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graphemics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2026-04-03 Fri

#6185. ޤ롤Ѹֻ <e> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][orthography][final_e][silent_letter][three-letter_rule][voicy][heldio]

١#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲ǵ󤲤10˿Ԥ櫓ǤϤʤCarney ɤǤʬäȤɲûब롥ޤ Carney ϢսѤ (42)

Empty letters are naturally a target for the spelling reformers, but one should not rush in with the scissors too hastily. A favourite target is final <-e>. The instances of <-e> at the end of copse, bottle, file, giraffe, are often referred to as 'silent' letters, but they are very different. The <-e> of copse marks the word as different from the plural cops. The word bottle cannot sensibly be spelt as *<bottl>, since syllabic consonants are always spelt with a vowel letter and a consonant letter, except for <sm> in sarcasm, prism. Similarly it might be thought that file could be spelt *<fil>. It would still be different from fill, as it is in filing, filling. However, some degree of redundancy is essential to human language and that justifies taking the unit of correspondence to be <i..e>/aɪ/. Even the <-e> at the end of giraffe has something to be said in its favour. It can be said to mark the unusual final stress of the noun as in the <-CCe> of brunette, cassette, corvette, largesse, bagatelle, gazelle.


bottle ˴ؤ⤬ˤȤäƤܿΤäñβ粻 l ˤĤơ粻ŪҲѤȤˤϡɬ <e> տ魯Ȥ㳰Ȥ <-sm> 󤲤Ƥ뤬ʳϤɤ <e> ɬܤΤ褦
⤦1Ķ̣Τ giraffe θ <e> Ǥ롥brunette, cassette, corvette ʤɤ㤫狼̤ꡤ <-VCCe> ֻȤʤˤϡ<V> ޤ಻˶롥ϡ<e> ǤȤ <CCe> ΤǼȤ٤Τΰ˻ͿƤȤǡ <e> 1ĤȲ᤹뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥
ۤˤ eye θ <e> Τ褦ˡ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) 򤹤뤿Υߡ <e> ⡤1ĤȤƥꥹȤ˲äƤ褤
ͤ³Ƥȡ<e> Ϥäȵ󤬤äƤܵƱݤǡ330 heldio ˤ#1765. Ѹֻˤ <e> ۿƤΤǡ⤪İС



Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2025-03-19 Wed

#5805. Skeat ȯͩΰ [ghost_word][minim][spelling][alphabet][manuscript][palaeography][thorn][th][graphemics][editing]

ε#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ ([2025-03-18-1]) ǡSkeat ޤȤ᤿ɤ߰㤤䤹ʸˤΰ򼨤ܤιԤϸ§ȤʸؤΥץǤϤ뤬ΥץǤϤޤäƤޤʸ櫤¿ȤȤSkeat ϡΤ褦櫤ˤϤޤäԤޤ餺߽ФƤޤäͩ (ghost_word) ο򡤼ȤʸκǸ󤷤Ƥ (373--74) ̤ΤʤֻSkeat ιͤȤˤͩŪǤʤֻǤ롥

