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2024-04-30 Tue

#5482. αѸ졡¿ȳˡ --- ߷Υ饤ֺ¤Τ [link][notice][world_englishes][variation][helkatsu][hel_education][voicy][heldio]


nhkcul_wes_by_terasawa_20240518.png



2024ǯ٤⡤ޤˡޤޤʷDZѸˤγؤӤ򿼤뤳ȤǤޤΤʤǤ⥤߷Ļرض̾ˤˤ롤NHK㡼ĻΥ饤ֺ¤Ǥֺ¡αѸ졡¿ȳˡ褿518ڡ 15:30--17:00 볫Ȥʤޤʥꥢ륿४饤ֵǡָƨۿפ⤢ˡ
1ǯ֤5󡤻 15:30--17:00 ˳֤ͽǤͽȥ饤ʥåפϼ̤Ǥ

12024ǯ518ڡˡ֥֥ƥˤѸѼ (1)
22024ǯ713ڡˡ֥֥ƥˤѸѼ (2)
32024ǯ921ڡˡ֥˥ˤѸѼ
42024ǯ1116ڡˡ֥ˤѸѼ
52025ǯ118ڡˡ֥եꥫˤѸѼ

꡼ΤμݤHP Ѥޤ

¿ޤdzؤǤѸϡ餯ɸѸɸॢꥫѸޤɸ।ꥹѸˤǤϤʤǤ礦ιֵǤϡǯ˰³αѸ졧¿ȳˡפȤơޤǡΤޤޤϰǻѤƤ¿ͤʱѸѼˤĤƹͻƤޤǯ٤ϡޤ֥ƥäƤ륤ꥹѸʳαѸѼŪˤϥåȥɱѸ졤륺Ѹ졤ɱѸˤĤơαѸѼظˤҲʸˤ⤢碌ƳؤǤޤθϡ˥եꥫʤɤäƤѸѼˤܤޤ


Ѹ (world_englishes) ϻܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ʤɤ¿夲ƤޤѸˤ1ΰȤƳΩĤĤȸäƤ褤Ǥ礦ѸˤγؤӡѸγؤӡˤΩĽפʥơޤȤơؿ󤻤ƤߤƤϤǤ礦
ʾ塤ʻ߷ܿͤεĤ⤤Ĥġ˺ǯ٤ܤαѸ˴Ϣֺ¤򤴾Ҳ𤤤ޤϢơVoicy heldio/helwa Υꥹʡǡnote Ǥᤶޤhel (helkatsu) ŸƤ Grace ⡤߷Ʊֺ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ~heldio~JJun Terasawaʻ߷С


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-05-05-1]

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2024-04-29 Mon

#5481. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1󤬽λޤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][voicy][heldio]

427 17:30--19:00 ˡͽ̤ī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ򥪡ץ󤷤ޤ12Υ꡼Ȥ1󡤻ͼ˳֤Ƥޤ


asacul_20240427.png



꡼äȤ⤢Ȼפޤ1ϤؤǤǯ衤īֺ¤򳫤ƤޤޤǤǺǤ¿ˤä褦˻פޤϥ֥åɷǤΤǡ̤ǻä줿⤤Х饤ǻä줿⤤ޤֵμ䥿Ǥϡ¿ͭפʤ䥳Ȥ⤤꤬Ȥޤ1ϿԤ˳ָƨۿפˤƹֵİ⡤¿ä뤫Ȼפޤ
1ϡֱѸ츻ŵڤפꤷơ꡼ΤΥȥȤʤޤޤ꡼Τä塤߷˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯ(= kdee) Ҳ𤷤ޤˡǥȤƶŪ (1) male female θ츻(2) cow beef θ츻夲ʤ鼭ŵεҤɤޤǸ "Every word has its own history." ᤯ޤ
ϡޤ꡼ΤΥȥ³ԤȤ̤Ǥ518ڡ 17:30--19:00 ˡֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפꤷƤäͽǤ꡼ֺ¤ǤϤޤƲϤʤΩƤޤŬޤƤޤΤǡ꡼󤫤Τäޤäꤢޤ󡥤ҤäФȻפޤ
塤͡ʱѸ츻ŵӤʤɤˤϤƤȻפޤ濴ȤʤΤϤϤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯǤ긵ˤѰդƤȡֺ¤ܤ⤪⤷ʤϤǤ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



꡼Τ1ͽԤȤơʲΥƥĤɽƤޤΤǻͤޤǡ

hellog #5453. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
heldio #1058. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ǻϤޤޤ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-28 Sun

#5480. 2022ǯ˸زΥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפγפޤ [notice][jshl][symposium][historical_linguistics][lexicology][standardisation][emode][japanese][contrastive_language_history][german][french][chinese][latin][greek][renaissance]

1ǯȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ1210˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפޤΥץ򻲾ȡˡؽؤǤΥϥ֥åɳŤǤƱǯ˽Ǥ줿 ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ J-STAGE ǸޤPDFǼͳ˥ɤǤޤΤǡҤɤߤФȻפޤ󤴤ȤʬƤޤΤǡʲ˥ȥȤȤ˾ϿؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

ʩоȸ --- äζ岽ᤰäơסʹԡؽء
ֱ1ܸäζ岽ˤ볰ǤμƤĴסϺء
ֱ2θö岽ָŪͻ --- ηȡŬ¸פΥᥫ˥סŹء
ֱ3ֽѸˤü --- оȸŪסδ졤ء
ֱ4֥ɥĸθóȽ --- ¤ȤƤΥǥƥƥ ---סʹԡؽء
ֱ5֥ǥߡե󥻡μˤե󥹸ɸಽȸäζ岽 ---ե󥹸ɸಽؤߡסԡء
ǥå֤ޤȤȵ

ֱ3ôξϿϼ̤Ǥ

Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤϱѹͥ󥹤λޤߡƱͭ ŵؤηݤȼƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤˱ѸήƱζ٥ʥ顼Ǥե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥʤɤθäμѤäμѸϡ줫ľܱѸäƤΤ⤢С¾졤ŵŪˤϥե󥹸ȤơŪ˱ѸäƤΤ¿ˤϡǤȤ߹碌¤줹뤳Ȥ⤷ФйԤʤ줿ĤޤꡤѸˤäζ岽Ƚϡ͡ʷϩˡ̤ʣŪ˼¸ƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʽѸθûϡ¤ΤȤĤˤܸθûƤ롥ǤϡѸܸˤĤоȸŪʻĤġäζ岽ˡȵˤĤƵ롥


˿줿ظɸಽͤǽоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץƳޤͤϤΥץˤ뿷ĩȤ򤷤ƤФȻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small



ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2024ǯ89--182ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-27 Sat

#5479. audience design Ƴ with 3Ms [sociolinguistics][audience_design][accommodation_theory][variation][style][3ms][ogawashun][voicy][heldio][etymology][youtube]



Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥϡڡ⡦ڤϢ "3Ms" 򤪷ޤơ䤫̲ñʤ뤪٤ꡩˤϤƤޤʤߤ "3Ms" Ȥϡ޽¤ءˡ߷वʿءˡ˨ҤʷرΩءˤΤΤȤǤ¤ϽؤʾءˤϿʬŪƱʤƤޤ
Ȥ櫓⡦ڤۿϡʹ١θȤ٤ Allan Bell ˤ audience_design ƳȤʤäƤꡤƱ˳ڤäƤȤǤޤ

(1) #1061. ʹ١θ --- ߷वȥǥ󥹡ǥƳޤ2024ǯ426ۿ
(2) #1062. 21Υǥ󥹥ǥ with 3Ms & Ͻؤ2024ǯ427ۿ

ƱˤĤƤϡ hellog Ǥ#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ƥޤ֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤǤ߷򤪾#84. Υǥ󥹡ǥ˸ؤˤƳ---˸ػ̰߲ƳƤޤ⤼ҤȤ



Bell, Allan. "Language Style as Audience Design." Language in Society 13 (1984): 145--204.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-26 Fri

#5478. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name ȤȤ˸괧ֻȤæ [article][preposition][onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][evidence][translation][me_dialect][sobokunagimon][occupational_term]

Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä񤤤򼨤
ˤ򿶤֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХե󥹸δѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿ񤤤򼨤Ƥ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦

   Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
   Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
   The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.


ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-04-25 Thu

#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ2 [hakusuisha][french][loan_word][notice][rensai][furansu_rensai][norman_conquest][borrowing][voicy][heldio]


furansu_202405.png

  *

ǯ١Ҥηؤդ󤹡٤ˡֱѸˤįե󥹸פȤ꡼ȥϢܵƤƤޤؤդ󤹡5Ԥޤ꡼2εϡ֤ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬ΡפǤεϰʲξФǹƤޤ

ñ줬ƤΤˤϥ辰
Ѥ˴Ť3ĤΥѥ
Ūʴ˴Ť3ĤΥѥ
Ƥñ򸫤ĤȤˤ

ʩѸˤϻƤñ줬¿ޤطʤˤ1066ǯΥΥޥȤθˤޤͳϤ˿ԤޤŪӸŪ˸Ƥȡξñ줬¸ߤطʤˤ6ĤΥѥ󤬤ΤǥεǤϡ򤨤Ĥġ⤷Ƥޤ
ǯ٤˿Ȥƥե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ¿ȻפޤΤʤˤϡǤ˱ѸˤĤμΤ⾯ʤʤϤǤѸȥե󥹸γؽϡϢưΤȤǤξDZѸˤθϢưȡؤΤ˲ܤ̤߽Ф뤳ȤĴȻפޤδ顤ʲ Voicy ۿ⤪İС

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ

꡼ν󵭻ˤĤƤϡhellog #5449. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1]) Ǽ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴

ʰʲ嵭2024/05/08(Wed)
58 heldio #1073. ؤդ󤹡5ǡ֤ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρפ񤤤Ƥޤۿޤ



δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡2󡡤ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ5桤ҡ2024ǯ42362--63ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-24 Wed

#5476. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 5 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ [voicy][heldio][masanyan][ogawashun][oe][oe_text][bede][christianity][anglo-saxon][st_augustine][hajimeteno_koeigo][hel_education][notice][popular_passage][history][literature]


hajimeteno_koeigo_05_20240422.png



418ڡˤ롤Voicy heldio ˤ#1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)Ϥޤ饤Ǥİꥹʡˤϡ夲Ƥդޤ
˰³оݤȤʤäƥȤϡBede ˤƥ蘆줿رѹ̱ˡ (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum [= Ecclesiastical History of the English People]) θűѸ1Ǥ3ͤ60ʬۤɤƤ鷺1.5ʸʤߤޤǤĶɡ⤷ȤȤǤФȻפޤƱƥȤ hellog Ρ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) ˷ǺܤƤޤ
Bede ˤĤƤϡheldio #1029. ºե١ --- The Venerable BedeˤƲ⤷ƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
ΤˡޤǤΡ֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼Ƥޤ

(1) #822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
(2) #829. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 2 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
(3) #836. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 3 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤ
(4) #1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ
(5) #1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2)

5ƤμϿ΢ˤĤƤϡץߥۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Τۤ֡ڱѸˤ #111֤ۡϤƤθűѸȿʲեȡȤƤäƤޤΤǡؿΤϤ helwa ؤ꤯
Ǹˡܥ꡼бԤϽؤʾء֤ޤˤפȿĿФ¢رءˤĤƤϡʲε

#5445. ϽؤȤhelʤޤȤˡ ([2024-03-24-1])
#5446. ޤˤȤhelʤޤȤˡ ([2024-03-25-1])

Τۤɤꤤפޤܥ꡼6Ƥ⤪ڤߤˡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-20-1]

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2024-04-23 Tue

#5475. פ֤ܥΥåϿƤޤ [notice][voicy][heldio][sobokunagimon][senbonknock][ogawashun]

418ڡˤθ11ꡤƤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ˱ѸˤδܥΥå (senbonknock) Υ٥Ȥ򳫺ŤޤƱ٥Ȥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פθϿȤƤϤޤβϤ heldio ̾ۿȤƸƤꡤȤƤĤäƤޤ#1054. ǯٽΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå with ϽؤǤΤۤ⤦ͤαѸ˸ϽʾءˤˤԤȤƤդ礤夬ޤ60ʬۤɤĹܤǤƤϽ¤Ƥޤ֤ΤȤˤİ



ܥΥå⡤ΤѤʵ䤬¿äȻפޤ17μ˲ޤʲԡ2ץˤʬä󤲤Ƥޤ

(1) 02:50 --- ʤѸüԤϤä˳ޤʤΤ
(2) 05:01 --- ɮΤʤȤƤΤܸˤɮΤͤ뤯ʤΤϤǤ˾üƤ뤬ѸˤƤɮΤĤäƤ롥ΩεȤ䤹ΰ㤤Τ
(3) 10:22 --- äܸ䡤ܿͤäڹʤɤϤɤɤƤޤͥƥ֤äѸϥͥƥ֤ο͡ˤɤªƤΤǤ礦
(4) 14:35 --- how Ƥʤ wh- ǻϤޤΤǤʤεˤĤƤ hellog-radio #2. ϡ5W1HפȤޤʤ how h ǻϤޤΤǤ礦⤪İ
(5) 17:37 --- "hello" L Τ褦˥ե٥åȤ2¤֤ȤΤϤʤ
(6) 22:02 --- Ѹܸɽ䴷ɽʤΤǤΤȤϤɤǤγڤ򤭤ƤƱ褦ʸ󤷤¿ޤ
(7) 25:26 --- ɤ would could ʤɤβȤǫʰ̣ˤʤΤ
(8) 29:15 --- ˡǸߤäǤȤͳޤIf I was ǤϤʤ If I wereǤͳ
(9) 31:39 --- ѸؽǤϥȤ˽֤ޤïΥȤ᤿ΤǤ
(10) 36:30 --- --ʤפȤФ֤פä硤ʤ Yes Τ
(11) 39:47 --- ץ굻ѤȯãܳФޤΤǡٶ򤢤ޤꤷʤƤ⳰򤢤ٱѤǤ褦ˤʤäƤƤޤܤǤϳ춵λ֤򸺤餹٤Ǥ礦
(12) 44:09 --- ַפɽñμब¿ΤϤʤ(pack, flock, school, etc.)
(13) 46:30 --- Ѥ in ǤʤѸǤѤֶ֡פȤªΤ
(14) 48:52 --- ܤαѸ¤ˤĤơGHQ Ϥᥢꥫͤ˻ۤ줿ˤ⤫餺ʤꥹ¤ʥʱѸ졩ˤ˶ᤤʤΤ
(15) 51:25 --- ʤѸǤϵʸǥޡȤΤǵʸȤȤ狼Τˡ
(16) 55:45 --- Ϥפtake a bathפȤʤ bath Ļ̾ǤΤϤʤ
(17) 57:45 --- ʤɽǤ̤ΤȤ򸽺߷ɽΤ

塤ȤϿ֤β򳫤 heldio Ͽޤ#1055. ܥΥå with ϽؤפΥեȡİƤС

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-24-1] [2024-05-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-22 Mon

#5474. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (3) --- ե󥹸δ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][evidence][translation][occupational_term]

ε#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδġ ([2024-04-21-1]) ³ϱѸ by-name Фե󥹸δĤˤĤơFransson (24--25) Ѥ롥

   Besides in English, surnames also occur very frequently in French; I have made a calculation and found that one third of the surnames of occupation treated in this book is of French origin. The reason for this is to be found in the predominating position that the French language had during this period. French was spoken by all educated people, and English by the lower classes. Those who spoke French had, of course, surnames in French, and probably also used the French forms of English names when speaking with each other. It is possible, too, that those people who spoke English were influenced by this and used the French forms of their names, which, of course, were finer. During this period a large number of French names came into the language, and a great many of these have survived to the present day, whereas the corresponding substantives have often died out.
   There is also another reason, however, for the frequent occurrence of French names; the case is that the scribe often translated English names into French, especially in early rolls. These translations, which are most common in assize rolls, are principally due to the fact that the court proceedings were generally held in French. I have found some instances in which both the English and French forms occur of the same person's surname, e.g.: Humfrey le Syur 1270 Ass 144, H. le Sawyere ib. 139 (So). --- Ric. le Charpentir 1327 SR 211, R. le Wryth 1332 SR 96 (St).


Υ󥰥ɿͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤĤ줬ե󥹸˸츻ñä硤μ갷ϾʤȤ3ढ롥

(1) ñȤƼƤ餺ΥեñλǤ
(2) ñȤƼƤ뤬ǤϥեñλǤ
(3) ñȤƼƤꡤǤϱñλǤ

(1) ǤȳοäƽҤ٤뤿ˤϡαѸʸΤɤõƤ⡤ñȤƼޤƤפʤȤ򼨤ɬפ롥ĴˤäƱñȤƼޤƤפ1Ǥ⸫ĤСοɤ餰Ȥˤʤ
(2) (3) ΥǤϡñȤƼƤ뤳ȤϳǧǤȤƤ⡤սˤ뤽ñ줬ե󥹸ñȤƻѤƤΤ뤤ϱñȤƻѤƤΤȽ̤Τ񤷤ȤΤϡθϥե󥹸θե󥹸ͳ褹Ǥꡤˤ褭ƻƤ뤫Ǥ롥
̾˸¤餺ˡΧȽǶ˴ؤŪʸΤʤ˸եñ餷ΤˤĤƤϡˤ꤬뤳ȤդƤܤˤƤñϡեñʤΤ뤤ϥե󥹸ͳ褹ñʤΤ뤤ϡξǤȤ⤢ΤǺޤǤ롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-04-21 Sun

#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][evidence][translation][occupational_term][occupational_term]

#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ǡѸ by-name μ갷񤷤ϡƥե󥹸줫δĤˤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϥƥȤδؤˤĤơFransson (23--24) Ѥƻ⤷

   The medieval rolls were written in Latin, and Christian names and surnames were also, when practicable, often translated into Latin. This was especially the case in the early Middle Ages (12--13th cent.), and surnames in English are therefore rarely met with so early. The surnames that appear in Latin are chiefly those names that are in common use, e.g. Carpentarius, Cissor, Cocus, Faber, Fullo, Marescallus, Medicus, Mercator, Molendinarius, Pelliparius, Pistor, Sutor, Tannator, Textor, Tinetor. The surnames, however, that were rare and difficult to translate, e.g. Wirdragher, Chesewright, Heyberare, Geldehirde, generally occur in English, even in early rolls.
   In the 14th century these translations gradually pass out of use, and the native or French form becomes predominant. Thus, for instance, there is a considerable difference between SR [= Lay Subsidy Rolls] 1275 and SR 1327 (Wo); in the former there are a large number of names in Latin, but in the latter there are hardly any translations at all.
   There surnames in Latin seem to have had some influence on the later development; the case is that some of them still exist as surnames, e.g. Faber, Pistor, Sutor.


