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ɸ̤ꡤDzΩĤϤȤơǯǤ줿2αѸʸܡرѸζܡ٤ȡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤ꡤ˸ФȤƼ夲Ƥ륭ɤ䥭ե졼ȴФưƤʳƽˤĤƤϡ#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ ([2022-07-13-1]) ȡ#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ ([2022-07-14-1]) ǿ줿Τǡȡˡ
ޤرѸζܡ٤337ܤ롥
Celtic Migration, Roman Rule of Britain, Viking Invasion, the Norman Conquest, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, the Black Death, Defeat of the Spanish Armada, the Pilgrim Fathers, American War of Independence, the American Civil War, the Civil Rights Movement, Apache, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Comanche, Hopi, Iroquois, Navaho, Sioux, tepee, wigwam, pueblo, totem pole, Lent, Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, New Year's Day, Saint Valentine's Day, carnival, Easter, Saint Patrick's Day, April Fools' Day, May Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, the Twelve Olympians, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, Athena, Apollon, Artemis, Ares, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Venus, Hermes, Dionysus, Atlas, Eros, Pan, Prometheus, Hercules, Perseus, Achilles, the Trojan War, Chimera, Griffin, Pegasus, Centaur, Gorgons, Siren, mermaid, Hydra, the Bible, Adam and Eva, Cain and Abel, Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, Moses, Ten Commandments, Samson and Deliah, David and Solomon, the golden calf, the patience of Job, Spare the rod and spoil the child., Pride goes [comes] before a fall., a lamb to the slaughter, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth., Jesus Christ, the Annunciation, the Nativity, John the Baptist, the Temptation, the Sermon on the Mount, You are the salt of the earth., No one can serve two masters., Do (to others) as you would be done by., Do not throw your pearls before swine., Enter by the narrow gate., a mote in one's (own) eye, Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Thaddeus, Simon, Judas, prodigal sun, good Samaritan, the Last Supper, the Passion, the Resurrection, the Ascension, Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, Protestant Church, the Anglican Church, angel, Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Baptism, Cathedral, Church, Cross, Devil, Mass, Monastery, Pope, Saint, Virgin Mary, Arthur, Cinderella, Dragon, Fairy, banshee, brownie, elf, gnome, goblin, leprechaun, Oberon, pixy, pixie, Puck, Titania, Mother Goose, Robin Hood, Santa Clause, Sphinx, Unicorn, Witch, bar, bed, beef, beer, bell, biscuit, bread, cake, candle, candy, cereal, chair, cheese, chocolate, closet, coffee, cup, doughnut, egg, garden, yard, hamburger, hat, cap, hot dog, jeans, jewelry, key, pancake, pie, pork, pub, pudding, salad, salt, sandwich, shoe, tea, tie, whiskey, whisky, window, wine, American football, Baseball, Basketball, Boxing, Golf, Horse Racing, Rugby, Soccer, Tennis, Alice, Dracula, Frankenstein, Gulliver, Huckleberry Finn, Humpty Dumpty, Peter Pan, Peter Rabbit, Robinson Crusoe, Sherlock Holmes, Uncle Tom, Winnie-the-Pooh, the Wizard of Oz, Superman, Batman, Tarzan, King Kong, Popeye, Mickey Mouse, Al Capone, Johnny Appleseed, Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Davy Crockett, Paul Bunyan, alligator, crocodile, bat, bear, bee, buffalo, butterfly, camel, canary, cardinal, carp, cat, cattle, chicken, cod, crow, cuckoo, deer, dog, dolphin, donkey, dove, pigeon, duck, eagle, elephant, fox, frog, goat, goose, hawk, herring, horse, jay, kangaroo, lark, leopard, lion, locust, mackerel, tuna, marlin, monkey, mouse, nightingale, octopus, owl, parrot, peacock, hog, rabbit, rat, robin, salmon, trout, shark, sheep, snake, spider, squirrel, swallow, swan, turkey, turtle, vulture, whale, wolf, acacia, anemone, apple, banana, bean, pea, berry, cabbage, carnation, cedar, cherry, clover, corn, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, grape, grass, iris, ivy, laurel, lilac, lily, mistletoe, nut, oak, olive, orange, palm, poppy, potato, pumpkin, rice, rose, tomato, tulip, wheat, yew
ˡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤286ñ졦ɽ褦
Autonomy, Citizen, Construct, Domain, Economy, Electricity, Execution, Icon, Medicine, Monopoly, Ocean (the Ocean), Pacific, Paper, Politics, Public, Bible, Diamond, Exodus, Flesh, Greed, Lord, Love, Scapegoat, Tiara, Tower, Aristocracy, Class, Crown, Dignity, Duke, Dynasty, Emperor, Empire, Might, Noble, Order, Prince, Proletariat, Royal, Status, School, Grammar school, Public school, College, University, Principal, President, Dean, Provost, Academy, Bachelor, Master, Doctor, Professor, Lecturer, Amulet, Baptism, Cathedral, Chapel, Church, God, Heaven, Holy, Minister, Miracle, Paradise, Priest, Sacred, Synagogue, Talisman, Admiral, Arms, Arsenal, Battle, Bomb, Bullet, Captain, Colonel, General, Gun, Missile, Officer, Soldier, War, Weapon, Bicameral, Cabinet, Coalition, Democracy, Diet, Government, Judge, Jury, Ministry, Monarchy, Parliament, Prime Minister, Prosecutor, Buy, Convenience store, Deficit, Deflation, Inflation, Market, Sale, Sell, Share, Stock, Shop, Store, Supermarket, Trade, Transport, Agreement, Borrow, Calculate, Contract, Cost, Count, Credit, Deal, Debt, Figure, Negotiation, Owe, Price, Sum, Title, ATM, Bank, Bill, Bond, Collateral, Deposit, Endorse, Exchange, Finance, Fund, Guarantee, Hedge, Interest, Loan, Customs, Dock, Export, Freight, Harbor, Import, Insurance, Invoice, Port, Post, Railway, Ship, Tax, Truck, Wharf, Barber, Butcher, Carpenter, Farm, Foundry, Hospital, Hotel, Mint, Nurse, Physician, Plumber, Potter, Restaurant, Smith, Veterinarian, Job, Labo(u)r, Occupation, Profession, Vocation, Work, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Rugby, Soccer, Tennis, Game, Hobby, Leisure, Head, Body, Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Beef, Fish, Beer, Whisky/Whiskey, Wine, Knife, Pen, Pencil, Airplane, Bicycle, Car, Train, Cat, Dog, Horse, Forest, Grave, Mountain, Peninsula, Prairie, River, Sea, Tomb, Angel, Devil, Elf, Halloween, Monster, Phantom, Witch, Drizzle, Drought, Flood, Hurricane, Rain, Snow, Storm, Typhoon, Weather, Wind, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Fall, Winter, Air, Atmosphere, Aurora, Cloud, Cosmos, Sky, Space, Star, Sun, Universe, Calendar, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, Clock, a.m., A.D., Alma Mater, Bona fide, Candle, Confidence, De facto, e.g., etc./et cetera, i.e., Mile, per, per cent/percent, v.v/vice versa, Verse, Attaché Connoisseur, Gourmet, Novice, Vogue, Chocolate, Kindergarten, Magazine, Pyjamas/Pajamas, Tea
ƱݤεġȤơ#1809. American Heritage Dictionary Notes ([2014-04-10-1])#1819. AHD Word History Note Search ([2014-04-20-1]) ⻲ȡμΰϡ긵֤ƤȡʾʤȤˤϡˤʤŪΩĤΤǤ
δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ
ʡƻ 㥵صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ
1860ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Marsh ˤѸ˹ֵϿѥѥäƤ롥Marsh ˤС졤ʤűѸϡΦ֥ƥ˻ޤ줿κΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤƥ֥ƥ "aboriginal" ʸȤϸʤΤ "indigenous" ʸǤϤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤϺΤʤǤϤ "diversity" "obscure", "confused", "imperfect", "anomalous", "irregular" ǤȤʲϢսѤ롥
§15. It has been already shown that the Anglo-Saxon conquerors consisted of several tribes. The border land of the Scandinavian and Teutonic races, whence the Anglo-Saxon invaders emigrated, has always been remarkable for the number of its local dialects. The Friesian, which bears a closer resemblance than any other linguistic group to the English, differs so much in different localities, that the dialects of Friesian parishes, separated only by a narrow arm of the sea, are often quite unintelligible to the inhabitants of each other. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon language itself supplies internal evidence that there was a great commingling of nations in the invaders of our island. This language, in its obscure etymology, its confused and imperfect inflexions, and its anomalous and irregular syntax, appears to me to furnish abundant proof of a diversity, not of a unity, of origin. It has not what is considered the distinctive character of a modern, so much as of a mixed and ill-assimilated speech, and its relations to the various ingredients of which it is composed are just those of the present English to its own heterogeneous sources. It borrowed roots, and dropped endings, appropriated syntactical combinations without the inflexions which made them logical, and had not yet acquired a consistent and harmonious structure when the Norman conquest arrested its development, and imposed upon it, or, perhaps we should say, gave a new stimulus to, the tendencies which have resulted in the formation of modern English. There is no proof that Anglo-Saxon was ever spoken anywhere but on the soil of Great Britain; for the 'Heliand,' and other remains of old Saxon, are not Anglo-Saxon, and I think it must be regarded, not as a language which the colonists, or any of them, brought with them from the Continent, but as a new speech resulting from the fusion of many separate elements. It is, therefore, indigenous, if not aboriginal, and as exclusively local and national in its character as English itself.
