å ofפȸƤФˡ乽ʸˤĤơ#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1]) εDZѸˤδ龯ͤƤߤʤʤǡѸŪˤ⤭줤ˤϲ褷Ƥʤ褦Ǥ롥
Blake (134) (case) ̣ (semantic_role) δ餳äƤߤĤΤǡѤ
(39) a. The vandals stripped the branches off the tree agent patient source b. The vandals stripped the tree of its branches agent source patient
The roles appropriate for (39a) are noncontroversial. The vandals are clearly the agent, the branches patient and the tree source. Of the two sentences (39a) would appear to be unmarked, since it exhibits a normal association of role and relation: patient with direct object and source with a noncore or peripheral relation. The ascription of roles in (39b) is more problematic. Under a common interpretation of constructions like this the tree in (39b) would still be the source and the branches the patient. But note the different in meaning. (39a) presents the situation from the point of view of the effect of the activity on the branches, whereas (39b) emphasises the fate of the tree. In fact, the phrase of its branches can be omitted from (39b). This makes it problematic for those who claim that every clause has a patient. The problem could be avoided by claiming that the tree in (39b) has been reinterpreted as a patient, but that creates the further problem of finding a different role for the branches.
åιʸˤĤƳʤŪΤ褽䤿ľŪռ̤ȤʤäƤꡤɤΤȤ̤ʤΤǤ롥Ǹ˿Ƥ褦ˡ(39b) ˤ the tree ΰ̣ patient ȤΤǤСof its branches ΰ̣ϲˤʤΤơΰ̣ô碌ֻ of ΰ̣ˡϤʤΤǤꡤ of θ¾μɤΤ褦Τȹͤ٤ʤΤ
1ĵˤʤΤϡξʸѤƤֻ줬Ʊ off of Ǥ뤳ȤʤԤ from ǤˡξƱ쵯ˤĤƤϡ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#4095. 2Ÿʬ ([2020-07-13-1]) ȡ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
űѸͳ褹 anent ʤֻҲ𤷤ޤ?˴ؤơ (about, concerning) ̣Ū뤤ϥåȥֻȤơΤ褦˻ȤޤOED anent, prep. and adv. ʸˡ
1908 S. E. White Riverman iv. 37 He departed, catching fragments of vows anent never going on any more errands for nobody.
1993 Herald (Glasgow) 3 May 10 I write anent Duncan Campbell's article (Black magic circle).
2007 www.scottish.parliament.uk 10 July (O.E.D. Archive) The Visitor Centre has braw visual an interactive displays that lats ye explore information anent the Pairlament.
츻ҤȤȡűѸ on emn/efen (= on even [ground]) ˤΤܤޤ?Ʊʿ̤ǡ¤ǡפۤɤθȯãΤǤΤ褦ʰŪʸäΤǡֻͤˤŪôäƤ̣ϰϤϹ?̤ơס?δֶˡס?¤ǡס?Ȥäˡס?ȿơפʤ͡Ǥ̣ѲμԻ Room ˤ⡤ФΩƤƤޤ
anent (concerning)
This now old-fashioned word, used mostly humorously ('I would like a word anent the procedure here'), originally meant 'in company with' in Old English, a sense which survived in dialect use down to the nineteenth century. It also meant 'facing', 'towards', as in the Voiage of Sir John Maundevile (1366), which tells of 'Wylde Bestes' that 'slen and devouren alle that comen aneyntes hem'. However, the word does still have some Scottish usage in these senses, as well as the general one of 'concerning'.
Ѹˤ¿Ǥ̤˻ȤƤֻʤΤǡMED anent(es (prep.) ˤ⤿ʸƤޤŪˤ⡤onefent, onevent, anempt(es, anem(p)st; onent(es, onence, onon(t, anundes, anen, anend(es, anintice, anens(t, anence, enent(es, enens, inent(es, inence ʤɤ͡˵ϿƤޤ
ȤȤϸűѸ efen ͳ褹ֻǤꡤ֤θ˸ t, s, d Τ褦ʻҲ䡤Ȥ߹碌츻ŪǤȤȤˤʤޤֻ졤졤³ȤˤλҲޤ츻ŪʸźäȤȤϱѸˤǤϤФеäƤꡤܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤޤˤĤƤϡεå
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ǯ³ؤȤʤ¿ȿ¿쾯ʤ֥饤פ侩뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤʲҤ1ǯۤΩ2018ǯ12ˡǤ˷кѻȾʤ֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤ DX ϩξˤޤޤʤƤΤͽۤޤ
Ǥdigital transformation άʤ *DT ǤϤʤ DX ʤΤ˻פޤDX Τۤ餫˶̤Ūdzʹ褤ǤǤ X ϤäɤƤΤǤ礦
¤ϡϰθͷӤǤʸͷӤʤΤǤİ