ѸθŪ̾ʤɤϥƥǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿äˡϱѸθȤƤФХƥ줿ǵܤƤȤʣʻ𤬤롥ѸȤƤΤꤿΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡʤ虜虜ƥƤƤޤäƤΤȼ¤˻椤ޤƥǤʤȤˤΤߡ褯Ѹ߽̾ФƤɽ̲Ƥ롤ȤʤΤ
줬14ʹߡѸȡƥȤϱƤᡤظ˱ƤαѸ̾夷ƤΤΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡ˥˥䤻ʤȤʤ롥
¿ΤϤޤᤤƥδĤȤϲ褷ƤΤΡѸˤϤäȤ䤳ե󥹸δĤȤ̤꤬ΤƬˤˤĤƤεǡ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-22-1]

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2024-04-20 Sat

#5472. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (3) [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][norman_conquest][sociolinguistics][by-name][german]

#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿طʡ ([2023-12-16-1]) ȡ#5451. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط (2) ([2024-03-30-1]) ³ˤĤƤ3ơε#5471. Ѹο by-name β͡ ([2024-04-19-1]) ǰѡȤ Fransson "The Rise of Surnames" ꤹǤ夲Ƥ롥űѸ줫Ѹˤ surname ʤ뤤 by-nameˤλѤ̲ƤаޤطʤɤǤǤߤ褦 (20--21)

   In Old English times people generally had only one name, the Christian name, and there were a great many such names. But already during this period the need of a second name began to be felt, and a number of such names have been delivered to us . . . . How common these by-names were, is impossible to decide, as we have not sufficient material for this. What we especially want are rolls or books containing the names of the lower people. It is possible, therefore, that by-names were in fairly common use at the end of the Old English period. In the Charters, however, people usually appear without any second names throughout the period.
   In Domesday Book there are many instances of second names, but most persons still appear with a Christian name only. In the beginning of the Middle English period the development advances rapidly, and in the documents from this time second names become more and more common; in the 13th century one rarely finds a person mentioned only by his Christian name.
   The reason why the need of second names became stronger after the conquest is that Christian names were completely changed. Most of those that existed in Old English died out, and instead the Christian names of the Normans came into common use, but there were not so numerous. Thus there were only about 25 male names that were common: it is true that others existed, but they rarely occurred. Within the same village, therefore, one very often meets with persons who have the same Christian name. Owing to this an extra name was required to distinguish such persons; the next stage was to give other persons, too, a second name.
   The Normans had second names when they came to England, and these were added to those that already existed, thus accelerating the development.


εǿ줿ΤȤ褽ƱŦƤ롥Υޥ塤̾ѸϤΥޥϤ֤äԤμबϼäȤ礭ƶƤ롥¼˼夲ĴˤȡWillelmusRobertus 5ˡJohannes 3ˡRicardusRadulphusAdamPetrus 3ξǤ (Fransson 21fn)
ޤűѸդϻפΤۤ夷Ƥǽ⤯ƱĥΥޥʸäƤơν궯ǤʤΤȤȤ⤢ä
ʤߤˡդȯãϡ󥰥ɤǤϾ嵭̤ѸΤȤäɥĤǤϤäȤä٤ϰˤäƤ14ޤǵäȤä (Fransson 20fn) ƥΥޥ礭ʸ̤򴶤롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-04-19 Fri

#5471. Ѹο by-name β [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][eme][by-name][occupational_term]

ε#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ³ꡥѸο by-name ʬDZƶϤΤñФ Fransson ˤȡƱʬ򸦵椹յ¿ˤ錄 (18--19)

The value of an investigation such as the present one is manifold. Besides explaining modern surnames, as has already been mentioned, it gives us many new words not previously found and furthermore early and often numerous instances of other common or rare words. By means of these early examples new light is not seldom thrown on the etymology, and the signification may sometimes be altered. In contradistinction to the literature of this period, the time and the place of the occurrence of each instance of a surname are well fixed, and thus the material gives a contribution to Middle English phonology. This material has hitherto not been used by linguists, but it is of the greatest value for the determination of the extension of the different dialects, as the same word can be followed in the different parts of England; there is hardly any other material that can be compared with that of surnames in this respect. --- The distribution is also shown not only of surnames, but also of the various names that a trade may have; the case is that a trade often had different names in different parts of England. Last, but not least, the civilization of this period is elucidated; we are informed what trades existed, how common they were in relation to each other, in what parts of England they flourished, and how specialized they were.


ޤȤȼ7

by-name
ȯ뤤ϤǤΤƤʸȯ
̤ơ츻򤬿ޤ뤳Ȥ
λȾ꤬ʬäƤΤǡѸβ˴Ϳ
Ʊ̾ۤʤ˸ΤǡѸ˻񤹤
Ʊο̾ۤʤϰǰۤʤƤФ򤹤ΤǡϤѸ˹׸
οʸ餫ˤʤ

ƱʬθϡŪʴ˸¤äƤ⡤嵭Τۤ˷̣ܿ¿Ѿʤɤ˿ʸͿƤȴԤ롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-20-1]

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2024-04-18 Thu

#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][med][evidence][loan_word][occupational_term]

#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 ([2024-03-31-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ̾ by-name ˸ˤĤơѸ by-name դ봷ȯãƤȤŵŪ̾դΥѥ1Ĥ̾ (occupational terms) ѤΤä̤θϡԤƤϤʤΤΡʤθѤ롥Clark (294--95) ϡ󥿥٥꡼ˤ by-name ĴʸΤʤǡʸڤ줿 by-name βˤޤĤ˿Ƥ롥ڵ򤽤Τޤ޿뤳ȤɬǤʤͳ¿Ȥ

The simplest of these Canterbury surnames offer supplementary records, mainly antedatings, of straightforward occupational terms. Yet all is not wholly straightforward. To begin with, we cannot be sure whether the occupational terms used in administrative documents were in fact all current as surnames, that is, in daily use among neighbours, or whether some were supplied by the scribes as formal specifiers, just as occupations and addresses are in legal documents of the present day. Nor can we be sure in what form neighbours would have used such terms as they did. With those examples that are latinized --- a proportion varying in the present material from three-quarters to nine-tenths --- scribal intervention is patent, although sometimes reconstruction of the vernacular base seems easy (such forms, and other speculative cases, are cited in square brackets). With those given in a French form matters are more complex. On the one hand, scribes had a general bias away from English and towards French, as though the latter were, as has been said, 'a sort of ignoble substitute for Latin'; therefore, use of a French occupational term guarantees neither its currency in the English speech of the time nor, alternatively, any currency of French outside the scriptorium: in so far as such terms appear neither in literary sources nor as modern surnames MED is justified in excluding them. On the other hand, many 'French' terms were adopted into English very early; use of these would by no means imply currency of French as such, either in the community at large or in the scriptorium itself.


ڵ᤬Ǥطʤ¿ͤȤ櫓ƥե󥹸줬ؤäƤǤ롥λǶ̾ʤɤ˵Ƥ̾ϥƥ첽ƤΤ¿Ѹ̾Ϥα˱ƤޤäƤ롥ޤե󥹸ǽ񤫤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ο̾ΤΤե󥹸ͳξ硤줬Ǥ˱ѸƱƤñʤΤȤեñΤޤޤʤΤȽǤ񤷤
Ȥɽ魯 by-name ϡ⤽ʸŪ˰ˤǺʤΤǤ롥ơϿȤɽ魯 by-name ˸¤餺Ѹθ̤ͭ̾˴ؤʻǤ⤢롥

Clark, Cecily. "Some Early Canterbury Surnames." English Studies 57.4 (1976): 204--309.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-21-1] [2024-04-19-1]

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2024-04-17 Wed

#5469. إϥꥦåɱDzȱѸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯ [review][voicy][heldio][toc][hollywood]


إϥꥦåɱDzȱѸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯ



331ȯԤ줿ΤҲǤʵΩءˤ롤֥̾ϥꥦåɱDzαѸˡפȤ٤ܤǤDzʤαѸˤ˴ؿΤDzˤδѸμҲˤƤߤȤƱѸˤ򰦤٤ƤˤǤҤо줷ޤ
ʲܼǺܤޤܼįƤǡDzˤȱѸˤθ¿ͤǤȻפޤ