űѸ˴ؤ Marsh ΤƶͥƤȻפɾˤꡤιֵϿꥹĺ˽Ǥ줿ȤطʤǰƬ֤Ƥ٤ѤκǸˤ "exclusively local and national in its character as English itself" ⡤ʸ̮Dz᤹ɬפ褦˻פ롥
űѸˤĤƤϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1])#4439. űѸϺȤƻϤޤä ([2021-06-22-1]) ε⻲ȡ
Marsh, George Perkins. Lectures on the English Language: Edited with Additional Lectures and Notes. Ed. William Smith. 4th ed. London: John Murray, 1866. Rpt. HardPress, 2012.
2֤Ρ#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯѤä ([2022-07-27-1]) ȡ#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy ([2022-07-28-1]) εǡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7ϡֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ɮˤҲ𤷤ޤʺ߷Ȥ Voicy Ǥˡ
ܽκħ1Ĥϡ¾ԤΥȡʡĥåߡˤǤ㤨бѸˤ˴ؤϤʸϤФơۤʤˤȤθˤθ˴ŤơͳƤȤǤΤ褦ˤȡѸ˸ԤɤεǤϷ褷ƸƤʤȯۤȽФƤޤƱʬǤȤߤʤƤθ¾ʬǤȤƤʤʤɤεŤޤޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) οĺǤ
㤨С7ϤФƴ줿Ȥΰǡ䤬ԥ졼ΤĤѤƾҲ𤷤ޤޤѸˤλʬ (periodisation) Ф롤ܸˡϺᤫΥȤꡥ
οȻǤϤʤ㤷ƻʬԤѻơѸˤܸоȤƸ뤳Ȥ϶̣(p. 129)
Ʊꡤ硼إ٥ʪ٤եƥǤϤʤѸǽȤ¤Ф륳Ȥ⼨ŪǤޤں٤ӤȤϡ
ʸݺʤǽ졦ŵǽǤ뤬ܸǤϡʸǽʸǽȤˤʤ뤳Ȥä̾Ȥơ10ϤˡǷں٤ݡƬǡˤ⤹ʤȤդΤ⤷ƤߤȤƤʤפȵ̾μˤäƴʸǽפƤߤ褦ȤΤȹԤäơƤߤ褦ȤΤȸäơ˲ƸνȤФǽȤ롥(p. 135)
ɥĸˡԻϡ18εϼλɽ른ΤڤƤսǼΤ褦˥ȤƤޤ
Τ⡤ɥĸˤʿŪǤ롥18ա1748ǯˤ˥åȥȤͭϤʵʸˡФΤȥǥ1770ǯ˼1780ǯʸˡФ餬ȥꥢǤ뤳Ȥǡɥĸɸʸϸ줬Ω롥ʤǥμϡ鶯ƶƤ롥(p. 136)
ƱĻϡѸˤˤɸಽΥФΤ褦ȿƤޤ
Τ褦ʥη֤ɥĸˤˤϸʤȤȤܼŪʰ㤤Τ褦˻פ롥(p. 137)
嵭ϡѸˤоȸˤδįǽ˵ŤƤ줿ȤΤۤΰǤʪħϡ¾Ӥƽ⤭ĦˤʤȤȤƼ´ޤܽ˼äƤ
ܲǤɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơääȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ
ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯѤä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ
hellog Ǥϡ5罤۽ŹǤ줿ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơӤӹƤޤ
٤73111:00--12:00 ˤԼ3̤ͤVoicy ˤͽǤμʤɤդƤޤΤǡ Google Forms ꤪܺ٤ϡ#4836. 73111:00--12:00 ظɸಽͤ٤ᤰԼŤ2ơ ([2022-07-24-1])

ܽǤϱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤ6Ϥ7Ϥˤ錄äƾܽҤƤޤȤ櫓7ϤǤϡֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡפꤷơ20--21αѸΡɸಽס¼ŪˤϱѸŪʡѲפȤ䤿ˤȤäľܴؤΤ꤬ƤޤɮԤ߷ĻرءǤ
ξϤȾǤϡNorman Blake ˰͵ɸಽǰƬ֤Ѹˤή줬⤵ޤơĺθȾǤϡ1900ǯʹߤαѸɸಽˤĤơȤ櫓̤ѸΤˤĤơBasic English, Special English, Globish, Nuclear English, World Standard Spoken English ȤŪʡѼפȤʤʤޤ
߷εμݤϡܰ¤Ȥ1900ǯ˱ѸɸಽΤƤȤȤǤǯɸಽϡդΡ첽סֵϲפȤȥåץɸಽܤǤǯʹߤϡäդΡѲפȤܥȥॢåפɸಽʤǤƤȤȤǤ
伫Ȥɮ6ϡֱѸˤˤɸಽספȹ碌ơŪʸȤʤäѸΡ̣ǤΡɸಽפˤĤơ͡ʴƤȤ⤷Ǥ͡
߷ ⡡ֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡסظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡٹ ԡ Ϻ δˡ罤ۡ2022ǯ
ε#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ ([2022-07-25-1]) ˰³worth ʻʬˤĤơHuddleston and Pullum (607) ˤȡޤ worth 㳰ŪʷƻǤȤεҤ롥
As an adjective, . . . worth is highly exceptional. Most importantly for present purposes, it licenses an NP complement, as in The paintings are [worth thousands of dollars]. In this respect, it is like a preposition, but overall the case for analysing it as an adjective is strong.
ǤϡHuddleston and Pullum ϲä worth ƻŪȷŤƤΤޤǽŪȤ2ŦƤ롥1ĤϡŵŪʷƻ餷 become ˤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡʬ칽ʸŪˡ˽ҸȤƵǽǤȤȤǤ롥줾ʲ2ĤʸˤäƼ롤ֻǤϤʤȤȤ
What might have been a $200 first edition suddenly became [worth perhaps 10 times that amount].
[Worth over a million dollars,] the jewels were kept under surveillance by a veritable army of security guards.
ѲӽȤߤȡworth Ϸƻ餷ʤIt was more worth the effort than I'd expected it to be. Τ褦ӵʸϲǽǤϤ뤬worth 켫Τΰ̣ˤĤӤƤΤɤˤĤƤϵ롥ƱͤˡIt was very much worth the effort. Τ褦 worth ĴƤ뤫Τ褦ʸϤ뤬ζĴ worth ٤ĴƤΤ롥
⤦1ġ̯ŪʬϤ롥worth ֻǤдط̾ź뤳ȤǤ뤬ƻǤͽۤ롥ơͽۤäƤΤ
This was far less than the amount [which she thought the land was now worth].
*This was far less than the amount [worth which she thought the land was now].
嵭ƤŪɾʤСworth ŵŪʷƻȤϤֻŪħĤΤΡǤɤ餫ȤзƻȤȤˤʤꤽʪޤäǤ뤳ȤϾΤĤġ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
khelfʷѸ˥եǡworth Ϸƻ줫ֻ줫Ȥ꤬줿ŪˤϸűѸηƻ졦̾ w(e)orþ ̤뤳ȤʬäƤ뤬Ѹ worth ŪʬϤʤСɤʬϤǽǤ롥
ޤֲͤפȤΤʸŪʰֲ̣͡פΰ̣б̾⤢뤳Ȥ顤ƻȤߤΤȤո롥˸§ȤŪˤֻ᤹Τ褦ʿȤΤºݤˡĤα¼ȤȡƻȼäƤΤ⤢СֻȤΤ⤢롥
̤˱ѸؤǤϡΤ褦ƤΤ prototype Υץ롥ŵŪʷƻ졤ŵŪֻ˴ѻŪħ餫ꥹȥåפƤθ졤ξǤ worth ˤĤơɤʻħ¿ͭ뤫ˤäơƻŪǤȤֻŪǤȤäȽǤΤǤ롥
ʬϼΤʤʤ⤷Τ̤ worth ᤹Ȥ㳰ŪħġְۼʡƻȤߤƤHuddleston and Pullum (546--47) ˤС褦ʰۼʷƻ֤Ȥ (un)like due 롥ʲʸǡѳ̤˳äʬ줾ȼäƻȤʬϤ롥
The book turned out to be [worth seventy dollars].
