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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-04-21 Mon

#1820. c-command [syntax][generative_grammar][terminology][ppcme2][ppceme][ppcmbe]

#310. PPCMBE ǹѸ̻ ([2010-03-03-1]) ǡPenn Parsed Corpora of Historical English Ҳ𤷤Helsinki Corpus ١Ȥʤĥä˱Ѹ쥳ѥǡܺ٤˹ʸϤ줿 Penn-Treebank format ˤĥ꡼Ȥ⸡ǤΤħǤ롥ηϤʣǡCorpusSearch ʤüʥץѤƸɬפ⤢ꡤ鿴ԤȤʤˤߵ郎⤤ŪΤ˵ꤵ줿ʸ򽸤ȤäӤǤϡΤȤ Penn Ϥιʸϥѥ (PPC) ˤʤΤϤʤ
PPC ιʸϤŪפʸˡѤѸü첽ΤΤǤϤʤŪŪʤΤʤΤǡ̤ƤʤȤⲿȤѤϤǤ롥㤨СCorpusSearch ̿ᷲˡ"Dominates", "iDominates" (=immediately dominates), "HasSister", "IsRoot" ʤɤ뤬ĥ꡼ΤϤΤäƤСѸ줬ؤط򤹤뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤ
˵󤲤Τ⾯ä̿ˡ"CCommands" ȤΤ롥c-commandc-Ȥϡ1980ǯȯŸ« (binding theory) ˤƹڤ줿طǤ롥«ϡUG (universal grammar) ΰ̸§ΤʤǤˤʤΤȤäƸ椵줿ǤꡤȤ櫓Ƶ̾ʤɤɽȱ (anaphora) ̾졤¾̾ȡԻȤδطꤹ븶§ɵ椷ŪȯŸβǡȤ櫓פȤ褦ˤʤäط1Ĥc-Ǥ롥ۤˡϢοΤ« (binding) Ψ (government) 롥
ʲǡc- (c-command) « (binding) ˤĤƳ⤷褦βͶĥ꡼ˤơ

Syntax Tree for C-Command 1

B C F c-椷Ƥ
C F ϤȤ B, D, E c-椷Ƥ
D E E D c-椷Ƥ

ȸ롥ˤС X ۤƤǽλʬ̤ Y ۤƤȤX Y c-command סաp. 86ˡ
ʸˡ c-椬׻뤵줿ΤϡƵ̾Ȥ줬ؤԻδطꤹ뤿ˡc-ȤطṲ̄Ȥ狼äƤʲ2Ĥʸͤ褦

(1) *John's mother criticized himself.
(2) John's mother criticized herself.

Syntax Tree for C-Command 2

ʸ (1) Ǥϡ"John" NP ۤƤǽλʬ TP Τ NP Ǥ뤫顤"John" "mother" c-command Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤʤäƤ⡤"himself" c-command Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤʤʤ"himself" Ω줫餤С"John" c-command ƤʤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʾ硤ʤ "himself" "John" «ƤʤˤϡȱΩʤȤΤѸǤΥ롼Ǥ롥
ʸ (2) ǤϡƵ̾ "herself" "John's mother" ɽ NP ԻȤƤ뤬 NP ۤƤǽλʬ TP Ǥ뤫顤"John's mother" "herself" c-command Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥"herself" Ω줫餤С"John's mother" c-command Ƥꡤ«ƤΤǡȱΩġʸˡȤϡc-桤«Ȥطε̤ơѸξȱ˴ؤ̸§줿ȹͤ
PPC äȡ㤨 his ouermoch fearinge of you Τ褦̾򸡺Τˡ"CCommands" Ȥ̿ˤ̾줬̤̾ c-椷Ƥ褦̾פȤꤹФ褤ʣΤȤǡ authentic ʸФȤˡPPC CorpusSearch ϰϤȯ롥

ʸˡ١ҡ2009ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-24-1]

