Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδġ ([2024-04-21-1]) ³ϱѸ by-name ФեδĤˤĤơFransson (24--25) Ѥ롥
Besides in English, surnames also occur very frequently in French; I have made a calculation and found that one third of the surnames of occupation treated in this book is of French origin. The reason for this is to be found in the predominating position that the French language had during this period. French was spoken by all educated people, and English by the lower classes. Those who spoke French had, of course, surnames in French, and probably also used the French forms of English names when speaking with each other. It is possible, too, that those people who spoke English were influenced by this and used the French forms of their names, which, of course, were finer. During this period a large number of French names came into the language, and a great many of these have survived to the present day, whereas the corresponding substantives have often died out.
There is also another reason, however, for the frequent occurrence of French names; the case is that the scribe often translated English names into French, especially in early rolls. These translations, which are most common in assize rolls, are principally due to the fact that the court proceedings were generally held in French. I have found some instances in which both the English and French forms occur of the same person's surname, e.g.: Humfrey le Syur 1270 Ass 144, H. le Sawyere ib. 139 (So). --- Ric. le Charpentir 1327 SR 211, R. le Wryth 1332 SR 96 (St).
Υɿͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤĤ줬ե˸츻ñä硤μ갷ϾʤȤ3ढ롥
(1) ñȤƼƤ餺ΥեñλǤ
(2) ñȤƼƤ뤬ǤϥեñλǤ
(3) ñȤƼƤꡤǤϱñλǤ
(1) ǤȳοäƽҤ٤뤿ˤϡαѸʸΤɤõƤ⡤ñȤƼޤƤפʤȤɬפ롥ĴˤäƱñȤƼޤƤפ1Ǥ⸫ĤСοɤ餰Ȥˤʤ
(2) (3) ΥǤϡñȤƼƤ뤳ȤϳǧǤȤƤ⡤սˤ뤽ñ줬եñȤƻѤƤΤ뤤ϱñȤƻѤƤΤȽ̤ΤȤΤϡθϥեθեͳ褹Ǥꡤˤ褭ƻƤ뤫Ǥ롥
̾˸¤餺ˡΧȽǶ˴ؤŪʸΤʤ˸եñ餷ΤˤĤƤϡˤ꤬뤳ȤդƤܤˤƤñϡեñʤΤ뤤ϥեͳ褹ñʤΤ뤤ϡξǤȤ⤢ΤǺޤǤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ǡѸ by-name μ갷ϡƥե줫δĤˤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϥƥȤδؤˤĤơFransson (23--24) Ѥƻ⤷
The medieval rolls were written in Latin, and Christian names and surnames were also, when practicable, often translated into Latin. This was especially the case in the early Middle Ages (12--13th cent.), and surnames in English are therefore rarely met with so early. The surnames that appear in Latin are chiefly those names that are in common use, e.g. Carpentarius, Cissor, Cocus, Faber, Fullo, Marescallus, Medicus, Mercator, Molendinarius, Pelliparius, Pistor, Sutor, Tannator, Textor, Tinetor. The surnames, however, that were rare and difficult to translate, e.g. Wirdragher, Chesewright, Heyberare, Geldehirde, generally occur in English, even in early rolls.
In the 14th century these translations gradually pass out of use, and the native or French form becomes predominant. Thus, for instance, there is a considerable difference between SR [= Lay Subsidy Rolls] 1275 and SR 1327 (Wo); in the former there are a large number of names in Latin, but in the latter there are hardly any translations at all.
There surnames in Latin seem to have had some influence on the later development; the case is that some of them still exist as surnames, e.g. Faber, Pistor, Sutor.