Jill is [very like her brother].
You are now [due $750]. / $750 is now [due you].
ˤΥꥹȤ near ä뤳ȤǤ
Ϣơ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ȡ
ʻʬѸȤƤϡƻζʬͭ̾ˤĤƤϡ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1])#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ ([2016-01-02-1]) ʤɤȡ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ɸˤĤƤΤ餻Ǥhellog βǤȤī6ˤϤƤ벻ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ̤ơ1ָ731˸11:00--12:00ˡפظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯԼ3ͤˤȡϤͽǤ֥饦饦־İȤǤޤVoicy ץ꤫İƤޤ˥ȤǤ뵡ǽʤɤѲǽȤʤޤΤǤǤʤƤϿ Voicy ͥǸͽǤ

ޤǤˡʤ뤤ˤǤ⡪ˤ䤴ոФޤơԼ3̾ǤȿȻפäƤޤΤǡҤVoicy ץͳ餪ꤤ뤤 Google Forms ̤ƤƤǤ빽ǤVoicy ץ̵ˤѤܥͥեƤޤȡϤΤϤΡ֤ؤǽȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤʲƥƤΤꤤǤʤǤ˥ȤˤޤƤϡ꤬Ȥޤɲä⤤ĤǤɤˡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
ζᴩȤΥơޤǤָɸಽפȡоȸˡפˤĤơԼ3̾2022ǯ78ʶˤ731ˤ2ۤŤ̤Ͽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤʸ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤƸͽˡ
ǡƲԼŤ̤ΩäơѸ졤ܸ졤¾θ̸졤뤤ϸ̤˴ؿ顤䡤ոۤʤɤΥեꤪФȻפޤ
ܽ˼äȤΤǤɤȤϼºݤˤϾʤȻפޤΤǡäܽƤȤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפȤɤפĤͳꤲƤФȻפޤܽǤɤǤˤϡܽΤۤʤɤޤȴǤʤߤˡԼ3̾Ϥ줾ɥĸˡܸˡѸˤΰȤƤޤŤ̤Ǥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʻǰƬˤ٤ꤹͽǤ
ȤФɸಽäƲ
ɸѸϤĤǤΡ
ܸΡɸפȡ̸ֶפϰ㤦
оȸˡפäʹʤɡä
ȢɸಽλƤۤʤϡ
ܽΥ쥤ȾǤ¿ĥåߡפȤϡ
ܽνǴΤȤʤäǹԤʤäƤȤȤϡ
ʾ塤ꤤޤ
31о줹Լ3̾ƾҲ𤷤ƤޤȡԡʳؽءˡϺءˡδʷءˤȤʤޤƱСˤԼŤ1ƤϡƱ Voicy ̤ͥ79˸Ƥꡤʲꤪİޤ
1ƤϤեޥʷϵǤ٤2ơˤǤϡ⤦եޥˤ٤ꤷȻפäƤޤ
ܽظɸಽͤ٤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤⤷Ƥޤεåˤɤޤȡ31ڤİȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ʤ714˽Ǥ줿رѸ춵٤8ˤơܽι𤪤ӽɾ (70) ǺܤƤޤɾԤضսǤ⤼Ҽ˼äƤ

Ρ#4747. Ѹ졦˴ؤؤβ --- Mond ζᶷ ([2022-04-26-1]) 衤3Фޤδ֤ Mond ˴餿Ѹ졦˴ؤ5ۤɲޤΤǡˤޤȤƾҲ𤷤ޤʼ䤬줿ߥϡ֤äꤷޤˡ줾μå Mond ǤߤƤ
ưưξάˤĤƥɥĸǤϡgehen, kommen ΰưưϡư졤ȶϾά롤ȤޤǽưϡˡνưΤߤʤ餺λưޤޤ졤 sein + + ʾά줿ưưβʬˤǡعԤäȤȤȤ̣ˤʤޤѸǤƱͤΤȤäȤ⡤ʲΥڡǾҲ𤵤ƤޤϡI'm home = I am come home, I'm back = I am come back ȹͤɤȻפޤǡưŪʤΡˤŪʤΡʰ֡ˤƱhere ˤˤʸǤϡֺˤפȤ߷ʤΤ֤ˤäƤȤפȤߴλʤΤ̤ǤʤΤǡդɬפȻפޤѸǤְưưϡư졤ȶϾάפȤȤϼ¤Ϥʤꤢ뤳ȤȻפޤΤξ嵭ʳǤϡȤޤԻĤǤ
ݶ̸ȤƱѸ줬¸ߤˤ⤫餺ڥȸ줬ޤ줿ΤϤʤǤȤޤ줿ڥȸĤؤǤߤȹͤƤΤǤ¤ˤϱѸ줬ݶ̸ȤƹѤ줪ꡤǤڤ˾ȻפޤΤ褦ʾǡʤڥȸ줬߽Ф줿ΤǤ礦ޤߤθؤưȤƤϡΤ褦˼̣ŪʤΤۤȤɤʤΤǤ礦
ñˤĤƼǤseeָסwatchִѤפ¾ưʤΤˡʤ look ξֻ at ĤɬפǤ
ˤĤƤϡSundayMondaySaturday ŷ̾ˡTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFriday Ͽͤ̾ˤʤ̾դƤȻפޤ͵ΤFriday ˤͭʤsäƤʤ褦˴ΤϤʤǤ礦
̾ȥ͡ࡤƻϩȥɡȥޥޤΤ褦ˡĶƻƤդԲĻĤƤޤϤζʤΤǤ礦ȤȤƶͭƤ߰ռŪʤΤΤǤ礦
ΤäȤɤʪȤƤɤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ42ƤޤֱѸӵ顦ǾϤʤ¿ͤʤΤꤷơѸӵ顦ǾηˤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ѸޤǤܸȰۤʤꡤƻӵ (comparative degree) Ǿ (superlative degree) ȤäֵפʸˡƥޤӡǾγǰʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤΤǤΤѸǤӤ˴ؤˡ乽ʸ͡ȯãƤޤ
ܤƤ⡤㤨ӵ -er դΡmore ֤Ρbetter worse Τ褦佼ˡ (suppletion) ʤΤʤɡब˭٤Ǥ
Τ褦ˡֵפˤĤƤϱѸˡѸŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤhellog ¾Ǥ⤷ФдϢ˿ƤޤʲϤ˴ؿäؤΤᵭǤ깭ɤߤ comparison εɤ
hellog
#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])
#4616. ƻθӵ̣ ([2021-12-16-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#4495. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ6֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more Ρס ([2021-08-17-1])
heldio & hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ
hellog-radio #46. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ
heldio #97. unhappyӵ -er ĤΤȿ§
hellog Ǥⲿ٤Ƥޤ5ˡ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ尴ޤ

䤬ɮôս1Ĥˡ1ϤΡƳɸηˤоȤȤȡפ2ɸಽڤʥѥˡ (6--15) ޤܽνǴˤĤʤä5ǯ֤θưΤʤǸƤƤɸಽΥѥʬǤФΤޤޥѥбƤΤǡƤޤ
2.1 첽ϲѲ
2.2 ɸಽ
2.3 ɸಽæɸಽ
2.4 Ѱ
2.5 ΰ̤ɸಽȤŪ
2.6 ɸಽΥߥפ
2.7 ɸಽνʳ¦
2.8 Ѷ
2.9 ɸಽɸȤʤѼμࡦ
2.10 ɸಽʤΡ
2.11 ɸಽФüԤ
2.12 ɸಽȼҲθɸಽ
֤ƥ֥쥹ȤޤȤƤѥΰʤΤǡоȸŪɸಽ (standardisation) ƤݤΥݥǥȤƹΩĤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤ
hellog Ǥϸɸಽ standardisation εˤ˼夲ƤޤǤȯɽǰƬ˺ѸɸಽˤˤĤƤΤ٤ޤȤޤäȤƤϡ#3234. ָȿʹ֡ (HLC) νմߥʡɸѸȯãˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-05-1]) ȡ#3244. 2 HiSoPra* DZѸˤˤɸಽˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-15-1]) Ȥ
ظɸಽͤ٤ξҲˤĤƤεåɤȤ櫓78˲ϿԼŤϤǤܽɤߤɤԼ3ͤǾҲ𤷤ƤޤԼŤ2Ƥ褷ƤޤܽˤĤơ뤤ϰ̸̡ˤɸಽˤĤơոۡΥȥե2ƤȤƼ夲ФȻפäƤޤ
