xxx.)


. . . Chaucer wrote in the English familiar to him from business as well as from court circles in London and Westminster. . . . In some respects, especially in the technique of verse, he was a great innovator, and a substantial number of words and phrases, many of French origin, are first recorded in his work. But the influence he had on the English language seems to have been more a matter of style than substance. (Davis, Norman. "Language and Versification." The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd ed. Ed. Benson, Larry D. xxvi.)


Lydgate (see [2010-02-13-1]) Hoccleve ʤɤ15 Chaucer ɿԤϡChaucer αѸ򤢤Τ18餤ˤϤǤŤܤ Chaucer αѸɾԤƤƤ롥Chaucer αѸ˲餫αѸŪʰյǧȤΩˤϡHorobin ޤḽθԤŪŤ٤򼨤Ƥ褦

Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.

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2010-02-18 Thu

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ [caxton][printing][spelling][standardisation][german]

[2009-12-24-1]εǡ15Ⱦ Caxton England ˰Ѥ⤿餷аޤˤĤƽҤ٤̤ˡΰѤƳϡ15Ⱦ˿ʹԤƤѸֻɸಽʤȤƲᤵƤ롥ѸˤθŵΰĤȤ٤ Baugh and Cable ϡѤαƶ򼡤Τ褦ɾƤ롥

A powerful force thus existed for promoting a standard, uniform language, and the means were now available for spreading that language throughout the territory in which it was understood. (Baugh and Cable 201)


Caxton ˤѤƳֻɸಽ˹׸ɤϵ路ȤФƤƤ롥

The introduction of the press did not at first assist the adoption of the standard, but over time compositors became more familiar with it and helped to ensure its triumph. (Blake 205 as cited in Horobin 79)


. . . while the advent of the printing press was an important factor for the standardisation of written English, this was a gradual process which even by the close of the fifteenth century still remained unfinished. (Horobin 87)


ˡѤϤषޤĤäƤֻ variation ˹̤ɸಽ˵չԤή߽ФȤո餢롥

. . . it is an irony in the history of the development of the standard that the orthography of early printing represented a backward step when compared with the established conventions of chancery English. (Görlach 24 as cited in Horobin 79)


λܤεŪʰոȴϢơϥɥĸν񤭸ɸಽξפФʲΰѡ

The inflectional system remained unstable during the following Early New High German period. One of the major factors for the instability was ironically the growing standardisation of written language. To quote R. Keller, "the growth of a written standard language spread regional features to other areas and by making them supra-regional increased variation and thus morphological confusion" (German 410) (Hotta 27)


Ѹξ硤嵭ΰոϡCaxton ΰȼԤ spelling λȤܺ٤ʬϤƤߤȤϤʤ餫ˤʤʤεϡĤʸ˾νФ͡ɾǽǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ȥƶ̣

Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Görlach, M. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1990.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Keller, R. E. The German Language. London: Faber, 1978.

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2010-02-17 Wed

#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ [japanese][hybrid][loan_word][latin][christianity][alphabet][religion][buddhism][hebrew]

[2009-05-30-1]εǡ6˥֥ƥˤ⤿餵줿ꥹȶ󥰥ͤȱѸ¿ʱƶͿȤ򸫤ꥹȶϡ۶ΤǤäƥȤȤ˱Ѹθä˿ǤʤѸ alphabet ȤʸηϤ⤿餷⤷6ΥꥹȶϡѸʸŪˤǽפλäȤߤƤ褤
̣ȤˡƱ桼饷Φȿ¦Ǥ褦ʽäƤ6ȾСΦܤʩȤ轡⤿餵줿ʩʸΤϴʴˤäܸϡȤʸηϤ졤ʩϢäȤơˡաʤۤդˡסֹʤˡסֲʤˡסۻܡʤդˡסɱۡʤˤˡפʤɤƤս٤ˤϴϾ嵭ΤΤʤɾʤ²Τ¸դȤäƲΤΤǤ뤳ȤͤСºݤˤϤ¿δ줬ɻޤǤܸäƤȹͤ롥¸ܼȴΤ򺮺ߤ֤ˡ˲ס֤ʽ˲פʤɤ ( hybrid ) ߤ뤳Ȥ⡤٤˴줬ܸäȤ߹ޤƤȤ롥
ǫӸƤСѸܸȤǤʸäμƤλξܺ٤ϰۤʤäƤΦνȤտ魯ʸʸ졤٤ι⤤ͥƥ֤ʸηϤ˳Ǥ߻Ϥ᤿ΤξˤƤۤƱǤ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥θ塤ξˤdz줬ȼƤ椯Ȥͤ碌ȡޤޤӤͤꤽ
ޤ˵󤲤ֲʤˡסۻܡʤդˡסɱۡʤˤˡפʤɤʩѸ줬Ūˤ ( Sanskrit ) Ȥ²θˤΤܤΤ⤪⤷Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ꥹȶѸƥ ( Latin ) 䥮ꥷ ( Greek ) Ȥ²θθäǤ뤫顤äȤƤϸߤ˶ᤤȤˤʤ롥ʤäȤ⡤ŪˤϥꥹȶѸ¿Ǥإ֥饤 ( Hebrew ) ˤΤܤˡǤϤ뤬Ѹܸˤ볰轡θŪƶ٤ƤߤȤȯꤽ

ܸˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2006ǯ. 40--42ǡ

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2010-02-16 Tue

#295. black Blake [etymology][inflection][doublet][meosl]

̾ Black Blake ˸츻Ūʴط뤳ȤǶˤʤäΤäͤƤߤСĤƤ첻û첻ä ( /blak/ )뤤Ĺ첻ä ( /bla:k/ ) ΰ㤤ˤʤĹ첻İ۷ϡ첻ܤФ /bleɪk/ ȯˤʤä
ѸǤϡ̾ƻǡIJᡦ첻η֤ȳᡦη֤ؤ뤳Ȥä㤨СѸ hole Ѹη֤ȤƤ hol /hol/ hole /hɔ:lə/ Τ褦ʰ۷֤¸ߤΤϡűѸʳǡñʡгʤǤ hol ȤIJᡦ첻η֤ʳǤʣʡгʤ holu ʤɳᡦη֤̤ѤƤȤ˵롥űѸηƻ blæc ޤˤäƤ blæce, blacu ʤɳᡦη֤ζ̤Ѹʹߤˤ۷֤ȤưѤ졤ߤ black Blake ŸΥڥ߽ФȤȤˤʤ롥ơ̾ hole gate Τ褦Ū˳ᡦä֤Ĥꡤƻ black glad Τ褦ŪIJᡦ첻ä֤ĤäȤ ( Görlach 63 )
black ˤĤƤϸ츻ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡäȹää褦Ǥ롥űѸˤϡblæc "black" ¾˸츻ˤ blāc "bright, pale, white" ʤƻ줬¸ߤѸ˻äξԤη֤ޡ̣ξǤ⺮ƱäƤ롥ֹפȡפήƤޤȤΤ餿ȤǤϤʤ
ξȤ⡤ĸ *bhel-, *bhleg- ̤ꡤ "to shine, gleam" Ǥ롥dzפ־ǤפͳơֹʤפȤΤ顤ʤۤɡפȡֹפˤϤΤ褦ʰ̴طäΤʤȴ顤bleak ֹäȤŤפ bleach ɺ򤹤פƤ뤫顤ʤ鴶
ȤǺǽ뤬Black Blake Τ˸츻Ūʴط뤳ȤϤ狼äʤ⤷ȩȱοʤɤˤʤ̾դΤǤСˤɤ餬Ƥɤ餬򤫤äΤ뤤ϡξԤȤ뤤äΤ̣֤⺮𤷤ƤΤǤСλϤʤ

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-04-1]

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2010-02-15 Mon

#294. Chaucer tense switching [chaucer][tense][historic_present]

Chaucer κʤɤǤȡɸŪʽ񤭸ձѸǤϵʤλž롥νϢʸǡ߷Ȳư줬ؤΤǤ롥ʲ The Reeve's Tale (lines 4057--72) ΤƤߤ褦ֻưθ߷Ļưβɽ鷺16Ԥδ֤ܤޤ뤷 tense switching äƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Out at the dore he gooth ful pryvely,
Whan that he saugh his tyme, softely.
He looketh up and doun til he hath founde
The clerkes hors, ther as it stood ybounde
Bihynde the mille, under a lefesel;
And to the hors he goth hym faire and wel;
He strepeth of the brydel right anon.
And whan the hors was laus, he gynneth gon
Toward the fen, ther wilde mares renne,
And forth with wehee, thurgh thikke and thurgh thenne.
This millere gooth agayn, no word he seyde,
But dooth his note, and with the clerkes pleyde,
Til that hir corn was faire and well ygrounde.
And whan the mele is sakked and ybounde,
This John goth out and fynt his hors away,
And gan to crie "Harrow!" and "Weylaway!"


Chaucer tense switching ϤʷǸ椵ƤƤ褦ǡ³ȴλ ( aspect ) ž򼨤䤬ȤνҤˤ븽߷λѤˤäʪȳˤƤϤޤŪŪƤɽʤɤΰƤ󼨤Ƥ (Horobin 8--10)ʸ̮ǤʤɤФ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤϡ historic present Ū ˡǤϤʤhistoric present ϸѸǤ̤Τ˸ΤǤ褯Ѥ롥Ѹĵ󤲤褦

I couldn't believe it! Just as we arrived, up comes Ben and slaps me on the back as if we're life-long friends. 'Come on, old pal,' he says, 'Let me buy you a drink!' I'm telling you, I nearly fainted on the spot. (cited from Quirk ''et al''., p. 181)


The Reeve's Tale fabliau Ȥ°ɽΤȤƽ̱ŪǸɽ¿βսǤ⡤ܤޤ뤷 tense switching 뤳Ȥ̤˥ꥺͿƤȲǤȴϢơΧԹ tense switching ȤƤȤȤְ㤤ʤΥꥺ򼺤ʤ褦ˡ߷ʬʤ̣襤սǤ롥

Fisher, John H. and Mark Allen, eds. The Complete Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2010-02-14 Sun

#293. ٤¬뤫 [pragmatics][rp][pde_characteristic][language_equality]