trans- ȤΤϥƥƬǡѸˤ through across ޤacross ǤȤȤݥȤǤtrans- across cross X Ȥ츻Ȼ˰äθͷӤˤꡤƬ trans- X ɽ褦ˤʤäΤǤ¤ DX = digital transformation ȤΤϤޤ䤵ۤǡXMIT, X-ing, XREF, Xmas, Xian, XTAL ʤɤά⤢ޤ줾첿άʬǤ礦
Τ褦 X ˴ؤͷӡʸͷӤ˴ؿäϡ##4219,4189,4220εåȤX ϼ¤ˤ⤷ʸǤ
ꥹޥ֤Ǥ͡ꥹޥ˴Ϣ5ܤϤޤ
(1) Christmas ϡChrist + mass ʥꥹȤΥߥˤȤΩǤѸ mass 첻ե messe 첻츻Ρʸ˥ƥ missa Ϲ첻Ȥʤꡤ줴Ȥ˥ϥȤȤϡܸ֥ߥפϥƥʥڥݥȥƱͤ˹첻ˤȤߤƤ褤Ǥ͡
(2) ꥹޥˤ礤Ρޡפϡñ snowman [ˈsnəʊ mæn] Фʣ snowmen [-men]ʤǤ͡ȤꥹޥɤãƤؽۿ͡פϡñ postman [ˈpoʊst mən] Фʣ postmen [-mən]-man ʣñʣ첻Ǥ
(3) ˴ؤ PC (= political_correctness) ˤꡤchairman chair(person) ˡ salesman salesperson ˤʤäꤷɡ snowman *snowperson ˤʤʤäǤ͡إ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ snow figure ȤФ줬ä
(4) at ϻŪˤŪˤⶹˡФ on Ū˹ѤȽȤ¿Ȼפޤat Christmas Ϲ֥ꥹޥˡס122411餤ޤǡˤؤon Christmas ϶1225ˡפؤޤ at Christmastide (cf. #4246. Christmastide ([2020-12-11-1])) ΤȤǡԤ on Christmas Day ΤȤǤϥǤ
(5) ꥹޥΰȤ Merry ChristmasꥹѸǤϤФ Happy Christmas Ȥ⡥ޤꥹȶ Happy Holidays ⤢ޤ
褤ꥹޥ
as ȤϡȯֻñǤû٤Ǥ⤢ޤʤۤ¿ˡꡤʻȤƤǤߤƤֻ졤³졤졤ط̾¿̤Ǥʲ͡ˡʸƤޤ礦
They were all dressed as clowns.
I respect him as a doctor.
You're as tall as your father.
As she grew older, she gained in confidence.
Leave the papers as they are.
As you were out, I left a message.
Happy as they were, there was something missing.
I have never heard such stories as he tells.
¿ϤäʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ츻 as ¿äƤߤޤ礦ʤΤ
ʤΤǤso äΤǤƱפ˴ޤ so all Ƕ줿Τ also ǡalso ޤäΤ as Ȥ櫓ǤŪʤΤǡ¿̤ơˡ¿̤ˤʤäƤȤȤǤܤϡ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])
ε#4189. across a + cross ([2020-10-15-1]) ǡacross θ츻˿줿cross ȤѸ˼Ѥ줿Ǥꡤֻȼä across θƱѸ˽ФƤ롥ֻ̤Ϲ٤εǽȤơĤ (closed class) Ȥ뤬Τ褦ʸ˼ǤޤޤƤȤΤϡ츫ȵΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ
ѸˤˤֻϡĤפ餷ƤȤȤ˼बƤǤ롥ΤʤˤϡեƥʤɤμǤޤΤ⾯ʤʤ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) įƤߤȡŪ٤ֻ˸¤äƤ⡤Ҥ across Τۤ (a)round, concerning, considering, despite, during, except, past ʤɤ˵롥ʣֻθСaccording to, apart from, because of, due to, in place of, regardless of ʤɤä롥ֻˤǤʤ
ŪֻäϡȤ櫓Ѹ줫Ѹˤcf. #1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1])ˡƱΥեƥ줫ΥץåȤˤȤ礭Ȥ餫Ǥ롥̤Ȥơ¸ΤΤޤġֻλȤʬʣ뤳ȤˤʤꡤαѸؽԤǺޤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ĬήȤ٤ΤѸŪᤤ˽Ф across Ǥꡤaround Ǥ⤢ΤῼȤкῼ
ֻ졦 across ٤˹⤤츻ҤȤȤʤä츫 a + cross ǡֲڤäơפȤ̣Ĥ櫓顤ˤ֤勞ꤲפǤ롥OED across, adv., prep., and adj. Ƥߤȡ츻˰Ƥ a + cross Ȥ롥
Etymology: < A prep.1 + CROSS n. Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French en croix in the form of a cross (12th cent.). Compare on cross at CROSS n. 22a, o cross at CROSS n. 22a.
Compare occasional use in late Middle English of in crosse, apparently an alteration of this word after IN prep., perhaps on the model of Middle French en croix:
1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. miijv/1 He fonde Rolland expyred hys hondes in crosse vpon hys vysage.
ФϽѸǡեαƶοǻƥȤǤ롥
a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 156 Ualleð biuoren ower weouede a creoiz [?c1225 Cleo. ancros, c1230 Corpus Cambr. o cros, a1250 Titus o cros dun] to ðer eorðe, & siggeð mea culpa.
츻ϰƤȤФʤΤޤܤ褦ȤȤʤäꥹȶҲˤ cross ϸ鷺⤬ʤΥɤ̾줽ΤΤ餫٤ι⤤ֻ졦 across BNCweb ˤ2.5ܤ١ˤ¤ϺǶƻդȤʤäƤʡ˻¤ΤƤʤ⤷ʤacross the street ɽִ֤ˡ䤿Ǿ˽֥ͤߥʥƤ롩
رɸλŦʢʥʻŦ꤬ȤˡȤƤΡ֤κפֻʤ these days ̤ʤΤФơ֤κκפ in those days ֻ in ȼޤǤޤäռȤʤäΤˤӹ餵줿ΥϥϲʤΤ
OED these days Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡֻȼʤηϡʤ꿷褦㤬1936ǯȤʤäƤ롥1餺ߤ OED 4ĤʸǼȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
1936 R. Lehmann Weather in Streets i. v. 97 An estate like this must be a terrible problem these days.
1948 M. Dickens Joy & Josephine i. iv. 132 'Play golf?' Mr. Gray asked George, who answered: 'Not these days,' as if he ever had.
