
1ָ627ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷˾äȤԻĤʱñפ̻15ƤȤȤǡϡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءפꤷơˤʤñ ghost ꤷƤޤ
Ѹ ghost κǤ̤θϡͩפǤ͡ǤϤФжƤ롤ԻĤ¸ߤǤϹ (spirit) ɽ路Τ̿ѥɽ路Ƥޤˤβǰ̣ν̾äȤˤʤޤꥹȶΡפ the Holy Spirit ȸޤŤ the Holy Ghost ȸ줿Τ⡤ηаޤȴطƤޤ
ޤȯֻδⶽ̣¤ޤűѸѸǤ gast Τ褦ֻ̤Ǥ첻Ȥ ā ȤĹ첻äƤΤǤȤǤ /oʊ/ Ȥ2첻ˤʤäƤޤ͡ޤѸʹߡɤȤʤֻ <h> ʸʶߡǤ ghost ȤʤäƤޤֺ͡¤Ǥϡ<gh> Ȥֻ͡ˤƤȻפäƤޤ¾ưȤƤ ghostͩ (ghost_word) ꡤ ghost θ츻ΤˤƤޤ
ֺ¤θȾˤϡܥΡָŤѸθʸ̣臘ݤ˱äơԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯűѸΤʤ˼ºݤ˸ "ghost" Ƥߤޤǫ˲⤷ޤΤǡűѸ鿴Ԥ⿴̵ѤǤޤǽǤʤƤֺ»ȤդޤΤǤ¿
ֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ʤβƴΥơޤƤޤƴ⥷³Ƥޤξܺ١ߤΥڡɤ
ƴ12026ǯ725ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "king" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ22026ǯ822ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "riddle" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ32026ǯ926ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "through" õäѸ츶ʸ
ιֺ¤ˤĤޤƤ⡤¿μ֤ԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2026/06/22(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1849. 627ڡˤīֺ¤ ghost İ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

1ָ523ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷˾äȤԻĤʱñפ̻14ƤȤȤǡϡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơŪ again ȤлҤηǤֻ against ܤޤ
ֺ¤ǤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ȤĤġñθ츻̣־ȯãɤ again ֻ against Ȥʬʤ褦ˤʤäطʤޤƬˤʤäǤΩñȤʤäƤȤ̣ˤäƤΤǤϢơűѸֻΤˤĤƤѤͽǤ
ñȯ䥹ڥѲѰۤˤܤޤ۷¿űѸѸμǤϤɤηФ˾夬äƤΤͽۤΤʤۤɤǤ
ޤνմǤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯͥƥȤȤƳѤޤϤ˼ܤƤѸΥƥ Peterborough Chronicle ꡤagain ޤࡤιɤɤ̤սɤǤߤȻפޤ
ѸθʸƤȤ⿴ۤפޤ嵭ͥƥȤˤĤƤ⡤ֺ¤ɤʬˤĤƤջǰѤޤΤǡ֤ɬܤǤϤޤƥȤˤϸѸ伭°ƤޤΤǡгؤӤޤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤϡīθڡSee you again!
ʰʲ嵭2026/05/18(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1814. 523ڡˤīֺ¤ again ܡİ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤӾΡwith O CפϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ줿ΤǤ

¿ȿƤޤŪʰ̣ѲȳŪʱƶȤ2ĤλޤҤɤߤС
ŪʱƶȤΤϡűѸ˥ƥ줫˺ݤơƥΩ°ʹʸ (absolute ablative) mid ѤűѸιʸ˰ܤؤ줿Ȥ˴ŤƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ with ӾιʸˡɤΤ褦˷ӤĤƤΤϡޤ̤ǤѸŪˤϡΤȤȻפޤ
ѸζŪʴѻȤƤϡQuirk et al. (§9.55, pp. 704--05) ˡӾ withפؤθڤޤѸѸȤƤ "accompanying circumstances" "contingency" ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤεΤˡޤӾ withפɤΤ褦ʻȤΤɤäʸǧƤޤ礦
[T]hey [= with and without] can introduce finite (sic) and verbless clauses as adverbial:
He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
With so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
The fuller clausal equivalent is a participial adverbial clause expressing contingency (cf 15.46):
Having so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
Since with and without in these functions introduce clauses, they are subordinators, not prepositions. The nonfinite clause may also be a to-infinitive. Compare:
With Mary being away
With no one to talk to
With Mary away John felt miserable.