abacot (a bicocket)
abofted (abosted)
allryn (alkyn)
belene (beleue)
beuen (benen)
bewunus (bewunne)
bolueden (bolneden)
bouchen (bonchen)
char (thar)
chek yn a tyde (chek-matyde),
chesse (chese)
chichingis (thithingis, error for tithingis)
clamupe (claurnpe)
cleue (clene)
conise (comse)
conisyng (comspg)
coppin (croppin)
corves (cornes)
couuen (coxmen)
cronde (croude)
culde (tulde)
culpis (cuupis ? for coupis ?),
degontit (degoutit)
desouled (defouled)
dimnede (diuinede)
dolf (douf)
dolp (doup)
drinen (driuen)
dymnede (dyuinede)
eftures (esteres, estres)
enchausyt (enchaufyt)
encortif (encorcif)
flocced (flotted)
folloke (wilfolloker)
forbusur (forbusne)
forgalbed (forgabbed)
fonngit (foriugit)
fouk (fonk)
founed (fonned)
galbert (gabbert)
golk (gouk)
gramity (graunty)
havin (harm)
hetheued (heued)
holk (houk)
howen, howne (howue)
kimes (knives)
lath (lay)
lessyt (leffyt)
lohe (lome)
maused (mansed)
monelich (menelich)
morse (nurse)
moyt (mo þat)
nalle (ualle)
nolt (nout)
onen (ouen)
ouershuppe (ouerhuppe)
owery (dwerþ)
palke (pakke)
palpis (paupis)
panfray (paufray)
pantener (pautener)
pavade (panade)
polien (þolien)
polk (pouk)
porcours (portours)
punniten (permuten)
rendit (vondit)
rentful (reuful)
renthe (reuthe)
reuk (renk)
rolkis (rokkis)
roned (roued)
sangtle (saughtle)
satoure (fatoure)
scharpe (schappe)
sharter (Charter)
skowurand (skownrand)
slalk (slakk)
soket (Coket)
sordid (fordid)
spelk (spekk)
stone (schon)
succh (sutth)
suten (sitten)
Syvewarm (Fysewarin)
talbart (tabbart)
tavart (tabart)
thame (tharne)
treryn (temp)
tyre (cyre)
ulode (correct; u=v)
ullorxa (?)
vyt (rycht)
walk (wakk, later wauk)
walkrif (wakkrif, later waukrif)
walknit (wakknit, later wauknit)
watte (waite)
wayne (wayue)
wok (woux)
ytoped (ycoped)
yvete (ybete)


Skeat ϡԤΥߥˤä뤳Τ褦ͩ줬夷˺ϿޤǤƤޤǽ˶ƤʸؤΥץȤƤʤΤ

Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

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2025-03-18 Tue

#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ [minim][spelling][alphabet][manuscript][ghost_word][palaeography][thorn][th][graphemics][punctuation]

ǶᤤĤεǡͩ (ghost_word) 夲ƤѸߤοƤǤ Skeat ϡͩʸΤʤǡͩνиظˤܾʸˤɤ߰㤤ܺ٤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸˤΥꥹȤƤΤǡʬѤ褦 (372)

I now proceed to make a list of the symbols which, in the foregoing examples, have been misread and confused. The following groups denote the confused symbols: b, v; c, t; d, o; e, o, s; f, s; k, lr; m, ui, in; n, u; o, d, e; p, þ (th); r, v; s, C, e, f; y, þ (th). Also mi, un; mu, um; ni, in; rp, pp; tt, it; ur, ne; unn, erm; vin, rm. Also lb, bb; lk, kk. Very few of these mistakes result from the misreading of marks of contraction. If I were to add examples of this character, the number of ghost-words would be very largely increased.


ʤ㤬 (minim) ǹʸˤޤǤ롥minim γʡˤ˴ؿäϡ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) #5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ʤɤɤ
ޤ<th> űѸ졦Ѹʸ <þ> (thorn) ˤĤƤϡ#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ

Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-19-1]

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2019-12-06 Fri

#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][writing][printing][typography]

long <s> ȸƤФ <<ʃ>> λˤĤƤϡǤˡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1])#2998. 18ޤǰȼ񤭤ֻϰۤʤˤä ([2017-07-12-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
long <s> ŵŪ (1) Ƭˤơ(2) <f> ǡ뤤 (3) <ss> 1ʸܤˤơǤ1800ǯޤǹѤƤ񤭤Ǥϡ⤦٤19ȾФޤǻȤƤȤ롥ȤScholfield (153) ǤϡơˤĤƤ⤦٤ǯ夬󤲤Ƥ롥