1960 S. Barstow Kind of Loving ii. iii. 181 He looks as though he's walked out of an American picture. It's all Yankeeland these days.
1981 Woman 5 Dec. 5/1 These days women are educated to expect some choice in how they spend their lives.
λˤ in these days Ȥֻդɽ̤ä褦Ѹ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ǤäȸƤߤȤΤ褦ʷ̤Ȥʤä
| Period (subcorpus size) | in these days | these days |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 10 | 0 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 56 | 1 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 93 | 9 |
(from 1780--1850): Mr. Williams has been here both these days, as usual;
(from 1850--1920): SHAWN. Aren't we after making a good bargain, the way we're only waiting these days on Father Reilly's dispensation from the bishops, or the Court of Rome.
(from 1850--1920): PEGEEN. If they are itself, you've heard it these days, I'm thinking, and you walking the world telling out your story to young girls or old.
(from 1850--1920): "I'm as busy as Trap's wife these days;
(from 1850--1920): "My predecessor," said the parson, "played rather havoc with the house. The poor fellow had a dreadful struggle, I was told. You can, unfortunately, expect nothing else these days, when livings have come down so terribly in value! He was a married man--large family!"
(from 1850--1920): "He has no right!" Father Wolf began angrily--"By the Law of the Jungle he has no right to change his quarters without due warning. He will frighten every head of game within ten miles, and I--I have to kill for two, these days."
(from 1850--1920): "That is because we make you fisherman, these days. If I was you, when I come to Gloucester I would give two, three big candles for my good luck."
(from 1850--1920): I have literally not had time to write a line of my diary all these days.
(from 1850--1920): "One gets to know that birds have shadows these days. This is a bit open. Let us crawl under those bushes and talk."
(from 1850--1920): I do not love to think of my countrymen these days; nor to remember myself.
both all ԤƤֻ줬פȤʤװϤä⤷ʤŪˤϡŪʸ̮¿褦in æƸߤηϤΤ19ȾΤȤȤߤƤ褵
ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) ³ԡŪˤϤäꤷʤ of ˡŪˤߤȤ褽褹롥ϡιʸ of ˡˤĤŪˤҤȤƹԤ
OED of, prep. ˤȡˡ of ϡ"V. Indicating the agent or doer." ȤʬβǸ16˵Ƥ롥
16. Indicating the doer of something characterized by an adjective: following an adjective alone, as foolish, good, rude, stupid, unkind, wise, wrong (or any other adjective with which conduct can be described); following an adjective qualifying a noun, as a cruel act, a cunning trick, a kind deed, an odd thing; following a past participle qualified by an adverb, as cleverly managed, ill conceived, well done.
Usually followed by to do (something), as in it was kind of you (i.e. a kind act or thing done by you) to help him etc., and less frequently by that, both constructions introducing the logical subject or object of the statement, e.g. It was kind of him to tell me = His telling me was a thing kindly done by him.
ֹټԡפ of ȤƤ⡤ˤ狼ˤǼ⤷ʤɸʸǤСΤ you come ΰ̣μǤꡤäƹټԤȤ⤤롥Ǥ for Ѥ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤˤƤ⡤him get ΰ̣μǤټԤǤ⤢뤫顤of for ˡΰ㤤Фʤ2Ĥֻ줬ƱˡĤȼΤϤˤ衤ʤʤΤߤ
OED ΰѤ˵ҤƤŪطʤǫɤ߲СʤֹټԤ ofפʤΤʬäƤ롥ˡ of κǽϡɤƻľ³Ȥ⡤ƻޤ̾ľ³褦ʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤIt's a very kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʹʸäȹͤ롥θιʸФϰճ٤Ѹ̤ˤʤʲOED ǽοƤ
1532 W. Tyndale Expos. & Notes 73 Is it not a blind thing of the world that either they will do no good works,..or will..have the glory themselves?
a1593 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta (1633) iv. v 'Tis a strange thing of that Iew, he lives upon pickled grasshoppers.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 101 It was a brute parte of him, To kill so capitall a calfe.
1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. 383 That's a very odd thing of the men of Arcladam.
1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry 266 Is it not very unfair of Equivocus to represent [etc.]?
1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. iv. 145 Indeed, it was very naughty of him.