With the house empty
Without anyone to talk to
with Τߤʤ餺 without Ӿʸ⤢뤳ȡֻθư̾줬ľ³ȤϤʤȤʤɡħ뤳ȤʬޤŪˤ̻Ūˤⶽ̣οԤʤʸǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤӾΡwith O CפϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ줿ΤǤ

¿ȿƤޤŪʰ̣ѲȳŪʱƶȤ2ĤλޤҤɤߤС
ŪʱƶȤΤϡűѸ˥ƥ줫˺ݤơƥΩ°ʹʸ (absolute ablative) mid ѤűѸιʸ˰ܤؤ줿Ȥ˴ŤƤޤ줬Ѹʹߤ with ӾιʸˡɤΤ褦˷ӤĤƤΤϡޤ̤ǤѸŪˤϡΤȤȻפޤ
ѸζŪʴѻȤƤϡQuirk et al. (§9.55, pp. 704--05) ˡӾ withפؤθڤޤѸѸȤƤ "accompanying circumstances" "contingency" ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤεΤˡޤӾ withפɤΤ褦ʻȤΤɤäʸǧƤޤ礦
[T]hey [= with and without] can introduce finite (sic) and verbless clauses as adverbial:
He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
With so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
The fuller clausal equivalent is a participial adverbial clause expressing contingency (cf 15.46):
Having so many essays to write, I won't have time to go out tonight.
Since with and without in these functions introduce clauses, they are subordinators, not prepositions. The nonfinite clause may also be a to-infinitive. Compare:
With Mary being away
With no one to talk to
With Mary away John felt miserable.
With the house empty
Without anyone to talk to
with Τߤʤ餺 without Ӿʸ⤢뤳ȡֻθư̾줬ľ³ȤϤʤȤʤɡħ뤳ȤʬޤŪˤ̻Ūˤⶽ̣οԤʤʸǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#6062. Take an umbrella with you. with you ϤʤɬפʤΤ --- mond ȿ ([2025-12-01-1]) ȡΩ mond Ǥβơ with you ˤĤơ˹ͻƤߤ롥
βǤϡֻ with you ¿ take θꤹôäƤȲ⤷ֻ¸ߤˤꡤ take ñʤּפǤϤʤֻäƤפ̣뤳Ȥꤹ롥ʸ̮ˤäƤƱͤϲ̤ΤľܸŪ˲̤ΤǤСϤ˾ޤȤե졼ΰ̣ϡǤΰ̣ñǷޤȤ⡤ߤζ (collocation) 켫Τˤäޤ롤ȹͤ롥ϡ¤ŪˤǧθŪˤǧƤª
ơwith you ϡҤΰ̣굡ǽ˿ԤȿȤƲƹͤƤߤȡ¾ˤ⤢ꤽǤ롥1ĹͤΤϡִֶطǽפȤǤ̾դ٤ǽTake an umbrella with me. 㡤ʤֻܿ;̾ʺƵŪˡפȼ¾ʸͤƤߤ褦ʸ Quirk et al. Ȥ hellog #2322. I have no money with me. me ([2015-09-05-1]) ƷǤ롥
(1) He looked about him.
(2) She pushed the cart in front of her.
(3) She liked having her grandchildren around her.
(4) They carried some food with them.
(5) Have you any money on you?
(6) We have the whole day before us.
(7) She had her fiancé beside her.