1.1. ܽŪ
1.2. DzαѸѲ
1.3. Ը
1.4. ܽι

2ϡȱDz褫ȡ --- إ㥺󥬡 (1927)
2.1. Ϥ
2.2. إ㥺󥬡٤αѸ
2.3. إ㥺󥬡٤ΥȱDzŪ
2.4. إ㥺󥬡٤ħŪʸ
2.5. ֥åեαФˤĤ

3ϡ󥰱DzαѸ --- ̱Ũ (1931)
3.1. Ϥ
3.2. 󥰱Dzηȡ̱Ũ١ذŹδ
3.3. 󥰱Dz֥ץ󡦥ɡ
3.4. 󥰱Dzθ
3.5. ̱Ũ٤
3.6. θ
3.7. ؽƤλ --- ذŹδ

4ϡϥꥦåɱDzȴΥ --- إޤε (1952)
4.1. Ϥ
4.2. ȡоȥꥹѸαƶ
4.2.1. θαƶ
4.2.2. ر˱С٤ȯ
4.2.3. ֥ɥα೦إơ
4.3. ҲŪҤɽΥ
4.3.1. 塼β
4.3.2. إޤε٤Ρ֥˥塼®
4.3.3. ۾ʤ٤ȸŵդΥꥹѸ
4.4. ѸȤ򼨤Υ
4.5. ΥȤλѤθݤ¸³

5ϡȡоȥȱDz襹̿
5.1. Ϥ
5.2. ֳ¤ΤѸϴѵҤ̤Τ
5.3. ¤αѸˤդ路
5.4. ֳ¤αѸϳΤǤ
5.5. ֳ¤αѸɸŪ֤ɽ
5.6. ¤ľϡ
5.7. ¤ĹǤ񻺤Ǥ
5.8. ȡˤդ路ѸϺ
5.9. ¤ϻ񻺡פȥϥꥦåɤγά

6ϡȡоȥꥹȿ
6.1. Ϥ
6.2. ꥫDz褬ꥹѸͿƶ
6.3. ɥؤΥȡ
6.4. ȡαѸؤΥꥹȿ
6.4.1. ָڻȻ異
6.4.2. ȡΥꥫѸؤΥꥹͤȿ
6.4.3. ꥫDz褬˹ʤȤȽ
6.4.4. ꥹѸΥȡؤδ
6.4.5. ꥹ̱Ǥȯ
6.4.6. ꥫѸȽȤѸ
(1)Ѹ줬ǤʤɱDzإޥࡦ󡦥˥塼衼

7ϡץ󡦥ɤˤ뵬 --- ȶ˵̡ (1939)
7.1. Ϥ
7.2. 뤵줿֡ damn
7.3. ˴ؤ뵬
7.4. إåեɱѸ켭ŵ٤ damn
7.5. ץ󡦥ɤȡֱDzαѸαƶϡפ
7.6. ȶ˵̡٤ؤȽ

8ϡ֡Dz --- 74ޤơ (1989)
8.1. Ϥ
8.2. 74ޤơ٤Υ֡
8.2.1.
8.2.2. ֡¿Ѥ
8.2.3. ֡Ѥʤ
8.2.4. ֡λѤ
8.3. ֡ΤʤDz --- ۾ʤ
8.4. ֡Ѥоʪ --- إ꡼֥å
(2)ϥꥦåɱDz sushi

9ϡꥫDzαѸ --- ƥƥȡ֤虜Ȥ餷פδ
9.1. Ϥ
9.2. ꥫѸ餷ɽħ
9.2.1. ꥫѸȤ
9.2.2. ꥫѸħ
9.3. ƥåѸѤƤDz
9.3.1. زΤåΤˡ
9.3.2. إإסĤʤȡ꡼
9.4. ƥåѸѤʤDz
9.4.1. ȶ˵̡
9.4.2. إХʪ
9.5. ƥƥȡ֤虜Ȥ餷פδ
(3)إǥ顼٤ˤѸʳŪʸ

10ϡѡʴѤѲ --- إȡɡȡ꡼ (2021)
10.1. Ϥ
10.2. ڥΤʴ
10.3. Ѹȥڥʻ
10.4. ٤
10.4.1. ֱѸäפȤ
10.4.2. ֱѸäפȤռ
10.5. ʹؤιդ򼨤




ʸȺĤƤޤ줾αDzѡľˤʤäΤǤϤʤǤ礦
heldio ǤƱҲ𤹤#1046. إϥꥦåɱDzȱѸѲ١ʳҡ2024ǯˡۿޤܵȹ碌ơ⤪İС



塡إϥꥦåɱDzȱѸѲ١ҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-16 Tue

#5468. piggyback ϡ֤֡פǤ⤢ָ֡פǤ⤢롪 [lighthouse7][dictionary][sapir-whorf_hypothesis]

Ȥ뤭ä piggyback ȤñˤĤĴٻϤƤ롥츻ԾܤȤȤǸ츻Ū˴ؿä
Ȥ츻꤬롥ȤΤϡܸǤȤΡ֤֡֡פ褦ʤΤޤäơ֤֡פȡָ֡פܸǤϤޤäۤʤ2ĤλǤϤʤȵǰʤѸ piggyback ȤϲؤΤޤʤФʤʤ
ޤ#5464. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Υ饤Ǥ ([2024-04-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤εҤߤƤߤ褦üŪˡ֤֡֡פʻƤ롥

piggyback_in_LH7.png



³ơؽѱѱѼƤߤ褦OALD8 "piggyback" ιꡤطΤȴФϡ֤֡פ򤷤Ƥ褤

a ride on sb's back, while he or she is walking
- Give me a piggyback, Daddy!
- a piggyback ride
-> piggyback adverb
- to ride piggyback


CALD3 Ǥ餫ˡ֤֡פΰ̣Ǥ롥ºݡ֤Ƥ볨ƤΤǴְ㤤ʤ

a ride on someone's back with your arms round their neck and your legs round their waist
I gave her a piggyback ride.


piggyback_in_CALD3.png



ȤLDOCE5 ǤϼΤ褦ˤꡤϡָ֡פؤ褦ʤΤǤ롥

if you give someone, especially a child, a piggyback, you carry them high on your shoulders, supporting them with your hands under their legs
---piggyback adverb


COBUILD English Dictionary Ʊָ֡פΤȤ򤤤äƤ褦Ǥ롥ֹ⤤֡פȲ򤻤ʤȤʤʤ⤷֤ȸ֤֤Ⱦüʹ⤵ؤȤʤȡ餦¦ô礭ˡ

If you give someone a piggyback, you carry them high on your back, supporting them under their knees.
They give each other piggy-back rides.


Ϥơä¹Фơ֤֤ʤ餷Ƥ뤱ɸ̵֤פȤϡѸǤʤɽɤΤ顥ԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis)Ƥӡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-15 Mon

#5467. OED 3åץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬23ää [oed][japanese][loan_word][notice][tufs][world_englishes]

OED Online 3˰٤ΥڡǥåץǡȤʤƤޤǿΥåץǡȤ2024ǯ3ˤΤΤǡUpdates ΰꥢǤޤ
ΥåץǡȤħŤΤϡʤܸ줫μѸǤϢȤ "Words from the land of the rising sun: new Japanese borrowings in the OED" ƤޤɬɤǤ
OED ΥåץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬ܤ줿ΤϡޤޤȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤطʤä褦Ǥ嵭ˤȡOED Իबǯ150ǯޤءʢνпؤǤǤȤˤΥѡȥʡԤȥܤθ̤˴ŤơܸñϿȤȤΤ褦Ǥ23ܸñ줬 OED ˿Ͽ˻äΤǤο1ΥåץǡȤȤƤϤʤʤΤΤǤ23ȤϡŪˤϰʲ̤ꡥ

donburi (n.), hibachi (n.), isekai (n.), kagome (n.), karaage (n.), katsu (n.), katsu curry (n.), kintsugi (n.), kirigami (n.), mangaka (n.), okonomiyaki (n.), omotenashi (n.), onigiri (n.), santoku (n.), shibori (n.), takoyaki (n.), tokusatsu (n.), tonkatsu (n.), tonkatsu sauce (n.), tonkotsu (n./1), tonkotsu (n./2), washi tape (n.), yakiniku (n.)