#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ ([2022-07-14-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ŵΡ֥ץ (1--8) ˤϡѸˤγάҤƤ롥ֱѸסֱѸסָűѸλסѸλסֶѸλסְĸȥޥĸס֥ƥȥޥפȤФüŪ˱ѸˤƤ롥
ץκǽǤϡפѤʵֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳפؤθڤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
Ѹ줬Τ褦ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳϤȤƤޤ3ˤޤȤ뤳ȤǽǤ
1. ѹǰʸ
2. ĶȤƤƹζδ
3. Ѹ켫ΤνȺ
Ѹϡѹˤ뿢̱η̤ˤǰѤξѸȤ˹äƤϤˤο̱ϤǤθѸޤѸȤʤޤ̱ϤΩˤ⤽ͭ顤Ϥˤưۤʤä̱²֤֡ĤʤաפȤ¿ιǻѤ³ƤޤкѡȤƤƹζδǤƹȯͤαDz衦ڡݡġͥåȡѥiPhone ʤɤѸιŪڤ˵ڤܤƶ礭ΤǤޤѸ켫Τħʤ̾ʤưλˡʤɤ¾θӤƴñǤꡤؽưפǤ̵Ǥޤ
ѸܤǤθȤƤŪ褯ֽʡͳ3Τ褦˻פ롥ä13ˤĤƻϰ°פƱդǤʤ
1ܤˤĤƤϡפȤ餫ɽˤꡤѹȱѸŪ¦̤ʤƤˤʤ롥ȤΤϡѸϤۤɡ֤줤פʤȯŸƤ櫓ǤϤʤǤ롥ѹȤƤȤȤϳΤ˻¤ɽǤϤޤ˱ѸΤ褦˻פΤǤ롥Ǥͭפ˿ƤˤȤɤޤꡤѸ¦̤ˤϰڿƤʤ
2ܤˤĤƤϡä˰Ϥʤ
3ܤˤϤ롥ѸˤϡˤäƳΤˡֽפȡֺפȤΤ⤷ʤ椨ˡֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäפȷ뤿ˤϡҴŪʺܳŪʵɬפǤ롥ϤǤ⡤ưŪˤ⡤ۤȤɤʤƤʤΤĤޤꡤ3ܤϤޤǰʡͳפˤȤɤޤ褦˻פ롥
ޤˤơ̾ʤưλˡʤɤ¾θӤƴñǤꡤؽưפǤפȤ뤬ФƤ͡ȿǤ롥ޤ̾ưηˤĤơ¾θӤƴñפȤȤΡ¾θפϡ餯Ʊŵμݤ餹ȥƥ졤ɥĸ졤եʤɤΡ¾ΰפǰƬ֤Ƥ뤫Ȼפ뤬⤷ȤʤС¾θפǤϸ餺ˤ7θ줬Τ
ˡ˵Τ˾嵭εȤƤ⡤̾ʡפŪñǤȤŦˤĤƤϡѸΡֿפ¾θפʣǤäʣǤȼĥǤͳϤʤꤵƤȤܤθˤƤ⡤ƥȤƤϡñפȡʣפ2ब̤ˤȤɤޤʤŪʡξפˤĤƤϹθƤʤȤˡ뤤ϡʤҤä̰ΤŪñȤȤ
ˡǧȤƤʾʤȤȳʤ̤˸СŪñפǤϤȤϸˡ̾ưηŪñȤäơʤɡʳδ¿θܤθ줺ˡѸθηϤΤȤŪñǤȼĥǤ뤫ɤϡ˵Ǥ롥ʤȤĿͤˤȤäơʤơ餯¿ܤγؽԤˤȤäơ˱Ѹ¾¿θ٤ƤֳؽưספʸǤϷ褷Ƥʤ褦˻פʤ줳ȸСΤˤ̤ǤϤ뤬ˡ٤ҴŪȤϤ褯ΤƤ (cf. #293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1])#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2020-09-21-1])ˡ
ʾεꡤϾ嵭3ä1ܤ3ܡˤϡֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳפǤϤʤֱѸŪƸǧʸͳפʤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ʡƻ 㥵صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ
711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤޤŪˤȤ
ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ
hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ
ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ
hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá
ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])
ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal
ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪȤΥեꤤޤ
ε#4828. Ĺ18פХե˷줿֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ ([2022-07-16-1]) Ӻε#4829. 19ꥹ̳ͤפֱѸפء ([2022-07-17-1]) ³ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤ȤơꥹѸɾˤĤƹͤƤ롥
19˵Ĺ뤲ꥹưʪ²ۤΩĤϤ줿Ȥȡ19Ⱦ OED Τ褦緿ʸŪԻ줿Ȥˤ϶̹ब롥ʬŪˤοҤǤ롤ȤȤ
ˤ⤦1ĿʪȤ¸ߤäƤ٤ưʪƱʪޤꥹҿΩĤȯȤƻäʪࡦưʪ̣ˤĤơӾ (140--42) Ѥ
ץȡϥγ
⤦ҤȤġϤᵮ²ϡʪءʪΥˤʤäƤȤפǤΩ塼ʪɽȤ뿢ʪˤϡ̱ϤǼ줿ʪɸܤȤƽ줿ΤǤ䵮²սпȤΡ֥ץȡϥפϡѿʪѤʤΩĿʪȶäɬǽƤΤǤ䤬̤Τοʪ褦ˤʤޤϤθݾȤʤäƺݱбĤʪ褦ˤʤꡤξϰȬȾˤäȤ˱ɤޤȤĤαݶΩ졤μθڤʤŸŤ졤ݻʪػȯޤ
ꥹοʪˤˤƤäȤפʿʪϡ硼աХʰ켷ͻ~ȬǯˤǤबΩ塼ʪηбĤʤꡤץȡϥɸƿʪᡤ塼ʪʪν椹륻ˤǤХοʪˤϹ硼ꡤ岡Ƥޤʪسݳ¤೦ʪήˤäȯŸȤϡޤǤ⤢ޤ
Хοʪꥹοʪ˽椵뤳ȤǮդˤϡꥹʲˤۤޤʤƻ뤷ѤƤΤȤå̩˴ޤޤƤϤǤ
ζȤξħưʪ
ʪȤȤ˲ȤδϢưʪפˤĤƤ⡤ǿƤޤ礦
γĥؤǡʪɸܤǤʤưʪͤƤ졤顦椵褦ˤʤޤ⡤ꥹ֤Ϥۤ뤳ȡξȡкѷˤޤǹäƤ뤳ȤħƤޤ
鲦ΩưʪϤޤ켷Ⱦˤʤȡ۹ưʪĤĤȱӹޤƲΰζȤξħȤʤäƤޤưʪο͵ưʪϤ줾줬ޤ줿Ϥɽݤ˹륤ꥹƸޤޤȸĹؤŴǰΤǤ
ΩǤġѡưʪʸߤΥɥˤϰȬȬǯ˳षޤΥȥꥢ䥨ɥɼǮӤνβ⤿餵줿饤ޥޡȥ顤ҥ祦ʤɤƤưʪϡѹιŪϰ̡ҤƤϱѲϰ̤ħפȤͤäƤ褦Ǥ
ƱݤǡΥꥹǤϡ椫ưʪʤ̡˸դưʪʤ̡˼ԻȤȤؤδؿ̤ OED ǤȤäƤǤϤʤդδؤˤĤƤϡʲεȤ줿
#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])
#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])
#3851. ưʪࡤ ([2019-11-12-1])
#4131. ꥹˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1])
19ꥹοʪؤλפȴϢơ奤ꥹͤŵŪʼ̣Ȥ⤵ݡʥǥ˥ˤΥ롼ĤƱ˵뤳Ȥդβ䤫ʼ̣ѸƸȴطƤʹС¿οͤϼ⤷ʤ
Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ
ε#4828. Ĺ18פХե˷줿֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ ([2022-07-16-1]) ˰³ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤Ȥơ19Υꥹ˸줿ˤĤƹͤ롥
ꥹĹ18θ˥եФƾᡤƸȤȤƱɸƻʤळȤˤʤäʸᤵΤꥹ̳ǤꡤΤȤƽפʤΤѸʤΤǤ롤ȤӾ (185--86) Ѥ롥
եΥʥݥ쥪Ȭǯ˺ǽṲ̄ƤϡϤ䥤ꥹŨʤǡºݡ礭餱ȤϤޤ줬ּʬ˴ۤ٤ŤƤפȤΰռ⤿餷ΤǤ礦
ȳ̿ФơιפˤʤäꥹǤꥫɥĤ˶礹褦ˤʤꡤȬǯդǯ֤Զ˸ޤԾ줬äΤǡȬǯݼޥǥ졼꤬ͳޥåɥȡ˾ȡȥꥢƤΤȡʤƤޤкŪפʤ顤̱ͿŪҿȯȤ褦ȤΤǤ
Ūۤˤϸ⤢ޤ̳ͤפǤơƤޤϡʹꥹ̤äͭͼƳ師ʸ̳פȤΤǡͤ䲫ͼͤΤȤޤּͳʸλȼԤ륤ꥹͤθաʪʡѡȤդ줵뤳Ȥͥɤʤ̱²ä̿Ǥꡤ˥˥եåݤԤˤϼͳפȤ줿ΤǤ
ϼΥѡޥȥǥ졼ꡤ뤤ϥ̱ϼǥɶȼԤΥ롦ιͤǡ˥ȥꥢƱĴΤǤ
Ѹ⡤ʸ̮ǤޤǤ˥إȬ륺ɡåȥɤ˱ѸѸȤƶפܺߤƤޤˤϥɡեꥫʤ˹뿢̱ϤˡۤפȤƤαѸĤꥹŪʲʹѤ̲褦ȶ饷ƥˤˡǤαѸѤԤαѸμ̳Ƥޤ
ˤ¤ʤ̱ϡʸݤʳؤȤϱ椫ʤϸʤɴƤƱѸȤΤʬΤǤ⤢ΤġĤȤǤ
ߡѸ줬ǹѤȤʤäƤפˤϡ嵭̤ꡤ19ꥹŪǥäΤǤ롥λ¤ơߤ̤αѸΤˤĤͭյ˵뤳ȤϷ褷ƤǤʤϡñʤʹ֤ɤΥߥ˥ʤˤȤɤޤʤϡɤⰭʹּҲˤѥΤʤΤǤ롥
Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ
˥ο褯ɤࡥήθԤʬΥåƤ뤳Ȥ¿ؤӤθΨ褤Ǥ롥ʬʬˤȤäʬǤ졤ߤʬǤ졤Ť¿ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤⤽Τ褦ʰǤ롥