. . . the letters used from the seventeenth century onwards remain easily recognizable with the exception of the 'long s', written in various ways such as <ʃ> plain or <ʃ> italic, also found with part of the crossbar such as <f> has . . . . The long form derived from an earlier cursive handwritten variant of <s> and, when used, this variant occurred widely in lower case writing (not capitals) except in word final position, where the familiar 'short s' or 'round s' letter shape was used . . . . In some usage it was also not used before/after <f> or as a second <s> in a double <s> the middle of a word, or in other specific circumstances. The long 's' was widely used in print until around 1815, and while it disappeared from published material at a stroke when a printing house or typeface-designer abandoned it . . ., it faded out slowly in the usage of individuals. The author Wilkie Collins is recorded using it in the word in a diary entry as late as 1886 . . ., and it seems that this use in final double 's' position was the one which generally survived the longest.


Ǥ1815ǯդ <<ʃ>> ä񤭤ǤϺǤ٤񤭼19᤯ޤĤäȤΤäǤϤʤ<<ʃ>> οˤĤƤϡ#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1]) ǡΦαƶäǽȴñ˿줿Hill (437) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥ򸫤ĤΦγ˱ƶȤԺѤη̤Ȥơ쵤˿षΤΤ褦εҤˤ1787--88ǯ餤פǯäȤˤʤ롥

   The decline of the long 's' coincides closely with the emergence of the Modern or Didone letter in the eighteenth century. Though used in Bodoni's earlier work, it is absent from Manuale Typografico of 1788, and was not used by François-Ambroise Didot in the types he cut in the 1780s . . . .
   In England, the printer John Bell argued against its continued use. It was not included in the types cut for him by Richard Austin in 1788, or used in his newspaper The World from 1787. Absent from British 'Modern' faces of the late eighteenth century, its use after this date was generally limited to deliberate historical effect or pastiche.


Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.
Hill, Will. "Typography and the Printed English Text." Chapter 25 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 431--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-06-1] [2020-01-27-1]

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2018-03-22 Thu

#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ [digraph][h][phoneme][arbitrariness][alphabet][grammatology][grapheme][graphemics][spelling][consonant][diacritical_mark][sobokunagimon]

