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2022-07-31 Sun

#4843. رѸζܡ٤ȡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤Υɰ [terminology][animal]

ɸ̤ꡤDzΩĤϤȤơǯǤ줿2αѸʸܡرѸζܡ٤ȡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤ꡤ˸ФȤƼ夲Ƥ륭ɤ䥭ե졼ȴФưƤʳƽˤĤƤϡ#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ ([2022-07-13-1]) ȡ#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ ([2022-07-14-1]) ǿ줿Τǡ򻲾ȡˡ
ޤرѸζܡ٤337ܤ󤹤롥

Celtic Migration, Roman Rule of Britain, Viking Invasion, the Norman Conquest, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, the Black Death, Defeat of the Spanish Armada, the Pilgrim Fathers, American War of Independence, the American Civil War, the Civil Rights Movement, Apache, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Comanche, Hopi, Iroquois, Navaho, Sioux, tepee, wigwam, pueblo, totem pole, Lent, Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, New Year's Day, Saint Valentine's Day, carnival, Easter, Saint Patrick's Day, April Fools' Day, May Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, the Twelve Olympians, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, Athena, Apollon, Artemis, Ares, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Venus, Hermes, Dionysus, Atlas, Eros, Pan, Prometheus, Hercules, Perseus, Achilles, the Trojan War, Chimera, Griffin, Pegasus, Centaur, Gorgons, Siren, mermaid, Hydra, the Bible, Adam and Eva, Cain and Abel, Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, Moses, Ten Commandments, Samson and Deliah, David and Solomon, the golden calf, the patience of Job, Spare the rod and spoil the child., Pride goes [comes] before a fall., a lamb to the slaughter, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth., Jesus Christ, the Annunciation, the Nativity, John the Baptist, the Temptation, the Sermon on the Mount, You are the salt of the earth., No one can serve two masters., Do (to others) as you would be done by., Do not throw your pearls before swine., Enter by the narrow gate., a mote in one's (own) eye, Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Thaddeus, Simon, Judas, prodigal sun, good Samaritan, the Last Supper, the Passion, the Resurrection, the Ascension, Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, Protestant Church, the Anglican Church, angel, Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Baptism, Cathedral, Church, Cross, Devil, Mass, Monastery, Pope, Saint, Virgin Mary, Arthur, Cinderella, Dragon, Fairy, banshee, brownie, elf, gnome, goblin, leprechaun, Oberon, pixy, pixie, Puck, Titania, Mother Goose, Robin Hood, Santa Clause, Sphinx, Unicorn, Witch, bar, bed, beef, beer, bell, biscuit, bread, cake, candle, candy, cereal, chair, cheese, chocolate, closet, coffee, cup, doughnut, egg, garden, yard, hamburger, hat, cap, hot dog, jeans, jewelry, key, pancake, pie, pork, pub, pudding, salad, salt, sandwich, shoe, tea, tie, whiskey, whisky, window, wine, American football, Baseball, Basketball, Boxing, Golf, Horse Racing, Rugby, Soccer, Tennis, Alice, Dracula, Frankenstein, Gulliver, Huckleberry Finn, Humpty Dumpty, Peter Pan, Peter Rabbit, Robinson Crusoe, Sherlock Holmes, Uncle Tom, Winnie-the-Pooh, the Wizard of Oz, Superman, Batman, Tarzan, King Kong, Popeye, Mickey Mouse, Al Capone, Johnny Appleseed, Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Davy Crockett, Paul Bunyan, alligator, crocodile, bat, bear, bee, buffalo, butterfly, camel, canary, cardinal, carp, cat, cattle, chicken, cod, crow, cuckoo, deer, dog, dolphin, donkey, dove, pigeon, duck, eagle, elephant, fox, frog, goat, goose, hawk, herring, horse, jay, kangaroo, lark, leopard, lion, locust, mackerel, tuna, marlin, monkey, mouse, nightingale, octopus, owl, parrot, peacock, hog, rabbit, rat, robin, salmon, trout, shark, sheep, snake, spider, squirrel, swallow, swan, turkey, turtle, vulture, whale, wolf, acacia, anemone, apple, banana, bean, pea, berry, cabbage, carnation, cedar, cherry, clover, corn, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, grape, grass, iris, ivy, laurel, lilac, lily, mistletoe, nut, oak, olive, orange, palm, poppy, potato, pumpkin, rice, rose, tomato, tulip, wheat, yew


ˡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤286ñ졦ɽ󤷤褦

Autonomy, Citizen, Construct, Domain, Economy, Electricity, Execution, Icon, Medicine, Monopoly, Ocean (the Ocean), Pacific, Paper, Politics, Public, Bible, Diamond, Exodus, Flesh, Greed, Lord, Love, Scapegoat, Tiara, Tower, Aristocracy, Class, Crown, Dignity, Duke, Dynasty, Emperor, Empire, Might, Noble, Order, Prince, Proletariat, Royal, Status, School, Grammar school, Public school, College, University, Principal, President, Dean, Provost, Academy, Bachelor, Master, Doctor, Professor, Lecturer, Amulet, Baptism, Cathedral, Chapel, Church, God, Heaven, Holy, Minister, Miracle, Paradise, Priest, Sacred, Synagogue, Talisman, Admiral, Arms, Arsenal, Battle, Bomb, Bullet, Captain, Colonel, General, Gun, Missile, Officer, Soldier, War, Weapon, Bicameral, Cabinet, Coalition, Democracy, Diet, Government, Judge, Jury, Ministry, Monarchy, Parliament, Prime Minister, Prosecutor, Buy, Convenience store, Deficit, Deflation, Inflation, Market, Sale, Sell, Share, Stock, Shop, Store, Supermarket, Trade, Transport, Agreement, Borrow, Calculate, Contract, Cost, Count, Credit, Deal, Debt, Figure, Negotiation, Owe, Price, Sum, Title, ATM, Bank, Bill, Bond, Collateral, Deposit, Endorse, Exchange, Finance, Fund, Guarantee, Hedge, Interest, Loan, Customs, Dock, Export, Freight, Harbor, Import, Insurance, Invoice, Port, Post, Railway, Ship, Tax, Truck, Wharf, Barber, Butcher, Carpenter, Farm, Foundry, Hospital, Hotel, Mint, Nurse, Physician, Plumber, Potter, Restaurant, Smith, Veterinarian, Job, Labo(u)r, Occupation, Profession, Vocation, Work, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Rugby, Soccer, Tennis, Game, Hobby, Leisure, Head, Body, Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Beef, Fish, Beer, Whisky/Whiskey, Wine, Knife, Pen, Pencil, Airplane, Bicycle, Car, Train, Cat, Dog, Horse, Forest, Grave, Mountain, Peninsula, Prairie, River, Sea, Tomb, Angel, Devil, Elf, Halloween, Monster, Phantom, Witch, Drizzle, Drought, Flood, Hurricane, Rain, Snow, Storm, Typhoon, Weather, Wind, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Fall, Winter, Air, Atmosphere, Aurora, Cloud, Cosmos, Sky, Space, Star, Sun, Universe, Calendar, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, Clock, a.m., A.D., Alma Mater, Bona fide, Candle, Confidence, De facto, e.g., etc./et cetera, i.e., Mile, per, per cent/percent, v.v/vice versa, Verse, Attaché Connoisseur, Gourmet, Novice, Vogue, Chocolate, Kindergarten, Magazine, Pyjamas/Pajamas, Tea


ƱݤεġȤơ#1809. American Heritage Dictionary Notes ([2014-04-10-1])#1819. AHD Word History Note Search ([2014-04-20-1]) ⻲ȡμΰϡ긵֤ƤȡʾʤȤˤϡˤʤŪΩĤΤǤ

δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ
ʡƻ 㥵󡡡صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ

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2022-07-30 Sat

#4842. ѸˤλϤޤ꤫餹Ǥ˺ä [variety][dialect][germanic][oe][jute][history][oe_dialect][anglo-saxon][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture]

1860ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Marsh ˤѸ˹ֵϿѥѥ᤯äƤ롥Marsh ˤС󥰥졤ʤűѸϡΦ֥ƥ˻ޤ줿κΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤƥ֥ƥ "aboriginal" ʸȤϸʤΤ "indigenous" ʸǤϤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤϺΤʤǤϤ "diversity" 򼨤"obscure", "confused", "imperfect", "anomalous", "irregular" ǤȤʲϢսѤ롥

§15. It has been already shown that the Anglo-Saxon conquerors consisted of several tribes. The border land of the Scandinavian and Teutonic races, whence the Anglo-Saxon invaders emigrated, has always been remarkable for the number of its local dialects. The Friesian, which bears a closer resemblance than any other linguistic group to the English, differs so much in different localities, that the dialects of Friesian parishes, separated only by a narrow arm of the sea, are often quite unintelligible to the inhabitants of each other. Moreover, the Anglo-Saxon language itself supplies internal evidence that there was a great commingling of nations in the invaders of our island. This language, in its obscure etymology, its confused and imperfect inflexions, and its anomalous and irregular syntax, appears to me to furnish abundant proof of a diversity, not of a unity, of origin. It has not what is considered the distinctive character of a modern, so much as of a mixed and ill-assimilated speech, and its relations to the various ingredients of which it is composed are just those of the present English to its own heterogeneous sources. It borrowed roots, and dropped endings, appropriated syntactical combinations without the inflexions which made them logical, and had not yet acquired a consistent and harmonious structure when the Norman conquest arrested its development, and imposed upon it, or, perhaps we should say, gave a new stimulus to, the tendencies which have resulted in the formation of modern English. There is no proof that Anglo-Saxon was ever spoken anywhere but on the soil of Great Britain; for the 'Heliand,' and other remains of old Saxon, are not Anglo-Saxon, and I think it must be regarded, not as a language which the colonists, or any of them, brought with them from the Continent, but as a new speech resulting from the fusion of many separate elements. It is, therefore, indigenous, if not aboriginal, and as exclusively local and national in its character as English itself.