ƱǤϥꥹˤΥå¿Ƥ뤬ʤǤŪʡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȷаޤˤĤƤ1ݤ˻ĤäƤ롥pp. 125--26 Ѥ롥
֥ꥹ̱פη
Ȥ奤ꥹ˲Ȥϡ켷ǯΥɤȥ륺ؤΥåȥɹʻƱˡȥꥢ夬˻ϤޤȬǯޤǤˤλˡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȽҤ٤Ƥޤ
Ƥι̱ռηϡեȤδ֤컰ǯδ֡³Ūʥڥ衤ȥꥢѾ衤ǯ衤ʥݥ쥪褽¾ˤɽ롤ŨдäƤȤƤޤ
ĤޤեȤΩꥹͤι̱ռϤȤȤˡɶԡΨŪŪʺ̳ƥपӵ緳ϤäȤҤ١ˤΥեȤŨФƱ˥ץƥХȥåνǤ⤢ꡤñȤ䵢°ǤϤʤ罰ƱդѶŪϤǴн褹뤷ʤʤäȤλ˥졼ȥ֥ƥν̱ĤΡֹ̱פȤʤäŪװȤƤޤ
ʸŪˤ̱²ŪˤԶѼĤɤưƤǥƥƥäȡǶΥȥåйơĤäƤץƥȤȤƼʵꤷפΤǤϤĹॹѥǹͤȤвʤƤϤʤʤ⤷ޤλεŨեǤꡤ奤ꥹʸҲȿեʸҲȤեαˤۤʤʤäȤΤϡ̤Ǥ礦ʸ奤ꥹϡեֵĤĿ̱˾ˤϡ֥ѥå֥˥סʥꥹۤˤʿ¡ˡۤƤޤ
̱ȸڡӤ뤳ȤϤǤʤꥹ̱ΥǥƥƥΤߤʤ餺ḽѸμҲŪ֤ŤޤĹ18פ˥եʸˤȤзȾ̤ƷꤵƤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ⤷ʤ
Ĺ18αʩΩϡ2ɴǯפȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ūˤ3--4ۤΡ1ɴǯ (hundred_years_war) Ƥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤơѸȥեθήΩˤ⡤Ʊ褦ˤΤܤ롥Ѹ줬ȿեȤեαǤȤͤͤꤽ
Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ
δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ
hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704
ε#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ ([2022-07-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡ2021ǯˤȤ褯ݤܤ⤦1Ҳ𤷤
Ʊ2021ǯ˽Ǥ줿ľʡƻ㥵ˡصǤɤѸɽŵ١ʴǡˤǤ롥Ѹ˴ؤʸ˾γƥɤ1ڡǴʷ˲⤷ƤŵȤ櫓ñθ츻Ȥ˾ƤƤ뤬ʸŪطʤˤĤƤȾڡۤɳ䤫Ƥ롥ʲ˾ΩƤ
Iˡʸ٤˴ؤѸε
1 ˡƻˤˤޤĤѸ
2 ʸؤˤޤĤѸ
3 ҡʬ٤ˤޤĤѸ
4 ٤ˤޤĤѸ
II衦˴ؤѸε
1 ˤޤĤѸ
2 ˤޤĤѸ
3 ˡΧˤޤĤѸ
IIIкѡȡȤ˴ؤѸε
1 кѳưˤޤĤѸ
2 ˤޤĤѸ
3 ξءԡؤˤޤĤѸ
4 ǰפˤޤĤѸ
5 ȡȡȤˤޤĤѸ
IVΡƻ˴ؤѸε
1 ϫƯưڤˤޤĤѸ
2 ΡʪˤޤĤѸ
3 ƻʪưʪˤޤĤѸ
Vݡ˴ؤѸε
1 ΦϷˤޤĤѸ
2 ݡᡦ߱ȤˤޤĤѸ
3 ŷΡ֤ˤޤĤѸ
VIͳ褹Ѹε
1 ƥͳαѸ
2 եͳαѸ
3 ¾γͳαѸ
286ñ졦ɽФ˵⤵Ƥ뤬ѥѥäįƤ˰ʤ㤨СǸVIΡֳͳ褹ѸεפñƤߤȡƥͳȤ A.D., Alma Mater, Bona fide, Candle, Confidence, De facto, e.g., etc./et cetera, i.e., Mile, per, per cent/percent, v.v/vice versa, Verse եͳȤ Attaché, Connoisseur, Gourmet, Novice, Vogue ¾Ȥ Chocolate, Kindergarten, Magazine, Pyjamas/Pajamas, Tea Ƥ롥
ʡƻ 㥵صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ
ǯǤ줿δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡˤѥѥįƳڤǤ롥ʸŪʥɤĤ1ơޤ1ڡDz⤹롤ڤɤʸܤȤʤäƤ롥ɤɤǤ⤿ˤʤ롥ΩƤ
1ϡƤ
2ϡǯԻȽ
3ϡꥷȥޤο
4ϡȥꥹȶ
5ϡ̱
6ϡΤȤ
7ϡݡĤʸ
8ϡͶοʪ̱֤Υҡ
9ϡưʪ
10ϡʪ
1ϤȤˡֱƻάǯɽפǤƤ (10--11) ƻˤŤߤˤϡ٤ǯɽ⡤Τ餤άǯɽǤ롥ƻǯɽȤưʲ˵Ƥ
| ʵ | |
| 600ǯ | ֥ƥΦ饱ȿͤܽ |
| 55ǯ~4 | ޤξ롤֥ƥ˿~54 |
| Τꥹ | |
| ʵ | |
| 43 | ޤˤ֥ƥۤϤޤ |
| 409 | ֥ƥű |
| 597 | ޤ붵եƥ̥ˤ륭ꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ |
| 800 | ΤХοϤޤ |
| 871 | եåɲ¨ |
| 1016 | ǥޡ̡ (Canute) ɤ̤˽ |
| 1066 | ֥Υޥפǡꥢ1¨ |
| 1215 | ޥʥ륿ǧ |
| 1337 | ʩ֤ΡɴǯϤޤ (~1453) |
| 1348 | ¡Ҥ뤦 |
| 1455 | ֤ФϤޤ (~85) |
| 1509 | إ8¨ (~47) |
| 1534 | (Church of England) Ωޡȥå |
| 1558 | ꥶ٥1¨ (~1603) |
| 1588 | ɥ쥤ڥ̵Ũˤ |
| Τȥԥ | |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲҤΩ졤ΤȤľǰϤޤ |
| 1607 | ꥹͤƥꥫߤΥС˥˿̱ϥॺ (Jamestown) Ω |
| 1620 | ԥ륰ࡦեꥫ˰ܽ |
| 1640 | ԥ塼̿ (~60) |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1跺졤ɶ¹Ω |
| 1660 | (the Restoration) ǡ㡼륺2¨ (~85) |
| 1665 | ɥǹ¤ή |
| 1666 | ɥФǡԳ80%ü |
| 1688 | ̾̿ (the Glorious Revolution) Ϥޤ (~89) |
| 1707 | ɤȥåȥɤƱ졼ȥ֥ƥϢ粦Ω |
| 1775 | ꥫΩϤޤ |
| 1776 | ꥫΩ |
| 1789 | ե̿ȯ |
| 1801 | ꥹɤȹƱ |
| 1815 | ȥƥ襤ǥʥݥ쥪ˤ |
| 1830 | Хס롦ޥ֤ŴƻȤŴƻ夬 |
| 1837 | ӥȥꥢ¨ (~1901) |
| 1840 | إȯ (~42) |
| 1845 | ɤ絲 (~46) |
| 1851 | ɥ1ʥɥ˳ |
| 1861 | ꥫϤޤ |
| 1914 | 켡Ϥޤ (~18) |
| 1939 | Ϥޤ (~45) |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨ |
| 1960 | ꥫṈ̀ư |
| 1965 | ٥ȥʥ (~75) |
| 1989 | ֥٥ɡ |
| 2019 | Ϥǡֿʥ륹ɡ (COVID-19) ȯ |
δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ
khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2椬־ǰ̸ޤΤǡ⤷ޤPDFǤˤʤޤ

ϴ泰1ȯԤ3;Фޤδ khelf ǤϤäʤ2Խ褬ʹԤƤꡤϪܤǤʳãǤܵˤʤäƤ볧ͤˤϡϴ˰³2ȯԤ⡤khelf ΡֱѸˤ̥ϤפȤưǰ˱äȤƤҹƤйǤʤ41ȯԤ줿ϴϡͽ۰ʾ¿˱Ƥޤʸ1,192ץӥ塼ˡ2ꤤפޤ
2ˤĤƤϡ khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ̤ơϢ䤪Τ餻ƤƤͽǤҥեƴϢΥޥȤƤѤޤ2ؤΤոۡ⡤餫餪ޤȹǤ
2ƤȴϢʲ˰Ƥޤ碌Ƥˬ䤯
#4724. Ѹ˥ե (khelf) γư ([2022-04-03-1])
#4723. رѸ˿ʹϴ ([2022-04-02-1])
#4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
#4725. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-04-04-1])
#4791. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פλޤ ([2022-06-09-1])