ǽ4ϡַƻޤ̾ + ofפȤʤäƤ롥of "(done) by" ۤɤΡֹټԤ ofפȤɤؤ䤹ǻפФΤϡȤưɽ魯ֻϡǤ by ŪѸ줫ѸˤƤϡष of Ƥ¤ϸʾ of = "done by"ʤֹټԤ ofפδФǻäΤǤcf. #1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1])ˡ
˵Ǹ2ˤĤƤϡǤŪάơַƻ + ofפιʸؤȰܹԤƤꡤΡֹټԤ ofפδФƤƤ褦˸롥ɸιʸϡιʸΤ褦˾άʤ⡤ޤǷѾƤΤˤۤʤʤΤǤ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡĤηƻϡof + ͡פȤֻȼ
It's very kind of you to come. ʤ虜虜ƤäƤߤޤ
It was foolish of you to spend so much. ʤʤˤȤäϼͤ
It was wrong of him to tell lies. ʱĤơ褯ʤä͡
It is wise of you to stay away from him. ʷȤĤʤΤϸ
It was silly of me to forget my passport. ʥѥݡȤ˺ȤϤĤä
ŵŪ It is ADJ of PERSON to do . . . . Ȥʸʤ櫓PERSON is ADJ to do . . . . ȤʸȤ뤳ȤǤǶ̣Ȥɸ You're very kind to come. Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ǡŪʡfor + ͡פȼ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤιʸȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ԥ *He is important to get the job. Ȥϥѥե졼Ǥʤ
ɸιʸƤƻ --- ʤ important פǤϤʤ kind פηƻ --- Ƥߤȡcareful, careless, crazy, greedy, kind, mad, nice, silly, unwise, wise, wrong (Quirk et al. 16.76, 16.82ˡ̣ŪˤϿͤιưɾƻǤ롥̤γ٤ߤȡɸʸǤ kind ʿڤʡˤʤΤϡƤ줿ȡפǤ⤢ꡤƱˡ֤ʤפǤ⤢ȤطΩġ
Ҥ important ʽפʡˤѤʸǤϡפʤΤϡֿ뤳ȡפǤꡤפʪǤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤Ϥξפΰ̣Ūۤʤ뤳ȤʬĤޤꡤimportant פ for ѤʸȤϰۤʤꡤkind פ of ѤʸǤϡkind of you ʬ you are kind Ȥ̣طޤƤΤǤ롥
Ȥȡֻ of ˡϲȸƤ֤٤Ʊ (apposition) ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ɤǼޤ꤬cf. #2461. an angel of a girl (1) ([2016-01-22-1])#2462. an angel of a girl (2) ([2016-01-23-1])ˡֿʪưɾ ofפʤɤȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤˤ衤ŪõäƤߤɬפ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1]) ǤϡƱʸȤδϢʬ칽ʸ (participle_construction) ˤ⾯줿ʬ칽ʸϡѸǤä˽դǤ褯졤عʸˡǤɬܤγؽܤȤʤäƤ롥ʬ˰̣μ줬ʤΤ "free adjunct", Τ "absolute" ȤƤФ롥줾ŵỤ̄ħʸ褦
free adjunct: Having got out of the carriage, Holmes shouted for Watson.
absolute: Moriarty having got out of the carriage, Holmes shouted for Watson.
free adjunct ιʸǤϡʬΰ̣μ줬μƱȤʤꡤԤʤabsolute ιʸǤϡʬΰ̣μ줬μȰۤʤꡤԤŪʬź롥2Ĥιʸ줤줿Ūʴطˤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Trousdale (596) ȤˤȡѸˤ free adjunct absolute λȤʬϸۤΤǤϤʤäʬμ줬μȰۤʤʤʤѸǤʬΰ̣μ줬٤ˤǤ⤽줬źʤȤϤ褯äabsolute ⸽⤤٤ǻȤƤ䤬Ƽμͭˤϡּʤʬ칽ʸפͭʤˤϡּ줢ʬ칽ʸפФ褦ˤʤꡤߤμϰϤƤäȤȤ餷
̤ȤƩ⤯§ŪȤʤä櫓֤äƤߤФˤŪǹŪȯãΤ褦ˤߤ롥Τ褦ŪȶȤδ֤ˤϲ餫ΰ̴طΤȴϢơ#1014. ʸȯãȽ°ʸȯã ([2012-02-05-1]) ȡ
Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.
what with ʸ˴ؤʸɤȥ "the what with construction" 顤Ƥä#806. what with A and what with B ([2011-07-12-1]) ιʸΤȤȻפǤΤɤǤߤ餽ǤϤʤä䡤ιʸȤ̵طǤϤʤΤäʸŪްդäȯãƤʸȤȤǤ롥ʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸαĹˤ롤ŪޥʡʹʸʸϡˤĤƹʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) 乽ʸ (constructionalization) δͻƤ롥
ޤʸƤߤ褦Trousdale (579--80) Ƹ롥
(8)
a. What with the gown, the limos, and all the rest, you're probably looking at about a hundred grand.
(2009 Diane Mott Davidson, Fatally Flaky; COCA)
b. In retrospect I realize I should have known that was a bad sign, what with the Raven Mockers being set loose and all.
(2009 Kristin Cast, Hunted; COCA)
c. But of course, to be fair to the girl, she wasn't herself at the Deanery, what with thinking of how Lord Hawtry's good eye had darkened when she refused his hand in marriage.
(2009 Dorothy Cannell, She Shoots to Conquer; COCA)
d. The bed was big and lonesome what with Dimmert gone.
(2009 Jan Watson, Sweetwater Run; COCA)
e. The Deloche woman was going to have one heck of a time getting rid of the place, what with the economy the way it was in Florida.
(2009 Eimilie Richards, Happiness Key; COCA)
(b)--(d) ʸˤĤƤϡ what with θˡ̣μ줬äʤäꤹ뤬 ing en ³Ȥǡʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸ롥ɽŪˤСʬ칽ʸƬ with ǤϤʤ what with ȤŪɸĤ褦ʹʸ
Trousdale (580) ˤСwhat with ʸˤϼΤ褦ʰ̣ŪŪԸǻŦƤ (Trousdale 580)
- the 'causality' function of what with is not restricted to absolutes; what with also occurs in prepositional phrases (e.g. (8a) above) and gerundive clauses (e.g. (8c) above).