űѸ˴ؤ Marsh ΤƶͥƤȻפɾˤꡤιֵϿꥹĺ˽Ǥ줿ȤطʤǰƬ֤Ƥ٤ѤκǸˤ "exclusively local and national in its character as English itself" ⡤ʸ̮Dz᤹ɬפ褦˻פ롥
űѸˤĤƤϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1])#4439. űѸϺȤƻϤޤä ([2021-06-22-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Marsh, George Perkins. Lectures on the English Language: Edited with Additional Lectures and Notes. Ed. William Smith. 4th ed. London: John Murray, 1866. Rpt. HardPress, 2012.

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2022-07-29 Fri

#4841. ظɸಽͤ٤7ϤؤΥȤ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][periodisation]

2֤Ρ#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä ([2022-07-27-1]) ȡ#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy ([2022-07-28-1]) εǡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7ϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ɮˤҲ𤷤ޤʺ߷Ȥ Voicy Ǥˡ
ܽκħ1Ĥϡ¾ԤΥȡʡĥåߡˤǤ㤨бѸˤ˴ؤϤʸϤФơۤʤˤȤθˤθ˴ŤơͳƤȤǤΤ褦ˤȡѸ˸ԤɤεǤϷ褷ƸƤʤȯۤȽФƤޤƱʬǤȤߤʤƤθ¾ʬǤȤƤʤʤɤεŤޤޤˡоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) οĺǤ
㤨С7ϤФƴ󤻤줿Ȥΰǡ䤬󥹥ԥ졼Τ򤤤ĤѤƾҲ𤷤ޤޤѸˤλʬ (periodisation) Ф롤ܸˡϺᤫΥȤꡥ

οȻǤϤʤ㤷ƻʬԤѻơѸˤܸоȤƸ뤳Ȥ϶̣(p. 129)


Ʊꡤ硼إ󥿥٥꡼ʪ٤ե󥹸ƥǤϤʤѸǽ񤤤Ȥ¤Ф륳Ȥ⼨ŪǤޤں٤ӤȤϡ

ʸݺʤ򡤼ǽ񤯤졦ŵǽ񤯤Ǥ뤬ܸǤϡʸǽ񤯤ʸǽ񤯤Ȥˤʤ뤳Ȥä̾Ȥơ10ϤˡǷں٤񤯺ݡƬǡˤ⤹ʤȤդΤ⤷ƤߤȤƤʤפȵ̾μˤäƴʸǽ񤫤פ򡤽񤤤Ƥߤ褦ȤΤȹԤäơ񤤤Ƥߤ褦ȤΤȸäơ˲Ƹν񤭤ȤФǽ񤤤Ȥ󤲤롥(p. 135)


ɥĸˡԻϡ18εϼλɽ른󥽥ΤڤƤսǼΤ褦˥ȤƤޤ

Τ⡤ɥĸˤʿŪǤ롥18ա1748ǯˤ˥åȥȤͭϤʵʸˡФΤȥǥ󥰤1770ǯ˼1780ǯʸˡФ餬ȥꥢǤ뤳Ȥǡɥĸɸʸϸ줬Ω롥ʤǥ󥰤μϡ󥽥󤫤鶯ƶƤ롥(p. 136)


ƱĻϡѸˤˤɸಽΥФΤ褦ȿƤޤ

Τ褦ʥη֤ɥĸˤˤϸʤȤȤܼŪʰ㤤Τ褦˻פ롥(p. 137)


嵭ϡѸˤоȸˤδįǽ˵ŤƤ줿ȤΤۤΰǤʪħϡ¾Ӥƽ⤭ĦˤʤȤȤƼ´ޤܽ˼äƤ

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2022-07-28 Thu

#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy [voicy][heldio][standardisation][elf][wsse][world_englishes][elf][gengo_no_hyojunka]

ܲǤ⹭ɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơä򤦤äȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶ᤯ˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ



ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥󥹥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ

߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ

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2022-07-27 Wed

#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä [gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][notice][variety][world_englishes]

hellog Ǥϡ5罤۽ŹǤ줿ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơӤӹ󤷤Ƥޤ
٤73111:00--12:00 ˤԼ3̤ͤVoicy ˤͽǤμʤɤդƤޤΤǡ Google Forms ꤪ󤻤ܺ٤ϡ#4836. 73111:00--12:00 ظɸಽͤ٤ᤰԼŤ2ơ ([2022-07-24-1])

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ܽǤϱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤ6Ϥ7Ϥˤ錄äƾܽҤƤޤȤ櫓7ϤǤϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡפꤷơ20--21αѸΡɸಽס¼ŪˤϱѸŪʡѲפȤ䤿ˤȤäľܴؤΤ꤬ƤޤɮԤ߷ĻرءǤ
ξϤȾǤϡNorman Blake ˰͵򤷡ɸಽǰƬ֤Ѹˤή줬⤵ޤơĺθȾǤϡ1900ǯʹߤαѸɸಽˤĤơȤ櫓̤򸫿ѸΤˤĤơBasic English, Special English, Globish, Nuclear English, World Standard Spoken English ȤŪʡѼפ򻲾Ȥʤʤޤ
߷εμݤϡܰ¤Ȥ1900ǯ򶭤˱ѸɸಽΤƤȤȤǤǯɸಽϡ񤭸դΡ첽סֵϲפȤȥåץɸಽܤǤǯʹߤϡäդΡѲפȤܥȥॢåפɸಽʤǤƤȤȤǤ
伫Ȥɮ6ϡֱѸˤˤɸಽספȹ碌ơŪʸȤʤäѸΡ̣ǤΡɸಽפˤĤơ͡ʴƤȤ⤷Ǥ͡

߷ ⡡ֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡٹ ԡ Ϻ δˡ罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-29-1] [2022-07-28-1]

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2022-07-26 Tue

#4838. worth ηƻŪħ [adjective][preposition][pos][prototype][complementation][syntax]

ε#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ ([2022-07-25-1]) ˰³worth ʻʬˤĤơHuddleston and Pullum (607) ˤȡޤ worth 㳰ŪʷƻǤȤεҤ롥

As an adjective, . . . worth is highly exceptional. Most importantly for present purposes, it licenses an NP complement, as in The paintings are [worth thousands of dollars]. In this respect, it is like a preposition, but overall the case for analysing it as an adjective is strong.


ǤϡHuddleston and Pullum ϲä worth ƻŪȷŤƤΤޤǽŪȤ2ŦƤ롥1ĤϡŵŪʷƻ餷 become ˤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡʬ칽ʸŪˡ˽ҸȤƵǽǤȤȤǤ롥줾ʲ2ĤʸˤäƼ롤ֻǤϤʤȤȤ

What might have been a $200 first edition suddenly became [worth perhaps 10 times that amount].
[Worth over a million dollars,] the jewels were kept under surveillance by a veritable army of security guards.


ѲӽȤߤȡworth Ϸƻ餷ʤIt was more worth the effort than I'd expected it to be. Τ褦ӵʸϲǽǤϤ뤬worth 켫Τΰ̣ˤĤӤƤΤɤˤĤƤϵ롥ƱͤˡIt was very much worth the effort. Τ褦 worth ĴƤ뤫Τ褦ʸϤ뤬ζĴ worth ٤ĴƤΤ롥
⤦1ġ̯ŪʬϤ롥worth ֻǤдط̾ź뤳ȤǤ뤬ƻǤ񤷤ͽۤ롥ơͽۤäƤΤ

This was far less than the amount [which she thought the land was now worth].
*This was far less than the amount [worth which she thought the land was now].


嵭ƤŪɾʤСworth ŵŪʷƻȤϤֻŪħĤΤΡǤɤ餫ȤзƻȤȤˤʤꤽʪޤäǤ뤳ȤϾΤĤġ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

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2022-07-25 Mon

#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ [adjective][preposition][pos][prototype][complementation][syntax]

khelfʷѸ˥եǡworth Ϸƻ줫ֻ줫Ȥ꤬줿ŪˤϸűѸηƻ졦̾ w(e)orþ ̤뤳ȤʬäƤ뤬Ѹ worth 򶦻ŪʬϤʤСɤʬϤǽǤ롥
ޤֲͤפȤΤʸŪʰֲ̣͡פΰ̣б̾⤢뤳Ȥ顤ƻȤߤΤȤո롥˸§ȤŪˤ׵ֻ᤹Τ褦ʿ񤤤򼨤ȤΤºݤˡĤα¼򻲾ȤȡƻȼäƤΤ⤢СֻȤΤ⤢롥
̤˱ѸؤǤϡΤ褦ƤΤ prototype Υץ롥ŵŪʷƻ졤ŵŪֻ˴ѻŪħ򤢤餫ꥹȥåפƤθ졤ξǤ worth ˤĤơɤʻħ¿ͭ뤫ˤäơƻŪǤȤֻŪǤȤäȽǤ򤯤ΤǤ롥
ʬϼΤʤʤ⤷Τ̤ worth 򡤸׵᤹Ȥ㳰Ūħġְۼʡ׷ƻȤߤƤHuddleston and Pullum (546--47) ˤС褦ʰۼʷƻ֤Ȥ (un)like due 롥ʲʸǡѳ̤˳äʬ줾ȼäƻȤʬϤ롥

The book turned out to be [worth seventy dollars].
Jill is [very like her brother].
You are now [due $750]. / $750 is now [due you].