1ˡ#4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ ([2022-07-04-1]) ȤƤΤ餻̤ꡤ78ʶˤˡ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯԼ3ͤ碌ܽҲ𤹤̤Ԥʤޤ
̤ϲϿ79ڡˤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƸޤΤǡǤ⤷ޤ#404. ԼŤ̡ظɸಽͤ ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ǤΤμϿ30ʬ֤ǡܽ䳵פäꤴҲǤȻפޤ
Ť̤ˡ̤ѤΥåե̤ơܽ䤽Υơޤ˴ϢƤոۡƤƤޤŤˡΥåȤʤŸͽǤꡤν⤷ƤΤǤפΤۤܽҲΤߤ¿λ֤䤷Ƥޤ˻餺˽λƤޤޤ
ǡܺ٤̤Ǥ2ԼŤ̤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤޤ1Ť̤İˤʤܽʤΥơޡˤ˴ؿ줿줿ˤޤƤϡΥåե̤ơҤոۡФȻפޤȤ2Ť̤˳褫ФȹͤƤޤ
ܽȴϢơޤǤʲ̤ȯƤޤ碌Ƥˬ䤯
hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
hellog #4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) Ȥ줿
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
hellog #4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ ([2022-07-04-1])
heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ
YouTube δοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ְۡʼδѸظإͥ

ε#4821. something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤ ([2022-07-09-1]) ³ơ˴ؤꡥϤˤꤿ
OED ˤȡsomething, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ2cˤˡƤ롥Ф1711ǯǡŪ
c. something of a(n), to a certain extent or degree a (person or thing of the kind specified).
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 106. ¶6 Sir Roger, amidst all his good Qualities, is something of an Humourist.
1780 Mirror No. 70 As he was something of a sportsman, my guardians often permitted me to accompany him to the field.
1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales III. 46 I am something of a judge of china myself.
1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey I. ii. xiv. 195 Dormer, who was..something of an epicure, looked rather annoyed.
1931 R. Campbell Georgiad iii. 55 Even the devil dwindles to a duiker, Who prides himself as something of a spiker.
1939 R. G. Collingwood Autobiogr. iv. 27 I had become something of a specialist in Aristotle.
1959 Listener 17 Dec. 1083/3 It had been, I admit, something of a party.
1978 Lancashire Life Sept. 51/1 During the last war he became something of a legend, working incredible hours and doing general and orthopaedic surgery, as well as obstetrics.
1711ǯνФʬäʾϡޤ1710--1920ǯαѸС륳ѥ CLMET3.0 ν֤Ǥ롥® CLMET something of a(n) Υ饤1 (1710--80) 24㡤2 (1780-1850) 59㡤3 (1850--1920) 80ȡ֤ȤȤ¤㤬äƤ롥
饤äįơsomething of a(n) ΰ̣Ȥ⤤褯äƤ1ĤΤǡƤ
When we hear the Epithets of a fine Gentleman, a pretty Gentleman, much of a Gentleman, Gentlemanlike, something of a Gentleman, nothing of a Gentleman, and so forth; all these different Appellations must intend a Peculiarity annexed to the Ideas of those who express them; though no two of them, as I said, may agree in the constituent Qualities of the Character they have formed in their own Mind.
Ǥϡε褦ˡnothing of a(n) Ȥ something of a(n) Ƥ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥
khelfʷѸ˥եǡʲΤϤƷ郎ȯޤ
ѸؽѤʸˡͽVintage ʸˡˡ١2ǡp. 295ˤˤϡsomething of a֤̾äȤ̾ӡʤΡ̾ӡפȽФƤޤ漭ŵˤƱͤʤȤƤޤ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפܸŪ˰ۤʤޤʤΤ褦ʰ㤤ΤǤ礦⤽ something ΰ̣ʬäƤʤ㤤ǤʤΤǤ礦
ܸȤƤϳΤˡ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפϰ̣ۤʤ褦˻פޤǹͤСԤ٤㤯Ԥ٤⤤ΤƤꡤषеδޤ֡ʰճʤȤˤϤäȤʤβڲȤʤǤפȤʸͤȡθỤ̄϶Ƥ褦ˤפޤѸ something of a(n) ܸΡ֤äȤפ⡤̣ȸΥ˴ؤ̯Τ褦Ǥ
Ϣ quite ִˡס֤פξĤȤפޤ#4247. quite Ρִˡפ֤פؤΰ̣Ѳ ([2020-12-12-1])#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲Ǹǵž ([2020-11-30-1]) Ȥո (intensifier) θ˴ؤǤΤǡ#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) ⻲ͤˤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ơsomething of a ˤĤơإ˥缭ŵ٤ǤϼΤ褦˵ܤƤޤ
*sómething of a ...
((ά))[ʸ] äȤġʤΡ?She is ~ of a musician. βڤκͤϤʤΤΤǤԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤ/I found it ~ of a disappointment. ˤϤʤ꤬äꤷޤ(I found it rather disappointing.)/Life has always been ~ of a puzzle. ϤޤǾᤤȤä.