ꥢοɸ֥磻 CHIANTI ʥƥˤߤĤġꥢ <chi> = /ki/ ˻פڤ<ch> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) ˴ؤơ衼åѤνϤƤ⡤ŵŪб벻ϤޤޤǤ롥첻 <i> դ <chi> ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦פʸɽСѸǤ chill, chin Τ褦 /ʧi/ե󥹸Ǥ Chine, chique Τ褦 /ʃi/ꥢǤ chianti, chimera Τ褦 /ki/ɥĸǤ China, Chinin Τ褦 /çi/ Ǥ롥Ʊ <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤäƤʤ顤б벻ХХʤΤϤäʤ
򤯤ˤϡʸ (arbitrariness) ȡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤ򤹤ɬפ롥ޤʸ顥ե٥åȤˤȤȡ<a> Ȥʸ /a/ ȤȷӤĤϤȹͤΤϡĹȽˤΤˤºݤˤξԤδ֤ɬŪʴطϤʤбطե٥åȤѤ¿θǸΤϡΥե٥åηϤѤˤäơѸ˸줿ηդδطѤˤʤ̤ʻ𤬤ʤꤤطѤΤݤȤȤ⤢ΤʸȲȤδط塹Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿餫̤ʻ𤬤СȤСб벻ʬθˤ¸ߤʤΤǤʸȤ줺;äƤޤ硽<a> Ѥˤ뤳ȤǤ뤷ޤäۤʤ¾βˤƤȤäƤǤ롥ȤС춦ƱΤ <a> = /t/ ȷꤷƱդСθˤƤϤǤ褤ΤǤ롥ʸϸŪʤΤǤ뤫顤ʬդС¾ͤ˴Ĥڹ礤ϤʤΤǤ롥<ch> ñǤϤʤ2ŻǤȤüϤ뤬2ʸη1ĤʸȤߤʤСʸƸϻ˱ƹʤ褦ѤƤ褤θ¸ߤɤʻҲ˳ƤƤ褤üʤȤ򤤤첻˳ƤƤ⡤̵˳ƤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤ<ch(i)> ɤߤϡޤäŪɬŪ˷ޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򤹤뤳ȤοǤ롥
ˡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤơޤǤʤȤƱθǤʤ줾ȼβηϤäƤ롥Ѹˤ /f, l, θ, ð, v/ ʤɤβǤ뤬ܸˤϤʤȤä褦ˡ줴ȤͭβǥåȤΤǤ롥ƸβηϤȯŸˤ⡤§ȤΩŪǤ롥μѤʤɤäǤ⡤αƶϸŪäơۤʤˤϰۤʤ벻ǥåȤꡤǥåȴ֤Ǹߤб褦ȤƤäƤΤ顤줤·ȤȤ˾ʤϤǤ롥ɽʸ륢ե٥åȤϸ§ȤƲǤ̤Τ顤ǥåȴ֤ǤޤбʤΤʸåȴ֤ˤб褦ȤȤǡϤɬ⤭줤ˤ·ʤϤǤ롥
ǵ󤲤衼åѤμפʸϡˤηаޤȤ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƤϤȤʤƥˤ <ch> Ȥ2ŻѤƤ뤳ȤΤäƤޤ§ȤƤΩȤĤĤ⡤ߤθܤǸƤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǡ2Ż <ch> Ѥ褦ȤǥΤϡθ⼫ƤΤ<ch> ɤβˤƤˤĤƤϡƸ˰ѤͤƤǡƸǤ <c> ŵŪɽ蘆벻ȶŪ̻Ū˴طο̤βбʸȤ <ch> 򤢤ƤȤˤȤ櫓ĤޤꡤѸǤ /ʧi/ե󥹸Ǥ /ʃi/ꥢǤ /ki/ɥĸǤ /çi/ Ǥ롥Ƥξ硤ƸˤˤơȤȤ /k/ ɽ魯Τ <ch> ѤƤ롥
ޤȤСθ⡤Ū <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤ³뤳ȤˤĤƤ϶̤ƤƸŪ˰ۤʤ벻ѲƤˡ<ch> ɽ蘆벻ϡߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ <ch> = /ʧ/ ˴ؤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#1893. إܥ󼰥޻ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])
#2393. <Crist> <Christ> ([2015-11-15-1])
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])

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2017-07-11 Tue

#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> [spelling][graphemics][grammatology][alphabet][printing][lmode][writing][orthography]

18ΰܤΥƥȤɤǤȡ³ <s> ΰۻ (allograph) Ǥ <<ʃ>> ޤˤ˸뤳Ȥ˵ŤλΤ "long <s>" ȸƤФƤꡤޤǤѤƤޤäΤΡѸˤĹˤ錄äƳƤۻΤäTieken-Boon van Ostade (40) ˰Ƥ롡ECCO ʸˤꡤ<<ʃ>> λȤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

. . . WHEREIN / THE CHAPTERS are ʃumm'd up in Contents; the Sacred Text inʃerted at large, in Paragraphs, or Verʃes; and each Paragraph, or Verʃe, reduc'd to its proper Heads; the Senʃe given, and largely illuʃtrated, / WITH / Practical Remarks and Obʃervations


Ƥ狼̤ꡤ٤Ƥ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϸƬ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰ졤Ǥ̾ <<s>> ʤޤƬǤʸξˤ <<S>> Ѥ롥ۤˡIdleneʃs Busineʃs Τ褦ˡ<ss> δĶǤ1ʸܤ long <s> Ȥʤ롥
long <s> 䤬Ѥ˵뤳ȤȤʤäˤƤ18˾äƤäȤŦƤ롥

Long <s> disappeared as a printing device towards the end of the eighteenth century, and its presence or absence is today used by antiquarians to date books that lack a publication date as dating from either before or after 1800. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 40)