ˤΥꥹȤ near ä뤳ȤǤ
Ϣơ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʻʬѸȤƤϡƻζʬͭ̾ˤĤƤϡ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1])#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ ([2016-01-02-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-26-1]

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2022-07-24 Sun

#4836. 73111:00--12:00 ظɸಽͤ٤ᤰԼŤ2 [notice][gengo_no_hyojunka][voicy]

ɸˤĤƤΤ餻Ǥhellog βǤȤī6ˤϤƤ벻ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ̤ơ1ָ731˸11:00--12:00ˡפظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯԼ3ͤˤȡϤͽǤ֥饦饦־İȤǤޤVoicy ץ꤫İƤޤ˥ȤǤ뵡ǽʤɤѲǽȤʤޤΤǤǤʤƤϿ Voicy ͥǸͽǤ

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ޤǤˡʤ뤤ˤǤ⡪ˤ󤻤䤴ոФޤơԼ3̾ǤȿȻפäƤޤΤǡҤ󤻤Voicy ץͳ餪ꤤ뤤 Google Forms ̤ƤƤǤ빽ǤVoicy ץ̵ˤѤܥͥեƤޤȡϤΤϤΡ֤ؤ׵ǽȤǤ褦ˤʤޤΤǡҥեΤۤɤꤤޤʲƥƤΤꤤǤʤǤ˥Ȥ򤤤ˤޤƤϡ꤬Ȥޤɲä⤤ĤǤɤˡ

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

ζᴩȤΥơޤǤָɸಽפȡоȸˡפˤĤơԼ3̾2022ǯ78ʶˤ731ˤ2ۤŤ̤Ͽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤʸ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤƸͽˡ
ǡƲԼŤ̤ΩäơѸ졤ܸ졤¾θ̸졤뤤ϸ̤˴ؿ顤䡤ոۤʤɤ򡤤Υեꤪ󤻤ФȻפޤ
ܽ˼äȤΤǤɤȤϼºݤˤϾʤȻפޤΤǡäܽƤȤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפȤɤפĤͳꤲƤФȻפޤܽ򤹤ǤɤǤˤϡܽΤۤʤɤ򤤤ޤȴ򤷤ǤʤߤˡԼ3̾Ϥ줾ɥĸˡܸˡѸˤΰȤƤޤŤ̤Ǥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʻǰƬˤ٤ꤹͽǤ

ȤФɸಽäƲ
ɸѸϤĤǤΡ
ܸΡɸפȡ̸ֶפϰ㤦
оȸˡפäʹʤɡä
ȢɸಽλƤۤʤϡ
ܽΥ쥤ȾǤ¿ĥåߡפȤϡ
ܽνǴΤȤʤäǹԤʤäƤȤȤϡ

ʾ塤ꤤޤ


31о줹Լ3̾ƾҲ𤷤ƤޤȡԡʳؽءˡϺءˡδʷءˤȤʤޤƱСˤԼŤ1ƤϡƱ Voicy ̤ͥ79˸Ƥꡤʲꤪİޤ



1ƤϤեޥʷϵǤ٤2ơˤǤϡ⤦եޥˤ٤ꤷȻפäƤޤ
ܽظɸಽͤ٤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤⤷Ƥޤεåˤɤޤȡ31ڤİȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ʤ714˽Ǥ줿رѸ춵٤8ˤơܽι𤪤ӽɾ (70) ǺܤƤޤɾԤضսǤ⤼Ҽ˼äƤ

رѸ춵2022ǯ8


Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-27-1]

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2022-07-23 Sat

2022-07-22 Fri

#4834. ӵ顦Ǿ [comparison][category][adjective][adverb][youtube][notice][link][grammaticalisation]

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ42ƤޤֱѸӵ顦ǾϤʤ¿ͤʤΤꤷơѸӵ顦ǾηˤˤĤƤäƤޤ



ѸޤǤܸȰۤʤꡤƻӵ (comparative degree) Ǿ (superlative degree) Ȥäֵפʸˡƥ꡼ޤӡǾγǰʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤΤǤΤѸǤӤ˴ؤˡ乽ʸ͡ȯãƤޤ
ܤƤ⡤㤨ӵ -er դΡmore ֤Ρbetter worse Τ褦佼ˡ (suppletion) ʤΤʤɡब˭٤Ǥ
Τ褦ˡֵפˤĤƤϱѸˡѸŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤhellog ¾Ǥ⤷ФдϢ˿ƤޤʲϤ˴ؿäؤΤᵭǤ깭ɤߤ comparison εɤ

hellog

#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])
#4616. ƻθӵ̣ ([2021-12-16-1])

#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ޷ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#4495. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ6֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more Ρס ([2021-08-17-1])

heldio & hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ

hellog-radio #46. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ
heldio #97. unhappyӵ -er ĤΤȿ§

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-22-1]

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2022-07-21 Thu

#4833. ظɸಽͤ٤ǹͤɸಽڤ [gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][toc][typology]

hellog Ǥⲿ٤Ƥޤ5ˡ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ尴ޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small



䤬ɮôս1Ĥˡ1ϤΡƳɸηˤоȤȤȡפ2ɸಽڤʥѥ᡼ˡ (6--15) ޤܽνǴˤĤʤä5ǯ֤θưΤʤǸƤƤɸಽΥѥ᡼󤷤ʬǤФΤޤޥѥ᡼бƤΤǡƤޤ

2.1 첽ϲѲ
2.2 ɸಽ
2.3 ɸಽæɸಽ
2.4 Ѱ
2.5 ΰ̤ɸಽȤŪ
2.6 ɸಽΥߥ󥰤פ
2.7 ɸಽνʳ¦
2.8 Ѷ
2.9 ɸಽɸȤʤѼμࡦ
2.10 ɸಽʤΡ
2.11 ɸಽФüԤ
2.12 ɸಽȼҲθɸಽ


֤򤫤ƥ֥쥹ȤޤȤƤѥ᡼ΰʤΤǡоȸŪɸಽ (standardisation) ƤݤΥݥǥȤƹΩĤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤ
hellog Ǥϸɸಽ standardisation εˤ˼夲ƤޤǤȯɽǰƬ˺ѸɸಽˤˤĤƤΤ٤ޤȤޤäȤƤϡ#3234. ָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC) νմߥʡɸѸȯãˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-05-1]) ȡ#3244. 2 HiSoPra* DZѸˤˤɸಽˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ
ظɸಽͤ٤ξҲˤĤƤεåɤȤ櫓78˲ϿԼŤϤǤܽɤߤɤԼ3ͤǾҲ𤷤Ƥޤ᡹ԼŤ2Ƥ褷ƤޤܽˤĤơ뤤ϰ̸̡ˤɸಽˤĤơոۡΥȥե󤻤2ƤȤƼ夲ФȻפäƤޤ


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2022-07-20 Wed

#4832. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳס [history][sobokunagimon][elf]

#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ ([2022-07-14-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ŵΡ֥ץ (1--8) ˤϡѸˤγάҤƤ롥ֱѸסֱѸסָűѸλסѸλסֶѸλסְĸȥޥĸס֥ƥȥޥ󥹽פȤФüŪ˱ѸˤƤ롥
ץκǽǤϡפѤʵֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳפؤθڤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Ѹ줬Τ褦ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳϤȤƤޤ3ˤޤȤ뤳ȤǽǤ
1. ѹǰʸ
2. ĶȤƤƹζδ
3. Ѹ켫ΤνȺ
Ѹϡѹˤ뿢̱η̤ˤǰѤξѸȤ˹äƤϤˤο̱ϤǤθѸޤѸȤʤޤ̱ϤΩˤ⤽ͭ顤Ϥˤưۤʤä̱²֤֡ĤʤաפȤ¿ι񡹤ǻѤ³ƤޤкѡȤƤƹζδǤƹȯͤαDz衦ڡݡġ󥿡ͥåȡѥiPhone ʤɤѸιŪڤ˵ڤܤƶ礭ΤǤޤѸ켫Τħʤ̾ʤưλˡʤɤ¾θӤƴñǤꡤؽưפǤ̵Ǥޤ