֡ԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤաפȤŦϡƽפǼ٤ȻפޤȤ¾μˤϡΤ褦ϤޤǤ
˳ؽѱѱѼ餤ĤʸäƤߤޤ礦
She found herself something of a (= to some degree a) celebrity.
Charlie's always been something of an expert on architecture.
The news came as something of a surprise.
The city proved to be something of a disappointment. . .
He has a reputation as something of a troublemaker.
Dz something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤȤäƹͤƤߤޤ礦ɽˤ anything of a(n) nothing of a(n) ȤϢɽޤsome, any, no 3ԤδطˤĤƤϡ#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) ([2011-03-07-1])#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) ([2011-03-08-1]) ǹͻޤ
no(thing) δ̵ܵפǤΤФ some(thing) δܵϡͭפǤȹͤƤޤ̵פξˤϥǤ̵Τ̵ȸäƤޤǤͭפǤˤϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤʤ٤꤬ޤޤǡ̵פǤϤʤͭפʤΤȤΤ some(thing of a(n)) Ρְ̣ŪʸʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦٤ˤĤƤϡְ̣פȤƤϸꤻޤǡָŪʲǤȤäȤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
̵פȤƤȤˡҤä֤ơͭפǤ뤳ȤĥΤ some(thing of a(n)) δŪƯȹͤޤ̤Ȥơ٤㤤⤤̣ˤʤΤϡʸ̮˰¸ŪȽǤ˰ѤͤΤǤϤʤȡȤϤŪȤƤϡ̵פФơͭפǤ뤳ȤƼĥŪѤ櫓Ǥ顤٤տޤƤ륱¿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤǽŪȽǤϤϤ٤ʸ̮ʤΤǤϤʤȡ
ʤʤǤ͡
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ38Ƥޤ֤⳰졩Ѹͥƥʤ֤ΤʤѸ줿Ǥ
ϸťΥɸ (Old Norse) Ȥܤޤ̤ˤϤޤΤƤʤȻפޤΤäƤϡ餯Ѹˤ̤ΤäȤ¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤˤƸťΥɸϼ¤ϽץǤ˾塤Ѹ¿ʱƶڤܤƤǤꡤ丫ǤϱѸ˾äȤפʸǤ
⤽ťΥɸȤϲʤΤǤ礦ߤ̲ʥǥޡ졤ǥ졤Υ륦졤ɸʤɡˤǤǯ̲ۤΥäƤȥƤ̥ޥɤ°ޥɤ°ѸȤϡʤ˶ᤤطˤޤ
ťΥɸȤ̲Υϡ8ȾФ11ˤƥ֥ƥάޤϤ䤬ƥ꽻轻αѸüԤȿޤΤȤŪˤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̤ȤơѸ˸ťΥɸǤ̤ή뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ
YouTube Ǥϡtake, get, give, want, die, egg, bread, though, boththey ʤɡѸäγ˿ťΥɸͳñܤޤťΥɸθŪƶϰϤϡäˤȤɤޤ餺ˡʸˡˤޤǵڤǤΤǤѸ˾夭ƴͭʤȤǤ
hellog ǤϡťΥɸȱѸθܿ˴ؤˤ˼夲Ƥޤؿä old_norse εɤߤޤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ͡äƤޤʲȤ櫓פʵ˥ĥäƤޤΤǡҤˬ䤯
hellog
#3988. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ6֥οפޤ ([2020-03-28-1])
#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
#2693. ťΥɸѸס ([2016-09-10-1])
#3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ ([2020-03-22-1])
#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1])
#4000. want αѸ --- ̣Ѳȸѡ ([2020-04-09-1])
#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1])
#1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1])
#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1])
#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])
#3987. ťΥɸαƶ (2) ([2020-03-27-1])
#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 ([2012-07-07-1])
#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1])
#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])
#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1])
#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1])
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#1149. The Aldbrough Sundial ([2012-06-19-1])
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#4577. ѸȸťΥɸ졤ޥȸȥե ([2021-11-07-1])
#3979. űѸʸڤťΥɸ줫μѸΥץ ([2020-03-19-1])
#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1])
#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ ([2018-04-03-1])
#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյä ([2009-06-26-1])
heldio
#179. ǦȤ̡γưȱѸʸδط (2021/11/26)
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#181. ťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ʤäѸäʤ (2021/11/28)
#182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2021/11/29)
#105. want θϡַ礱Ƥס (2021/09/14)
#317. dream, bloom, dwell ̣ڤꤿְ̣ѡס (2022/04/13)
#155. ΥɿͤȥΥޥͤϰ㤤ޤ (2021/11/02)
hellog~Ѹ˥֥¹Ԥơץåȥե Voicy ̤ƱѸ˥֥βǤǤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ƥޤ
Voicy Ǥ轵Υơޤ˱äȡ褬ȤޤƤޤ74ʷˤϤޤäƤ뺣Υơޤ#ߤʤθسؽˡǤޤäƤİƤߤȡءʳؽˤؤ٤Ȥ˽ͽʤΤʤȼ´ޤ͡ʥѡʥƥθؤФפİ褷ƤߤƤؽ١夬Ȼפޤ
Υ֥ͥϥġؽָءΥʬवƤ뤫餫ȻפޤΥơޤȴϢơܥѡʥƥ1ͤȤƥԥååפƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
伫ȡ74ˤΥơޤäƤޤ#399. ѸؽϡǤлޤǡפǹԤİ
ΥȡǤϡʲ5αѸؽΥĤƤߤޤ
1. ۤ㤯ʢ Ϣ Voicy ѡʥƥƱԤĻҤˤֱ֡Ѹ줬Ǥ褦ˤʤꤿפȤˡޤȡɬİǤ
2. ɤ߽ǽϤϽפǤ
3. ñϤǽפǤ
4. ̣ˤĤ褦
5. äʤץ饹եǶܤ
ä˶ĴΤ5ܤǡȥΡǤлޤǡפοɽ路ΤǤسؽϻ֤ȥͥ륮ʤȤ٤ΤˤʤΤǤХͥƥ֤ˡǡפȤߤ뤳ȤǤ櫓ǤɤΤߤ٤ΡǡפʤФʤʤΤǤС˰ʤǶܤȤֻפޤǿäƤޤȤݤǤºݤλϿ٤Ƥ⤪ޤؤˤ붵ܤλϼ¤ϤǤ
ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ϡñθ츻ˤ뤳Ȥ¿ܥӥΩĤȤΤˤȻפޤΩƤƤФȻפޤȤƤϸ츻ظˤ˭ʱѸˡʸҲ𤹤ˤޤǤΤǡδİƤƤ⡤äȻפޤ
ī6ΥͥǤؿΤϡեƤեƤޤȹΤϤ褦ˤʤޤ줫⡤ꤤޤ
ε#4817. standard θ츻 ([2022-07-05-1]) ˰³OED standard Ȥܤ롥ϡñȤƤ standard ɤạ̈Ѳεפɤꤿ *
褦ˡstandard Ѹ˽Фݤˤϡַפ̣ƤθϸߤǤĤäƤ롥θ塤15ˤʤȡ̹դδñ̡פθOED Ǥ A. III θˤȯãΥޥƥǤǤȯãƤΤ褦ǡѸȤƤ⤳ڤꤿȤȤ餷OED ǤϡΤ褦롥
The senses of branch A. III. originally arose in Britain. The first of these senses, denoting a legal weight or measure (see A. 15) is attested slightly earlier in Anglo-Norman and Latin than it is in English; compare (in this sense) post-classical Latin standardus (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman estandard (a1280 as estaundart); this use may be a development of the sense 'military flag or banner' (see sense A. 1), with the royal standard taken as the symbol of royal authority, e.g. to impose the legal norms (compare also later sense A. 4).
ΰѤθȾʬŪǤ롥ַפȡָפζϡֲξħפǤ뤳ȤȤ
ơ褤˴ؤ standard θĤޤɸפо줹뤬ȤƤ϶äۤ٤1904ǯФǤ롥OED θ23ȤνѤ롥
23. A language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form, esp. for written use. Cf. sense B. 3d.
. . . .
1904 Life 18 Feb. 167/1 Each one of these variations in tone and pronunciation is bound to give us some day a conglomerate which will not be pure in inflection or pronunciation unless we have a single, spoken standard, to which all who call themselves educated will seek to conform.
嵭ϡɸפ̣̾ȤƤνǤꡤƤƻɸŪʡפθˤĤƤСB. 3d θȤ11806ǯ˽ФƤ롥
d. Designating a language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form (esp. for written use), as in Standard English, Standard American English, Modern Standard Arabic n., etc.