ĤǤϡưΰ̣ꤹ뵡ǽȯưƤȲǤ뤬¿ǺΩĤΤϡŪλؼоݳơŪʶִطĴƤ뤳Ȥ(6) ˤĤƤϡαѤǻִطˤƱʸѤƤȲ롥(1) ξǤСִط above him Ǥ behind him Ǥʤ about him ʤΤȤ˶ᤤĴε̣롥
ϢƤιʸħŪϡֻζֻ줽ΤΤ;̾ˤʤȤĤޤꡤɽФƤʤ¾ֻȤ椬ռƤ롤ȹͤΤǤϤʤΤȤϡ"Pat felt a sinking sensation inside (her)." Τ褦˿;̾줬ɽФ餷ʤ뤳Ȥ⵿롥
Take an umbrella with you. with you ȡΰ̣굡ǽβˤСּפǤʤּäơ˷ӤƤפȤعʤޤȤΤݥȤäϹ̣ưΥڥȤ˴ؤ뺹߽ۤФȤǤƤִطҵǽȤ̵طǤϤʤषʪŪưΥڥȤϡִط̩ܤʴطˤϤǡξǽΩ̡εǽȤϡϢ³Τª褤Τ⤷ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤ͥΤۤإͥϡޤ¿ˤƤޤǿ#381. It is important for you to . . . It is kind of you to . . . äƻʸȻפ줬Ǥ롼Ĥޤäޤϡİ4ʾȹĴǤ¿Ūɷ㤹뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȴפäƤޤϡưƤ hellog ȤĤġơޤȤʤäʸäƤޤ
ơιʸ It is kind of you to come. ɽ롤ͤιưɾƻѤʸǤعʸˡǤϡΰ̣μȼʸȤơŪ It is important for you to go. ιʸȥåȤdzؽ뤳Ȥ¿Ȼפޤơkind, foolish, wise Τ褦ʿʪɾηƻξˤֻȤ of important necessary Τ褦ʾˤ for Ѥ롤Ƴؽ⤤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʻ伫ȤޤˤǤˡ
ʤʪɾηƻ˸¤ä of ѤΤȤͳޤƧ߹Ƕ뤳ȤϾʤǤ礦ưǤŦƤ̤ꡤξԤɽŪˤֻ줬ؤʿŪʹʸ˸ޤŪʥ롼ĤϤޤäۤʤΤǤ
ޤimportant for you ιʸˤĤơϡȤ it is important for you ֤ϤʤˤȤäƽפפ to go ֹԤȤפȤ2ĤǤȤ߹蘆äƤǤΤǤĤޤꡤfor you important ŪˤֻäΤǤ֤ʤˤȤäơʽפˡפȤȤǤ͡Ȥyou ³ to go ΰ̣μǤ⤢뤳Ȥ顤ФˤĤ for you to go Τ1Ĥ礭ʼΤ褦˺Ʋᤵ褦ˤʤޤΰʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤФ븽ݤŵǤ
kind of you ιʸϤɤǤ礦ϰʬϤǤĤޤʤʤ顤of you Ǥϡ֤ʤˤȤäơʿڤˡפΰ̣ˤϤʤʤǤڤʤΤϡ֤ʤȤʤΤǤꡤΰ̣طªˤ̤βõɬפΤǤ
of ΤϡǤܥ֥ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) #4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹټԡס ([2020-08-04-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤֹټԡפ of ȹͤΤǤŪǤѸǤϼư֤ιټԤ by ǼΤ̤ǤѸ줫ѸˤƤ of ͥǤĤޤꡤof you "(done) by you" ʤʤˤäƤʤ줿ˤ˶ᤤ̣礤ƤΤǤ
OED ҤȤȡιʸθ It was a kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʡƻ줬̾ thing act, part ʤɤäȤ狼ޤθˡֹټԤ ofפŬѤСa kind thing (done) by you ֤ʤˤäƤʤ줿ڤʤȡפȥࡼ˲ǤޤιʸȤ뤦ˡ֤ˤ thing Τ褦̾줬ά졤It was kind of you... Ȥη˲вƤäȤΤΤ褦Ǥ
Τ褦ˡ츫Ȼ̤ä2ĤιʸޤäۤʤȯηаޤäƤȤΤϡ⤷ȤǤ͡عʸˡǽвѤʵ¿ϡˤ̤뤳ȤǡΤ褦祤Ĥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ줳Ѹ˸̣Ǥ
ˤĤơܤϾ嵭 YouTube ưйǤޤǥ Voicy heldio ǤϢΤǡ碌Ƥİ
heldio: #91. It's kind of you to come. of
heldio: #387. It is important to study. ιʸˤĤƱѸˤƤߤޤ
913ڡˤֱѸ˥饤2025ˤơī8顤פ֤ϽؤʾءˤȤΡܥΥåפۿޤīˤ⤫餺¿Υꥹʡ˥饤ǤİȤꤲǤޤޤܥΥåˤϡ֤ͭ ī helwa С̾ޤäƤꡤɤ߾夲ʤɤޤΤȤīᤤ֤ȤϻפʤϤ夬ǡüƱϤ褤ĥΤʤǡԤ50ʬۤɤȴ뤳ȤǤޤ
īVoicy heldio ǡͻҤ#1576. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå with Ͻؤ --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פȤƥۿޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤİ˥ꥹʡꤪѤʵ5ۤɼ夲ˤޤۿǾϤ⥳ȤƤ̤ꡤɼǼŪʼǡͤޤԤīƬƯƤΤǡɤۿˤʤäƤȻפޤʲԡ2ץˤǼ夲бʬäޤ
(1) 03:07 --- ʤѸǤϡؼоݤ֤Ȥۤʤ̾ɽΤ
(2) 14:25 --- ʤ heavy smoker ϡνŤνŤʱԡפȲᤵ뤳ȤʤΤ
(3) 21:30 --- ʤ in the morning, in the afternoon, in the eveneing ʤΤ at night ʤΤǤ
(4) 31:00 --- ʤʸΥΰǤ I hope this email finds you well. ʤɤȤΤǤ
(5) 38:13 --- ֿʹפΥɽˤĤ shinbun ʤΤ shimbun ʤΤҤɤ𤷤Ƥޤ
⤤ʷǡܥΥåפäƤȻפޤ⤼ꤲѤѤʵѰդƤƤС
726ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ4ʲƴȤƤ1ˤȤʤbut --- Ĥ¿³פɶˤƳ֤ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ#1518. Ѹ butűѸ acۿޤ
4ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ13ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