ѸθŪ̾ʤɤϥƥǽ뤳Ȥ¿äˡϱѸθȤƤФХƥ줿ǵܤƤȤʣʻ𤬤롥ѸȤƤΤꤿΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡʤ虜虜ƥƤƤޤäƤΤȼ¤˻椤ޤƥǤʤȤˤΤߡ褯Ѹ߽̾ФƤɽ̲Ƥ롤ȤʤΤ
줬14ʹߡѸȡƥȤϱƤᡤظ˱ƤαѸ̾夷ƤΤΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡ˥˥䤻ʤȤʤ롥
¿ΤϤޤᤤƥδĤȤϲ褷ƤΤΡѸˤϤäȤ䤳եδĤȤ̤꤬ΤƬˤˤĤƤεǡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#4657. Գ ([2022-01-26-1]) ȤơϢοŪˤĤƳȻפޤ٤ϹͤȤΤͼ¸ǤϤʤǤ礦̵ǡޤäۤʤȤͤ2ͤǥߥ˥뤳Ȥˤʤä顤ɤʥߥ˥ˤʤΤȤǤůؤʬǤϡ2ͤδ֤Ǹ蘆٤ŪȸƤФƤޤ
ϡԳδפˤֺŪפλͼ¸ˤĤơΤ褦Ƥޤ (95--97)
磻ϡؤȤФоݡ٤ȤܤǤϡ̤ˤäԳĥƤ롥ϡؼԤʬäȤϤޤäۼ̤Τθä͡νҲ˽ȤˡࡿθɤΤ褦뤫---Τ褦ʾǤŪȸƤФ---Ȥͼ¸˴ŤΤǤ롥Ūϸ¤ˤϤޤ¸ߤʤȤΤ⡤ߤǤϤϤ䤳ϵΤۤȤɤϰ褬Ĵ졤ʤȤ鷺ǤäƤ⡤ޤϼǤäƤˤ˽͡θͤ伭¸ߤꤹ뤫Ǥ롥ʤ顤¤ˤ¸ߤʤȤ⡤Τ褦ʲŪʾǤȤɤΤ褦˹Ԥʤ뤫ȤȤͻ뤳ȤϡȤϤ⤽⤤ʤΤʤΤȤȤͤˤͭѤǤ롥
ʲ磻λͼ¸éäƤߤ褦ܿͤθؼԤ̤Τθä̤ΤμҲƧ줿Ȥ롥ࡿϸϤοͤȽФ魯ޤ⡤οͤ챩Υڤäȡοͤϡ֥פȶΤȤθγؼԤϡοͤϡ֥פ뤤ϡ֥ڤäפȸäΤȿ¬ʬΥΡȤˡ֥---פȤĤ줬䤿̾ȤǤϤʤǤʤС֥פȤɽϡ֥פȤɽͣȤϸʤ⤷ʤʤʤ顤ڤΤȤ䤿ܿͤϡ֥פ뤤ϡ֥ڤäפȸʤ뤫⤷ʤϤοͤޤȤǸǤʤǤ롥ࡿϡȤСΤ褦ʾ硤̡֥פȤ֥ʬΥƤʤʬפȸäƤΤ⤷ʤ
λ֤ϾԽʬȤȤ鵯äƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤСɤ줬֥פǤ뤫뤿ˤ˴ѻŤͤȤƤ⡤֤ϲʤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡ˥ڤΤΤȤϤο֥ͤȶ֤ΤȤϡٻ---A---ˤȤäƤϡ֥פ٤ȤȤξڵȤ뤬¾ٻ---B---ˤȤäƤϡ֥̤פ٤ȤȤξڵȤ뤫Ǥ롥
ְ챩Ρפ٤ϸ---MפȤ褦---ȡ֥פȤ߹蘆ƻѤΤѻС֥פʡ̡֥פǤϤʤˡ֥פ٤ȤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롤ȸ뤫⤷ʤΤˤϡMפְ챩ΡפȤȤꤷƤʤФʤʤȤ M ˤƤ⡤֥פƱ褦ˡʣꤦ롥ĤޤꡤM פ A ˤȤäƤϡְ챩Υפ٤⤷ʤB ˤȤäƤϡ̡֥פȤɽޤफʤʣɽ٤⤷ʤΤǤꡤΤ줬Τ餫δѻˤäƷ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ롥
ʾϼΤ褦ˤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤ
֤̤θ뤿μˤϡΰۤʤΤꤨ⡤μΤȤξΩΤΡμɤϸߤξΩʤȤȤꤦס
Ʊ̴ȸޤ礦褯ȤФβäʤɤǡϤʹƤ餫ˤ߹äƤʤΤˡܿͤϸߤ˥ߥ˥ƤȻפǤ褦˸륱ޤ˶ᤤΤǤ礦͡
֥ˤĤƤϡؤδ#920. The Gavagai problem ([2011-11-03-1]) ǤƤޤΤǡȤƤ
͵ظů١Ҧ˼2003ǯ
̣¸ߤΤȤů (philosophy_of_language) ꤬롥ǿͤǤϡ¸ߤƤȻפ櫓Ф¸ߤΤƱ褦¸ߤƤΤȼʤʤäƤ롥̤δФǤϡ˸ФϳΤ˵ҴŪ¸ߤƤ褦˻פ롥̣Ʊ褦ʵҴä¸ߤƤȤΤ̣Ȥϡ¸ߤˤƤ⡤ޤǼŪˤΤ¸ߤƤΤʤΤǤϤʤ⤷ȤȡĤޤҴŪʰ̣ȤΤ¸ߤʤȤȡä٤Ƴ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϡ (94--95) Ѥ褦
⤷ҴŪоݤȤƤΰ̣¸ߤʤȤƤߤ褦ȡͣޤפȤȤ̣ʤʤʤΤǤ롥ʲ褦
Ȥϡۤʤδ֤ǰ̣ƱɽƱΤб뤳ȤǤ롥䤿̾ҴŪоݤȤƤΰ̣¸ߤȹͤƤơθ°ɽ A 硤줬ɽ̣ m äơ m ɽ⤦θ°ɽ B ʤФˤ A бȡA B ˡ줿ȹͤƤϤʤ⤷ m ɽʤɽ C A бСϸȤΤǤ̸ά͡
Ȥάm n Τ¸ߤʤȤСɤΤ褦ˤ B A ǤꡤC ϤǤʤȼĥ褤ΤޤޤʲþˤƱ߳ʤȤ꤬ǽȤʤ뤫ɤȤäȤܰ¤ˡפȤȤϤꤦ뤬Τ褦ʴȤäȤͣޤݾڤϤɤˤʤơԳ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ϡꥫůؼ Willard van Orman Quine (1908--2000) Word and Object (1960) ǼĥԳ (indeterminacy of translation) ȸƤФ븽ݤߺդΤǤ롥ԳäƤϡʸˡ Noam Chomsky (1928--) Ȥδ֤Ǹ褬깭줿Ȥ褯ΤƤ롥