[2009-09-27-1]εǡĹûŪƱꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ˤĤƿ줿볰٤ϡؽԤǤ˳ƤȤӤˤƤٷޤ롤ȤȤϷи餤äƤ⹭줽νˤŪ٤ȤΤϸŪ¬뤳ȤǤΤ
Andersson ˤȡϡʸˡ ( grammar ) ( vocabulary ) ( rules of usage ) ̤˹ͤɬפȤǤʸˡȤϡǤʤޤ๭ΤȤؤ줾礬¬ˤɤΤ褦˹׸뤫뤤ϤʤAndersson ˴Ť󤹤롥


ɤθǤ⡤ˤäȤ֤ΤΤϸäǤ롥ǤäƤ⡤ǤΤ٤Ƥθä뤳ȤԲǽǤ롥ŪˡäξʤΤۤä¿꺤ǤȤäʤФʣʳǰɽ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤȤߥ˥̤꤬뤿ˡäδΤߤ٤¬ȤȤϤǤˤʤ

ʸˡ
ˤĤƤϡ̤벻ǤοʤۤɰפȤ롥5첻ƥɸܸ20첻ƥıѸ RP (see [2010-01-20-1]) ȤǤϡԤۤϰפ
֡ˤĤƤϡŪŪʸ ( synthetic language ) ʬŪʸ ( analytic language ) ΤۤפȤ롥ǡʤȤäʸˡ󤬶޸ޤ줿űѸ̾ȡǤʤѸηȤǤϡԤΤۤפ


̤ˡɸλѤʤɤɽŪʵ§ʤоʤۤɸϰפȤ롥Ҳطɸ뵡ǽϤɤθˤޤƤꡤε§μ̤Ƚꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤ǤϡEsperanto ʤɤο͹ϡ§ߤʤΤǡפȤ뤫⤷ʤ

ȤƼΤ褦ˤνˤŪ٤̤ˤ¬ǽ⤷ʤ줾Ϳ줿٤ΤΤʤǤɤΥȤƤ뤫뤳Ȥ񤷤ηƧޤǡѸħ ( see pde_characteristic ) ƸľƤߤ

Andersson, Lars-Gunnar. "Some Languages are Harder than Others." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 50--57.

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2010-02-13 Sat

#292. aureate diction [chaucer][style][latin][loan_word][lydgate][aureate_diction]

ѸˤˤƥäμѤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-30-1], [2009-08-19-1], [2009-08-25-1]ʤɤεǿ줿ƥѤ̤ȤƤС[2009-08-19-1]Ǹ褦˽ѸȴƤ롥طʤˤϡͥå󥹴θŵ䡤ռܳФ᤿ѹ̱θߵ᤬ä
16˻ϤޤƥѤȯǡȤȤǤϤʤͽ뤫Τ褦ʥƥ󤫤֤ʸΤaureate diction ˡפȸƤФ֤15¸ߤƤΤǤ롥

Aureate diction is a self-consciously stylized and highly artificial poetic language designed to enrich vernacular poetic vocabulary by introducing Latin words, mostly from religious sources, into English. (Horobin 92)


Ūʼ򰷤ʡä the Virgin Mary ʽޥꥢˤˤ˹ǻȤĴ⤤ʸΤǡ̤ΥƥäλѤ礭ħǤäѤ줿ƥä¿ϺǽŪ˱ѸäȤȤ߹ޤʤäΤǡޤ "artificial language" ȤäƤ褤ʸΤ˨᤯ Chaucer ˤߤ뤬äȤ⶯ӤĤƤΤ Chaucer οԤǤ륤󥰥ɻ John Lydgate (c1370--1449) 䥹åȥɻ William Dunbar (c1460/65--a1530) Ǥ롥Dunbar Ballad of Our Lady Ƭʬ aureate diction ȤƤ褯Ѥ (see also http://www.lib.rochester.edu/Camelot/teams/duntxt1.htm#P4)

Hale, sterne superne! Hale, in eterne,
In Godis sicht to schyne!
Lucerne in derne, for to discerne
Be glory and grace devyne;
Hodiern, modern, sempitern,
Angelicall regyne!
Our tern infern for to dispern
Helpe, rialest Rosyne!


ޤʸ򤸤ʸʤ̡Ѹ򤸤ʸǤ롥
Baugh and Cable ϡѸˤˤ aureate diction "a minor current in the stream of Latin words flowing into English in the course of the Middle Ages" (186) ǤȾöŪɾ򤯤Ƥ롥λˤäƤƥѤȯƤǤѸä¿ޤǻĤʤäȤ¤ͤȤѸˤˤƥѤ줹붦̹बФ褦˻פ롥

Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2010-02-12 Fri

#291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][conjugation][paradigm][deixis][t/v_distinction]

ѸˤǤϡ;̾η֤ȵǽϤ褯ꤢơޤΰĤǤ롥űѸǤ þū ȝē Ϥ줾;Τñʣɽñ˿ƥ꡼˴Ť̤ʤƤʶɽ[2009-10-24-1]ˡ
Ѹˤʤȡthou ye ϡűѸ줫οƥ꡼δ˲ä[2009-10-29-1][2009-10-11-1]ǿ줿褦ˡƾΡɾΤζ̤θ褦ˤʤäʶɽ[2009-10-25-1]ˡT/V distinction ȸƤФ롤ǤȤμҲŪľ ( social deixis ) εǽñʣζ̤Τʤ֤äƤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹˤϡthou Ȥʤ T/V distinction ä줿Ʊ˸űѸñʣζ̤äƤޤ̤;̾ȤƤ you Ĥäʶɽ[2009-11-09-1]ˡ
Ѹ T/V distinction 䤽ΩäβʤɤϡŪʴؿѸˤǤ褯ꤢ뤬ФиȤƤΤ thou ξüˤäơñ㲽ظäƤưζηϤñ㲽ȤǤ롥thou äѸưޤߤƤߤ褦ѲưɽȤ binde(n)ѲưɽȤ loue(n) ζɽǤ롥