- what with patterns occur in a particular pragmatic context, namely "if the matrix proposition denotes some non-event or negative state, or, more generally, some proposition which has certain negative implications (at least from the view of the speaker)".
- what with patterns typically appear with coordinated lists of 'reasons', or with general extenders such as and all in (8b) above.
ιʸϥޥʡʤ⡤ʤˤȤäϸѸ˸ȤTrousdale (587) ˤ Gower Confessio Amantis 㤬Ƥ롥˿帻ܻؤС what ˡֻ for with ǤϤʤΤΡˤȤ12 Lambeth Homilies ˸Ȥfor with Ǥʤ because of, between, by, from, in case (of), of, though ʤɤȤڥȤǤ褦ǡʤȤԻĤ what ˡǤ롥
Τ褦ˤϸŤwhat with θ̾ʳ͡ʥѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤϡѸˤʤäƤǤŪʸȸȤǤ롥
Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.
ɸΥˤĤƤϡǤˡ#4035. stay at home stay home --- Ѹˤδ ([2020-05-14-1])#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ ([2020-05-15-1])#4037. stay home ν --- EEBO Online corpus ([2020-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥʤ⡤ξԤλȤʬˤĤ Fowler's Usage and Abusage θ줾ǧƤ
home (adv.). Idiomatic uses are very numerous, esp. when home is accompanied by a verb of movement (come, go home; I'll see you home; my son will be home soon; drive the nail home; pressed his advantage home; etc.). When the sense is 'in his or her own home' the British preference is to use at home (he stayed at home; is Jane at home?) and the American home by itself.
home, be. To say that a person 'is home' for 'is at home' is American rather than British usage. The British use the expression, though, where movement is involved: 'We're nearly home.'
εdzǧŪʷаޤȡ嵭ζŪʵҤȤϤ褯ƱƤξȤŪʿ̤ΤǤϤʤʤ˵ŪǤˡꥹѸǤ home ñȤȤѤ˾ˤƤ⡤ưŪʸܤǤꡤŪʸǤϻȤˤȤȤŪˤߤжѸʹߡ home ưŪʸŪʸؤỌ̇̄ĥƤΤηϥꥹѸǤϤޤߤȤȤˤʤ
#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ ([2020-05-15-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥫѸǤ stay home οĥϤޤ20ȾФ˻ϤޤäΤǤꡤŪħǤˤϰ㤤ʤ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ε ([2020-05-14-1]) ǡܲΥե졼ȤʤäƤ stay at home stay home ˤĤƱѸˤδͻϤĤΥѥǤäĴ̤𤹤롥ʲ٤ʸ̮ĴϤƤʤΤǤ餺
ޤϸΥꥹѸȥꥫѸˤĤơ줾 BNCweb COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) stay (at) home ǽФƤߤ̤ϡꥹѸǤ stay at home 86.9%ͥդ˥ꥫѸǤ stay home 74.6%ͥȽФƺʬ䤹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ̻ŪʬۤοܤߤƤߤ褦ꥹѸˤĤƤϸѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ѤꥫѸˤ1810ǯʹߤΥƥȤ COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) Ѥ
CLMET Ǥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥȤ stay (at) home ƤߤȤɤλˤƤ stay at home ¾ͣɽä2 (1780--1850) staying home 1㸽Τߤǡ19ޤǤ stay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤäƤ褵Ǥߤ BNCweb ʬä奤ꥹѸξƤȡ餯20 stay home ƤȤȤˤʤ
ꥫѸǤʬۤοܤ⤷ꥫѸǤ⡤Ȥ stay at home ¾ͣɽä19 stay home ۤ鸽Ƥ롥20 stay home ϵ®˿ӻϤᡤ1940ǯˤϽ stay at home ٤ξǵž˻äơߤˤưṲ̄ͥΩƤȤȤˤʤ롥