μ5ϡ823ڡˤˡguy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ
The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.
(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)
Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.
ε#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ but ͡ˡ֤δطˤĤơKruisinga ϷȤʤ1ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (II. 2, p. 433)
1514. In dealing with the meanings of the conjunction as an attempt has been made to show most of its uses as a development of its comparative sense. No such attempt has been made in the case of but because its various meanings are not connected but isolated. The result of this isolation (indeed its cause as well) is that but is not so strong and live an element of present-day English, and several of its uses tend to be restricted to literary English, i.e. they are on the road that will ultimately lead to their disappearance. This may be said of the uses in 1509, 1 and 3; 1510, 2; the use of but what may be considered dialectal by some, although it is not corrected away by editors and writers.
but ¿ͤˡ as ΤӤƤ뤬ԤϤ٤ŪǤΤΡԤϤ줬̵ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ۤ but ¿Ǥ롥Ūʴʪ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.
Ϣ but ܤƤ롥ñ͡ˡˤĤơKruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) 5ˤ錄Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ط̾ŪˡˤƳˡΰ夲Ƥ롥
1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
(1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
(2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
(3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.
1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
(1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
- Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
- Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
- There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
- Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
(2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
- Justice was never done but someone complained.
- Who knows but he may hear of it?
1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)
1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
(1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
- Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
(2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
- He is not such a fool but that he can see that.
- I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.
1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
- Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
- Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
- Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)
Τ褦 but ¿ͤˡӤ丶ϤΤˡˤƤŪʸ̮ѤƤΤħŪȤ뤬̤ˤС̤ħФΤưפǤϤʤ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