ѸܤǤθȤƤŪ褯ֽʡͳ3Τ褦˻פ롥ä13ˤĤƻϰ°פƱդǤʤ
1ܤˤĤƤϡפȤ餫ɽˤꡤѹȱѸŪ¦̤ʤƤˤʤ롥ȤΤϡѸϤۤɡ֤줤פʤȯŸƤ櫓ǤϤʤǤ롥ѹȤƤȤȤϳΤ˻¤ɽǤϤޤ˱ѸΤ褦˻פΤǤ롥­Ǥͭפ˿ƤˤȤɤޤꡤѸ¦̤ˤϰڿƤʤ
2ܤˤĤƤϡä˰Ϥʤ
3ܤˤϤ򴶤롥ѸˤϡˤäƳΤˡֽפȡֺפȤΤ⤷ʤ椨ˡֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäפȷ뤿ˤϡҴŪʺܳŪʵɬפǤ롥ϤǤ⡤ưŪˤ⡤ۤȤɤʤƤʤΤĤޤꡤ3ܤϤޤǰʡͳפˤȤɤޤ褦˻פ롥
ޤ­ˤơ̾ʤưλˡʤɤ¾θӤƴñǤꡤؽưפǤפȤ뤬ФƤ͡ȿǤ롥ޤ̾ưηˤĤơ¾θӤƴñפȤȤΡ¾θפϡ餯Ʊŵμݤ餹ȥƥ졤ɥĸ졤ե󥹸ʤɤΡ¾ΰפǰƬ֤Ƥ뤫Ȼפ뤬⤷ȤʤС¾θפǤϸ­餺ˤ7θ줬Τ
ˡ˵Τ˾嵭εȤƤ⡤̾ʡפŪñǤȤŦˤĤƤϡѸΡֿפ¾θפʣǤäʣǤȼĥǤͳϤʤꤵƤȤܤθˤƤ⡤ƥ꡼ȤƤϡñפȡʣפ2ब̤ˤȤɤޤʤŪʡξפˤĤƤϹθƤʤȤˡ뤤ϡʤҤä᤿̰ΤŪñȤȤ
ˡǧȤƤʾʤȤȳʤ̤˸СŪñפǤϤȤϸˡ̾ưηŪñȤäơʤɡʳδ¿θܤθ줺ˡѸθηϤΤȤŪñǤȼĥǤ뤫ɤϡ˵Ǥ롥ʤȤĿͤˤȤäơʤơ餯¿ܤγؽԤˤȤäơ˱Ѹ¾¿θ٤ƤֳؽưספʸǤϷ褷Ƥʤ褦˻פʤ줳ȸСΤˤ̤ǤϤ뤬ˡ٤ҴŪ᤬ȤϤ褯ΤƤ (cf. #293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#2820. 񤷤ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1])#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2020-09-21-1]
ʾεꡤϾ嵭3ä1ܤ3ܡˤϡֱѸ줬ǹѤ褦ˤʤäͳפǤϤʤֱѸŪƸǧʸͳפʤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥

ʡƻ 㥵󡡡صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-19 Tue

#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ [khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2022][link][hel_herald][sobokunagimon][notice][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][caxton][printing][semantic_change][loan_word][french][latin]

711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰



伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ­ŪˤȤ

ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ

hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤ󡪶ˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ

ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ

hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá

ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư󡩡
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])

ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal

ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪ󤻤ȤΥեꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-18 Mon

#4830. 19ꥹοʪࡦưʪ̣ [history][linguistic_imperialism]

ε#4828. Ĺ18פХե󥹤򼴤˷줿֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ ([2022-07-16-1]) Ӻε#4829. 19ꥹ̳ͤפֱѸפء ([2022-07-17-1]) ³ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤򻲾ȤơꥹѸɾˤĤƹͤƤ롥
19˵Ĺ뤲ꥹưʪ²ۤΩĤϤ줿Ȥȡ19Ⱦ OED Τ褦緿ʸŪԻ줿Ȥˤ϶̹ब롥ʬŪˤοҤǤ롤ȤȤ
ˤ⤦1ĿʪȤ¸ߤäƤ٤ưʪƱʪޤꥹ񤬰ҿ򤫤ΩĤȯȤƻäʪࡦưʪ̣ˤĤơӾ (140--42) Ѥ

ץȡϥ󥿡γ
⤦ҤȤġϤᵮ²ϡʪءʪΥ󥿡ˤʤäƤȤפǤΩ塼ʪɽȤ뿢ʪˤϡ̱ϤǼ줿ʪɸܤȤƽ줿ΤǤ䵮²սпȤΡ֥ץȡϥ󥿡פϡѿʪѤʤΩĿʪȶäɬǽƤΤǤ䤬̤Τοʪ򽯽褦ˤʤޤϤθݾȤʤäƺݱбĤʪ褦ˤʤꡤξϰȬȾˤäȤ˱ɤޤȤĤαݶΩ졤μθ򴹡ڤʤŸ񤬳Ť졤ݻʪػȯޤ
ꥹοʪˤˤƤäȤפʿʪϡ硼աХ󥯥ʰ켷ͻ~ȬǯˤǤबΩ塼ʪηбĤʤꡤץȡϥ󥿡ɸƿʪ򽸤ᡤ塼ʪʪν椹륻󥿡ˤǤХ󥯥οʪˤϹ񲦥硼򤬤ꡤ岡Ƥޤʪسݳ¤೦ʪήˤäȯŸȤϡޤǤ⤢ޤ
Х󥯥񲦤οʪ򥤥ꥹοʪ˽椵뤳ȤǮդ򼨤΢ˤϡꥹʲˤۤ򤯤ޤʤƻ뤷ѤƤΤȤå̩˴ޤޤƤϤǤ

ζȤξħưʪ
ʪȤȤ˲ȤδϢưʪפˤĤƤ⡤ǿƤޤ礦
γĥؤǡʪɸܤǤʤưʪͤƤ졤顦椵褦ˤʤޤ⡤ꥹ֤Ϥۤ뤳ȡξȡкѷˤޤǹäƤ뤳ȤħƤޤ
鲦ΩưʪϤޤ켷Ⱦˤʤȡ۹ưʪĤĤȱӹޤƲΰζȤξħȤʤäƤޤưʪο͵ưʪϤ줾줬ޤ줿Ϥɽݤ˹륤ꥹƸޤޤȸĹؤŴǰ򴭵ΤǤ
ΩǤ꡼ġѡưʪʸߤΥɥ󡦥ˤϰȬȬǯ˳षޤΥȥꥢ䥨ɥɼǮӤνβ⤿餵줿饤󡤥ޥޡȥ顤ҥ祦ʤɤƤưʪϡѹιŪϰ̡ҤƤϱѲϰ̤ħפȤͤäƤ褦Ǥ


ƱݤǡΥꥹǤϡ椫ưʪʤ̡˸դ򽸤ưʪʤ̡˼ԻȤȤؤδؿ̤ OED ǤȤäƤǤϤʤդδؤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])
#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])
#3603. ²ۡ ([2019-03-09-1])
#3767. ܤ̡ ([2019-08-20-1])
#3851. ưʪࡤ ([2019-11-12-1])
#4131. ꥹ񲽤ˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1])

19ꥹοʪؤλפȴϢơ奤ꥹͤŵŪʼ̣Ȥ⤵ݡʥǥ˥󥰡ˤΥ롼ĤƱ˵뤳Ȥդβ䤫ʼ̣ѸƸȴطƤʹС¿οͤϼ򵿤⤷ʤ

Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-17 Sun

#4829. 19ꥹ̳ͤפֱѸפ [history][linguistic_imperialism]

ε#4828. Ĺ18פХե󥹤򼴤˷줿֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ ([2022-07-16-1]) ˰³ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤򻲾Ȥơ19Υꥹ˸줿ˤĤƹͤ롥
ꥹĹ18θ˥ե󥹤ФƾᡤƸȤȤƱɸƻʤळȤˤʤäʸᤵΤꥹ̳ǤꡤΤ޲ȤƽפʤΤѸʤΤǤ롤Ȥ򤷤Ӿ (185--86) Ѥ롥

ե󥹤Υʥݥ쥪󤬰Ȭǯ˺ǽṲ̄ƤϡϤ䥤ꥹŨʤǡºݡ礭餱ȤϤޤ󡥤줬ּʬ˴ۤ٤ŤƤפȤΰռ⤿餷ΤǤ礦
ȳ̿ФơιפˤʤäꥹǤꥫɥĤ˶礹褦ˤʤꡤȬǯդǯ֤Զ˸ޤԾ줬äΤǡȬǯݼޥǥ졼꤬ͳޥåɥȡ˾ȡȥꥢƤΤȡʤƤޤкŪפʤ顤̱­ͿŪҿȯȤ򤷤褦ȤΤǤ
Ūۤˤϸ᤿⤢ޤ̳ͤפǤơƤޤϡʹ񥤥ꥹ̤äͭͼƳ師ʸ̳פȤΤǡͤ䲫ͼͤΤȤޤּͳʸλȼԤ륤ꥹͤθաʪʡѡȤդ줵뤳Ȥͥɤʤ̱²ä̿Ǥꡤ˥˥󡦥եåݤԤˤϼͳפȤ줿ΤǤ
ϼΥѡޥȥǥ졼ꡤ뤤ϥ׿̱ϼǥɶȼԤΥ롦ιͤǡ˥ȥꥢƱĴΤǤ
Ѹ⡤ʸ̮ǤޤǤ˥إȬ륺ɡåȥɤ˱ѸѸȤƶפܺߤƤޤˤϥɡեꥫʤ˹뿢̱ϤˡۤפȤƤαѸ򲡤ĤꥹŪʲʹѤ̲褦ȶ饷ƥˤˡǤαѸѤԤαѸμ̳Ƥޤ
ˤ񲦤¤ʤ̱ϡʸݤʳؤȤϱ椫ʤϸʤɴƤƱѸȤΤʬΤǤ⤢ΤġĤȤǤ


ߡѸ줬ǹѤȤʤäƤפˤϡ嵭̤ꡤ19ꥹŪǥäΤǤ롥λ¤򲡤ơߤ̤αѸΤˤĤͭյ˵뤳ȤϷ褷ƤǤʤϡñʤʹ֤ɤΥߥ˥ʤˤȤɤޤʤϡɤⰭʹּҲˤѥΤʤΤǤ롥

Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-14-1] [2022-07-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-16 Sat