ñĴʤΤǾڵηϤȤɤ˻ĤäƤΤΡʾξɽʬۤοܤˤĤƤ褽θĤ롥ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥19ޤǤϡξѼȤŪˤŤ stay at home ǥեȤǡstay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤ20ˤ stay home ƤȤ櫓ꥫѸǤ20Ⱦ˸ų stay at home ޤʤߤޤǤ˰쵤ڤƤ
Ĥ stay home ѸˤΤɤʳǻѤ路ƤǤ롥OED home, adv. 1e Ǥϡưưȼʤ home νФc1580ǯȤʤäƤ뤬stay home Ȥ缫ΤνФĤ϶Ƥʤkeep home be home ʤɤɽ1600ǯ˽ФƤ褦Ǥ롥#2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ĵ٤ɬפ뤬ˤäƤϤä٤ƸѸΤȤǤǽ⤢롥stay home ϼ¤Ϥʤ꿷ɽʤΤǤϤʤ
ѸˤμȤǥʼ餤ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ܤǤϡƥۡȸƤӤƤޤȥΤ Facebook ǡStay at home! ȸƤӤƤΤǵˤʤޤʤȤʤStay at your home!Stay at home!Stay home! ȾάƤ褦˻פäΤǤƥȡؤϤƤαѸˡ70Ǥˤϡhome ϡ̾ home гʤˤˤϽȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäȤޤȡषStay home! ǡˤʤäֻ at źˡФƤȹͤ٤ʤΤǤ礦
ˤĤŪ˾Ĵ٤DzޤΤǡܥ֥Ǥⶦͭޤ
ʼ䡤꤬ȤޤɽʤΤǡξԤΰ㤤ʤ̵ͭˤˤĤƥ־Ǥ⤤ȾǺܤƤ褦Ǥ͡ѸαƺǤȤɤϤɤѤʤɤȡ͡ʸ褦ǤѸΥѥdzɽѤʬۤʸ̮Ĵ٤ƤߤȤ⤷⤷ޤѸؤΥݡȤ´ʤɤˤƤơޤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ǤϱѸˤδ뤳Ȥˤޤˤϡstay home stay at home Τɤ餬Ū˸줿Τɤ餬ͳɽʤΤȤռ뤫ȻפޤǰƬ֤ʤ顤ñĴ٤ƹ̤ͤʲ˵ޤܳŪʵΤˤϡϤäȻ֤ȥͥ륮䤫ʤФʤޤ
ޤѸ home ˤĤƸƤߤޤ礦ؤϤƤαѸˡ٤˸ڤƻŦƤ̤ꡤűѸ hām ̾ŪгʤˡȤȤʤꡤñȤǡֲȤءʹԤˡפȤưŪʸؤȯãȤаޤޤ (cf. #783. home ̾Ūгʤ ([2011-06-19-1])) ºݡ첽ϤǤ˸űѸޤǤãƤȹͤޤ
̾줬첽ȤäƤ⡤ޤưŪŪʡֲȤءʹԤˡפȤˤ첽ˤȤɤޤꡤűѸϤ³ѸˤäƤֲȤˡʤˡפȤʺ stay home ŪŪʸǤ첽ˤϻäƤޤǤѸ be home stay home ɽθƤŪŪʡֲȤˡʤˡפθȯãϡѸˤʤäƤοǤ (cf. #2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1])) Ĥޤꡤstay home ȤˤĤƤСѸʾܤĴ٤ƤޤˤäƤϸѸǤˤޤ줿ɽȤȤˤʤޤ
at home ȤŪŪʸֻϸűѸǧޤȤȤϡstay at home Τ褦ɽ⡤ΥζŪʽФλϤƤˤ衤ŤѤ줿ϤȤȤˤʤޤʾꡤȤƤСstay at home ˤꡤä٤Ѹˤʤä stay home 줿ȤȤϴְ㤤ޤ
ѸֶŪפˤߤ stay at home ١ˤꡤֻ줬ά stay home ȤʤäȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤդ stay home ١ˤꡤֻ at äƿŤǫɽȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤ̣Ǥϡͳ˲ᤷƤ褤Ȼפޤ
̻ŪפˤߤʤС̴طȤƤɤ餬Ǥɤ餬꤫Ȥ䤤Τ⤷ӤʤΤ⤷ޤŪˤϳΤ stay at home ǤȤäơ at ά stay home Ȥɽޤ줿ΤȡΩŤƤ褤ɤʬޤεˡŪȸƤǤޤ礦home ΩĻưŪŪʸƤޤΤǡ줬Ѹˤʤäơȥ˥ߡˤꡤ̣ǤеȤ⤤ŪŪʸȹͤ뤳ȤǤޤεΩĤʤСϡְ̣ŪĥȸƤ٤Ǥ礦̻ŪˤϤɤ餬¤ʤΤʬޤξ蘆äȤΤ¤⤷ޤ
ƤޤޤȤޤ礦ǤߤʤСstay at home ǡstay home ǤѸˤδ餹ȡstay at home at ά stay home ȤɽΩȤñ㤫ĥȥ졼ȤʲäȤߤ뤳ȤˤϿŤǤ٤ȹͤޤԤɽȾΩȾԤαƶȯãƤΤȻפޤơ줬äΩƤξԤƱ variants ȤơˤϱΧ3ᤫ2ᤫΰ㤤ˤ˽äƻȤʬ졤ˤϼҲŪդʥꥫѸ줫ꥹѸ줫ʤɡˤͿʤ顤Ȥ˸Ѥ³ƤȤȤȻפޤ
ξɽ¸ϡɤ餬Ǥɤ餬夫ɤ餬ͳȤȸϡ줾줬ΩʤﮤäƤ뤫Τ褦˸ƻʤΤǤ
ޤĴ˴ŤȤǤʤʤ⤷ʥơޤǤΤǡʹߤ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤȻפޤ
ɸϡ̿ΥǥȡֱѸˡפŻҷǼĤǤѤʵǤ
with me, for her, against him, between us, among them ʤֻθ˿;̾줬ȤˤŪʤ˳ѤѤޤʤʡʸФηˤѤƳơ *with I, *for she, *against he, *between we, *among they ȤʤʤΤȤǤϤɽʸˡǧʤȤǤˡ
ǤñʲϡֻŪȤʤ뤫פǤưŪ줬;̾ξŪʤη᤹褦ˡֻŪ;̾ŪʤɬפȤȤȤǤưΤˤ¾ưˤˤƤֻˤƤ⡤줬ɽ魯ưطΡоݡפȤʤΤɬľޤΡоݡפɽ魯礬ŪפǤꡤ줬Ρʼˤȶ̤äʷäƤСʸˡεǽܤˤ̤䤹ʤǤ
ʸ¾ưֻ줬ǤСθΤɬŪŪȤȤˤʤꡤäʷɬפϤʤΤǤϤʤȤ䤬ޤºݡʸˡϥ嵭 *with I, *for she, *against he, *between we, *among they Ǥ̣Ϥ褯Ǥޤ¾ưθǤ *Do you love I/he/she/we/they? ʸˡŪ˥ȸƤ⡤¤ϰ̣̤Ƥޤ櫓Ǥ
ǤϡεˤĤƱѸˤλäƤߤޤ礦ǯۤθűѸλˤϡ̾˸¤餺٤Ƥ̾줬ֻθǤŵŪˡͿʡפȸƤФ뤳ȤƤޤֻμˤäƤϡͿʡפǤϤʤгʡפ°ʡפη⤢ޤˤͽ줿ʼʰʳΡ˳ʤηᤵƤΤǤcf. #30. űѸֻȳʡ ([2009-05-28-1])ˡʤʤߤˡѸΡŪʡפϸűѸΡͿʡפгʡפѾΤǤ