ǯī㡼ɶˤơѸˤΥֺ¤˰٤٤dz֤Ƥޤǯ٤ΥΥȥ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤ1˭ˤȴߤñ夲رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤ俷رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤʤɤʸȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̥Ϥޤ
726ڡˤβϡƴνȤʤޤǽ but ܤͽǤBUTbut ιֺ¤90ʬĤΤǤ礦ޤäۤޤbut ˤޤĤϡ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤ˭ǤϤȥ꤬ʤۤɤǤ
but εȯã
but ¿͡ˡ³졤°³졤ֻ졤졤̾졤ư
"only" ̣ but ˡȯãᤰ
but θ
but
but ˤޤĤθѡʤ˴ؤ
but ħŤȤϲ
but ¾³Ȥ
but ֤פȤȤä礦ʤɡΤʤǤޤΤޤʵˡҰ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ַϡɶǤ̼֤˲ä饤֤ǽǤޤ2ָθƨۿ⤴ѤǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǻäйǤֺ¤ξܺ١ߤīΥڡɤͤΥȥꤪԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/07/23(Wed)
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ε#5928. ¿ but ([2025-07-20-1]) ³but ꡥbut ˤϡ~ơפֻ̣줪³ˡ롥ֻǤи³ΤϾŪʤǤꡤ³ǤС줬ƳǤ˱Ƴʤꤵ롤ȤΤǤ롥ϤޤˤȤɤޤꡤɬ⸽¤λȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СʸΤʤᤵƤʤǤ졤no one but me ⤢ no one but I ⤢롥ϲʤΤ
Jespersen "Preposition and Conjunction" ꤹܤҤ (§6.3) ʲˡεҤκǽʬ1Ѥ롥
6.31. A good deal of confusion arises from some words being both prepositions and conjunctions. A characteristic example is but; cf NED with examples, especially under the heads C. 3 and 4. It should, however, be noted that the confusion in the use of but is not, as said in NED, a consequence of the want of distinct case-endings in the nouns and the use of the obl. case instead of the nom. in other connexions. In my opinion, on the contrary, the existence of such two-sided words as but, etc, is one of the primary causes of mistakes of me for I or vice versa, and careless uses of the cases generally. Even in such a language as German, where the cases are generally kept neatly apart, we find such combinations as "niemand kommt mir entgegen ausser ein unverschämter" (Lessing); "wo ist ein gott ohne der herr" (Luther); "kein gott ist ohne ich," etc. See Pau, Principien4 372; In Danish similar examples abound (ingen uden jeg, etc).
If we use in one place the term preposition and in another conjunction in speaking of such words, the real meaning is that in one case the word concerned is definitely felt as part of the (main) sentence (no one but me),
ѸȾˤ褦ˡȺϡѸˤ̤̾ʶˤγʤζ̤Ūʤ褦ˤʤäȤ롥Jespersen ϤषդιͤƤƤ롥but ֻǤ⤢³Ǥ⤢Ȥ2Ū椨ˡŪʳʤκƱĹ줿ΤȤΤϤƷܤ褫褫
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
but ϿñΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓¿ʻǤ͡ˡ֤դ¿Ǥ롥رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å but ιܤȡޤƬ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
ܡˤĤǤʤСˡİʳˡĤƤϡˤۤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǥϳƹܤ˥åԡͿƤ뤬but դƤΤϡ֤֡פȡ֡İʳˡפפǤ롥
츻ȤƤϸűѸƬ be- utan "out" Ȥ߹碌ȹͤ졤about Ȥط롥űѸ줫餹Ǥ¿ͤʰ̣ˡŸƤꡤȯãνΤǤϤʤΤ褦ʤΤäȿ¬롥