դ٤ϡ1800ǯ򶭤 long <s> äΤϰȤΤˤƤǤꡤ (handwriting) ˤƤϡ⤦Ф餯 long <s> Ѥ³ȤȤǤ롥#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ񤭤Ǥ1850ǯޤǻȤ³ȼ񤭤ȤǻʬۤۤʤäƤȤ long <s> ˸¤餺¾ΰۻΤֻˤƤϤޤ롥δФǤϡˤ񤭤ˤ衤1Ĥζ̤ˡȹͤΤʤȤ1800ǯޤǤϡΤ褦ʴФϵäȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥
long <s> ˤĤơ#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2015-10-20 Tue

#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> [grapheme][graphemics][spelling][palatalisation][i-mutation][phonemicisation][anglo-norman][vowel][consonant][causation][language_change]

űѸŵŪ <cyning> 뤤 <cyng> ֤Ƥ줬ѸǤŵŪ <king> ֤褦ˤʤäƤ롥 /k/ ɽ魯ʸ <c> <k> ؤ֤줿ȤȤˤϤʤưŤäΤ
/k/ бʸ <c> <k> ִ줿аޤˤĤơScragg (45) ϵǽŪΩ줫鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . Old English orthography continued to represent the two sounds [= [k] and [ʧ]] by <c> (i.e. both of these words in late Old English were spelt cinn or cynn). Although <c> could still unambiguously represent /k/ before back vowels and consonants (as it still does in cat, cot, cut, climb, crumb), there was no agreed way of distinguishing the sounds graphically before front vowels. The use of <k> for the plosive appeared sporadically from the ninth century but it was not until the thirteenth that it was fully established in words like king and keen, by which time <ch> had been adopted for the affricate.


<c> <k> ؤѲϡ/y/ ߿Ȥ첻ѲͿƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥űѸǤϸ (palatalisation) θ̤ˤꡤ첻Ԥ /k/ [ʧ] ȤƼ¸褦ˤʤäƤ첻Ԥ /k/ [k] ȤƼ¸³ƤꡤߤʬۤʤᡤξϤޤƱ첻Ǥΰۤʤ¸Ǥˤʤääơɽ魯ʸ <c> 1Ĥǻ­ꤿ
Ȥ첻 /u/ i-mutation ˤ첻 /y/ Ȥʤꡤ߿ /i/ ؤѲȡcinn [ʧin] cynn [kin] Ωޤ졤ʬۤ롥 /ʧ/ /k/ Ȥϰۤʤ벻ǤȤƶ̤褦ˤʤäDz (phonemicisation) βǤ롥
ʳˤơۤʤ벻ǤϰۤʤʸɽΤդ路ȤǽŪȯۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ͤˡϤĤμ¸ȼѤδ֤Ф夤Τϡ/k/ Ф <k> /ʧ/ Ф <ch> 򤢤Ƥˡä <c> ΤΤĤäƤʤȤդ줿
Ѹˤ <k> <ch> Ѥ줿طʤˤϡֻѤ륢󥰥Υޥ̻νͿƤScragg θ򤬲ǤʸǤб˴ؤ뵡ǽŪ˽ϤƤΤФOED K, n. εҤϡ󥰥ΥޥֻˤڤǤꡤХ󥹤μ줿Ȥ롥

Yet, in the Old English use of the Roman alphabet, both the guttural and the palatal sound were represented by C, although in the practice of individual scribes K was by no means infrequent for the guttural, especially in positions where C would have been liable to be taken as palatal, or would at least have been ambiguous, as in such words as Kent, kéne, kennan, akenned, kynn, kyning, kyðed, folkes, céak, þicke. But, even in these cases, C was much more usual down to the 11th century; and K can be regarded only as a supplemental symbol occasionally used instead of C for the guttural sound. After the Conquest, however, the Norman usage gradually prevailed, in accordance with which C was retained for the original guttural only before a, o, u, l, r, and K was substituted for the same sound before e, i, y, and (later) n; while the palatalized Old English c, now advanced to /ʧ/, was written Ch. Hence, in native words, initial K now appears only before e, i, y (y being moreover usually merged in i), and before n ( < Old English cn-), where it is no longer pronounced in Standard English, though retained in some dialects.