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2013-03-25 Mon

#1428. ye = the [palaeography][spelling][thorn][th][pub][alphabet][graphemics][ppcme2][ppceme][ppcmbe][corpus]

#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye yethe Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED 򻲾Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" 򸡺ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬󤬤äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ޷˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤ᤿Ȥϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤ򻣱ƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde London

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2013-03-13 Wed

#1416. shew show (2) [spelling][corpus][ppcmbe][johnson][pronunciation_spelling]

ε#1414. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1]) ³ԡ Helsinki Corpus ѤƽѸޤǤ shew show ʬۤĴϸѸˤʬۤ PPCMBE (Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]) ˤäƴñĴ
PPCMBE ϡ1700ǯ1914ǯޤǤ948,895ΥѥǤ롥70ǯĤ3ʬФ첽줿 pos ե뷲оݤ˸뤳Ȥ shew show token 夲̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ


shew show
1700--17698025298,764
1770--18397986368,804
1840--191417162281,327


绨Ĥʿ夲ǤϤ뤬13餫ʬۤͭպФ롥1800ǯ򶭤˷žshow ͥˤʤäƤȤ狼ʤžȤͳˤĤƤϡJohnson Dictionary (1755) εҤͤˤʤ롥"To SHOW" θФΤȤ˼Τ褦ˤΤǡѤƤ

This word is frequently written shew; but since it is always pronounced and often written show, which is favoured likewise by the Dutch schowen, I have adjusted the orthography to the pronunciation.


Ĥޤꡤspelling_pronunciation ʤ pronunciation_spelling ȤȤˤʤΤshow ۤɤιٸǤΤ褦ʰŪʲѤȤΤԻ׵Ĥˤפ뤬Ѹ衤ȤϤ show 󤬰ϹԤʤƤȤ¤طʤˤäȤϡΤ˸Ƥ

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2011-06-09 Thu

#773. PPCMBE COHA [corpus][coha][ppcmbe][lmode][adjective][comparison][inflection][representativeness]

ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ2Ĥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]. ) COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English; see [2010-09-19-1]. ) ˤĤơܻ᤬رѸ쥳ѥ٤κǿ˸ΡȤȯɽƤ롥ξԤȤ2010ǯ˸줿ѸΥѥ줾ѼǤ뤳ȡޤԻŪۤʤ뤳Ȥ٤ӤоݤˤŬʤɽϤȤ륳ѥΰŪħ٤뤳Ȥϰ̣
PPCMBE 1700--1914ǯΥꥹѸƥ949,000ǹƤꡤParsed Corpora of Historical English 1ʤƱͤ˹ʸϤ줿Ťб륳ѥȤ³ռǤ롥ͭǥǡꤹɬפ롥COHA 1810--2009ǯΥꥫѸƥ4Ͽ祳ѥǤ롥ϡʸϤϤƤʤCOHA ̵ǥ饤󥢥Ǥ뤿Ȥ䤹󥿡եꤵƤΤǽʥǡǤʤȤ롥
ѥεϤȤط뤬PPCMBE ɽ (representativeness) 񤬤롥PPCMBE ΥѥƥȤ18غ٤ʬषƥǯ10ǯߤǤȤȡȤʤޥܤ¿롥ϡʬ٤ͭյʬϷ̤ФʤȤȤǤꡤѤ˺ݤդפ롥
COHA ΥѥƥȤ Fiction, Popular Magazines, Newspapers, Non-Fiction Books 4绨Ĥ˶ʬƤ롥٤ʬθˤѤǤʤ10ǯߤǤƥޥܤŬڤʥΥƥȤۤƤꡤɽϤ褯ݤƤ롥Fiction ιΨɤλ50%ƤꡤFiction θħä˸áˤѥΤθħ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ졤ʬϤκݤˤϤդפ롥
ܻϡξѥΰʾħ򡤸Ѹˤƻӵ顦ǾˤäƼƤ롥CONCE (Corpus of Nineteenth-Century English) Ѥ Kytö and Romaine ԸˤС19δ֡ӵαФ޷γϡ30ǯߤƬ57.1%67.8%ؤäƤȤƱͤĴ COHA PPCMBE 10ǯߤ˻ܤȤԤǤ1810ǯ64.7%1910ǯ74.3%¤äƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ԤǤ1810ǯ79.4%1910ǯ78.0%ޤɤ줬㤷äȤܡp. 56ˡCONCEƱͤ30ǯߤʬϤľȡPPCMBE ǤͭդѲܴۤѻǤۤɤη̤ǤȤ
ѥϤ줾ȼħäƤ롥褯İѤɬפ뤳ȤǧϢơ[2010-06-04-1]εή˵դäƤӵˡפ򻲾ȡ