#4828. Ĺ18פХե󥹤򼴤˷줿֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ [history][french][review][hundred_years_war]

˥ο褯ɤࡥήθԤʬΥå󥹤򼨤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ؤӤθΨ褤Ǥ롥ʬʬˤȤäʬǤ졤ߤʬǤ졤Ť¿ӾӰˡزͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ٤⤽Τ褦ʰǤ롥
ƱǤϥꥹˤΥå󥹤¿Ƥ뤬ʤǤŪʡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȷаޤˤĤƤ1᤬ݤ˻ĤäƤ롥pp. 125--26 Ѥ롥

֥ꥹ̱פη
꡼Ȥ奤ꥹ˲Ȥϡ켷ǯΥ󥰥ɤȥ륺ؤΥåȥɹʻ᤿Ʊˡȥꥢ夬˻ϤޤȬǯޤǤˤ򰷤λˡ֥ꥹ̱פΥǥƥƥ줿ȽҤ٤Ƥޤ
Ƥι̱ռηϡե󥹤Ȥδ֤컰ǯδ֡³Ūʥڥ衤ȥꥢѾ衤ǯ衤ʥݥ쥪褽¾ˤɽ롤ŨдäƤȤƤޤ
Ĥޤե󥹤ȤΩꥹͤι̱ռϤȤȤˡ󥰥ɶԡΨŪŪʺ̳ƥपӵ緳ϤäȤҤ١ˤΥե󥹤ȤŨФƱ˥ץƥХȥåνǤ⤢ꡤñȤ䵢°ǤϤʤ罰ƱդѶŪϤǴн褹뤷ʤʤäȤλ˥졼ȥ֥ƥν̱ĤΡֹ̱פȤʤäŪװȤƤޤ
ʸŪˤ̱²ŪˤԶѼĤ԰ɤưƤǥƥƥäȡǶΥȥåйơĤ򤫤äƤץƥȤȤƼʵꤷפΤǤϤĹॹѥǹͤȤвʤƤϤʤʤ⤷ޤ󤬡λεŨե󥹤Ǥꡤ奤ꥹʸҲ񤬡ȿեʸҲȤե󥹤αˤۤʤʤäȤΤϡ̤Ǥ礦ʸ奤ꥹϡե󥹤ֵĤĿ̱˾ˤϡ֥ѥå֥꥿˥סʥꥹۤˤʿ¡ˡۤƤޤ


̱ȸڡӤ뤳ȤϤǤʤꥹ̱ΥǥƥƥΤߤʤ餺ḽѸμҲŪ֤ŤޤĹ18פ˥ե󥹡ʸˤȤзȾ̤ƷꤵƤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ⤷ʤ
Ĺ18αʩΩϡ2ɴǯפȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ūˤ3--4ۤΡ1ɴǯ (hundred_years_war) Ƥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤơѸȥե󥹸θήΩˤ⡤Ʊ褦ˤΤܤ롥Ѹ줬ȿե󥹸Ȥե󥹸αǤȤͤͤꤽ

Ӿ Ӱ졡زͤǤɤ륤ꥹˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-18-1] [2022-07-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-15 Fri

#4827. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ17֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][subjunctive][verb][tense][link][conditional][be][mood][future]

δñѸ in English٤8椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ17ϡ֤ʤֻɽפǤ̤ΤȤ⸽߷פǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ8



If it is fine tomorrow, I will go shopping. Τ褦ʸǡ餫ˡפȤ̤ΤȤʤΤˡ*If it will be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦 will ѤʤȤˤʤäƤޤϡعʸˡΥإƥʵ§κǤΤ1ĤǤ礦Ѹϰ̤˸ߡ̤Ȼ (tense) ˤ뤵ʤΤǤγˤϡֻɽפ̰Ƥ褦˶줷ߤޤ
εϡѸˤδȸѤޤŤϡֻפȤϡˡ (mood) äǤѸޤǤϾ嵭ʸ If it be fine tomorrow, . . . . Τ褦ˡֲˡߡפѤƤޤθ塤ˡʸߡˤοबʤߡľˡʸߡˤ֤줿 If it is fine tomorrow, . . . . ȤʤäƤ롤ȤΤŪаޤǤηаޤˤϡȤȻιθäƤ;ϤϤʤäȤȤǤ
ϰʲ̤ꡤhellog, heldio ʤɤǤ֤ⷫ夲ƤޤϢܵǤϽˤ򤷤䤹褦פ⤷Ƥߤޤʸˡ˱Ѹˤδ뤪⤷̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ

hellog #2764. رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2016-11-20-1])
- 4.1.1ˤơֻǤ̤ΤȤǤ will ѤʤפȤ夲Ƥޤ
hellog #2189. ˤ will Իѡ ([2015-04-25-1])
hellog #4408. ̤ΤȤʤΤ˸߷ɽ魯 ([2021-05-22-1])
heldio #33. Ǥ̤Ǥ⸽߷Ѥ롩2021ǯ704

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-14 Thu

#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ [review][toc][etymology]

ε#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ ([2022-07-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡ2021ǯˤȤ褯ݤܤ⤦1Ҳ𤷤
Ʊ2021ǯ˽Ǥ줿ľʡƻ㥵ˡصǤɤѸɽŵ١ʴǡˤǤ롥Ѹ˴ؤʸ˾γƥɤ1ڡǴʷ˲⤷ƤŵȤ櫓ñθ츻Ȥ˾ƤƤ뤬ʸŪطʤˤĤƤȾڡۤɳ䤫Ƥ롥ʲ˾ΩƤ򼨤



Iˡʸ٤˴ؤѸε
1 ˡƻˤˤޤĤѸ
2 ʸؤˤޤĤѸ
3 ҡʬ٤ˤޤĤѸ
4 ٤ˤޤĤѸ
II衦˴ؤѸε
1 ˤޤĤѸ
2 ˤޤĤѸ
3 ˡΧˤޤĤѸ
IIIкѡȡȤ˴ؤѸε
1 кѳưˤޤĤѸ
2 ˤޤĤѸ
3 ξءԡؤˤޤĤѸ
4 ǰפˤޤĤѸ
5 ȡȡȤˤޤĤѸ
IVΡƻ˴ؤѸε
1 ϫƯưڤˤޤĤѸ
2 ΡʪˤޤĤѸ
3 ƻ񡦾ʪưʪˤޤĤѸ
Vݡ˴ؤѸε
1 ΦϷˤޤĤѸ
2 ݡᡦ߱ȤˤޤĤѸ
3 ŷΡ񡦻֤ˤޤĤѸ
VIͳ褹Ѹε
1 ƥͳαѸ
2 ե󥹸ͳαѸ
3 ¾γͳαѸ




286ñ졦ɽФ˵󤲤⤵Ƥ뤬ѥѥ᤯äįƤ˰ʤ㤨СǸVIΡֳͳ褹Ѹεפñ󤲤ƤߤȡƥͳȤ A.D., Alma Mater, Bona fide, Candle, Confidence, De facto, e.g., etc./et cetera, i.e., Mile, per, per cent/percent, v.v/vice versa, Verse ե󥹸ͳȤ Attaché, Connoisseur, Gourmet, Novice, Vogue ¾Ȥ Chocolate, Kindergarten, Magazine, Pyjamas/Pajamas, Tea Ƥ롥

ʡƻ 㥵󡡡صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-31-1] [2022-07-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-13 Wed

#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ [review][toc][timeline]

ǯǤ줿δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡˤѥѥįƳڤǤ롥ʸŪʥɤ󤲤Ĥ1ơޤ1ڡDz⤹롤ڤɤʸܤȤʤäƤ롥ɤɤǤ⤿ˤʤ롥ΩƤ򼨤



1ϡƤ
2ϡǯԻȽ
3ϡꥷȥޤο
4ϡȥꥹȶ
5ϡ̱
6ϡΤȤ
7ϡݡĤʸ
8ϡͶοʪ̱֤Υҡ
9ϡưʪ
10ϡʪ




1Ϥ򳫤ȤˡֱƻάǯɽפǤƤ (10--11) ƻˤŤߤˤϡ٤ǯɽ⡤Τ餤άǯɽǤ롥򲡤ƻǯɽȤưʲ˵Ƥ


ʵ
600ǯ֥ƥΦ饱ȿͤܽ
55ǯ~4ޤξ롤֥ƥ˿~54
 Τꥹ
ʵ
43ޤˤ֥ƥۤϤޤ
409޷֥ƥű
597ޤ붵եƥ̥ˤ륭ꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ
800ΤХ󥰤οϤޤ
871եåɲ¨
1016ǥޡ̡ (Canute) 󥰥ɤ̤˽
1066֥Υޥפǡꥢ1¨
1215󲦡ޥʥ륿ǧ
1337ʩ֤Ρɴǯ׻Ϥޤ (~1453)
1348¡԰Ҥ򿶤뤦
1455֤Ф׻Ϥޤ (~85)
1509إ꡼8¨ (~47)
1534񶵲 (Church of England) Ωޡȥå
1558ꥶ٥1¨ (~1603)
1588ɥ쥤ڥ̵Ũˤ
 Τȥԥ
1600쥤ɲҤΩ졤ΤȤľǰ׻Ϥޤ
1607ꥹͤƥꥫߤΥС˥˿̱ϥॺ (Jamestown) Ω
1620ԥ륰ࡦեꥫ˰ܽ
1640ԥ塼꥿̿ (~60)
1649㡼륺1跺졤󥰥ɶ¹Ω
1660 (the Restoration) ǡ㡼륺2¨ (~85)
1665ɥǹ¤ή
1666ɥФǡԳ80%ü
1688̾̿ (the Glorious Revolution) Ϥޤ (~89)
1707󥰥ɤȥåȥɤƱ졼ȥ֥ƥϢ粦Ω
1775ꥫΩϤޤ
1776ꥫΩ򤵤
1789ե󥹳̿ȯ
1801ꥹɤȹƱ
1815ȥ󡤥ƥ襤ǥʥݥ쥪󷳤ˤ
1830Хס롦ޥ֤ŴƻȤŴƻ夬
1837ӥȥꥢ¨ (~1901)
1840إȯ (~42)
1845ɤ絲 (~46)
1851ɥ1ʥɥ˳
1861ꥫϤޤ
1914켡Ϥޤ (~18)
1939Ϥޤ (~45)
1952ꥶ٥2¨
1960ꥫṈ̀ư
1965٥ȥʥ (~75)
1989֥٥ɡ
2019Ϥǡֿʥ륹ɡ (COVID-19) ȯ




δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-31-1] [2022-07-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-12 Tue

#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 [hel_herald][notice][khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2022][link]

khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2椬־ǰ̸ޤΤǡ⤷ޤPDFǤˤʤޤ

رѸ˿ʹ2



ϴ泰1ȯԤ3;Фޤδ khelf ǤϤäʤ2Խ褬ʹԤƤꡤϪܤǤʳãǤܵˤʤäƤ볧ͤˤϡϴ˰³2ȯԤ⡤khelf ΡֱѸˤ̥Ϥ򹭤פȤưǰ˱äȤ򤷤ƤҹƤйǤʤ41ȯԤ줿ϴϡͽ۰ʾ¿˱Ƥޤʸ1,192ץӥ塼ˡ2ꤤפޤ
2ˤĤƤϡ khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ̤ơϢ䤪Τ餻ƤƤͽǤҥեƴϢΥޥȤƤѤޤ2ؤΤոۡ⡤餫餪󤻤ޤȹǤ
2ƤȴϢ󥯤ʲ˰Ƥޤ碌Ƥˬ䤯

#4724. Ѹ˥ե (khelf) γư ([2022-04-03-1])
#4723. رѸ˿ʹϴ ([2022-04-02-1])
#4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ񤫤줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
#4725. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פϤޤäƤޤ ([2022-04-04-1])
#4791. khelf ٥ȡֱѸ˥ƥ50פλޤ ([2022-06-09-1])

khelf banner


Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-11 Mon

#4823. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼŤ̤ޤ [notice][gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][voicy]

1ˡ#4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ ([2022-07-04-1]) ȤƤΤ餻̤ꡤ78ʶˤˡ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯԼ3ͤ碌ܽҲ𤹤̤Ԥʤޤ
̤ϲϿ79ڡˤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƸޤΤǡǤ⤷ޤ#404. ԼŤ̡ظɸಽͤ ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ǤΤμϿ30ʬ֤ǡܽ䳵פ򤸤äꤴҲǤȻפޤ



Ť̤ˡ̤ѤΥåե̤ơܽ䤽Υơޤ˴ϢƤոۡ󤻤ƤƤޤŤˡΥå򻲾ȤʤŸͽǤꡤν⤷ƤΤǤפΤۤܽҲΤߤ¿λ֤䤷Ƥޤ˻餺˽λƤޤޤ
ǡܺ٤̤Ǥ2ԼŤ̤򳫺Ť뤳Ȥˤʤޤ1Ť̤İˤʤܽʤΥơޡˤ˴ؿ줿줿ˤޤƤϡΥåե̤ơҤոۡ򤤤ФȻפޤȤ2Ť̤˳褫ФȹͤƤޤ
ܽȴϢơޤǤʲ̤ȯƤޤ碌Ƥˬ䤯

hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
hellog #4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
hellog #4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ ([2022-07-04-1])

heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤

YouTube δοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ְۡʼδѸظإͥ

standardisation_front_cover_small


[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-10 Sun

#4822. something of a(n) ϸѸ˽Фɽ [lmode][clmet][corpus]

ε#4821. something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤ ([2022-07-09-1]) ³ơ˴ؤꡥϤˤꤿ
OED ˤȡsomething, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ2cˤˡ󤲤Ƥ롥Ф1711ǯǡŪ

c. something of a(n), to a certain extent or degree a (person or thing of the kind specified).
   1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 106. ¶6 Sir Roger, amidst all his good Qualities, is something of an Humourist.
   1780 Mirror No. 70 As he was something of a sportsman, my guardians often permitted me to accompany him to the field.
   1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales III. 46 I am something of a judge of china myself.
   1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey I. ii. xiv. 195 Dormer, who was..something of an epicure, looked rather annoyed.
   1931 R. Campbell Georgiad iii. 55 Even the devil dwindles to a duiker, Who prides himself as something of a spiker.
   1939 R. G. Collingwood Autobiogr. iv. 27 I had become something of a specialist in Aristotle.
   1959 Listener 17 Dec. 1083/3 It had been, I admit, something of a party.
   1978 Lancashire Life Sept. 51/1 During the last war he became something of a legend, working incredible hours and doing general and orthopaedic surgery, as well as obstetrics.


1711ǯνФʬäʾϡޤ1710--1920ǯαѸ򥫥С륳ѥ CLMET3.0 ν֤Ǥ롥® CLMET something of a(n) 򸡺Υ󥳡󥹥饤1 (1710--80) 24㡤2 (1780-1850) 59㡤3 (1850--1920) 80ȡ֤ȤȤ¤㤬äƤ롥
󥳡󥹥饤򤶤äįơsomething of a(n) ΰ̣Ȥ⤤褯äƤ1򸫤ĤΤǡ󤲤Ƥ

When we hear the Epithets of a fine Gentleman, a pretty Gentleman, much of a Gentleman, Gentlemanlike, something of a Gentleman, nothing of a Gentleman, and so forth; all these different Appellations must intend a Peculiarity annexed to the Ideas of those who express them; though no two of them, as I said, may agree in the constituent Qualities of the Character they have formed in their own Mind.


Ǥϡε褦ˡnothing of a(n) Ȥ something of a(n) 򤵤Ƥ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-09 Sat

#4821. something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤ [pragmatics][semantics][intensifier][sobokunagimon][khelf][chiguhagu_channel]

khelfʷѸ˥եǡʲΤϤƷ郎ȯޤ

ѸؽѤʸˡͽVintage ʸˡˡ١2ǡp. 295ˤˤϡsomething of a֤̾äȤ̾ӡʤΡ̾ӡפȽФƤޤ漭ŵˤƱͤʤȤ񤤤Ƥޤ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפܸŪ˰ۤʤޤʤΤ褦ʰ㤤ΤǤ礦⤽ something ΰ̣ʬäƤʤ㤤ǤʤΤǤ礦


ܸȤƤϳΤˡ֤äȤפȡ֤ʤΡפϰ̣ۤʤ褦˻פޤǹͤСԤ٤㤯Ԥ٤⤤Τ򤵤Ƥꡤषеδޤ֡ʰճʤȤˤϤäȤʤβڲȤʤǤפȤʸͤȡθỤ̄϶Ƥ褦ˤפޤѸ something of a(n) ܸΡ֤äȤפ⡤̣ȸΥ˴ؤ̯Τ褦Ǥ
Ϣ quite ִˡס֤פξĤȤפޤ#4247. quite Ρִˡפ֤פؤΰ̣Ѳ ([2020-12-12-1])#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲Ǹǵž ([2020-11-30-1]) 򤴻Ȥո (intensifier) θ˴ؤǤΤǡ#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) ⻲ͤˤʤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ơsomething of a ˤĤơإ˥缭ŵ٤ǤϼΤ褦˵ܤƤޤ

*sómething of a ...
((ά))[ʸ] äȤġʤΡ?She is ~ of a musician. βڤκͤϤʤΤΤǤԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤ/I found it ~ of a disappointment. ˤϤʤ꤬äꤷޤ(I found it rather disappointing.)/Life has always been ~ of a puzzle. ϤޤǾᤤȤä.


֡ԢڲȤǤϤʤͤѤաפȤŦϡƽפǼ٤ȻפޤȤ¾μˤϡΤ褦ϤޤǤ
˳ؽѱѱѼ񤫤餤Ĥʸ򽦤äƤߤޤ礦

She found herself something of a (= to some degree a) celebrity.
Charlie's always been something of an expert on architecture.
The news came as something of a surprise.
The city proved to be something of a disappointment. . .
He has a reputation as something of a troublemaker.