̾˴ؤƤϡƤʤ -e դΤͿʤȤʤäƤޤ㤨Сֿϡפ God ǤֿΤˡפ for Gode ȤäǤ³ѸλˤơͿʸ -e ޤäƾäƤäˡξǼʤȶ̤Ǥʤʤ for God ȤʤޤäơѸ for God God ϡλˤäƤϡ-e Ƥǡ¤ͿʤʤΤȸʤȤʤΤǤ
;̾˴ؤƤϡʤȶ̤줿Ϳʤη褯ĤޤűѸǡֿפ;̾Ǽ硤ֿϡפ He ǡֿΤˡפ for Him ȤʤޤξϸǤޤäѤäƤޤ;̾̾Ȱۤʤ٤⤯椨ͿʤΤ -e ʤɤθĤȤñʤѤʤäᡤʤȤζ̤塹ޤݻ䤹äΤǤyou it ˴ؤƤϡˤβ͡ʻФơŪʤʤȹ줷Ƥޤޤ
ѸǤϡưŪˤֻŪˤ衤̾ʤмʤƱäƺѤޤ褦ˤʤäƤꡤäϤʤ櫓Ǥ顤;̾ˤƤ⡤ʤƱäȤϵʤǤ;̾ˤĤƤϲδѤˤꡤޤ with me, for her, against him, between us, among them ʤɤŪʡʤĤƤͿʡˤѤƤΤǤפˡ;̾ϡ̾줬иƤͿʤμʤȤιפȤѲΥԡɤ夤Ƥ줺ˤǤ֤꤫⤷ޤĤ;̾ͿʤĤ˼ʤȹ줹äƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦λˤϡμ줿 with I, for she, against he, between we, among they ʹƤϤǤ
#3741. Ѹޡ forto ([2019-07-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ to forto ʤɤ¤ǡޡȤ at ȤѤ줿θߤΤֻ at ȤʪǡťΥɸޡ at ѤΤȤ롥ξ֤ȤɤΤȤ츻ˤΤǡμѤȤϡˡμѤȤ٤㤫⤷ʤOED at, prep. ˤȡޡȤƤˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥
VI. With the infinitive mood.
39. Introducing the infinitive of purpose (the original function also of to; cf. French rien à faire, nothing to do, nothing at do, nothing ado n. and adj.2). Obsolete exc. dialect.
Corresponding to Old Norse at (Danish at, Swedish att) in gefa at eta to give one at eat, i.e. to eat; but not, like it, used with the simple infinitive; the nearest approach to which was in the phrase That is at say = French c'est à dire.
MED at adv. with infinitive Ȥȡat do, at ete, at kep, at sai Τ褦ʷޤäưȤȤѤ뷹ȤMED ǽĤƤ
c1280 Chart.in Birch Cart.Sax.2.326: Yat ye land of seint Wilfrai..fre sal be ay; At na nan..In yair Herpsac sal have at do.
c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)906: Þe hondes gonnen at erne [Hrl: to fleon] In to þe schypes sterne.
c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)543: Ynouȝ þai hadde at ete.
c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)2495: Þat he cum wiþ þe at ete.
(1399) RParl.3.451a: The Answers of certeins Lordes, that is atte saye, of the forsayd Ducs of Aumarle [etc.].
ťΥɸˡͳ褹ȤȤ黡褦ˡޡ at ˤ褯ߤ줿eLALME Item 81 ȤƼ夲Ƥꡤʲ Dot Map 롥ΤŪʬۤ

ʤߤ̾ ado ưݡפ at do ޤäΤͳ褹롥ԥδ Much Ado About Nothing ض٤ϡפ much to do about nothing ȤȤǤ롥֤٤ȡעݤʻŻעưפۤɤΰ̣ȯŸФȹͤ롥Фϰʲ̤ǡǤˡư͡פۤɤΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥
c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5648: Olyuer wyþ a corde bond him fast, Ac arst was muche ado.[ | ѥڡ ]
ѸޡȤ to Ǥ롥̤˸ȤΤ⤢뤬ϥΥޡȤȤ館롥to ϸ¤ǸűѸ줫ѤƤϤ쵤˳礷ΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ (Mustanoja 514)
ѸޤǤ to ϴʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 뤲֡ǽȤ˼岽Ȥ⤢ꡤ䶯뤫Τ褦ֻ for ֤2 forto/for to ޡȤѤ褦ˤʤäMED fortō adv. & particle (with infinitive) ˤȡ Peterborough Chronicle ǤꡤѸκǽѤƤȤ狼롥
a1131 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1127: Se kyng hit dide for to hauene sibbe of se earl of Angeow.