ܸüԤȤƤϥĥåߤɤܤdzڤǤä귡äƤߤƤ

tonkotsu ȤϤʤ2ĤθФΩäƤ롥桹Τڹסʥס顼ˤ tonkotsu2 ̤ tonkotsu1 ⤢Ȥ󡤸ԤϲΤȤʬޤ
donburi θ츻ǡܸ֤ɤ֤פϡ֤֤ȡפ̣ˡȴطΤǤϤʤȤꡤܸθ츻ޤdzؤ٤Ƥޤ
katsu ֥ġפ "boomerang word"
kintsugi ֶѤפݵѤΰդˤȤɤޤ餺ŪѤؤȾڤƤ
isekai ְפ tokusatsu ûפϡܤΥ֥Ȥ٤Ͽ

OED ˤܸѸȤƤϡOED ΰʲε⻲ȡ

Words of Japanese origin
From anime to zen: Japanese words in the OED

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-14 Sun

#5466. ꥹʡɼˤ heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥ󥭥 [voicy][heldio][notice][ranking][link][helkatsu][khelf][sobokunagimon]

Slido_results_20240411


#5460. heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 411ޤǥץ ([2024-04-08-1]) Ǥ⤷Ȥꡤ45ʶˤ11ڡˤޤǡǯ1Ⱦˤ٥ۿꥹʡɼ110ɼޤǡˤ򳫺Ťޤhel (helkatsu) ΰĤȤƤΥ٥ȤǤɼˤϡϤ˴տ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ɼ̤ޤȤޤΤǡܵˤ𤤤ޤ9̤ޤǤη14ʬǺܤƤޤܤ Slido Ǥɼ



1. #1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (58%)
2. #950. 󥰥 (Angles) ŷ (angels) --- ĥ쥴ꥦ1ΥǻϤޤä󥰥ɤΥꥹȶ (35%)
2. #977. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ꡼ (7) --- khelf ƣƱ۵ bank ιɤ (35%)
4. #945. ʤѲΤ (27%)
4. #968. ޥå e ε --- name, five, cute θ <e> ϲ (27%)
4. #991. while ʸˡ (27%)
4. #1011. Ѥʥե٥åɽפδȸ with ߷ (27%)
4. #1022. ȡȥ --- khelf Ĺڤθơޡ (27%)
9. #956. ;ιʸȤϡ (23%)
9. #983. B&C42ʸˡפɼ¶ with 󤵤ȾϽؤ (23%)
9. #1026. ʤ now know ȯ㤦Ρ (23%)
9. #1027. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰ --- Ѳͤݤ2Ĥμ (23%)
9. #1031. ѸϿ̤ɽ魯Τ°ʤ򹥤ࡩ --- ֻ of 򤹤뤿ˡ (23%)
9. #1032. ʤ subject ּס --- ֤إ饸פΥ󥹥ԥ졼 (23%)



1̤ϡ֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼ǤΥ꡼Ͻʾءˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤȤ3ͤǤϤƤ롤ܥ⥷θűѸǡǯ1ǯΥꥹʡɼǤ1̤˵Ƥޤcf. #5363. 2023ǯΥꥹʡɼˤ heldio ο䤷ۿ٥10ꡪ ([2024-01-02-1])ˡ꡼ιߤʤΤǤγ󤫤λٻϡ³Τˤ򤿤ƤƤΤ򤷤ޤȤ˥꡼³ԤϤȻפޤ
2̤ϸűѸΥ󡥥ꥹʡˤϥ칥¿Τǡγ˥ΤޤƱΨ2̤򾡤äΤϡҤΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ khelf ƣȤȤɤƤ꡼1󡥤Υ꡼Ť͡İƤޤ
θ塤ƱΨ4̤5ܡƱΨ9̤6ܤ³ޤѤʵ䤢ꡤѸѸβ⤢ꡤBaugh and Cable ɼ¶Ѥ͡Ǥ
Υ󥭥󥰤򤭤äˡޤİǤʤ󤬤ޤ顤İ褤ФȻפޤ
ʾ塤ɼǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-09-05-1]

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2024-04-13 Sat

#5465. khelf ֱѸ˥ƥ50+פǯ٤⥹Ȥޤ [notice][khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2024][helkatsu][voicy][heldio]

khelf logo    khelf banner
ʤΥȥХʡ khelf С


khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤϡؤӤΰߤޤǯٻϤޤˡ͡ʤפꥤ٥Ȥ褷Ƥޤ1Ƥ410˥ȤֱѸ˥ƥ50+Ǥرȳ濴Ȥ khelf Сγơ缡1ĤıѸˤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤ khelf HP ˸ƤȤ٥ȤǤΥХȥ졼ʤΤ©ڤ줷Ƥޤǽˤꡤ豿¦ȤƤϥϥϥʤΤǤȤĤʤǤȻפޤ
2021ǯ٤˻Ϥޤäᥤ٥ȤǺǯ٤4ǯܤȤʤޤǯ٤ϥƥ󶡼Ԥ khelf ˤ⹭äƤޤХȥ졼θȾǤηǺܤˤʤȻפޤkhelf ءʱѸ˥ƥĤ׸Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤˤǽŪˤ50ʾΥƥĤȤʤ븫ߤǤäơֱѸ˥ƥ50+פȥȥνˡ+פĤƤޤ
2024ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ƥ50+פΥȥåץХåϡkhelf ĹڵǤ³ khelf ˥Сر³ƤޤޤǤ˸Ƥǽ4ܤΥƥĤإ󥯤ĥޤ

#1. "A" History of the English Language410, ڵʷرˤˤ륳ƥġ
#2. ߤΡ㤨ޤ411, رˤ륳ƥġ
#3. ϿޤͤˤĤƤΤ줳412, ⻳Ҥʷرˤˤ륳ƥġ
#4. iPhoneϥޥۤˤʤ뤫413, رˤ륳ƥġ

4ܤޤảƤ륳ƥĤ⡤ǯ٤˱Ѹˤ˽ƿɼԤռƳŪ꤬¿ʤäƤȻפޤѸ˥ƥĤϤⵤڤɤûåǡֱѸˡפﲽ뤿ǺȤƤŬǤhellog heldio ȤȤˡֱѸ˥ƥ50+פˬ䤹뤳Ȥ򡤤νˤƤйǤΥƥĸ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio ⤪Τ餻ƤޤҥեޥȤƤѤ
Ҥ̤ꡤܥ٥Ȥμ»ܤϡ4ǯܤȤʤޤ1ֱѸƳ2021Ȥ49ܤΥƥĤ2ֱѸ˥ƥ50 (2022)Ȥ59ܤΥƥĤ3ֱѸ˥ƥ50 (2023)Ȥ50ܤΥƥĤƤޤȤƤĤǤɲǽǤΤǡѸʬݼ褬ޤ­ʤȤϡ⤴ޤʲεǤϲǯ٤Υ٥10ƥĤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ

2021ǯ٤Υ٥10#4726. ǯ٤ΥƥĴΥ٥10 ([2022-04-05-1])
2022ǯ٤Υ٥10#5102. 2022ǯ٤αѸ˥ƥĤΥ٥10 --- ǯ٤ο֤ ([2023-04-16-1])
2023ǯ٤Υ٥10#5447. 2023ǯ٤αѸ˥ƥĴΥ٥10 --- ǯ٤ο֤ ([2024-03-26-1])

ˤѸ˳ưΰĤȤƤΥ٥ȤǤΤDzäƤйǤؤӤαΤۤɡɤꤤޤ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50+פδˤĤƤϡ heldio Ǥ⤴Ҳ𤷤ޤİȤϡ#1047. khelf ֱѸ˥ƥ50+פǯ٤⥹ȡɤ


Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-12 Fri

#5464. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Υ饤Ǥ [lighthouse7][dictionary][notice]


إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ



ǯ˸ҤǤ줿إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡΥ饤ǤȤʤޤǡʤ˴ޤޤѥɡˤ򤪻ϡҤΥ֥Ȥ֥饤ȥϥ¼ŵ饤ǡꥢǤޤ
and 򸡺ȡΤ褦˺ǤƱ̤ɽޤ  *


and in إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ



ְסĴ٤פǤϤʤɤ׽Ĥȡ˿ȯΤǻɷŪǤ4顤Ȥͧãˤʤޤ礦
إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡٴϢεȤưʲ⤴ɤ

#5438. μ̥ --- 򽩽ǤΡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤ ([2024-03-17-1])
#5442. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ͽ֤ĤŤȯס ([2024-03-21-1])

ֿ ԡˡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-16-1]

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2024-04-11 Thu

#5463. 2024ǯ٤ΡֱѸˡ׹ֵϤޤޤ --- ʸʸ칶ɬ [hel_education][hellog][heldio][hellog_entry_set][link][helkatsu][notice]

ʸʸ칶ɬܤ1ġֱѸˡפιֵ֤ޤ칶2ǯܤǤ1ǯ֡2᥹ˤơѸȤͭžѤˤ¤Ǥޤ
פʽֵϡܥ֥εȤ߹碌뤳ȤDZѸˤؤƳޤޤʲΥˤ¿ξ󤬵ͤޤƤޤγϡιֵǤ٤ƤòǤʤƤ⡤ĤǤ⤳εäƤƤ
ޤ̤ hellog ɼԤ⡤ʲΥ󥯤̤ơֵʬŪŪθǤ뤫ȻפޤäǯٻϤޤ4, 5, 6 khelfʷѸ˥ե˳ưΰĤȤֱѸ˥ƥ50+ϤޤäƤޤۤˤ͡ʷDZѸˤγؤӤ¥ưhel (helkatsu) ŸƤͽǤѸˤ˴ؿΤ뤹٤ƤγؤӤ礷ޤΤǡҰʲΥ󥯤1ĤҤȤĤɤäƤС