Dz something of a(n) ϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤȤäƹͤƤߤޤ礦ɽˤ anything of a(n) nothing of a(n) ȤϢɽޤsome, any, no 3ԤδطˤĤƤϡ#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) ([2011-03-07-1])#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) ([2011-03-08-1]) ǹͻޤ
no(thing) δ̵ܵפǤΤФ some(thing) δܵϡͭפǤȹͤƤޤ̵פξˤϥǤ̵Τ̵ȸäƤޤǤͭפǤˤϡ֤äȤפʤΤ֤ʤΡפʤΤʤ٤꤬ޤޤǡ̵פǤϤʤͭפʤΤȤΤ some(thing of a(n)) Ρְ̣ŪʸʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦٤ˤĤƤϡְ̣פȤƤϸꤻޤǡָŪʲǤȤäȤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
̵פȤƤȤˡҤä֤ơͭפǤ뤳ȤĥΤ some(thing of a(n)) δŪƯȹͤޤ̤Ȥơ٤㤤⤤̣ˤʤΤϡʸ̮˰¸ŪȽǤ˰ѤͤΤǤϤʤȡȤϤŪȤƤϡ̵פФơͭפǤ뤳Ȥ򤢤ƼĥŪѤ櫓Ǥ顤٤տޤƤ륱¿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤǽŪȽǤϤϤ٤ʸ̮ʤΤǤϤʤȡ
ʤʤ񤷤Ǥ͡

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-10-1]

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2022-07-08 Fri

#4820. ťΥɸϱѸ˾äȤפʸ [youtube][notice][old_norse][contact][loan_word][borrowing][voicy][heldio][link]

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ38Ƥޤ֤⳰졩Ѹͥƥʤ֤ΤʤѸ줿Ǥ



ϸťΥɸ (Old Norse) Ȥܤޤ̤ˤϤޤΤƤʤȻפޤΤäƤϡ餯Ѹˤ̤ΤäȤ¿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ѸˤˤƸťΥɸϼ¤ϽץǤ˾塤Ѹ¿ʱƶڤܤƤǤꡤ丫ǤϱѸ˾äȤפʸǤ
⤽ťΥɸȤϲʤΤǤ礦ߤ̲ʥǥޡ졤ǥ졤Υ륦졤ɸʤɡˤǤǯ̲ۤΥ󥰤äƤȥ᡼Ƥ̥ޥɤ°ޥɤ°ѸȤϡʤ˶ᤤطˤޤ
ťΥɸȤ̲Υ󥰤ϡ8ȾФ11ˤƥ֥ƥάޤϤ䤬ƥ󥰥꽻轻αѸüԤȿޤΤȤŪˤ⿼뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̤ȤơѸ˸ťΥɸǤ̤ή뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ
YouTube Ǥϡtake, get, give, want, die, egg, bread, though, boththey ʤɡѸäγ˿ťΥɸͳñܤޤťΥɸθŪƶϰϤϡäˤȤɤޤ餺ˡʸˡˤޤǵڤǤΤǤѸ˾夭ƴͭʤȤǤ
hellog ǤϡťΥɸȱѸθܿ˴ؤˤ˼夲Ƥޤؿä old_norse εɤߤޤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ͡äƤޤʲȤ櫓פʵ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤΤǡҤˬ䤯

hellog

#3988. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ6֥󥰤οפ򽪤ޤ ([2020-03-28-1])

#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
#2693. ťΥɸѸס ([2016-09-10-1])
#3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ ([2020-03-22-1])

#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1])
#4000. want αѸ --- ̣Ѳȸѡ ([2020-04-09-1])
#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1])
#1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1])
#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1])

#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])
#3987. ťΥɸαƶ (2) ([2020-03-27-1])
#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 ([2012-07-07-1])
#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1])
#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])
#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1])
#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1])
#3986. űѸȸťΥɸܿξ¿ͤʣä ([2020-03-26-1])

#4454. Ѹȥ󥰥ɤϥ󥰤2ٽ줿 ([2021-07-07-1])
#1149. The Aldbrough Sundial ([2012-06-19-1])
#3001. ʤűѸϸťΥɸִʤäΤ ([2017-07-15-1])
#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation ([2020-03-12-1])
#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥ󥰥ɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#4577. ѸȸťΥɸ졤ޥ󥱥ȸȥե󥯸 ([2021-11-07-1])

#3979. űѸʸڤťΥɸ줫μѸΥץ ([2020-03-19-1])
#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1])
#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ ([2018-04-03-1])

#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյ򶵤ä ([2009-06-26-1])

heldio

#179. ǦȤ̡󥰤γưȱѸʸδط (2021/11/26)
#180. ǦȤ2󥰤ȱѸˡ (2021/11/27)
#181. ťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ʤäѸäʤ (2021/11/28)
#182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2021/11/29)
#105. want θϡַ礱Ƥס (2021/09/14)
#317. dream, bloom, dwell ̣ڤꤿְ̣ѡס (2022/04/13)
#155. ΥɿͤȥΥޥͤϰ㤤ޤ (2021/11/02)

Referrer (Inside): [2025-11-22-1] [2025-01-21-1]

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2022-07-07 Thu

#4819. Voicy ΥơޤֱѸؽϡǤ򿩤лޤǡפǹԤ [voicy][heldio][notice]

hellog~Ѹ˥֥¹Ԥơץåȥե Voicy ̤ƱѸ˥֥βǤǤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ƥޤ
Voicy Ǥ轵Υơޤ˱äȡ褬ȤޤƤޤ74ʷˤϤޤäƤ뺣Υơޤ#ߤʤθسؽˡǤޤäƤİƤߤȡءʳؽˤؤ٤Ȥ˽ͽʤΤʤȼ´ޤ͡ʥѡʥƥθؤФפİ褷ƤߤƤؽ١󤬾夬Ȼפޤ
Υ֥ͥϥġؽָءΥʬवƤ뤫餫ȻפޤΥơޤȴϢơܥѡʥƥ1ͤȤƥԥååפƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
伫ȡ74ˤΥơޤä򤷤Ƥޤ#399. ѸؽϡǤ򿩤лޤǡפǹԤİ



ΥȡǤϡʲ5αѸؽΥĤ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

1. ۤ㤯ʢ Ϣ Voicy ѡʥƥƱԤĻҤˤֱ֡Ѹ줬Ǥ褦ˤʤꤿפȤˡޤȡɬİǤ
2. ɤ߽ǽϤϽפǤ
3. ñϤǽפǤ
4. ̣ˤĤ褦
5. äʤץ饹եǶܤ

ä˶ĴΤ5ܤǡȥΡǤ򿩤лޤǡפοɽ路ΤǤسؽϻ֤ȥͥ륮ʤȤ٤ΤˤʤΤǤХͥƥ֤ˡǡפȤߤ뤳ȤǤ櫓ǤɤΤߤ٤Ρǡפ򿩤ʤФʤʤΤǤС˰ʤǶܤȤֻפޤǿäƤޤȤݤǤºݤλϿ٤Ƥ⤪ޤ󤬡ؤˤ붵ܤλϼ¤ϤǤ
ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ϡñθ츻ˤ뤳Ȥ¿ܥӥΩĤȤΤˤȻפޤ󤪤ΩƤƤФȻפޤȤƤϸ츻ظˤ˭ʱѸˡʸҲ𤹤ˤޤǤΤǡδİƤƤ⡤ä򤤤Ȼפޤ
ī6ΥͥǤؿΤϡեƤեƤޤȹΤϤ褦ˤʤޤ줫⡤ꤤޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-06 Wed

#4818. standard ΰ̣Ѳ [terminology][oed][standardisation][semantic_change][prestige]

ε#4817. standard θ츻 ([2022-07-05-1]) ˰³OED standard Ȥܤ롥ϡñȤƤ standard ɤạ̈Ѳεפ򤿤ɤꤿ  *
褦ˡstandard Ѹ˽Фݤˤϡַפ̣ƤθϸߤǤĤäƤ롥θ塤15ˤʤȡ̹դδñ̡פθOED Ǥ A. III θˤȯã󥰥ΥޥƥǤǤȯãƤΤ褦ǡѸȤƤ⤳ڤꤿȤȤ餷OED ǤϡΤ褦롥

The senses of branch A. III. originally arose in Britain. The first of these senses, denoting a legal weight or measure (see A. 15) is attested slightly earlier in Anglo-Norman and Latin than it is in English; compare (in this sense) post-classical Latin standardus (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman estandard (a1280 as estaundart); this use may be a development of the sense 'military flag or banner' (see sense A. 1), with the royal standard taken as the symbol of royal authority, e.g. to impose the legal norms (compare also later sense A. 4).


ΰѤθȾʬŪǤ롥ַפȡָפζϡֲξħפǤ뤳ȤȤ
ơ褤˴ؤ standard θĤޤɸפо줹뤬ȤƤ϶äۤ٤1904ǯФǤ롥OED θ23ȤνѤ롥

23. A language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form, esp. for written use. Cf. sense B. 3d.
. . . .
   1904 Life 18 Feb. 167/1 Each one of these variations in tone and pronunciation is bound to give us some day a conglomerate which will not be pure in inflection or pronunciation unless we have a single, spoken standard, to which all who call themselves educated will seek to conform.


嵭ϡɸפ̣̾ȤƤνǤꡤƤƻɸŪʡפθˤĤƤСB. 3d θȤ1᤯1806ǯ˽ФƤ롥

d. Designating a language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form (esp. for written use), as in Standard English, Standard American English, Modern Standard Arabic n., etc.
   A standard language variety is often associated with or prescribed in various ways by formal institutions, including government, language academies, and education and national media.

   1806 G. Chalmers in D. Lindsay Poet. Wks. I. 141 The Scottish dialect was formed, as the various dialects of England were formed, by retaining antiquated words and old orthography, while the standard English relinquished both, and adopted novelties.