A standard language variety is often associated with or prescribed in various ways by formal institutions, including government, language academies, and education and national media.
1806 G. Chalmers in D. Lindsay Poet. Wks. I. 141 The Scottish dialect was formed, as the various dialects of England were formed, by retaining antiquated words and old orthography, while the standard English relinquished both, and adopted novelties.
ַסָפήθȡ˴ؤɸʸˡפθȯãطʤˤϡֹθҤ˻٤줿ͣϡסֹ̱äƽ٤ޤפȤäܵФǤ롥⤷ΰ̣ѲΥ롼ȤȤСˤĤƤ standard ϡ顤ñʤɸפȤ⡤ȥåץζֵϡפ˶ᤤ촶ȼäƤΤǤϤʤȵ롥ݡФǤʤǤˤäƤϡֵϡפץץƤΤ standard θ촶
Ϣơ#4777. ɸױѸΰ̣ --- ֳ̤Ѹפ֤餤Ѹءס ([2022-05-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
ᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ츻ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.
ʩ졿Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.
3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard եꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ԤȤƴؤäᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơhellog, heldio, YouTube Dz٤Τ餻Ƥޤ
hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
hellog #4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) Ȥ줿
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ
YouTube δοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ְۡʼδѸظإͥ
5ܽ尴줿塤Լ3ͤؤΤˤΤ˽ޤäƤޤ褿78ʶˤˤ褦䤯ε뤳ȤˤʤꡤäʤΤǤޤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפäƼͳŤ̤βϿ褦ȤȤˤʤޤʸ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƸͽǤˡ
ǡԼŤ̤ˡѸ졤ܸ졤¾θ̸졤뤤ϸ̤˴ؿ hellog ɼԤγ顤䡤ոۤʤɤФȻפޤΥեꤪꤤפޤ
ܽ˼äȤΤǤɤȤϼºݤˤϾʤȻפޤΤǡäܽƤȤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפȤɤפĤǥͳꤲƤФȻפޤܽǤɤǤˤϡܽΤۤʤɤޤȴǤʤߤˡԼ3̾Ϥ줾ɥĸˡܸˡѸˤΰȤƤޤŤ̤Ǥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʻǰƬˤ٤ꤷȻפäƤޤ
ȤФɸಽäƲ
ɸѸϤĤǤΡ
ܸΡɸפȡ̸ֶפϰ㤦
оȸˡפäʹʤɡä
ȢɸಽλƤۤʤϡ
ܽΥ쥤ȾǤ¿ĥåߡפȤϡ
ܽνǴΤȤʤäǹԤʤäƤȤȤϡ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤǤ⡤Ʊݤΰ夲ƤޤФİ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
2ǯ֡ܤؤ⥳ʲҤˤꥪ饤Ȥ쵤˹ޤξ伫Ȥζ顦ĶѤȾ̵˲ưѤƶ뤳Ȥ줿褦ʴޤ
hellog μɮ13ǯ³ƤޤơʸϤָ뤳ȤˤϤ˴ƤޤưָʤɤȤäѤȤϡޤޤȿƵޤǤ
Ȥǯ١ۿϤμȤˤäƤߤȤ͡뤳ȤȽ̤˸ƤαѸ˥֥פȤ hellog βǤۿϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ1ǯۤˤϥץåȥե Voicy ˰ܤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ϥޤʸ塤ī6ˡαѸ˥֥פϤƤȤǤǶϡ뤳äѤ㤷Ƥ褦ǤʾСˡī heldio Υȥϡ#398. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 9פǤɤİ
2ǯ֤Υ饤ȤǤ Zoom ʤɤѤƹֵϿ褹ʤɤε¿̤˼ʬδ餬ǤȤȤˤ˴Ƥ褦ǤȤϤޤ̸뤳ȤϤޤȿƵޤǤ줬ҤʤȤǺǯ2ƱνΰʼȤȤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥϤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΤߤʤ餺ФȤˤʤޤʤ⤿ΤǤϤʤΤǶ̻ˤǤˡ֤äѤפɤĤδ֤ˤ̵ָѡפ˻äǤʥʲҤ϶Ǥ͡ˡ
θ̵Ѥ⤸ΤӾ嵭 Voicy μϿͻҤưǻꡤ YouTube ˤƸȤӤȤʤޤʾСˡηڤ;ȤȤǡۡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμϿͻҡ2022/07/03˸ƤˡǤȤȤǡͥϿΤۤɡꤤޤʾСˡ
Ω̿ؤܹ Voicy ǻ̤ޤ621#386. ܹȤλ̡ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸꤷƸޤäΤʤ夷Ƥ vernacular Ȥɤ˾ꡤ¼Ūˤ vernacular ȡȤʤޤ
ʸ塤vernacular ȤѸΤĥ˥奢äȿõäƤߤȻפĴٻϤƤޤ hellog Ǥ#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1]) εƤޤvernacular ϡѸˤδ⡤νΥƥȤѸ (world_englishes) εؤȤĤʤ롤ιǰʤȻפ褦ˤʤޤ
vernacular ˤĤƱѸ˾δؿͭѤʸϡܻᤴȤˤʸǤαѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤Ƥɤޤʲܤ꤬ȤޤˡѸ꤫⤭ѸˤʸػˤѤǡ硼αѸѤؤȵʤǤޤ
66--67Ǥʲ1ɤߡ֥ʥ顼פδѸʻˡˤªƤߤȿȯꤽȻפޤ
֥ʥ顼פ̣γĥžѤϡʹѤߤǶ̣륺ûҤϥʥ顼ʸˤĤơ֤ȤʸäƤƤ⡤ʬϤɬߤʸΤ뤿θˤʤ롥ʥ顼ʸϸҤȢ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤϢ³Ѳʤ³ƤΡסviˤȽҤ٤롥ʥ顼ʸˤŪͻѲФʻ˾ޤ褦ޤĹëϥʥ顼ͭˤĤơ֡ҥʥ顼Ӥθ촶ˤȤʤ̣¿äϤȤϢۤŪʤΡ¿ʤΡ̤ΤΤȤäŪʥ˥奢αԤۡμή˷ڻ롦̵뤵ƤʸҲˤʸ̮˸Ƥ꤬ȤʤäƤס2018, 221ˤȻŦ롥
ѸϡָҤȢפ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤѲ³Ūʥ˥奢αԤפɵᤷƤǤ롥1500 ǯ˵ڤֱѸߤϡҼӤ濴ӡӤӤؤȻʥ顼ʤεפȤ褦Ѹθ餹аճ˱Ǥ뤬ϸ衼åäƤ˲ʤä
ѸȾϳΤˡָҤȢפ˼ޤäƤޤɸѸ (Standard English) ϤȢ˼ޤäƤޤȸ (prestige) ɸಽ (standardisation) 뤢äƤ⡤vernacular ȤΩǤ
Ϣơ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ⤪İ
αѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤סΩ̿۸ʸ33.32022ǯ65--83.
1ۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ86ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ2ֺ¡֤ˤƱѸϳ礷Τפ֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡҤäФ¸ޤ1ֺ¡Ѹפ611ڡˤ˳֤λƤޤȤϤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ1˻äƤʤ⤴¿ߤɤ
2ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ
ѸϸǺǤƶϤΤǤΤ餽ä櫓ǤϤޤѸ줬ܳŪ˥ɳŸΤ϶ŪʸĹΤ18ʹߤˤޤˤθ줬ɽեؤĹΤǤ礦ѸˤѤĤġŪƻڤɤޤ
ΡѸݤ߽ФȤˤʤäѸζˤͽǤˤľǤϤʤʣΥͥͶǤä˾ƤͽǤ⤦ܤҲΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)̤#393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤסȤۿƤޤΤǡİ
ʤ1ˤĤƤϡ#4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1]) ͤˤʤȻפޤ餫ϡѸ (world_englishes) ˴ؤ뻲ʸ¾ξؤΥĥäƤޤ
ޤ1ˡϢˤĤƵɮ饸ϿƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤ
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
hellog #4795. ɸѸ졤Ѹ졤ELF λá ([2022-06-13-1])
hellog #4798. ENL ǤθѲϡֳפǡESL/EFL Ǥϡְִ㤤ס ([2022-06-16-1])
hellog #4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1])
hellog #4800. Lingua Franca Core ؤȽ ([2022-06-18-1])
hellog #4803. ֱѸסֱѸʣΡסֽѸס ([2022-06-21-1])
hellog #4805. "World Englishes" "ELF" ζ¸ܻؤơ ([2022-06-23-1])
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