ޤΩ鼨褦ˡʪŪˡ֡ʡĤΡ˳¦ˡפȤ̣졦ֻä줬ֻŪΰ˳ĥ֡İʳˡפȤ̣ǻȤ褦ˤʤäʢեˡޤֻˡˤơ̾Ǥʤ that ³褦ˤʤꡤ֡ĤȤ֡γ¦ǤϡĤǤʤСפȤ̣ɽ褦ˤʤäߺǤפ³ȤƤˡʡ֤סˤϡΡ֡ĤǤʤСפĥȯŸˡȹͤ롥ʤ, but ³ˡϸűѸǤǧ뤬Ѹ줫ȤˡǤ롥űѸǤ ac Ȥ줬Ūʵܤ³ä֤ۤΡפȤˡϡǶޤ ѸʹߤǧƤʤäȤ⤢ꡤnothing but ...ʡİʳβʪǤʤĤ˲ʤˤΤ褦ɽˤξάϤޤäȹͤƤǶϸűѸǤ⤳ˡǧƤ뤳Ȥ顤ɬ⤽Τ褦ȯãǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ȯãϩˤСѸǺǤ̤ˡǤ³Ρ֤פϡճȸ夫ȯãäȤˤʤ롥ۤñˤ⡤ǤϹԤʤˤƤ롥
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

ܲꥹȥեСʡɡˡرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ʸҡ2025ǯ (Kenkyusha's Thesaurus of English Phrasal Verbs) ꤷѥѥɤǤޤƱԤˤرѸưʸ㼭ŵ: ֻ졦ʬʸԡ2002ǯˤ˲ɮä줿ܤǤư (phrasal_verb) ΡּŵפǤϤΤǤ˭٤ʸįĤĺǽ餫ɤǤʤ̣ǤɤꤷƤ˶ưؽȤ٤ΤǤ
äȤäƤɤǤ⤤ʤäˤȤäƤϡŵ⿷Ȥǡʸ̤˿θ̣äƤޤŬڤ˥ӥ塼뤿ˤϡٻȤǡμŵѤƤΤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפĤĤ⡤ޤ϶äƤȻפäǤζäܤפĤޤޤ˲վƤߤޤ
ưʬμ缴ưǤϤʤ졦ֻɽ蘆˥ѡƥ (particle) ֤Ƥ롥
ܶᡦ塦ˬסֲ֤סʬΥΩפʤ33Ρ֥ơޡפߤƤ롥ŪΥơޤǤޤȤ夲뤳ȤǤȤȼΤäݥȡ
ưΤȤѥɤ߲䤹Ǽʤɡλ¡ʤ̤꤬ߤ롥
ܼʥơ̡ˡѡƥ-оȺѡƥ̱оȺʤɡŵʣΰѰդƤ롥
˭٤˵ƤʸϡⲻɤʤΤФꡥ
֤ޤ (p. 5) Ƭˡܼŵ϶ư켭ŵǤ뤬ˡʸ§˴ŤƤ롥Τᡤ¤ӻˤƤˡʼŵȤʤäƤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸưΤˡƤΤ˥ˡԤޤ줿ŵȤۤʤ͵ΰ
СʡɡꥹȥեرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ҡ2025ǯ
56ˤơʤο䤷ֻϲǤȤ䤤˿ҤͤƤޤȤȤΤʤǤVoicy heldio/helwaܥ֥ؤμȤʤɤǰճ夬ޤϢ륳ƥĤؤΥ¤٤ޤ
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #135ۤʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ̵㿶ˡ2024ǯ521
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #136ֿۡ䤷ֻײο֤2024ǯ522
heldio #1096. ʤο䤷ֻƤ with Ͻؤޤˤ2024ǯ531
heldio #1097. ʤο䤷ֻƤ with khelf ڵƣ蘆2024ǯ61
hellog #5516. ʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ ([2024-06-03-1])
hellog #5517. ˿Ҥͤޤ --- ʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ ([2024-06-04-1])
hellog #5574. heldio/helwa ǥȤ夬äۿ٥30 ([2024-07-31-1])
ä˺ǽ˵ helwa ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #135ۤʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ̵㿶ˡϤ夬ޤ˥åɤΩֻۤΤߤǤפȤʤޤ̤ˤϸƤʤåɤǤָ helwa ʷϵСʡ֥إᥤȡ "helmates" ȸƤǤޤˤεʡˤʬΤǤϤʤȻפĤơƿ̾ʤ¿ԽäǤ˷Ǻܤ뤳ȤˤޤơCĤǤˡåɤ˷ǺܤͤʤΤǡɤǤȤ褤Ȼפޤ
ɸˤĤơ켣 (274) ˤꡤTajima (1985) Ȥ6ι¤Ѹ첽ֻȤȤ˰Ƥ롥
I°Ūư̾졤: at the king's crowning ʲ˲ĺȤ
IIŪư̾졤: other penance doing ʤۤι뤳ȡ
IIIư̾of̾졤: choosing of war (襤뤳)
IVư̾of̾졤: the burying of his bold knights ͦʵΤ뤳ȡ
Vư̾Ū졤: saving their lives ̿뤳ȡ
VIư̾Ū졤: the withholding you from it ʤ뤳ȡ
Ū줬ư̾Ф֤뤳Ȥ⤢и֤뤳Ȥ⤢äԤξˤֻ of ȼ¤⤢ạ̈ޤư̾μ줬°ʡʸνͭʡˤȤ̳ʡʸŪʡˤȤξߤƤΤܤ٤Ǥ롥ˡư̾Τ괧 the ɤȤ⡤˾νפʥݥȤǤ롥

Tajima, Matsuji. The Syntactic Development of the Gerund in Middle English. Tokyo: Nan'un-Do, 1985.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ

¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1ϤܼޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ
ǤϤ
Ϥ
1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)
2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò
ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6
2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8
3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5
4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5
5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6
6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5
7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8