1. ȥ
1.1. 괧 a an ˤĤ: #831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])heldio #1. ʤ A pen ʤΤ AN apple ʤΡ
1.2. ֱѸˡ׹ֵôԤξҲ: note δΥץեheldio #408. ʾҲ𡧱Ѹ˸ԤδǤ#2. ʾҲ ([2009-05-01-2])
2. Ѹˤؤ褦
2.1. Ѹˤ̥4: #4546. شλϤޤˡѸˤγؤ ([2021-10-07-1])
(1) Ѹθ180Ѥ
(2) ѸˡʼҲʡˤߥåԻ׵ĤʴФβ
(3) Ѥʵ䤳⤷
(4) ѸäƤѸ
2.2. #4361. ѸˤϡֱѸˡפȤֱѸˡס ([2021-04-05-1]): ̥ (2) ̤ޤ
2.3. ֤ʤѸˤؤ֤Τפεå: ͡ʳ٤֤ʤؤ֤ΤפƤƤߤޤcf. heldio #444. Ѹˤؤ֤ȤʤɤȤ롪 heldio #112. ѸˤäƲΤᡩǤ夲Ƥޤ
3. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ
3.1. #1093. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ罸 ([2012-04-24-1]): ̥ (3) ̤ޤ
3.2. 3166Ѥʵ
3.3. ޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤѤʵ佸
3.4. μͭӥMondDZѸ졦˴ؤѤʵ˲Ƥޤ
3.5. ιֵ Slido ʼӥˤѤƱѸ˴ؤѤʵ罸ޤ饢Ƥ
4. Ѹˤʤ
4.1. #5097. hellog ɤ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-11-1]): 2009ǯ51ƤѸˤΥ֥Ǥ hellog θŪʻȤ tips ɤ
4.2. ƥİ (heldio & hellog-radio): hellog βǤȤ٤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) 2021ǯ62ī6110ʬۤɤDZѸˤϤƤޤαѸˤγؤӤΤ˥եƤѸˤ꤬ˤʤޤ#5093. heldio İ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-07-1]) ӡ#5098. ѸˤؤӻϤ褦ȻפäƤ hellog heldio Τ2023ǯǡˡ ([2023-04-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
4.3. #5091. khelf αסưӡߥå󥹥ơȥȡ ([2023-04-05-1]): khelf HPȸĥå @khelf_keio ȯƤޤ
4.4. #5426. رѸ˿ʹ8椬ȯԤޤ ([2024-03-05-1]): αѸˤȤ뿷ʹ8Ǥ
4.5. khelf ٥ֱѸ˥ƥ50+ϤޤäƤޤ: 410Ѹˤ칶를ڤɤֱѸ˥ƥġפ־˥åפƤޤ嵭Ǥ­ʤȤϡǯ٤Ʊɤ
4.6. ֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥס: 2022ǯ226Ʊ칶ΰʼʱѸءءˤȰ˽2ʿˤȡˤθ6ưƤޤ
5. ֵοʤ
5.1. ֵ饤ɡƥȡꡤɾ
5.2. ƥȤϱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.#5205. Baugh and Cable αѸ˳1᤺ɤ߿ʤʤ Voicy heldio Ǽͳ˥ȤƤߤϤƤޤ ([2023-07-28-1])
5.3. Ѹˤɽ⡧#5462. Ѹ˳ν2024ǯǡˡ ([2024-04-10-1])#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])heldio ̡Ѹˤ
5.4. ǯ٤ˡֱѸˡפڤθ: #5393. 2023ǯ١1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵ򽪤ơ ([2024-02-01-1])heldio #974. 1ǯ֤ΡֱѸˡפιֵ򽪤 --- 2023ǯǡ
6. 饤Ǵ󤻤줿ѸѤʵ¨ܥΥå



1ǯ֡ڤѸ˥饤դ꤯

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-08-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-10 Wed

#5462. Ѹ˳ν2024ǯǡ [bibliography][hel_education][link]

ǯٽιȤʤäƤޤѸˤγؽΩĽκǿǤɽޤ
ؼԤˤο޽ˡ򡤽ؼԤ´ȤʳΤο޽ˡդƤޤƿ޽δʤɤˤϡƤ仲ʸޤޤƤޤΤǡ˳ؽ³ϰŤ뼰ˤɤäƤäƤ
ѤPDFѰդޤΤǡͳ˱ۤƤƷ빽Ǥ
Ϣưʲε bibliography ε⤴Ȥ

#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
#4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ񤫤줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
#4870. ѸξҲ ([2022-08-27-1])
#5237. ޽ȯԤΡֱѸˤˤĤĴ٤ס ([2023-08-29-1])



αѸˡܸˡ

ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ι񥤥ꥹ --- 4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١ҡ2011ǯ
߷ ͧαѸ줬Ǥޤǡ١˼2016ǯ
¼ ˡؿѸ --- ԥį ---١رؽDz2006ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
ⶶ ѸرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ҡ2020ǯ
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ϲ ͭԡˡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡˡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
رѸˤ򤿤ɤι١إ֥å꡼ Acta 30޼ҡ2019ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

αѸˡʱѸˡ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. London: Macmillan, 1955.
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Hogg, R. M. and D. Denison, eds. A History of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. 3rd rev. ed. London: Penguin, 2003.
Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

αѸ˴ϢΥ֥ȡ

ջҡֱѸ̡ʴʸˡסhttps://iyeiri.com/569
ʼ δ졡YouTube ʼδѸظإͥס2022ǯ226~https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCth3mYbOZ9WsYgPQa0pxhvw
ֵ (Shota Kikuchi) HPסhttps://sites.google.com/view/shotakikuchi
khelf ʷѸ˥եˡKeio History of the English Language Forum HPסhttps://sites.google.com/view/khelf-hotta
δ졡hellog~Ѹ˥֥ס2009ǯ51~http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog
δ졡ϢܡѸѸˤλͤס2017ǯ1~12http://www.kenkyusha.co.jp/uploads/history_of_english/series.html
δ졡Voicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס2021ǯ62~https://voicy.jp/channel/1950
ߡA Gateway to Studying HELסhttps://sites.google.com/view/gatewaytohel
ڹ homepageסhttps://yadomi1989.wixsite.com/my-site-1

αѸˡѸؤλͿ޽

ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ ϯƣ ɧԡˡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ --- ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻ ---١ҡ1993ǯ
ԡˡ˸ء١īоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012.
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. The History of English. 5 vols. Berlin/Boston: Gruyter, 2017.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.
Hogg, Richard M., ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language. 6 vols. Cambridge: CUP, 1992--2001.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
van Kemenade, Ans and Bettelou Los, eds. The Handbook of the History of English. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-09 Tue

#5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ [khelf][voicy][heldio][helwa][helkatsu][hel_education][note]

1ǯΤʤǤ϶ؤӤΰߤͯФ4μϤǤѸˤγؤӤ夹hel (helkatsu) ʤäƤƤޤˤϡȤǶäۤɤϤhelʤƤƤ롤뤤¾hel¦̤ٱ礷ƤƤޤ
ϡ3ۤˡ#5373. Voicy heldio ̤ơhel֤Ƥޤ ([2024-01-12-1]) ȤƤǤˤҲ𤷤ƤޤᡤѥåפhelٱԤΥ饤ʥåפȴ򼨤ޤ

khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСοȶʤȤǤϺΡhel׿ΤǤرѸ˿ʹ򵨴ȯԤƤޤHP ǤιΤۤXʵĥå˥ @khelf_keio hel桥
heldio/helwa ΥꥹʡγۿؤΥȡSNS ̤Ƥι󡤴ؤλá¾helǤäˤʤäƤޤȤ櫓Ƕܤ٤ note Ǥγư򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
- ꥹʡ umisio note heldio ˾äơheldio İƵŤȤ򥳥ʸˤƤƤޤ
- ꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡرѸ츻ŵ٤ A ɤߡ⤷ܤΤߤȴФƥȤƤȤؤٶˤʤ륷꡼Ǥ
- ꥹʡ Grace note Voicy DZѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) İդˤĤƤ줳ͤ뤳ȤݤȤƤޤϤ heldio 䤷褬ŸƤޤ
- ꥹʡ ~ߤ note ֹؤȸؤȤζ֤˥ϥޤäƤߤheldio 䤷ƤƤޤ
- ۤˤϡ#5459. ֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼ΥޥȤƤθűѸ첻ƴ褬³Ƥޤ ([2024-04-07-1]) ǿ줿ꥹʡ⡥
heldio/helwa ̽бԤθԤγˤ⤪äˤʤäƤޤä˺Ƕᤴб餤濴ˤޤȤƤߤޤ
- 콤ءˤ HP
- ڹʷܳرءˤ HP
- Ͻʾءˤ HP
- ֤ޤˤפȿĿ¢رءˤ HP
Ƥܥ֥ɤߤƤ볧ˤⴶդޤθ X @chariderryu ȯƤޤΤǡҥե򤪴ꤤפޤ

helˡ4Ȥ乥Υߥ󥰤ѤʤϤޤhelΤޤޤ夬˴ԤƤޤ󡤤ɤʷǤ⤱äǤΤǡhelˤäФȻפޤSNS ʤɤǤϤҡ#helפΥϥå奿򤴳Ѥ䤫⡤Ĥ¤ȿƤȻפޤ
ʤߤ˺ī heldio #1044. ꥹʡhel򤴾ҲǤƱϤƤޤ


