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coha - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-02-26 Sun

#5053. None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤ [pronoun][indefinite_pronoun][number][agreement][negative][proverb][clmet][coha][corpus]

ε#5052. none ñʣ ([2023-02-25-1]) ǡnone ˴ؤΰפŪɤκݤɸθ (proverb) None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤפ󤲤θνнϡ17Ⱦαʸؤε John Dryden (1631--1700) Ǥ롥 Alexander's Feast (1697) ˡɽƤꡤthe brave = ֥쥯粦סthe fair = ֥ƥͤΰͥפȤޤѤƤ롥

Happy, happy, happy pair!
   None but the brave
   None but the brave
None but the brave deserves the fair!


ĤޤꡤָŵפǤ3ñ -s 뤳Ȥ none ñȤưƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥the brave the fair γơˤĤƻؼоݤĿͤǤ뤳ȤطƤ褦˻פ롥
Dryden ɽѤˤƤϡSpeake θŵCLMET3.0COHA ʤɤǤäȳǧ¤ꡤʣ¿褦Ǥ롥193ۤɵ󤲤褦

1813 SOUTHEY Life of Horatio Lord Nelson It is your sex that makes us go forth, and seem to tell us, 'None but the brave deserve the fair';
1829 P. EGAN Boxiana 2nd Ser. II. 354 The tender sex . . . feeling the good old notion that 'none but the brave deserve the fair', were sadly out of temper.
1873 TROLLOPE Phineas Redux II. xiii. All the proverbs were on his side. 'None but the brave deserve the fair,' said his cousin.


Ȥư̡˲Ȥǡޤthe + ƻפδѤ⡤the brave the fair 줾콸̾Ȥª褦ˤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤˤ none ΰɤ򼨤ζ̣ꥨǤ롥

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

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2021-05-14 Fri

#4400. ָǭפ cats and dogs ν [sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][onomatopoeia][idiom][binomial][prosody][alliteration][phonetics][vowel][khelf_hel_intro_2021][clmet][coca][coha][bnc][sobokunagimon]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤ᡼ȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤᡼ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬󤬤äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤ󡥤ξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤ󡥻ͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) 򤴰ɤжǤϤޤ󤬡ưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ

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2021-04-17 Sat

#4373. tsunami DZѸˡѸ [japanese][loan_word][corpus][coha][glowbe][oed][htoed][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸݤ߹ 'tsunami'ꤹ륳ƥĤֱѸƳ202111ܤȤƥرꥢåפޤñȤƤ tsunami λѤˤĤŪ빥ƥĤǤĴȥ󥹥ԥ졼Τ˻ȤƤ꥽ϡTwitter ˻ϤޤꡤCOHA (Corpus of Historical American English), GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English), OED (= Oxford English Dictionary), Ͽ̥ǡ١DzǤƤȤƤϡʳؤȼҲʳؤȿʸʳؤͻ礵ŪѸ˥ƥĤȤ٤˷ȯŪʽǤȤʤäƤޤޤֱѸƳ2021μݤ˥ԥåꡪҳɤǤ餤Ȼפޤ
ƱƥǤ⿨Ƥ̤ꡤܸȡפѸ tsunami ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ졤Ѥ줿Τ1897ǯΤȤǤˤϿܸñ줬Ѹ˻ޤޤñ⤽1ĤǤcf. #3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])ˡѸ˼Ѥ줿Ȥäơɬ餫ˤѤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥥ƥǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡtsunami ȡפ̣ŪʸȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡĤǶΤȤȤäƤ褤ΤǤ
ޤǤϡȡפ̣ñȤƤ tidal wave ѤΤ̤ǤߤǤ⤳ tidal wave tsunami ȶ¸Ƥޤ褯ͤƤߤ tidal wave ȤΤϸ򾷤䤹ɽǤĬΡȡפȸвȤʤǼˤʤޤĬפȤȤƤʤŪʳθݤǡ줬ʤȡפ̣褦ˤʤäΤȽȤޤ󡥼ºݡDurkin (397) ʤɤ tidal wave "misleading" ɾƤޤʢβս򶵤Ƥ줿˴աˡ

A special case is shown by tsunami (1897), which, since it denotes a widespread natural phenomenon, can be used freely in English without any implicit associations with Japanese (or even generalized Eastern) culture, and is now preferred by most speakers to the misleading term tidal wave.