ME Verb Conjugation

ѸʳǤϡ;Τˤ޸μϸ߷ -e(n), -est, -eth 3̤꤬äǤűѸ٤ñ㲽Ƥ롥ˤäƤϤ˼बʤ¾塤Ѳ;ñ -est ¾ȶ̤ΤߤǤ롥Ѹȡ-e(n) üΤǡưޤñ㲽ϤäʤळȤˤʤä
ơѸˤ⤦ĤᲡä줿˽Ҥ٤褦ˡŪʸˤ thou üȡthou б;ñζ޸ -est ϸ뵡񤬤ʤʤꡤѤƤä̤Ȥơ;ñ -eth ʸ -s ִˤΤߤĤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
thou ξüѸζ޿ή˰첡äȤϳФƤ
ѸưޤˤĤƤϡʲΥȤ⻲ȡ

Horobin, Simon and Jeremy Smith. An Introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 115--16.
Middle English Verb Morphology
ME Strong Verbs
ME Weak Verbs

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2010-02-11 Thu

#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources [chaucer][link]

[2009-11-08-1] Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources Ҳ𤷤 Chaucer θΩĥ󥯤򽸤ƤߤChaucer ˤĤƤ⥦־ˤʾ¸ߤΤǡ󥯤åꤹǰŻǤ롥

[Portals to Chaucer]
Chaucer MetaPage: ȤƤĤʤʾ󸻤ؤ
The Geoffrey Chaucer Website: ⤦Ĥ
geoffreychaucer.org: Web resources ؤĤ󥯽Ȥ٤ڡ

Baragona's Chaucer Page: ѥڡȤȤǡ󥯤˭١
Duncan's Chaucer Course: ѥڡ䤹
The Chaucer Scriptorium by Michael Hanly

Jane Zatta's Chaucer: ƺʤطʤΤΤˡ
Luminarium Chaucer Page: Ѹʸؤι Chaucer
The New Chaucer Society: ز񥵥ȡ󥯽

[Texts and Translations]
Librarius's The Canterbury Tales and Other Works: Ѹե졼Ѥå꡼ⴰCanterbury Tales
Interlinear Translations of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: Դ֤ǸѸɤ롥
The Electronic Canterbury Tales: Tale Ȥ˾ܡCanterbury Tales ΥƥȤñ
Chaucer Texts: ƥȥեǽѸ顤HTMLPDFǤǽ
The General Prologue - An Electronic Edition: General Prologue òڡ˥塼äإסѸ
The Canterbury Tales: Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ˤ󶡡
The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer, Edited for Popular Perusal from Project Gutenberg: Gutenberg ƥȥեȤ롥
General Prologue and the Miller's Tale: University of Glasgow 󶡤 Miller's Taleå꡼ȥȤĤ

The Canterbury Tales - Reader-Friendly edition in PDF: PDFȤѸֻǤäɤߤͤˡ
The Canterbury Tales: 饤ɤ븽Ѹ
Canterbury Tales and Other Poems -- Hypertext and eBooks: Literature Project ˤ󶡤θѸ

[Glossaries, Concordancers, and Other Research Tools]
A Basic Chaucer Glossary: Ķʰץå꡼
A Glossarial DataBase of Middle English: Canterbury Tales ܳɸϥå꡼
A Glossary for the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (in the Riverside Edition): 1ڡͭѤʥå꡼
Chaucer Concordance: Υ󥳡󥵡
Chaucer Bibliography Online: Ϥ Chaucer Ϣʸġ롥

[Others]
Canterbury Tales Project μܥ᡼Υץ롥Hengwrt Chaucer Digital Facsimile, Miller's Tale, Nun's Priest's Tale ʤɡ
Audio Files of Chaucer's Works: ʸϯɤ᤭ޤ줿
The Chaucer Studio: ƥϯ CD Ǥڡ
ʸ嵭2013/03/10(Sat)Ellesmere Chaucer: ܲ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-25-1] [2018-12-27-1]

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2010-02-10 Wed

#289. ITˤߤĤĤ̲ Chitimacha [language_death][revitalisation_of_language]

26 NPR Software Company Helps Revive 'Sleeping' Language ꤹ뵭äƹ Lousiana Lafayette ͤۤɤ褷ƤȤ륢ꥫ轻̱ Chitimacha ²1940ǯ˻Ǥ̱²ITѤˤä褵ƤȤƤ
ϢΥեȥȯƤ Rosetta Stone Ҥ1934ǯ˴ʤä Chitimacha ²Ĺ Ben Paul Ĺ֤ˤ錄ϿȤˤ Chitimacha ߤ Chitimacha ²λҶΤζ೫ȯΩƤƤȤ餬 Chitimacha ²ΰǤ⤢عϡȯ줿եȥѤˡϺƤꡤ᡼ʸϤƱ򿥤򤼤Ȥ̤Υˡ˱ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ɮפϥݥƥ֤ʳǤ Chitimacha 褬ɤΤ餤ŪǤꡤɤ٤οϤƤ椯ƩǤ롥褷ƳڴѻϤǤʤ˸Ĥξ郎ߤ·äƤȤܤ