űѸǤ⤹Ǥ <k> ѤƤȤˤդ٤Ǥ롥ʸǤֻѲޤᡤѲˤϡʣξװͿƤȤ (multiple causation of language change) ˺ƤϤʤʤ
Ϣơ/k/ бʸŪˤĤơ#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2014-01-23 Thu

#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) [shakespeare][spelling][alphabet][graphemics]

#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǡȤθ¸뼫ȤƤϡߤɸŪֻ Shakespeare ϸʤȽҤ٤ֻ5ढä <k> <s> Τ첻 <e> ʤäΤǤ롥ɽ魯ֻȤ <e> Shakespeare Shake-speare ¿ԤƤȤΤǤ롥Ǥϡ <e> ̵ͭϤɤΤ褦Τ
Crystal and Crystal (72) ˤȡShakespeare ֻǽ˰ʪ˸줿Τϡ1593ǯ Venus and Adonis νǤȼμˤƤǤ롥ʹߡȼԤϤֻ³뤳Ȥˤʤä<e> Τϡ餯 <k> <s> γ٤碌ˤΤ򤱤뤿äȤΤϡ٤碌ˤȡ<k> αεӤѶʤ long <s> κεӤѶʤȤ֤ĤäƤޤ줬뤫δ֤ <e> ʤƤ³ƥϥեȡγϲ褹ʲ޻ȡˡĤޤꡤ䤿θƤ뤢ֻϡꥶ٥īγǰͭλˤȼԤκФֻäȤȤˤʤ롥

Shake-speare

long <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. The Shakespeare Miscellany. Woodstock & New York: The Overlook Press, 2005.

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2013-03-25 Mon

#1428. ye = the [palaeography][spelling][thorn][th][pub][alphabet][graphemics][ppcme2][ppceme][ppcmbe][corpus]

#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye yethe Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED 򻲾Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" 򸡺ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬󤬤äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ޷˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤ᤿Ȥϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤ򻣱ƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde London

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2012-12-31 Mon

#1344. final -e [final_e][mulcaster][spelling][graphemics][alphabet][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][ilame]

Ѹˤˤǽפ1ĤȤơfinal -e 󤲤롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ʤɤǰäƤĿŪʴؿ椨ˤҤܤˡֺǽספȸƤǤʤǤϤʤ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤĬήҤƤϰˤĬήθȤ final -e Τİյ礭final -e ϡȯǤ⤢ֻǤ⤢롥final -e ϡűѸ졦ѸǤ⤢ꡤѸ졦ѸǤ⤢롥ϡǯκǸȤƤդ路Ȼפ final -e ˤ򳵴ѤƤߤ褦ѤȤäƤϰǤϺѤޤʤȤCaon ʸ˽äơ̵󤹤롥
űѸޤǤϡ˸͡첻ϸߤ˲ֻ̤ƤȤűѸˤʤȡʤδĶǤ -a, -o, -u -e ؤͻ礷Ƥ椯첻ʻˤοʿ (levelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤ롥ŪˤΤ˶̤Ƥ첻ϡޤ schwa /ə/ ؤۣ沽˾ü (e.g., sune > sunə > sun) -e ϡֻϤä٤ޤݤ줿
final -e æϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- from North to South in all dialects in turn;
- first from written disyllabic forms with short stem vowel and then from those with a long stem vowel. In the latter forms, -e was generally retained to indicate that the previous vowel was long e.g. name;
- first from nouns and verbs and then from adjectives . . . .


final -e λ¸ϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)

- the kind of text: the ending occurred more frequently in poetry than in prose, in that it provided the poet with an extra syllable whenever he needed it;
- the presence of the ending in the dialect: if the writer spoke a southern dialect he probably still pronounced --- and therefore wrote --- all his final -e's;
- the author of the text: conservative writers like Chaucer and Gower preserved final -e in their spelling.