ʤǯˤʤäơtsunami tidal wave ®Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ礦ϡޤ嵭ΥƥѸŪʥץˤ褷褦ȤƤǤ
ʲϻΥ֥쥹ȷ̤ˤޤ󤬡˴ؤäƤ¾αѸŪʴ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ƤߤȻפޤ tsunami ȤΥѥȡեܤǤ

̣ŪˤСtsunami tidal wave denotation Ū˼ѤǤΤΡȤζϤ䶲ʤɤ۵ connotation ääƤꡤȼ¸߲ͤĸȤƼƤ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʸŪˤСtidal wave Τ褦ʣǤϤʤñθǤȤȡܸȤƤߤСšסܡȡפ2Ǥˤϡ嵭μ connotation ʬŪǤϤʤŪ˴ޤ߹Ǥ뤳Ȥȥޥå롥
ŪˤС#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1])פǿ줿Ȥꡤonset ˤ /ts/ ϱѸŪˤϤʤ꿷ݤǤꡤ¿ʤȤۼΩĤȤˤʤ롥ǯμѸǤ뤳ȤƬǰȯǼ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϢươƬֻ <ts> Ѹ餷ʤΤǡϤѸǤ뤳ȤŪˤȤʤ롥餬ñΥѥȤ˹׸Ƥ롥
ΧŪˤС⤷ȤƱ3Ǥ tídal wàve ʶ嶯ˤ tsunámi ʼ嶯ˤȿФǤ롥Τ褦˱Χκۤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ū˸Ԥο⤭ĦˤƤΤ⤷ʤ
ҲŪˤСϼؤ䳤γؤʤɤü쥸°ñȤ֤Ť顤̥쥸ؿʽФȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

ʾ塤γθݤ˾ޤʤΤαñȤƤϹޤäƤޤä tsunami ˤĤơѸˡѸؤƤߤǤtsunami ˤĤƤϡ#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1]) εǤڤƤޤ
ʤ嵭 Durkin θڤˤĤƶƤ줿顤碌Tsunami or Tidal Wave? --- ӿȤ־εⶵƤ餤ޤؤ󵮽Ťʾ¿ա

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2020-10-26 Mon

#4200. Hoosier --- ǥʽ̱Υ˥å͡ [onomastics][personal_name][ame][slang][etymology][oed][etymology][pc][coha]

ǯ٤θ⥪饤Ȥ³Ƥ뤬Υ߹ɤǹԤʤä¨Ѹ˥ƥĺΥ٥ȡcf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])ˤ줷ڤäΤǡȰˤ⤦٤äƤߤξDZñ1ĥ˳Ƥ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ90ʬ֤ǡֲפ񤯤Ȥԡϡɸ̤Τñ򿶤졤ִ֤ˤΤ뤤90ʬä̤򡤤˷Ǻܡ




źϰν̱˷ΡʤȤ˰ˤ򤳤᤿˥å͡դȤȤϡԤʤƤȤ櫓դ礤¿٤μԤ㲽̾դ륱¿ȤŪʥ˥奢󥹤ȼ͡ߥ󥰤äȤƤ⡤줿¦ȿȴƤȥ桼⥢Ǥ졤¾ȤѤƾΤȤ夹뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϥꥫͤؤ Yankee 츻Ͻ⤢뤬John 륪˻ؾդ Janke ǤϤǤϤʤȤƤ롥˥塼衼ʤĤƥ̱Ϥǡ֥˥塼ॹƥפȾΤ줿ˤΥ̱ͥåȤΥꥹ̱֥˷פȸƤޤäȤˤʤȤ
Yankee ۤͭ̾ǤʤͳϤäꤷʤ1ĤȤơƹ񥤥ǥʽν̱ˤĤ줿˥å͡ब롥ɸ Hoosier OED ˤȡHoosier, n. /huːʒiə/ ȸФΩƤƤꡤͽ̤ۤ˥ꥫѸǻѤ̾Ǥ롥2ĤߤĤ롥ĤʸȤȤ˼