(1) ĤƤ²ĹĹ֤ˤ錄Ͽ̤θŪ⤬ĤäƤ뤳ȡʢθؼ Morris Swadesh ϡ
(2) 褵褦Ȥ̱²͡ä˶աˤƤ뤳
(3) ᡼ʸϤʤɤο챿ѴĶˤѤƤߤȤˡǯؤƤ뤳
(4) ˹⤤ؿ Rosetta Stone ҤΤ褦ʲҤ¸ߤȺüITѤȤӤĤ̤Ƥ뤳

͹Ū褵줿 Chitimacha 줬ŪȤΩǽ뤫ɤ̤οȤߥ˥ѤδʸȤɤʤȤƤ⡤Chitimacha μȱѤΰ Chitimacha ²ʸΤʤǤΰ֤뤳ȤˤʤΤǤСŪΰã줿ȹͤΤǤϤʤ
Chitimacha "dead language" ǤϤʤ "sleeping language" äǤ롤Ȥ̣"sleeping language" ܳФᤵȤޤǤοˤǤϻߤ⤷ʤäʤäȤ޵ȤƤ롥ޤääƿʸݤǤ롥
Chitimacha ˤĤƤ Ethnologue ε Wikipedia ε 򻲾ȡ

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2010-02-09 Tue

#288. Bo κǸüԡ˴ʤ [language_death][origin_of_language]

24ɡޥ ( the Andaman Islands ) Bo ȤκǸü Boa Sr 85Ф˴ʤäȤ BBC News - Last speaker of ancient language of Bo dies in India ƻ줿Boa Sr 30ǯʾΤ Bo κǸüԤȤơؼԤˤäƤθ줬ϿƤƱΥڡǤϡϿΰİȤǤ롥
ޥǤϤ3Ĥθ줬ǤӤȤƤꡤ[2010-01-26-1]ǸȤ꿼ʥԡɤǸ줬Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥ΤȤͫθ٤ȤǤ뤳Ȥ[2010-01-29-1]ǤˤBo ξü˴ؤƱǤ⡤ʲΤ褦ͫθɽƤ롥

Boa Sr's death was a loss for intellectuals wanting to study more about the origins of ancient languages, because they had lost "a vital piece of the jigsaw"


嵭ʸ "ancient languages" 䡤ΰʸˤݤ롥

"It is generally believed that all Andamanese languages might be the last representatives of those languages which go back to pre-Neolithic times," Professor Abbi said. "The Andamanese are believed to be among our earliest ancestors."


ϥޥν˴ؤμϤޤäʤޥ줬дˤΤܤκǸɽȤĥ˼򤫤ʤޥ7ǯäƤ륢եꥫ˵ĸ췲ȹͤƤ뤬ñ쵯 ( monogenesis or the Mother Tongue theory; for this see The Origin of Language ) Τ뤫ɤ̤ˤƤ⡤¾¿θƱ餤Τ̤ΤǤϤʤܸѸ⡤ŪˤƱ餤Ť줫ȯŸƤΤǤϤʤͤȡƥޥֿдˤΤܤκǸɽפȼΩƤͳϲȤȤˤʤäƤ롥
ؤؤʬǡޥθʸСΥեꥫʸʤʤʸˤΰ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤԤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤˤϡ֥ޥ7ǯδ֡¾αƶۤȤɼƤ餺η֤˶ᤤ pure ʷ֤ݻƤפȤ󤬤褦˻פ롥ޥô꤬ϩեꥫäƤȤʤСưβ¾ܿʤäȤȤˤޤŪʸˤѲ7ǯΤˤޤäʤäȤȤϹͤʤ
λǤȿ͡˷ؤǤϡBo ξǤȤ˴ؤؼԤΥȤħŪʰ̣礤äƤȤȤǧ뤬ޥ줬Ȥ櫓פʸǤȼ뺬ä "the last representatives of those languages which go back to pre-Neolithic times" ȼĥ뺬ˤϵ䤬Ĥä

Referrer (Inside): [2010-10-12-1]

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2010-02-08 Mon

#287. polysemy ȯۤθ [etymology][polysemy][grimms_law]