2ĤλŦѥ---ɽסرѸ쥳ѥ18桤Ѹ쥳ѥز2011ǯ49--59ǡ
Kytö, M. and S. Romaine. "Adjective Comparison in Nineteenth-Century English." Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Ed. M. Kytö, M. Rydén, and E. Smitterberg. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 194--214.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-15-1] [2015-09-29-1]

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2010-03-03 Wed

#310. PPCMBE ǹѸ̻ [corpus][ppcmbe][syntax]

Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English ΥץȤ̤ȤơUniversity of Pennsylvania PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English ) Ǥ줿ˤꡤʲ̤ꡤűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤ錄ƻΥꥹѸ쥿դѥФäȤˤʤ롥

YCOE: Taylor, Ann, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Frank Beths. York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, first edition. Oxford Text Archive, 2003. (1.5 million words)
PPCME2: Kroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor. Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, second edition. University of Pennsylvania, 2000. (1.3 million words)
PPCEME: Kroch, Anthony, Beatrice Santorini, and Ariel Diertani. Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, first edition. University of Pennsylvania, 2004. (1.8 million words)
PPCMBE: Kroch, Anthony, Beatrice Santorini, and Ariel Diertani. Penn-Hensinki Parsed Corpus of Modern British English, first edition. University of Pennsylvania, 2010. (1.0 million words)

Helsinki Corpus ١ȤФƱ annotation scheme ˤŪղäƤꡤߤϢȤǤ褦˺Ƥ롥ϰۤʤ뤬褽1410ǯ1695ǯޤǤΤνʽȤʤ륳ѥ PCEEC Ʊͤ annotation scheme ǥդƤꡤϤϢȤǽǤʤѤŪˡ

PCEEC: Taylor, Ann, Arja Nurmi, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Terttu Nevalainen. Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, first edition. Oxford Text Archive, 2006. (2.2 million words)

ǡ碌 7.8 million words ̻ŪŪʻ饿դ졤̤ѲǽˤʤäȤˤʤ롥
ȺȡؤΥХCOEץ֥ѥ˴Ťض鸦 ( Corpus-based Linguistics and Language Education ) Ťǡ"Corpus Analysis and Diachronic Linguistics" ꤹݥݥबƱؤdz졤Anthony Kroch Merja Kytö ʤɱѸ˥ѥؤ̾ʳؼԤֱ餷ʥݥˡPPCMBE νľȤȤ⤢äΤǡä Anthony Kroch ä˶̣äƤϢ˱Ѹ쥳ѥȤä츦ΰüǤ⸫ƤΤʤȴԤƤäȤˡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˥ե󥹸쥳ѥȤ߹碌ֱʩо̻쥳ѥءפȤǤ⤤٤βǽ򼨤ȯɽä University of Pennsylvania ϱѸ˸¤餺ΥѥεȤʤäƤꡤ䤳Ȥ߹碌ȤʤȤ⤢ʤȤǤȤȤ򸫤Ĥ줿ȤǤ⤤
ʤߤˡ夲줿ϱʩ direct object topicalization ˤǡѸξˤ 1151--1250 ǯ 1251--1350 ǯˤơľŪ֤٤쵤˸Ȥ

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