ַסָפήθȡ˴ؤɸʸˡפθȯãطʤˤϡֹ񲦤θҤ˻٤줿ͣϡסֹ̱äƽ٤ޤפȤäܵФǤ롥⤷ΰ̣ѲΥ롼ȤȤСˤĤƤ standard ϡ顤ñʤɸפȤ⡤ȥåץ󿧤ζֵϡפ˶ᤤ촶ȼäƤΤǤϤʤȵ롥ݡФǤʤǤˤäƤϡֵϡפץץ󤷤ƤΤ standard θ촶
Ϣơ#4777. ɸױѸΰ̣ --- ֳ̤Ѹפ֤餤Ѹءס ([2022-05-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2022-07-05 Tue

#4817. standard θ츻 [etymology][latin][french][terminology][oed][standardisation][pchron]

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ󡤸츻󡤸ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲򤯤ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ  *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.


ʩ졿󥰥Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.


3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard ե󥹸ꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-06-1]

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2022-07-04 Mon

#4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ [notice][gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][link]

ԤȤƴؤäᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơhellog, heldio, YouTube Dz٤Τ餻Ƥޤ

hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
hellog #4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤
YouTube δοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ְۡʼδѸظإͥ

5ܽ񤬾尴줿塤Լ3ͤؤΤˤΤ˽ޤäƤޤ褿78ʶˤˤ褦䤯ε뤳ȤˤʤꡤäʤΤǤޤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפäƼͳŤ̤βϿ褦ȤȤˤʤޤʸ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƸͽǤˡ
ǡԼŤ̤ˡѸ졤ܸ졤¾θ̸졤뤤ϸ̤˴ؿ hellog ɼԤγ󤫤顤䡤ոۤʤɤ򤪴󤻤ФȻפޤΥեꤪꤤפޤ
ܽ˼äȤΤǤɤȤϼºݤˤϾʤȻפޤΤǡäܽƤȤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפȤɤפĤǥͳꤲƤФȻפޤܽ򤹤ǤɤǤˤϡܽΤۤʤɤ򤤤ޤȴ򤷤ǤʤߤˡԼ3̾Ϥ줾ɥĸˡܸˡѸˤΰȤƤޤŤ̤Ǥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʻǰƬˤ٤ꤷȻפäƤޤ

ȤФɸಽäƲ
ɸѸϤĤǤΡ
ܸΡɸפȡ̸ֶפϰ㤦
оȸˡפäʹʤɡä
ȢɸಽλƤۤʤϡ
ܽΥ쥤ȾǤ¿ĥåߡפȤϡ
ܽνǴΤȤʤäǹԤʤäƤȤȤϡ

heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤Ǥ⡤Ʊݤΰ򺹤夲ƤޤФİ



ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-11-1]

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2022-07-03 Sun

#4815. Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμϿͻҤǤ [voicy][youtube][notice][sobokunagimon][senbonknock]

2ǯ֡ܤؤ⥳ʲҤˤꥪ饤Ȥ쵤˹ޤξ伫Ȥζ顦ĶѤȾ̵˲ưѤƶ뤳Ȥ줿褦ʴޤ
hellog μɮ13ǯ³ƤޤơʸϤ򥦥ָ뤳ȤˤϤ˴Ƥޤư򥦥ָʤɤȤäѤȤϡޤޤȿƵޤǤ
Ȥǯ١ۿϤμȤˤäƤߤȤ͡뤳ȤȽ̤˸ƤαѸ˥֥פȤ hellog βǤۿϤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ1ǯۤˤϥץåȥե Voicy ˰ܤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ϥޤʸ塤ī6ˡαѸ˥֥פϤƤȤǤǶϡ뤳äѤ㤷Ƥ褦ǤʾСˡī heldio Υȥϡ#398. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- Part 9פǤɤİ



2ǯ֤Υ饤ȤǤ Zoom ʤɤѤƹֵϿ褹ʤɤε¿̤˼ʬδ餬ǤȤȤˤ˴Ƥ褦ǤȤϤޤ̸뤳ȤϤޤȿƵޤǤ줬ҤʤȤǺǯ2ƱνΰʼȤȤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥϤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΤߤʤ餺ФȤˤʤޤʤ⤿ΤǤϤʤΤǶ̻ˤǤˡ֤äѤפɤĤδ֤ˤ̵ָѡפ˻äǤʥʲҤ϶Ǥ͡ˡ
θ̵Ѥ⤸ΤӾ嵭 Voicy μϿͻҤưǻꡤ YouTube ˤƸȤӤȤʤޤʾСˡηڤ;ȤȤǡۡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פμϿͻҡ2022/07/03˸ƤˡǤȤȤǡͥϿΤۤɡꤤޤʾСˡ


Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-21-1]

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2022-07-02 Sat

#4814. vernacular 򥭡ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ [vernacular][terminology][standardisation][prestige]

Ω̿ؤܹ Voicy ǻ̤򤷤ޤ621#386. ܹȤλ̡󡦥ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸꤷƸޤäΤʤ夷Ƥ vernacular Ȥɤ˾ꡤ¼Ūˤ vernacular ȡȤʤޤ



ʸ塤vernacular ȤѸΤĥ˥奢󥹤äȿõäƤߤȻפĴٻϤƤޤ hellog Ǥ#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1]) ε񤤤Ƥޤvernacular ϡѸˤδ⡤νΥƥȤѸ (world_englishes) εؤȤĤʤ롤ιǰʤȻפ褦ˤʤޤ
vernacular ˤĤƱѸ˾δؿͭѤʸϡܻᤴȤˤʸǤαѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤򶵤Ƥɤޤʲܤ󡤤꤬ȤޤˡѸ꤫⤭Ѹˤʸػˤ򳵴Ѥǡ硼αѸѤؤȵʤǤޤ
66--67Ǥʲ1ɤߡ֥ʥ顼פδѸʻˡˤªƤߤȿȯꤽȻפޤ

֥ʥ顼פ̣γĥžѤϡʹѤߤǶ̣륺ûҤϥʥ顼ʸˤĤơ֤Ȥʸ򰷤äƤƤ⡤ʬϤɬߤʸΤ뤿θˤʤ롥ʥ顼ʸϸҤȢ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤϢ³Ѳʤ³ƤΡסviˤȽҤ٤롥ʥ顼ʸˤŪͻѲФʻ˾ޤ褦ޤĹëϥʥ顼ͭˤĤơ֡ҥʥ顼Ӥθ촶ˤȤʤ̣¿äϤȤϢۤŪʤΡ¿ʤΡ̤ΤΤȤäŪʥ˥奢󥹤αԤۡμή˷ڻ롦̵뤵ƤʸҲˤʸ̮˸򤢤Ƥ꤬ȤʤäƤס2018, 221ˤȻŦ롥
ѸϡָҤȢפ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤѲ³Ūʥ˥奢󥹤αԤפɵᤷƤǤ롥1500 ǯ˵ڤֱѸߤϡҼӤ濴ӡӤӤؤȻʥ顼ʤεפȤ褦Ѹθ餹аճ˱Ǥ뤬ϸ衼åäƤ˲᤮ʤä


ѸȾϳΤˡָҤȢפ˼ޤäƤޤ󤬡ɸѸ (Standard English) ϤȢ˼ޤäƤޤȸ (prestige) ɸಽ (standardisation) 뤢äƤ⡤vernacular ȤΩǤ
Ϣơ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤⤪İ

αѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤סΩ̿۸ʸ33.32022ǯ65--83.

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2022-07-01 Fri

#4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ [asacul][notice][world_englishes][link][voicy][heldio]

1ۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ86ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤ4Υ꡼ֱѸˤѸפ2ֺ¡֤ˤƱѸϳ礷Τפ򳫹֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡҤäФ¸ޤ꡼1ֺ¡Ѹפ611ڡˤ˳֤λƤޤ꡼ȤϤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ1˻äƤʤ⤴¿ߤɤ
2ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ

ѸϸǺǤƶϤΤǤΤ餽ä櫓ǤϤޤ󡥱Ѹ줬ܳŪ˥󥰥ɳŸΤ϶ŪʸĹΤ18ʹߤˤޤ󡥤ˤθ줬ɽ󥬡ե󥫤ؤĹΤǤ礦Ѹˤ򳵴ѤĤġŪƻڤ򤿤ɤޤ


ΡѸ׸ݤ߽ФȤˤʤäѸζˤͽǤˤľǤϤʤʣΥͥͶǤä˾ƤͽǤ⤦ܤҲΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)̤#393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤסȤۿƤޤΤǡİ



ʤ1ˤĤƤϡ#4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1]) ͤˤʤȻפޤ餫ϡѸ (world_englishes) ˴ؤ뻲ʸ¾ξؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ
ޤ1󳫹ˡϢˤĤƵɮ饸Ͽ򤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤ

heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥ꡼Ϥޤޤ
heldio #378. īǡѸפ򳫹֤ޤ
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
hellog #4795. ɸѸ졤Ѹ졤ELF λá ([2022-06-13-1])
hellog #4798. ENL ǤθѲϡֳ׿פǡESL/EFL Ǥϡְִ㤤ס ([2022-06-16-1])
hellog #4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1])
hellog #4800. Lingua Franca Core ؤȽ ([2022-06-18-1])
hellog #4803. ֱѸסֱѸʣΡסֽѸס ([2022-06-21-1])
hellog #4805. "World Englishes" "ELF" ζ¸ܻؤơ ([2022-06-23-1])

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