Ϣơ#920. The Gavagai problem ([2011-11-03-1]) ȡ
͵ظů١Ҧ˼2003ǯ
ǥȤϡˡ٤줿եǽˤäůؤǤȤȤϡ̿Ūʰ̣ġʲ (pp. 61--62)
ůؼԤĹëҤϡǥȤζůؤλĤפůؤ褦ˤʤäȤΰյˤĤơƧ߹ŦĤԤäƤ롥
ĤϡǥȤůؼԤԤäƥ䥮ꥷ줫פؤȤϡñ˳θä䳵ǰϤʸ̮˰ܤؤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ȤȤϡθȤδ֤̩ʳǰͤ碌Ԥ졤Ȥ⸷Ụ̄ˤ餵Ǥ롥ĹëϡθʸϡʸȤθŪзԤȤˤʤꡤΤʤǼǧᡤƤȻŦ롥ޤˤ̤θä䳵ǰޤȤʤꡤʸ̮졤ȯŸ¿ͲƤΤǤ롥
Ѹ춵¾ؤ֤ȤܼŪʰյˤĤơΤ褦ʸϤ饤ԥ졼ȸΥեȤΤϡפȤդϢۤ뤫⤷ʤ䤫ʲͤʤɤǤϤʤ㤷Ū襤ξʤΤǤϡɤΤ餤̯ʤꤢ碌Ƥ뤫פʤΤǤꡤĤҤȤĤñ֤˷ŪзȤ٤襤ʤΤǤ롥
ΤȤϡ伫Ȥ2017ǯ Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? إڥαѸˡ٤ȤФȤˡȤˤߤδѸ֤ưפ֤ʤΤ֤ʤФʤȤȤ˴³ǰ괶ϡ¤˶줷ȤΤϸܿǤ롥ܿ (contact) ˴ؿļԤȤơۤɤθǤ롥
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
ͤϤɤΤ褦ˤ¿θ (mental lexicon) ѤƤ椯ΤȤϸ콬 (language acquisition) ʬˤ礭Ǥ롥ͤˤʤˤĤ첻֡ε§νǽϤƹԤȹͤƤ뤬äνǽϤϰݻȤҶˤͤˤ衤äɤΤ褦˽Ƥ椯ΤռŪʸóؽ̤ȤơΤʤǤθýˤĤƤϡޤ椬¿
ůؼ W. O. Quine ʲΤ褦ʾ˸ڤơؼԤ the Gavagai problem ȾΤƤý꤬롥
Picture yourself on a safari with a guide who does not speak English. All of a sudden, a large brown rabbit runs across a field some distance from you. The guide points and says "gavagai!" What does he mean? / One possibility is, of course, that he's giving you his word for 'rabbit'. But why couldn't he be saying something like "There goes a rabbit running across the field"? or perhaps "a brown one," or "Watch out!," or even "Those are really tasty!"? How do you know? / In other words, there may be so much going on in our immediate environment that an act of pointing while saying a word, phrase, or sentence will not determine clearly what the speaker intends his utterance to refer to. (Lieber 16)
̤ǤС嵭ξˤ gavagai Ȳ᤹ΤΤ褦˻פ뤬ľŪʡּפϤɤΤؼԤϡͤϸý˴ؤ뤤Ĥθ§äƤȲꤹ (Lieber 17--18)
(1) Lexical Contrast Principle: ΤΥΤ˺ä̤ΤΥΤܤˤꡤ̤Τθ줬ȯΤʹȤؽԤϤ̤ΤΥΤȤ̤ΤθӤĤ롥
(2) Whole Object Principle: ̤Τθ̤ΤΥΤȷӤĤȤؽԤϤθ̤ΤΥΤؼΤȤƲ᤹롥̤ΤΥΤΰʤɤؼΤȤƤϲᤷʤ
(3) Mutual Exclusivity Principle: ΤΥΤܤˤꡤ̤Τθ줬ȯΤʹȤؽԤϼϤ̤ΤΥΤõƤȷӤĤ뤫뤤ϴΤΥΤΰؼΤȤƲ᤹롥
β¿μ¸ˤäƻٻƤ롥¤ˤϵ the Gavagai problem ȤƤ⡤嵭Τ褦άŪ§ͥ褵뤳Ȥˤäơ桹¿θäƤΤǤ롥ΤˡΤ褦ʸΨŪάʤСؽԤϿȤäǤϤʤ
Lieber, Rochelle. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.
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