15ޤǤˤϡȯȤƤ final -e ϤܾۤäƤȹͤ롥16, 17ˤϡؼԤֻ׼Ԥˡ塤final -e 꼰ޤäǺǤƶϤäȤΤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611; see [2010-07-12-1]) Ǥ롥Mulcaster ϡ The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơ-ld, -nd, -st, -ss, -ff θ֡ͭ c g θ֡Ĺ촴첻ĸˤ final -e λѤ꼰ʤ16ΰ John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) Mulcaster 첻Ĺɸ final -e εǽȯãƤȤ⤤ˡ18˺ʬϤ졤Ǹ˵󤲤ǽΤߤɸಽ

Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.

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2012-12-17 Mon

#1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> [thorn][th][spelling][laeme][alphabet][graphemics]

ε[2012-12-16-1]ǡHelsinki Corpus Ѥơ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> פ򳵴Ѥդˤȡ<þ> <ð> 򲡤ΤĹΤϡM1 (1150--1250) M2 (1250--1350) ˤƤλǤꡤλˤĤƾܺ٤Ĵˤ LAEME äƤĤǤ롥ˤ뺹ۤʤɤǧǤȹͤ®绨ĤĴƤߤ绨ĤȤΤϡ㤨С1ĤθΤʤ <þ> 2ʾ帽줿ȤƤ1ȿʤɡưԹ礬뤿Ǥ롥
ʲϡ̡Ⱦñ̡ˤ̤ʬۤ򼨤դǤʿͥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡˡʤͿˤĤƤϡ[2012-03-19-1]ε#1057. LAEME Index of Sources θġ Ver. 2פǿ줿褦ˡΤΤǤ롥COUNTY DIALECT βбɽ򻲾ȡ

The Ebb and Flow of 'eth', 'thorn', and <th> by EME Subperiod
The Ebb and Flow of 'eth', 'thorn', and <th> by EME Dialect


LAEME ˤ̤Ĵ̤ϡ Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤礹롥C13a C13b δ֤ <ð> θ <þ> äѻ롥ʹߡǯ֤ <ð> λȤäƤ褤̤ˤߤȳ <þ> ŪNWM ˤƤ <ð> ⤢٤ϷƮƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̤ʬۤϡܺ٤Ĵɬפ⤷ʤ

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2012-12-16 Sun

#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> [thorn][th][spelling][hc][alphabet][graphemics]

űѸѸǤϡѸ <th> /θ, ð/ ʸȤơ<þ> "thorn" <ð> "eth" or "edh" ˤѤ줿Ѹʹߤ <th> ξԤ֤Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤä롼ʸͳ褹Ԥϡ[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפ򻲾ȡˡѸ桤Ȥ櫓Ǥ֤ȤĤä17ΰܤ˸뤳Ȥ餢äȤ (Schmitt and Marsden 159)
Ǥϡ<þ>, <ð>, <th> ˴ؤεҤϡHelsinki Corpus ˤä΢դܤλʬCOCOA <C ɽ part of corpusˤ򥭡ˤƤޤ٤ƻΨǥղͥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡޤʬˤĤƤޥ˥奢򻲾ȡ

The Ebb and Flow of 'eth', 'thorn', and <th> by HC


ѸǤ <þ> λѤ Helsinki Corpus ǤϳǧǤʤäΤΡ˳Ѥ3ʸǤϤ褽΢դ줿ȤäƤ褤űѸ줫 M2 (1250--1350) ˤơ<ð> Ҥ鸺ǡ<þ> ʬۤ򹭤ƤĺĤδ֡λʹߡ<þ> <th> ˵®֤Ƥ椯
ѸǤϤȤ櫓 <þ> ³ȤǧȤHelsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ĴȤƤϡ#381. oft often ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2010-05-13-1]) ⻲ȡ