1. A nickname for: a native or inhabitant of the state of Indiana.

1826 in Chicago Tribune (1949) 2 June 20/3 The Indiana hoosiers that came out last fall is settled from 2 to 4 milds of us.
1834 Knickerbocker 3 441 They smiled at my inquiry, and said it was among the 'hoosiers' of Indiana.
. . . .

2. An inexperienced, awkward, or unsophisticated person.

1846 J. Gregg Diary 22 Aug. (1941) I. 212 Old King is one of the most perfect samples of a Hoosier Texan I have met with. Fat, chubby, ignorant, and loquacious as Sancho Panza..we could believe nothing he said.
1857 E. L. Godkin in R. Ogden Life & Lett. E. L. Godkin (1907) I. 157 The mere 'cracker' or 'hoosier', as the poor [southern] whites are termed.
. . . .


1ϡ֥ǥʽν̱ס2ϡΤ餺ιȴʤļ˼ԡפۤɤǤ롥Ҥ̤ꡤΤο̤Τäϼˤ褦ʸƾΤǤ뤳ȤФ19ȾȤߤ롥
츻˴ؤƤ OED "Origin unknown" ʸ츻ԾܡˤȤꡤǰʸ¤ʤΤ櫓ˤϤʤƹΤȤǤСOED ̤˭٤ʤϤΡɴʼŵŪÿ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Ф褤®äƤߤȡᤷᡤ1Ĥ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥγפ⤷褦
츻ϰǤޤƤ뤬󥰥ɤΥС19ˡ֤ȤƤĤʤ礭Ρפ̣ hoozer Ȥ¸줬ʸڤ롥줬ѷƹ˻ޤ줿Τ Hoosier ǤϤʤȤԤνǯǤ1826ǯΤȤǤϤ뤬Dictionary of Americanisms ˤ "a big, burly, uncouth specimen or individual; a frontiersman, countryman, rustic"פˡļ˼ԤˡפθǸƤ뤳Ȥǧ졤OED 2ˤԤä̤롥
ºݡ19Ⱦ Hoosier ޤƹƽν̱˼Ūʥ˥å͡बĤ줿Ǥ롥ǥʽˤĤƤ⡤餯ٽν̱ʤɤ̾դδۤäƤΤܤ롼Ȥʬʤ Hoosier ļ˼Ԥˡˤä褦ƥ̱ Beetheads ʥӡƬˡХ޽̱ Lizards ʥȥˡ֥ͥ饹̱ Bugeaters Ϻˡƥߥ꽣̱ Pukes ʤؤɡˤʤɤ̾¡˰ޤ줿٤ Hoosier ϤҤɤǤϤʤ
򺣤 PC (= political correctness) λǤ롥ιǤϰǤ졤ν̱Ūʥ˥奢󥹤ӤӤ̾ǸƤִϡФˤʤĤĤ롥ϰΥݡĥΥ˥å͡ȤơΡ饤ʽ Tarheels ʥˤˤ䥪ϥ Buckeyes ʥȥΥˤʤɤ˻ĤʳˤѤʤʤäƤƤ롥
Corpus of Historical American English ˤ "[Hoosier]" ȤƸƤߤȡ1870ǯ夫1920ǯˤ⤭ߤϤĤĤŪ¿ѤƤ褦20ȾˤƤĴǤ롥

Hoosier by COHA

̱ϰ轻̱ؤŪʤ̾򤵤褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϤָˤϡפȤĤǤ롥ºݤˤϡγѤǡΤ٤Τʤǡ餫θդϻȤ³ΤǤ롥ޤûҤˤϤФ褦ˡޤ¤ϥ饦ɤˤϤФäƤΤǤ롥

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
Corpus of Historical American English. Available online at https://www.english-corpora.org/coha/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/. Accessed 20 October 2020.