䡥䲹Ǥ褯ߤ벼μ̿Τ褦ʼظ򲿤Ȥ
kraan
ʢåˡ
ǶϤޤ긫ʤ褦˻פҶκˤ褯̤äƤˤϡظ˥ʤǽ񤫤Ƥ褦˵Ƥ롥ʤǤ̾ĤƤΤʤԻ׵Ĥäŷι⤤ζ̴֤β顼Ĥ餫ʤȤ̿ˤ⤢̴̾Ȥ⤤٤֥פȴطΤʤʤɤȻפäƤ
Ȥ줬 kraan 褿ΤΤäޥΰĤȤƥطˤѸǤϡб ( cognate ) crane פǤ롥ζʤäΥ᡼Ǥ롥ε[2010-02-07-1]ǿ줿Ȥꡤcrane ϡסֵŵפʤɤ̣¿ ( polysemic word ) ͽ̤ѸǤּظפθäOED ˤȡפϸűѸ줫¸ߤֵŵסּظפ1375ǯʡرѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥ1349ǯˡ1634ǯ줾ФǤ롥
θ츻Τ뤳ȤΤ⤷롥Ĥϡܸǡס֥졼ס֥פȤȤ¤ϸ츻ȤƤϻĤθ줬ؤäƤȤȤȤǤ롥⤦ĤϡѸʤȥˤǤϻĤθ crane ΰΤߤǤޤʤƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ܸǤϡȥ졼ȼظӤĤȤȯۤϤޤФƤʤѸ줫򽤤ƤС䤽ޤǹԤʤȤ츻Ĵ٤ϤСȯۤΰͤưפˤɤ夯ȤǤΤǤ롥ιͤ򲡤ȡ¿ϤƤȯۤθˤʤȤȤ
ĤǤˡcranberry ֥ĥ륳ʤμ¡ˡ٥꡼פϡ٤ΤФη˻Ƥ뤳Ȥ餽ƤФȤޤpedigree ֲȷϡʿޡˡפϥե󥹸 pied de grue "foot of crane" ѸäΤǤꡤȷϿޤ­ˤʤ館ȴȯۤ˴Ťե󥹸 grue ׼Τϥƥ grūs פͳ褷ˡ§([2009-08-08-1])𤷤ƥޥ crane kraan θƬҲб뤳Ȥ狼

Referrer (Inside): [2010-04-09-1]

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2010-02-07 Sun

#286. homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy [homonymy][homophony][homography][polysemy]

ε[2010-02-06-1]Ʊ ( homophony ) ˿줿ϡȤФкƱ뻰ĤγǰƳоȤʤ餽줾򿼤᤿

homophony ( homohphones )
Ʊ֡ʸˡȯƱֻۤʤɤδطex. son, sun
homography ( homographs )
Ʊְ۲ʸˡֻƱȯۤʤɤδطex. bow /bəʊ/ ֵݡ, bow /baʊ/ ֤
homonymy ( homonyms )
ƱƱְ۵ʸˡȯֻƱ̣ۤʤɤδطex. last ֺǸΡ, last ֻ³
polysemy ( polysemic words )
¿ʸˡĤθ줬ߤ˴Ϣʣΰ̣äƤ֡ex. crane סֵŵ

λͤĤγǰϡֻȯỌ̇̄λԤδطʣǤ뤳ȤȿǤΤǤ롥ܸǤϡֻפбΤʤȤʲ̾ȴˤض̤뤿ᡤطȤ߹碌;פ¿ʤ롥
polysemy ϡߤȡ¾λĤ٤ưۼ˴뤫⤷ʤ˷ǤΤ homonymy Ȥζܤۣʥ¿뤫Ǥ롥˵󤲤 crane ϡŪˤϡפˤꡤηƤ뤳Ȥ˴Ť ( metaphor ) ǡֵŵפΰ̣Ū˰̣Ϣ³Ȥǡcrane Ȥǡʸˤʣΰ̣б褦ˤʤä ( polysemy ) ȹͤΤǤ롥ǤСΩƤ٤Ф crane ĤǺѤࡥ last Ĥΰ̣ϡŪ˴طʤ̸츻ĤηǡʸˤƱ֤ؤȹήƤޤäǤ롥Ṳ̄θȹͤΤǡǤϸФ̡ΩƤΤǤ롥
Ū츻Ū˹ͤǼθФΩΤȤΩϡ̵˼Ƥ褤ΤˤΤʤȲꤷơŪΩ줫顤ͤפȡֵŵפΤ˴Ϣ򸫤뤫ϵȿФˡֺǸΡפȡֻ³פΤ˰̣ΤĤʤ򸫤ͤȤƤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ㤨Сlight weight light blue ˤƻ light ϤɤŪˤĤ light ϶̤٤Ǥꡤhomonymy ȸƤ֤٤طǤ롥ŪˤϡַڤøפȤ̣ζǤޤȤΤǤϤʤȤĥǽǤꡤξˤ polysemy δطǤȸ롥
homonymy polysemy ζ̤ΤˤĤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤθĤġʾͤĤγǰ򼡤Τ褦˿޼ƤߤϡGörlach ο (51) Ȥ˲ѤäΤǤ

homonymy, homophony, homography, and polysemy

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2010-02-06 Sat

#285. Ѹֻȴζ (2) [grammatology][alphabet][spelling_pronunciation_gap][kanji][homophone]

ε[2010-02-05-1]³ԡѸʸηϤƱɽʸΤˤɽʸˤȤȤ館СƤѸֻԾˤĤơŤޤΤǤϤʤȤäǤ롥
ܸؤΰĤƱ ( homophony ) 롥㤨С֤פȲ̾ǽ񤤤硤ع٤ˤФ44б롥