οޡ forto Ϥʤ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤäɤ to Ʊͤ˼岽α¿ȤʤäƤäλ1415Ȥߤ졤Elizabeth īޤǤˤϤۤѤȤʤäɸѼǤϸߤȤƤˡѸ̤ξԤɤϴѻ졤Caxton Morte Darthur ǤϡŪ forto Τۤͥʤ餤ä
դäСѸˤ to forto ٤ƤäȵǤϤäñΤ fortill, for till, at Ȥä̤ޡ⤢ä (Mustanoja 515) Ȱۤʤꡤη͡äΤǤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
It's two o'clock. ʺ2ˤΤ褦Ѥ o'clock ϡof the clock ޤäΤȤ롥?ʤ礦ɡˡפ̣?5ʬפʤʬüФˤѤʤ
̤˸ζֻ of ǤȤ뤬ºݤˤϤɽѸ˽Фֻ͡줬ѤƤOED clock, n.1 θ3ˤСֻȼäȤƤν "c1386 Chaucer Parson's Prol. 5 Ten of the clokke it was tho as I gesse." ǤꡤǤϳΤ of Ƥ뤬¾Ǥ a, o', at ѤƤ롥ޤ MED clok(ke (n.) Ȥ "at (the) ~, atte ~, of (the) ~, on the ~, the ~" ʤɤ괧̵ͭޤƥꥨ˭٤ʤ褦 MED Ǥ aclokke (adv.) θФ "(?1471) Stonor 1.121 : I must be with my lord by vij a kloke." ƤꡤѸޤǤֻ줬ܼ (proclitic) ԤʤƤȤ狼롥
ʤǽΥȤäƤ褤 Chaucer CT. ML. l. 14 ǤϡRobinson ǤǤ It was ten of the clokke ȤʤäƤ뤬Hengwrt, Ellesmere ξܤ˼ºݤ˸Τ at the clokke Ǥ롥
ɸɽ˸¤餺 of θܼ o' Ȥ֤ΤϽǤ̤ΤȤä˿षơjack-o'-lantern ʥܥΤ礦, will-o'-the-wisp ʵС Tom o' Bedlam ʶ͡ˤʤɤθɽ˻ĤФȤʤäƤޤä
ѸˤϤäȱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ܻؤ줿ɸಽȤ Haugen ˤ "maximum variation in function" "minimum variation in form" ΤȤǤʡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1])ˡԤüŪˤС1ĤñˤĤ1ĤηȯֻˤбƤ٤Ǥꡤʣΰ۷ (allomorphs) бƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȤΩǤ롥
ɸεǽΥڥϡn ķ֤츻ŪǤϤ뤬ѸǤ n æ۷֤̤ѤƤꡤä˱ʸʤɤǤϲ䱤ΧԹ˻ȤʬΩѰۡפäŪ˰ܲ⡤ŪԹΤ¿ͤĤƤΤ褷Ȥ߷פäȤǤ
ȤѸ˱ѸɸಽʤǤȡȤϵդˡŪͳˤƷŪŻ뤹߷פƬ⤿Ƥ롥ɸγƸϡn ̵ͭδ֤Ǽͳɤ뤳Ȥʤʤꡤ줫η֤ɸȤƺѤʤФʤʤʤäΤǤ롥n Τ֤ʤ֤줬Ф뤫ϸˤäưۤʤäƤ괧1;νͭ̾Τ褦ˡѤʬۤŪʸˡŪΤ˵ꤵ줵ξ֤¸뤳Ȥ⤢ꤨΤ褦ʸġθοΰ㤤졤ŪʻۤȤƤϡͳѰۤȤƤΰ۷֤¸ߤ줾η֤1ĤηޤäͿȤȤȤʤä
a my Ǥ n Τʤ֤Ф졤in on Ǥ n Τ֤Ф줿Ȥ㤤ϡŪˤĤΤɸಽˤ۷֤Ȥ礭ʸ߷פδϡɽŪʰ㤤ˤʤȤȤˤʤαԤ Schlüter (29) ꡤϢսѤ褦
Possibly as part of this standardization process, the phonological makeup of many high-frequency words stabilized in one way or the other. While Middle English had been an era characterized by an unprecedented flexibility in terms of the presence or absence of variable segments, Early Modern English had lost these options. A word-final <e> was no longer pronounceable as [ə]; vowel-final and consonant-final forms of the possessives my/mine, thy/thine, and of the negative no/none were increasingly limited to determiner vs. pronoun function, respectively; formerly omissible final consonants of the prepositions of, on, and in became obligatory, and the distribution of final /n/ in verbs was eventually settled (e.g. infinitive see vs. past participle seen). In ME times, this kind of variability had been exploited to optimize syllable contact at word boundaries by avoiding hiatuses and consonant clusters (e.g. my leg but min arm, i þe hous but in an hous, to see me but to seen it). The increasing fixation of word forms in Early Modern English came at the expense of phonotactic adaptability, but reduced the amount of allomorphy; in other words, phonological constraints were increasingly outweighed by morphological ones . . . .
ɸθ n æ۷֤ˤĤƤϡ#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])#3030. on foot afoot ؤʸˡȽز ([2017-08-13-1]) ʤɤȡ괧#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ȤϢʵ롥
Schlüter, Julia. "Phonology." Chapter 3 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 27--46.
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