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2020-05-15 Fri

#4036. stay at home stay home --- ѥĴ [sobokunagimon][phraseology][preposition][bnc][coca][coha][clmet][ame_bre]

ε ([2020-05-14-1]) ǡܲΥե졼ȤʤäƤ stay at home stay home ˤĤƱѸˤδͻϤĤΥѥǤäĴ̤𤹤롥ʲ٤ʸ̮Ĵ׽ϤƤʤΤǤ餺
ޤϸΥꥹѸȥꥫѸˤĤơ줾 BNCweb COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) stay (at) home ޸ǽФƤߤ̤ϡꥹѸǤ stay at home 86.9%ͥդ˥ꥫѸǤ stay home 74.6%ͥȽФƺʬ䤹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ˡ̻ŪʬۤοܤߤƤߤ褦ꥹѸˤĤƤϸѸ쥳ѥ CLMET3.0 ѤꥫѸˤ1810ǯʹߤΥƥȤ᤿ COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) Ѥ
CLMET Ǥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥȤ stay (at) home ޸ƤߤȤɤλˤƤ stay at home ¾ͣɽä2 (1780--1850) staying home 1㸽Τߤǡ19ޤǤ stay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤäƤ褵Ǥߤ BNCweb ʬä奤ꥹѸξ򴪰Ƥȡ餯20 stay home ƤȤȤˤʤ
ꥫѸǤʬۤοܤ⤷ꥫѸǤ⡤Ȥ stay at home ¾ͣɽä19 stay home ۤ鸽Ƥ롥20 stay home ϵ®˿ӻϤᡤ1940ǯˤϽ stay at home ٤ξǵž˻äơߤˤưṲ̄ͥΩƤȤȤˤʤ롥
ñĴʤΤǾڵηϤȤɤ˻ĤäƤΤΡʾξɽʬۤοܤˤĤƤ褽θĤ롥ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥19ޤǤϡξѼȤŪˤŤ stay at home ǥեȤǡstay home ϤۤȤΤƤʤäȤ20ˤ stay home ƤȤ櫓ꥫѸǤ20Ⱦ˸ų stay at home ޤʤߤޤǤ˰쵤ڤƤ
Ĥ stay home ѸˤΤɤʳǻѤ򸽤路ƤǤ롥OED home, adv. 1e Ǥϡưưȼʤ home νФc1580ǯȤʤäƤ뤬stay home Ȥ缫ΤνФĤ϶Ƥʤkeep home be home ʤɤɽ1600ǯ˽ФƤ褦Ǥ롥#2237. I'm home. ([2015-06-12-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Ĵ٤ɬפ뤬ˤäƤϤä٤ƸѸΤȤǤǽ⤢롥stay home ϼ¤Ϥʤ꿷ɽʤΤǤϤʤ

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2015-01-19 Mon

#2093. <gauge> vs <gage> [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][eebo][clmet][emode][lmode][coha][ame_bre][spelling_pronunciation]

#2088. gauge ֻȯ ([2015-01-14-1]) ơ<gauge> vs <gage> ΰֻʬۤˤĤŪĴ٤Ƥߤ롥ޤϡѸɤξEEBO (Early English Books Online) ˴Ťƥȡǡ١ˤ긫Ƥߤ褦