ҵ๡աҡʡ䡤ȡҡûҡҡ桦ҡ֡ΡͻԻࡤԻȡҡ֡ϡ֡桤衤¡̡ĻҡĻաĻ̡Ȼ顤Ȼ硤㫡顤ʻҡ׻Ρ׻ȡΡ֡ա桤⫻ס𡤹ֻա


ȯǤϥȤˤäơֻҵפȡֹֻաפʤɤ϶̤Ĥ뤬ʬ϶ǽǤ롥ʸ̮ˤäȽ̤Ǥ륱¿ǽ񤱤аȯϲ褹롥ϡܼŪʵǽɽȤǤϤʤʷǡˤɽȤˤ뤫Ǥ롥
ѸǤϡƱ۵ϤۤϤʤϤ¸ߤ롥so, sow, sew Ϥ /səʊ/ ȯ뤬ʷǡˤȤƤ̡Ǥ롥̾ʸ̮ˤäȽ̤ǤϤֻΰ㤤꤬⡤ѸֻεǽΰȤơǤʤʷǡˤɽȤ䤬뤫餳Ǥ롥ˤ⡤Ѹֻȴζä

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2010-02-05 Fri

#284. Ѹֻȴζ [grammatology][alphabet][spelling_pronunciation_gap][kanji]

ܸʸηϤˤơ̾ϲʲˤɽϼ˸ɽˤⲻտ路Ƥ뤬̾̾Τ褦˰аDzбƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤС<>Ȥ /ʤ/, //, //, // ʣβɤλ롥ܸؽԤФΤϤѤȻפѸüԤѸؽˤ⡤٤κƱ褦ݤиƤ롥
"alphabet" ɽʸƱѤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ˤСä˱Ѹ alphabet ξ硤phonetic ɤ phonemic ǤʤޤǤˤ⤤Ĥε spelling_pronunciation_gap 夲Ƥ褦ˡѸǤϤʸĤβǤбȤȤϤʤʸηϤϰ츫㤯Ǥ롥ñ84%ˤĤƤֻб§ˤͽ۲ǽȤƤ (Pinker 187)֤񤵤ۤɤҤɤʸηϤǤϤʤȤո⤢롥
ȯۤžơѸʸηϤɽʸǤʤʴƱɽʸǤ롤ȹͤƤߤ褦ΤˤС ( word ) ȤϷ ( morpheme ) ɽʸǤȹͤ롥ȤСphotograph, photographic, photography ȤϢθΤ줾ˤĤ <photograph> ʬʬǤʤĤΤޤȤޤȤơʸδǤƤߤ褦ޤ <photograph> ϡּ̿פ̣ {photograph} ɽǤ뤫顤3Ϥ줾줿Ȥ <>, , ʤɤȽ񤱤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥礦ɴ <> /ʤ/, //, // ʤʣβϢбƤ褦ˡ<photograph> 嵭3ˤ /ˈfəʊtəgrɑ:f/, /ˌfəʊtəˈgræf/, /fəˈtɒgrəf/ ȤʣβϢбƤꡤΤȼΤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤǤʤǤбƤ뤬椨ˡphotograph, photographic, photography ط츻ŪĤʤϰǤꡤǤȤ⤤롥
Τ褦˱Ѹֻȴˤ϶ȹͤȡȤʤܿͤˤȤäơѸ spelling-pronunciation gap ʤɤ襤ΤǤϤʤޤѸüԤ֤겼⡤ܿͤδϤοꤨӤйԤ

Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: W. Morrow, 1994. New York : HarperPerennial, 1995.

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2010-02-04 Thu

#283. delectable delight [etymology][reverse_spelling]

ǯԻȤƤʬƦޤꡤϥХ󥿥󡦥ǡ ( St Valentine's Day ) ȤˤʤäƤ濴ͤɤ£ʪ魯ȤΤƤ뤬ܤǤϽإ祳졼Ȥ£äư򤦤ȤȤƤ롥ܤΤνϡ1958ǯ꡼Υ祳졼ųݤ̤Ȥ
ʻǰʤХ󥿥󡦥ǡȤ̵طˡˤ꡼Υ祳졼ȡ쥯Ȣˡ"Mary's Delectable Products Since 1950" Ȥʸ򸫤Ĥdelectable ΰ̣ϡѱѼˤ "(of food and drink) extremely pleasant to taste, smell or look at" Ȥ롥츻Ūˤϡֳڤߡӡפ̣ delight ȴϢοñ褯Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΥڥѸ夹ޤǤβ̣
delectable ϡƥ dēlectāre "to delight" ƻ dēlectābilis ̤ꡤե󥹸 délectable Фơ1396ǯޤǤ˱Ѹäե󥹸ǸλҲæƤư delitier ƻǤ delitable ˱Ѹ˼ѤƤdelectable ȶ礷1500ǯʹߤѤ줿̤ȤƤߤСѸ delectable ϡΥƥη֤ۤ¤ƤȤ롥
Ǥϡ̾ʤ뤤ưˤ delight ϤɤˤҤ٤褦ˡƥ dēlectāre "to delight" ϡե󥹸ä delitier ȷ֤줿줿֤1200ǯޤǤ˱ѸˤꡤѸ̤ delite ȤֻԤ줿Ȥ16Ƭˡ餯 light ʤɤǡ<gh> 줿 delight 䤬ư̲ƤޤäΤǤ롥̤ȤƤߤСѸ delight ϡΥƥη֤줿ե󥹸Ѹ˼ޤ졤Ѹˤ꤭ƱѸŪ <gh> ۻ ( silent letter ) Ȥղä줿ʤβ̤ƤλѤȤȤˤʤ롥줿ȤǤ⤤
ʻ줳ۤʤ뤬 delectable delight ȤǤϡԤΤۤˤ줿򴶤뤬֥ɤΥ祳졼ȤȤƤϡ<c> ݤäƤʤ delectable դ路ȴ롦