[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-08 Mon

#5460. heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 411ޤǥץ [voicy][heldio][notice][khelf][link][ranking]


heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ2024ǯ45ʶˤ411ڡ 23:59 ޤɼʡˤƼդƤޤʤ뤤ϰʲQRɤɤˡҳΥޥ٥10ǤйǤ


heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ





嵭̤ꡤܥ֥βǡǤȤ⤤īۿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ρǯ1Ⱦˤ٥ۿꥹʡɼ٥Ȥ򳫺Ǥɼ411ڡ23:59 ޤǥץ󤷤ƤޤΤǡεİƨۿʤɤİޥ٥Ȥ10򤸤äǤСۿؤΥϡƥİɤ11ۿ#945. ʤѲΤ331ۿ#1035. ֤ 2024/03/31(Sun)ޤǤ91ʬɼоݤȤʤޤ
ΥꥹʡɼϡΡ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפɼ³ƤδǤϺǯΤۤܤ٤ƤۿоݤˤΤ֤ΤѤǤϤޤޤ¿ɼޤη̤#5363. 2023ǯΥꥹʡɼˤ heldio ο䤷ۿ٥10ꡪǤ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤС
ˤޤƤϡʳäƤɼˤɼƤӤ#1040. heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ110ɼ411ޤɼաۿƤޤ


Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-07 Sun

#5459. ֤ϤƤθűѸץ꡼ΥޥȤƤθűѸ첻ƴ褬³Ƥޤ [voicy][heldio][ogawashun][masanyan][hajimeteno_koeigo][hel_education][notice][oe_text][helkatsu]


hajimeteno_koeigo_04_20240326.png



325ʷˤ Voicy heldio ȤƤϤ#1030. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤФơ¿ȿ򤤤Ƥޤܥ֥Ǥ#5450. heldio ο͵꡼ --- ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 4 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤס ([2024-03-29-1]) ˤƿ֤ä̤Ǥ
嵭ۿǤϡ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯ󥰥ɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) ǸűѸƥȤΰϽʾءˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤ3ͤɡ⤷ޤ
θ塤ѤΥޥͷӤȤơθűѸ츶ʸɡϿXʵĥå˾Ƥ "The First Take" δŸޤ3ͤˤȯϿ겻ɤƤ塤Ǯʤ2ͤΥꥹʡ˥ХȥѤǤޤ

(1) ޤˤˤ벻
(2) Ͻؤˤ벻
(3) δˤ벻
(4) ꥹʡΤ~ߤ󤵤ˤ벻
(5) ꥹʡΤߤˤ벻

ؤӤΤͷӴȤơ¾ˤХȥѤǤйǤ٤ɤǡ֤ȤưϿư X ƤƤǤκݤˡ嵭δ¸ƤؤΰѥݥȤȤƤ뤤 #ϤƤθűѸ ȥϥå奿դƤƤС󤬤ǧǤޤ
θűѸ첻ƴϡƱ꡼Ǥ³ƤȻפäƤޤǯٽΡhel (helkatsu) ΰĤȤơͤǤ¿˾äƤС

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-09-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-06 Sat

#5458. ˤۤʤª [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][case][generative_grammar]

ε#5457. ᤰ ([2024-04-05-1]) ³̤θѸ켭ŵ (subject) ιܤƤߤ褦Crystal Ѹ켭ŵѤ롥

subject (n.) (S, sub, SUB, Subj, SUBJ) A term used in the analysis of GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS to refer to a major CONSTITUENT of SENTENCE or CLAUSE structure, traditionally associated with the 'doer' of an action, as in The cat bit the dog. The oldest approaches make a twofold distinction in sentence analysis between subject and PREDICATE, and this is still common, though not always in this terminology; other approaches distinguish subject from a series of other elements of STRUCTURE (OBJECT, COMPLEMENT, VERB, ADVERBIAL, in particular. Linguistic analyses have emphasized the complexity involved in this notion, distinguishing, for example, the grammatical subject from the UNDERLYING or logical subject of a sentence, as in The cat was chased by the dog, where The cat is the grammatical and the dog the logical subject. Not all subjects, moreover, can be analyzed as doers of an action, as in such sentences as Dirt attracts flies and The books sold well. The definition of subjects in terms of SURFACE grammatical features (using WORD-ORDER or INFLECTIONAL criteria) is usually relatively straightforward, but the specification of their function is more complex, and has attracted much discussion (e.g. in RELATIONAL GRAMMAR). In GENERATIVE grammar, subject is sometimes defined at the NP immediately DOMINATED by S. While NP is the typical formal realization of subject, other categories can have this function, e.g. clause (S-bar), as in That oil floats on water is a fact, and PP as in Between 6 and 9 will suit me. The term is also encountered in such contexts as RAISING and the SPECIFIED-SUBJECTION CONDITION.


ѡȤ McArthur εҤȽŤʤäƤʬ⤢뤬 Crystal εҤϡäΩĸ˱Ƽªۤʤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥طʸˡǤϼβ̤ǽܤƤꡤʸˡǤϤ⤽ȤѸѤʤ餿ƼȤʸˡ˴ŤˤѸǤꡤƤδˤøŬڤ餳ѤƤΤȤȤʬ롥

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-05 Fri

#5457. [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][existential_sentence][construction][agreement][number][expletive]

ε#5456. Ȥϲ ([2024-04-04-1]) ˰³ (subject) ˤĤƤܼŪʵꤿ˺ݤޤѸ켭ŵʤɤäƤߤΤɤMcArthur ιܤѤ褦פƤ롥

SUBJECT [13c: from Latin subjectum grammatical subject, from subiectus placed close, ranged under]. A traditional term for a major constituent of the sentence. In a binary analysis derived from logic, the sentence is divided into subject and predicate, as in Alan (subject) has married Nita (predicate). In declarative sentences, the subject typically precedes the verb: Alan (subject) has married (verb) Nita (direct object). In interrogative sentences, it typically follows the first or only part of the verb: Did (verb) Alan (subject) marry (verb) Nita (direct object)? The subject can generally be elicited in response to a question that puts who or what before the verb: Who has married Nita?---Alan. Where concord is relevant, the subject determines the number and person of the verb: The student is complaining/The students are complaining; I am tired/He is tired. Many languages have special case forms for words in the subject, the subject requires a particular form (the subjective) in certain pronouns: I (subject) like her, and she (subject) likes me.

Kinds of subject. A distinction is sometimes made between the grammatical subject (as characterized above), the psychological subject, and the logical subject: (1) The psychological subject is the theme or topic of the sentence, what the sentence is about, and the predicate is what is said about the topic. The grammatical and psychological subjects typically coincide, though the identification of the sentence topic is not always clear: Labour and Conservative MPs clashed angrily yesterday over the poll tax. Is the topic of the sentence the MPs or the poll tax? (2) The logical subject refers to the agent of the action; our children is the logical subject in both these sentences, although it is the grammatical subject in only the first: Our children planted the oak sapling; The oak sapling was planted by our children. Many sentences, however, have no agent: Stanley has back trouble; Sheila is a conscientious student; Jenny likes jazz; There's no alternative; It's raining

Pseudo-subjects. The last sentence also illustrates the absence of a psychological subject, since it is obviously not the topic of the sentence. This so-called 'prop it' is a dummy subject, serving merely to fill a structural need in English for a subject in a sentence. In this respect, English contrasts with languages such as Latin, which can omit the subject, as in Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered: with no need for the Latin pronoun ego, I). Like prop it, 'existential there' in There's no alternative is the grammatical subject of the sentence, but introduces neither the topic nor (since there is no action) the agent.

Non-typical subjects. Subjects are typically noun phrases, but they may also be finite and non-finite clauses: 'That nobody understands me is obvious'; 'To accuse them of negligence was a serious mistake'; 'Looking after the garden takes me several hours a week in the summer.' In such instances, finite and infinitive clauses are commonly post and anticipatory it takes their place in subject position: 'It is obvious that nobody understands me'; 'It was a serious mistake to accuse them of negligence.' Occasionally, prepositional phrases and adverbs function as subjects: 'After lunch is best for me'; 'Gently does it.'

Subjectless sentences. Subjects are usually omitted in imperatives, as in Come here rather than You come here. They are often absent from non-finite clauses ('Identifying the rioters may take us some time') and from verbless clauses ('New filters will be sent to you when available'), and may be omitted in certain contexts, especially in informal notes (Hope to see you soon) and in coordination (The telescope is 43 ft long, weighs almost 11 tonnes, and is more than six years late).