Period (subcorpus size)<gage> etc.<gauge> etc.
1451--1500 (244,602 words)0 wpm (0 times)0 wpm (0 times)
1501--1550 (328,7691 words)3.35 (11)0.00 (0)
1551--1600 (13,166,673 words)6.84 (90)0.076 (1)
1601--1650 (48,784,537 words)3.01 (147)0.35 (17)
1651--1700 (83,777,910 words)0.060 (5)0.19 (5)
1701--1750 (90,945 words)0.00 (0)0.00 (0)


17 <gauge> Ϥ뤯餤ǡѸδֻ <gage> ȤߤƤ褤ˡ18ʸθѸ˴ؤƤϡCLMET3.0 ѤƸ

Period (subcorpus size)<gage> etc.<gauge> etc.
1710--1780 (10,480,431 words)51
1780--1850 (11,285,587)1920
1850--1920 (12,620,207)249


餯1800ǯ餤򶭤ˡޤήɤä <gauge> <gage> Ϥᡤ19ˤɤȴƤäȤή줬ꤵ롥ѸǤ BNCweb Ĵ٤¤ <gauge> ݤƤ뤫顤20⤳ή줬䤷ʤ줿Τȹͤ줽
<gage> λѤ¿Ȥ륢ꥫѸˤĤ COHA Ĵ٤ƤߤȡºݤΤȤŪˤ <gauge> ΤۤŪͥǤ뤷Ūˤ <gauge> 20̤ƷĴ˳򿭤ФƤȤ狼롥ޤǡ奢ꥫѸǤ <gage> ֤׻Ȥ뤳ȤȤΤ֤Τ褦λ¤ϡ#1739. AmE-BrE Diachronic Frequency Comparer ([2014-01-30-1]) ˤ "(?-i)\bgau?g(e|es|ed|ings?)\b" ȤƸ򤫤ʲɽ⼨롥ѼǤ <gauge> ϤϸΤΡ<gage> ϤˤĤƤϥꥹѸǤϥꥫѸǤʬŪ˻ѤȤ㤤롥

IDWORD19611991--92ca 2006
Brown (AmE)LOB (BrE)Frown (AmE)FLOB (BrE)AmE06 (AmE)BE06 (BrE)
1gage401010
2gages200010
3gaging1010000
4gauge16151061621
5gauged252110
6gauges011012
7gauging011000



#2088. gauge ֻȯ ([2015-01-14-1]) ǿ줿ꥫѸǤ <gage> ֻŪϢ³ˤĤƤϡޤ餫ˤȤޤǹԤäƤʤ<gage> ѤƤطʤϵˤʤȤꥫѸ¿Ȥֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θ̤ʤΤ

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2011-06-09 Thu

#773. PPCMBE COHA [corpus][coha][ppcmbe][lmode][adjective][comparison][inflection][representativeness]

ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ2Ĥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]. ) COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English; see [2010-09-19-1]. ) ˤĤơܻ᤬رѸ쥳ѥ٤κǿ˸ΡȤȯɽƤ롥ξԤȤ2010ǯ˸줿ѸΥѥ줾ѼǤ뤳ȡޤԻŪۤʤ뤳Ȥ٤ӤоݤˤŬʤɽϤȤ륳ѥΰŪħ٤뤳Ȥϰ̣
PPCMBE 1700--1914ǯΥꥹѸƥ949,000ǹƤꡤParsed Corpora of Historical English 1ʤƱͤ˹ʸϤ줿Ťб륳ѥȤ³ռǤ롥ͭǥǡꤹɬפ롥COHA 1810--2009ǯΥꥫѸƥ4Ͽ祳ѥǤ롥ϡʸϤϤƤʤCOHA ̵ǥ饤󥢥Ǥ뤿Ȥ䤹󥿡եꤵƤΤǽʥǡǤʤȤ롥
ѥεϤȤط뤬PPCMBE ɽ (representativeness) 񤬤롥PPCMBE ΥѥƥȤ18غ٤ʬषƥǯ10ǯߤǤȤȡȤʤޥܤ¿롥ϡʬ٤ͭյʬϷ̤ФʤȤȤǤꡤѤ˺ݤդפ롥
COHA ΥѥƥȤ Fiction, Popular Magazines, Newspapers, Non-Fiction Books 4绨Ĥ˶ʬƤ롥٤ʬθˤѤǤʤ10ǯߤǤƥޥܤŬڤʥΥƥȤۤƤꡤɽϤ褯ݤƤ롥Fiction ιΨɤλ50%ƤꡤFiction θħä˸áˤѥΤθħ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ졤ʬϤκݤˤϤդפ롥
ܻϡξѥΰʾħ򡤸Ѹˤƻӵ顦ǾˤäƼƤ롥CONCE (Corpus of Nineteenth-Century English) Ѥ Kytö and Romaine ԸˤС19δ֡ӵαФ޷γϡ30ǯߤƬ57.1%67.8%ؤäƤȤƱͤĴ COHA PPCMBE 10ǯߤ˻ܤȤԤǤ1810ǯ64.7%1910ǯ74.3%¤äƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ԤǤ1810ǯ79.4%1910ǯ78.0%ޤɤ줬㤷äȤܡp. 56ˡCONCEƱͤ30ǯߤʬϤľȡPPCMBE ǤͭդѲܴۤѻǤۤɤη̤ǤȤ
ѥϤ줾ȼħäƤ롥褯İѤɬפ뤳ȤǧϢơ[2010-06-04-1]εή˵դäƤӵˡפ򻲾ȡ

2ĤλŦѥ---ɽסرѸ쥳ѥ18桤Ѹ쥳ѥز2011ǯ49--59ǡ
Kytö, M. and S. Romaine. "Adjective Comparison in Nineteenth-Century English." Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Ed. M. Kytö, M. Rydén, and E. Smitterberg. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 194--214.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-15-1] [2015-09-29-1]

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2011-04-01 Fri

#704. brethren and sister(e)n [plural][analogy][ame][i-mutation][relationship_noun][corpus][coca][coha]

ε[2011-03-31-1]ǡűѸο²̾ζɽ򸫤brethren εˤĤƤڤȴϢƿ²̾줪դ ( analogy ) ⤦ĵ󤲤褦brethren Ȥ sister(e)n Ȥʣ롥MED εҤˤ褦ˡѸǤ -(e)n Ϥ̤Ǥꡤ-s ̲Τ brother ξƱʹߤǤ롥դϻΰʤΤǡܺ٤ʥǡäƤ롥ѸǤ⥤󥰥ɤǤ -s ͥǤϤλ sister ʣϸ§Ȥ -n 뤤첻θݤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ ( Hotta, p. 256 )
ơsister(e)n ϸѸĤäƤ뤬brethren Ȱۤʤꡤ̾MˤϵܤƤʤBNC ( The British National Corpus ) ǤҥåȤʤäCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ), COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English ) ǤϤ줾4㡤1519ȾʹߤˤҥåȤäѤ饢ꥫѸʹ뤳Ȥʬ롥COCA 1ĵ󤲤롥Ƥ "CNN Crossfire" ǤֻϰѼԡˡ

Well, you know, I hate to correct you, but you made the same mistake many of your liberal brethren and sisteren, have said in analyzing this dissent by Judge Stevens.


COCA, COHA ξѥη19Τ16ޤǤ brethren and sister(e)n ȤƸ졤˥եѤ졤dear my ԤƤӤλȤ¿brethren Ʊͤ˽ŪȹŪʸ̮ǸƤ褦ꤵ줿ȤƤΤۤʸŪʸ̤⤢Τ⤷ʤϢơOED sister θ5ѤƤ"In the vocative, as a mode of address, chiefly in transferred senses. Also colloq. as a mode of address to an unrelated woman, esp. one whose name is not known."
äѤ饢ꥫѸѤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡMencken (502) Ƥ롥