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2010-02-03 Wed

#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦ [indo-european][family_tree][comparative_linguistics][popular_passage][sanskrit][history_of_linguistics][jones]

1786ǯSir William Jones (1746--1794) Ω the Asiatic Society Ω3ǯǰ "On the Hindu's" ꤹֱԤä줬ӸؤȤʤäJones ΰʲΰϡޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥

The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. (emphasis added)


Jones ƶαԤϡֻˤ˸ȤǤ롥

(1) GreekLatin¾Υ衼åѸ줬ߤ˸Ū˴طƤȤȯۤǤʤä衼åѤʣθƤԤǤСδФϤܤǤ碌ƤLatin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian ʤΤθޤ᤿¿θ28ؽȤˤ򽤤᤿ Jones ϡ衼åѸӱۤ Sanskrit ޤǤ⤬ Latin, Greek ʤɤȸŪ˴طƤȤȤȴȤǤǤ⡤Ѹ͸̡ˤȥҥǥ軰̡ˤŪ˴طƤ뤳ȤʹٴΤȴJones λŦϤ˶ᤤ׷Ϳͥåȥι꤬̤ˤޤǿĹΤǤ롥

(2) Jones ˥衼åѸɤθŪ˵ŤƤͤϡ˸äΤȤˤƤȤJones ʸˡä˷ˤɤƤΤȼĥͥåȥ˿ߤȤʼդä줿ΤǤ롥

(3) Jones ˤϡϢߤοƤϸ¸뤤줫θƤJones ϱԤľäơƸϤǤ˻ǼƤƧȯۤϡͥåȥ֤ȤޤΩŪʤΤǤꡤä⤢ޤ⤢ȤȤȤƤʤʤ

Jones ȤϤȯۤɤȯȤϻפäƤʤä褦ǡθ塤ߤ¾ڤ褦ȻߤפʤJones Ƭ˰η([2009-06-17-1])ΤҤʷΤ褦ʤΤäȤϹͤˤι˴ŤľϷ̤ȤäȤˤʤ롥

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2010-02-02 Tue

#281. reconstruction Ū [comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][jones]

1786ǯSir William Jones Sanskrit, Latin, Greek ʤɤΤ˸ηŪŦ Ӹ ( comparative linguistics ) βڡߤϤޤä19ӸؤθӤ٤Ū줬¾ʤ Ʒ ( reconstruction ) μˡǤ롥
Ʒϡ¸Ūڵ򤿤ˤƼ줿λѤƤ椯ˡǤ롥μˡ䤫ϡܷԤΤդʵ󥿡ƵԤδƸ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤŪʲФʪ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥Ʒϡ켫ȤΤ򤭤̥ϤƤꡤ͡ΥޥͶΤؽŪˤĤνפôäƤ (Görlach 26)

1. fill gaps resulting from lack of written evidence and to describe changes in historical periods; or
2. investigate the prehistory of languages preceding their earliest documentation.


βξ֤Τ뤿ˤϡ¸ʸθܺ٤ʬϤ뤳ȤοǤ롥¸ʸˤζǤޤ޸ߤäΤˤʬϤΤ˼̤Ȥ˽ʬǤȤȤϤʤʤ餺ڵη "gaps" 롥ηŪ䴰оݤǤηϤΤΤϢѲˤĤƤμ򿼤뤳Ȥ˻񤹤ΤƷǤ롥
ޤʸ¸ߤθξ֤뤿ˤϡƷȤˡʳ٤Τʤ󡤺Ʒ줿ξ֡ʤ뤤ϤŪˡθʤɡˤŪλʪǤꡤ˿뤳ȤϤǤʤ󥿡夬ŪΩʪޥͶΤƱͤˡƷ˸ؤˤƤͭѤƶ¥Ƥ⤯롥
Ʒˤϰ *pəter- ( PDE father ) Τ褦 "*" ( asterisk ) ֤Ӹؤδ뤬ϥޥפ碌Ƥʤʤ褤ʤȻפ

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-15-1]

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2010-02-01 Mon

#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵 [language_death][link][linguistic_right]

εǼ夲Ƥ "endangered languages" ˴ϢơWebǤʣεؤ󶡤Ƥ롥ʲϡäȤؤΥ󥯽

Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation (CELP)
Endangered Language Fund
Ethnologue
European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL)
Foundation For Endangered Languages
Gesellschaft für bedrohte Sprachen (GBS)
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Terralingua: Unity in Biocultural Diversity
The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ʢεءܸǤˡ2010/09/10(Fri)ߡξڡȤڤ
UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention: Safeguarding endangered languages
Universal Declaration of linguistic rights

Τ뤿μηäѤ뤳ʬϤޤ夷̾ΤͿƤʤ20ǯ­餺ΤǾĴؿޤäƤȤϻ¤Τ褦Ǥ롥ʤߤˡCrystal "preventive linguistics"Matisoff "perilinguistics" ȸƤǤ (Crystal 93)
ؤ The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages ϡΤʤǤŪᤤ1995ǯΩ夬ä˴Ϣ뵡ؤǤ롥2010/09/10(Fri)ߡڤ

Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

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