ܤν񤭽ФɸŪȤäƤ褯褽ʸˡŪʴγǰƳƤ롥ζ̤˻ϤޤꡤŪ񤤤ŪҲ𤵤롥
Ǥϡ줬ʸˡŪʴΤߤʤ餺ŪŪʴȤ館Ȥơ̤Υ󥰥뤬󶡤롥Ūʴϡ֥ơޡסŪʴϡưι԰ټԡפбΤʤΤ⤫롥¤ʸƤϤƤߤȡ3Ĥδμ줬ɬߤ˰פʤȤ롥
³ơŪʼ졤ߡμȸƤФΤҲ𤵤롥Ǥ there is ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ڤ롥ιʸǤ there ϥơޤǤϤꤨʤưι԰ټԤǤʤΤǡޤʸˡΤ׵ᤵƤȤߤʤۤʤ
̾̾ʳ쥫ƥ꡼ȤΩȤ꤬Ƴ줿ȡǸ˼줬ʤʤ뤤ϾάƤ㤬롥
ۤˤ͡ϵ󤲤줽ϼϤˤޤǡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-04 Thu

#5456. Ȥϲ [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][existential_sentence][inohota][youtube][voicy][heldio][construction][agreement][number][link]



331ۿ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ219ϡָŤʸˡʸˡThere is ʸޤ狼ꤷƤäƤޤܥͥȤƤϡ4֤ǻİ3100ۤȤʤꡤŪ¿İƤ褦Ǥ꤬Ȥޤ
There is a book on the desk. Τ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there ϡ̣Ūˤ϶¤ǤʸˡŪˤϼǤ뤫Τ褦ʿ񤤤򼨤ޤa book ϲϤƤ뤫С줳Ǥ뤳ȤǤޤ be ưȿΰפ򼨤Ǥ⡤a book Τۤ餷ΤǤϤʤȵǤǤ
ޤΤ褦˼Ƥ (subject) ȤϡäʤΤǤ礦ͤϤƬ뤰뤷Ƥޤ¸ʸμꡤӡּפȤѸ˴ؤƤϡheldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ

#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
#1032. ʤ subject ּס --- ֤إ饸פΥ󥹥ԥ졼

󤳤 hellog Ǥ⡤¸ʸ˴ϢϰʲεǼ夲Ƥޤ

#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])
#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])
#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1])

Ȥϲñ˲褹ǤϤޤ󤬡ҳˤͤƤС

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-03 Wed

#5455. ڹȤ heldio ȡȡѤθβư [voicy][heldio][helwa][phonetics][pronunciation][japanese][do-periphrasis][emode][sociolinguistics][name_project][vowel][helkatsu]

Ѹ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرءˤȤ񤤤뵡񤬤ޤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ¾ΥץȥСΤ͡޽ءˤϽʾءˤ⤴Ǥ
Ǽˡ̾פᤰ Voicy heldio/helwa ϤϿꤷޤʲ3ܤ򥢡ۿƤޤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤ⤪İС

(1) heldio #1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ59ʬ
(2) helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #113ۡ̾ȱѸˡΥեȡʢβΤͭΥץߥۿǤ60ʬ
(3) heldio #1038. do 󵯤뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ20ʬ

θ塤ȤΥ֥ˤơ嵭μϿȴϢƤε2ܽ񤫤ƤޤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤ

3α4
Ѥθβư

2ĤΡѤθβưפϡ嵭 (2) helwa ˡ̾ε礭졤ȯΥȡ˲֤餤ޤӤǤȡˡܸȱѸǤϸλȤ첻Ĵˤۤʤ뤳ȤռƤȽҤ١줬ͯޤѸǸβư褬ۤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޤ򤪻ȤȤҤ٤졤θꥹʡ֤οޤߤפȤ˾Ф줿ΤΤӥ֥ǶͭƤǤ󡤤ұѸȯ˳褫ƤС
ʤߤˡˤĤƤäȾܤΤꤿϡkhelf ȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ67줾3̤ΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפˤơ2ˤ錄Υ󥿥ӥ塼ǺܤƤޤ
͡ʡhel (helkatsu) ꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-02 Tue

#5454. ˤѸˡ --- ˡؾΤäƤѸΡϥƥʡ١Jꥵǡ2024ǯ [review][hel_education][notice][helkatsu][sobokunagimon][toc]


Tajino-Shougakusei_front_cover.png



եåʽҡؾΤäƤѸΡϥƥʡJꥵǡ2024ǯˤǤƤޤԤΰͤǤⶶͤʿͻԳءˤꤴꤤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ܽǤϡ7̾Ԥ˸ʬ䤹դDZѸ˴ؤѤʵƤޤܤȤäƤ褤饹Ȥο˺̤졤ͤǤڤۿܤǤԤ7ϤθФǤޤ



1ϡѸΡϥƥ
2ϡѸˤΡϥƥ
3ϡܸȱѸΡϥƥ
4ϡѸʪΡϥƥ
5ϡѸȤΡϥƥ
6ϡñΡϥƥ
7ϡʸˡΡϥƥ



ֻǼ2ϤμɮԤ֤椦פȡѸˤȤⶶͤǤ5ĤΥϥƥʤ夲Ƥޤ

ѸϤġɤ褿Ρ
ѸäΤѤʤΡ
ѸϤĤ˹ޤäΡ
ɤƱѸǻȤƤΡ
ꥫѸȥꥹѸϰ㤦Ρ

2Ϥϡ֤椦αåפƤޤαå¤ǮΤǤҳˤ˼äƤȻפޤ
伫ȡֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡhel (helkatsu) ŸƤޤδܽνǴȺˤ϶ʳޤޤѸˤˤǤФޤ˾ˤޤϤȤϡޤȯۤˤޤޤ⡤ͤˤ̣廊륤饹ܤȤƺޤƤˤⴶ㤷ޤ
夲Ƥϥƥʤ35Ĥȷ褷¿櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡षΤ˸줿ϥƥʥꥹȤȤƲǤޤΤ褦ܼŪʵˡȤɤΤ褦üŪΤ⤷ʬԤäɤΤ褦뤫Τ褦˹ͤʤɤߤʤƤߤȡ٤ƤΥϥƥʤ˻פƤޤʤۤɡΤ褦ʷDZѸˡʤƱѸؽˤˤĤƻҶƳǤΤȰܼ줿ޤǤ
ⶶͤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ#4527. ѸθˤѤǤͤҲ ([2021-09-18-1]) ӡ#5059. heldio ΡֱѸ˥ס ([2023-03-04-1]) ǸڤƤޤҺhelǤ路ƤС

ˡƣ ͳ ʡ β𡦹ⶶ ͤϥե꡼ ûҡ ˡʥ饹ȡˡؾΤäƤѸΡϥƥʡ١Jꥵǡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2024-04-01 Mon

#5453. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][voicy][heldio]

ǯ٤볫Ǥ2024ǯ٤ֱѸˤδ֤ˡ׹Ƥưhel (helkatsu) ѶŪŸƤȻפޤhellog ɤޤƤ볧ˤޤƤϡhelˤϤޤȹǤǯ٤ڤؤεˡnote δΥץե2024ǯ41ߡˡ⹹ޤ
4ˤ͡helŸƤޤΤ1Ĥ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤ4֤ۤɸ塤427ڡˤ 17:30--19:00 ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡȤޤ12Υ꡼ȤƷ1󡤻˳֤ƤͽǤ


asacul_20240427.png



꡼μݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

Ѹ˾夵ޤޤʸܿ˭ʸäߤƤޤñθ츻õȡˤϾ˿ȯޤˤȤΤ¿¸ߤѸθ츻ŵǤֺܹ¤ǤϡѸ츻ŵεҤ˶Ūñθ츻ɤ߲򤭤ʤ顤ǫ˱Ѹˤ򤿤ɤäƤޤۤޤ


12Υȥ4ʹߤͽ꥿ȥˤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. Ѹ츻ŵڤ2024ǯ427
2. Ѹäˤ򳵴Ѥ2024ǯ518
3. ñȡ֥ˡ§ס2024ǯ68
4. αѸ˻ĤűѸκס̤
5. Ѹ졤ƥȽв񤦡̤
6. Ѹ졤󥰤θȸ̤
7. Ѹ졤ե󥹸˿̤
8. Ѹ졤ȸή̤
9. Ѹ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷƴ̤
10. Ѹ졤ν̤ܿ
11. Ѹˤߤ븽ο̤
12. 㤤ޤ줿ñ̤

427ڡˤ1ϡֱѸ츻ŵڤפꤷơ꡼ΤΥȥȤʤä򤷤ޤȤ櫓Ѹ츻ŵɤ߲ܤޤ;͵ΤϤرѸ츻ŵʸҡ1997ǯ(= KDEE) ꤷ긵֤Ĥļ֤ƤС
֤λϡ̤꿷ɶǤ̤ǤǽǤVimeo Ѥ饤󡦥ꥢ륿ǽǤޤ1ָθƨۿӥ󶡤ƤޤԹΤ褤ˡǤäФȻפޤ
Ѹθ츻Ĵ٤뤿λȤƤ KDEE ϤȤ͡ʡʸ츻˼ŵޤΤǡҲ𤷤ƤͽǤKDEE ܤ˿Ĥġܤñʸáˤθ츻򤸤äɤ߲򤯤ȤˤäƱѸʸá˻ˤή򤿤ɤΤܥ꡼Ǥä KDEE ϻ䤬Ϥ˿䤷ƤͻǤ⤢ꡤܥ֥Ǥ#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1]) ʤɤεǤӤӼ夲Ƥޤ餫ϢƥĤ⤴Ȥ
꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפء¿γͤλäԤƤޤ

ʰʲ嵭2024/04/24(Wed)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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