Sisteren or sistern, now confined to the Christians, white and black, of the Get-Right-with-God country, was common in Middle English and is just as respectable, etymologically speaking, as brethren.


sister(e)n Ȥʣ˴ؤŪϡḽ奢ꥫѸǤλѤѸη³ȤƤȤ館٤뤤ϥꥫѸDzƤ⤿餵줿ȤƤȤ館٤Ǥ롥OED ˤȡsister(e)n ϰŪʸϸȤƤ16ȾФѤ줿Ȥ롥Ѹ䥤ꥹѸޤ᤿Ĵʤʬʤ(1) brethren Ȥϻ鷺ꤽǤ뤳ȡ(2) brethren ȵӱƧΤǸƤӤʤɸä˹ޤ줽Ǥ뤳ȡ2饢ꥫѸǤκƷȹͤΤǤϤʤѸ츻Ū sister(e)n Ф줿餤顤ѸDzƺ줿ȤƤԻ׵ĤϤʤ
sister(e)n ̾μˤϺܤäƤʤ餤Υ쥢ʣbrethren, children, oxen (but see [2010-08-22-1]) Ʊ˻Ĥ뾯 -en ʣ֤Ƥ롥

Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-04-05-1]

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2010-09-19 Sun

#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü [corpus][coha][ame_bre][ame]

Brigham Young University Mark Davies ˤ Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) Ƕᡤ줿1810--2009ǯϰϤʤꥫѸ쥳ѥǡˤ4Ķ緿ѥƤ祳祳äƤ뤬󥯥å10ǯڤ٤ФƥդޤǽФƤΤǡ2֤ΥꥫѸ̻ѲĻפΤˤۤʥġϤʤ
äˤ⤷ΤϡߤΥꥹѸȥꥫѸȤǷ֤ˡۤʤäƤ1Фɽ򤽤줾줳ΥѥǸƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤƤϥꥫѸǤäѤ饤ꥹŪɽȤƤΤ夬ȤȤ˥ꥹȴƤ椯ʤ뤤ϥꥫޤäƤ椯ͻҤ褯ʬ뤳ȤΤȼΤưפͽۤ뤳Ȥ줬ޤ˻Ū˼ΤǶäƤޤΤ㤨СΥ߳´ʸΤ˱ƺĴƤ롥ä BrE in the street AmE on the street ֻκۤܤƤ뤬COHA Ǥ줾ե졼ȸԤȤȤƤƤ뤳ȤȤ
[2010-09-17-1], [2010-09-18-1]Ȥ³ while whilst ˤΤǡ COHA ѤƴϢĴ򤪤ʤäƤߤ奢ꥫѸǤ whilst ϤۤȤɻȤʤꥹѸǤʸȤƸǤ롥ǤϡĤƤΥꥫѸǤϤɤäĤƤϥꥹѸƱͤˤʤ˻ȤƤ夫˻ȤʤʤѸȤʤäȤڽ񤭤ͽۤ롥 COHA dzΤƤߤ "whilst.[cs]" ʽ°³ȤƤ whilst ˤƸȡɤ˰ʲΤ褦ǯٿդȤȤ˽Ϥ롥ʸ̤󥯥åʤΤǡĴפȸƤ֤Τ礲̤ȤƤϡwhilst 1810ǯ夫2000ǯޤǤۤ³Ƥ롥ǤŤ1810ǯǤ whilst while ٤ minor variant ˤʤ10081.27󸽤Ƥ줬1930ǯˤ5.04ˤޤƤꡤ2000ǯǤϤ鷺1.59Ǥ롥

whilst by COHA

[2010-09-18-1]ǽи褦 Dracula (1897ǯ) while 14󤷤ʤΤФ whilst 95ȤΤϡʸΤˤȤ礭ȤƤ⡤㤷ꥹŪǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ褦

Referrer (Inside): [2013-07-29-1] [2011-06-09-1]

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