8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5
9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10
10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5
11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5
12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4
13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6
ʸ
̾
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
ܥ֥ǤϺϤäȤֻ쥦ȤʤäƤޤ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸֻϼ¤˭٤Ǥإƥֻ졤ȤΤʤֻ졤٤ɤȤֻʤɡįƤǰݤޤ
Ҳ𤷤쥢ֻ1Ĥ pace ǤĴڡפ̣̾ pace /peɪs/ ǤϤʤ~ˤϼʤ (= with due deference to, by the leave of) ֻ̣ȤƤ pace Ǥȯ /ˈpeɪsi, ˈpɑːʧeɪ, ˈpɑːkeɪ/ ʤɤȤʤޤͤȰոۤʤȤ˻Ҥ٤ݤˡ~Τޤơפ֤ɽǤˤäƸĴ餫ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢Сäƿɸˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡѤˤդɬפǤI do not, pace my rival, hold with the ideas of the reactionists. The evidence suggests, pace Professor Jones, that the world is becoming warmer. ʤɤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦Ǥ
ֻϥƥ pāx ʿ¡ǫաáġˤå pāce ڤꤿΤǤƥǤϡ̾°ʤ³pāce tuā ʤʤεĤˤˤʤɤѤޤ줬Ѹˤ⤽Τޤ pace tua ȤäƤƤޤƱͤ pace tanti viri [or tantorum virorum] ֹ̾ʤΤơѨۤʤפѸɽȤƼƤޤ
OED ˤȡФ1863ǯȱѸ˾ǤϿʲ5ʸƤޤ
1863 Mendelssohn was an artist passionately devoted to his art, who (pâce Dr. Trench) regarded art as virtù. (Fraser's Magazine November 662/1)
1883 Pace the late Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Mr. Scofield is right. (Standard 1 September 2/2)
1911 The colour [of fruit]..is a tacit invitation (pace the gardener) to the feast. (Chambers's Journal November 720/1)
1955 Nor, pace Mr. Smith, was I for one moment defending immorality in the journalist. (Times 7 July 9/6)
1995 I do not believe, pace Peirce and Derrida, that it is signs all the way down, and that, pace Dennett, there is no distinctive human intentionality, and that, pace almost everyone, thinking is fundamentally linguistic. (Computers & Humanities vol. 29 404/1)
ֻ졤ⵡäȤäƤߤƤ
ε#5516. ʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ ([2024-06-03-1]) ǤϡѤä夲ޤǤ줿褦ˡˤƱꤲƤꡤζ̣ޤäƤƤޤ䤷ֻƤ餤ˤʤ䤹ΤͳƤ餤ޤβɤΤˤ⤷ͼɤߤʤ֤äȤ֤˲ޤΤΰˤޤäȤޤȤƤߤޤ
| 䤷ֻ | 䤷ͳ |
|---|---|
| about | on + by + out ȤΤʤä |
| according to | 2ʤΤֻ졪 |
| across | cross ֽ͡פ̣˴ޤޤƤȤϡ |
| after | ³ȤƤεǽֻɽꡪ |
| against | ~ȿơפȡ~˴꤫äơפθ¸ |
| among | between ȤäȰ㤦Τ˨롪 |
| as | ¿롪 |
| at | ֻ¤ä at ١ʢ |
| bar | ~ơפֻ̣ȤΤʤä |
| beyond | ֤ʤפäƤ礵 |
| by | ̣ɰͤ¿OED Ǥ102ˡ |
| during | ưͳȤ˨롪 |
| given | ֻ餷¸ߡ |
| in | "in 24 hourse" ʤɤǡ~פΰ̣ġ |
| like | ư졤̾졤ƻ졤³줬äֻ⤢롪 |
| of | Ķ٤ǡܸˤ֤뤤֤뤤פ֥ȥִפʤɤȼޤƤԼԡ |
| on | ճˡ¿說說롪 |
| over | ǥޥå |
| regardelss of | 츻˥ɥޤ롪 |
| regarding | ưͳ衤եޥ롪 |
| round | ֤סΡפ̣롪 |
| under | under construction, under way ʤɤϡֲפȤס |
| until | by ȤλȤʬۤƤ |
| up | Τֻ졪 |
| vis-à-vis | face to face ɤʤΤˡƤ졪 |
| with | Ӿ with ǹ⡪ |
| within | ֻΤߤʤ餺⤢ꡥξˤϡ̡פؤȤ롪 |
| without | with ȿиΤˡʤ out դΤ˨롪 |
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