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2012-06-22 Fri

#1152. sneeze θ츻 [etymology][spelling][onomatopoeia][alphabet][graphemics][palaeography]

sneeze ֤ߡʤ򤹤ˡפνФ14ѸǤ snese(n) ʤɤֻǸ줿ƬҲ <s> Ǥʤ <f> Ǥ۷θСϸűѸ졤Ƥˤޤ̤롥űѸǤ fnēosan "to breathe hard, sneeze" ۤɤΰ̣ʸڤ롥ޥĸǤ *fneusan Ʒ졤ޥ cognate ǤϡƬ <fn>- 뤤 <f> ξü <n>- (ex. MDu fniesen, ON fnýsa, Swed nysa, Ger niesen) ޤfn ȤƬҲϥˡ§ˤ구§Ū˰ĸ *pneu- "to breathe" θƬҲб롥
츻ŵˤȡѸˤ <fn>- <sn>- ؤѷϡ<f> <s> ʸθΤɤΤȤ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬κƱѷľܤθȤʤꤦΤǤ롥Τ[2010-12-02-1]ε#584. long <s> graphemicsפǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ<f> long <s> ɤƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥İФʰݤͿ뤯ߤȤݤб줬٥ǤϤʤֻ٥ǺƱơѷȤȤϹͤˤߤϡֻ١θɤꤹˤϤޤİŪǤ褦˻פ롥षΤ褦˹ͤ
θƬҲξü nese Τ褦ʷ֤Ʊ14ԤʤƤꡤѸ fnese ϤǤȯɬΤɽ蘆ʤŤᤫֻѤ椯ֻäȻפ롥ǡƬҲ nese ˵Ūʸ̤դΤ褦ˡ[s] Ƭźä졤snese ζĴȤƸ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤεϢۤϡsn- Ƭˤ snarl ʤʤˡsneer ʤФϤʤĤ餹ˡsniff ʤ󤯤󤫤, snore ʤӤ򤫤ˡsnort ɡ©ΩƤˡsnout ʥ֥ʤɤɡ, snuff ʵۤˤʤɤθƵۡɡδϢˤäߤ˶Ƥ롥Τ sneer snore űѸǤ fn- äƤΤǡ sneeze ˸¤餺fn- sn- κƱϡѸˤϹäƤ˰㤤ʤ
Ƭ [f] äƤäȤˡֻ <f> ˾ä椯̿äŤֻȤ <f> ֤ȤĤ륱⤢äȯȤƤϵŪ [s] źäˤäƤߤβŪ᡼졤ֻˤ <s> źä褦ˤʤä<f> ǻϤޤ fnese <s> ǻϤޤ snese Ȥϡ٥ǤϤȤˤ餯 /sneːze/ ȯƤǽ롥Τ褦ʾˤƤϡ<f> <s> Ȥơָɤפȹͤ⡤ȯ˹碌ֺֻؤפȹͤŬäƤ롥ʤȤ⡤ָɡϡ<fn>- <sn>- ؤѷľܤθˤϡ夤Τ褦˻פ롥

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2012-01-28 Sat

#1006. 롼ʸѼ [runic][writing][spelling_pronunciation_gap][graphemics][oe][old_norse][hiragana][etruscan]

ε#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1]) κǸǿ줿̤ꡤϥ롼ʸ (the runic alphabet) ѼˤĤơ
奲ޥ̱²ˤäƻȤ줿롼ʸ (the runic alphabet) εˤĤƤ⤬ʤ[2010-06-24-1]ε#423. ե٥åȤˡפǿ줿̤ꡤȥꥢʸȤ⤬롥ǡꥷʸ (the Greek alphabet) ޻ (the Roman alphabet) Ȥ⤢롥Τˤ狼äƤ뤳ȤϡޥüԤǯȾˡθŬǥ롼ʸηϤȯŸƤȤ
롼ʸϡ800ǯޤǤ̲Ѥ줿ޥ󡦥롼 (the Early Germanic runic script) 5--12˥֥ƥѤ줿󥰥󡦥롼 (the Anglo-Saxon runic script) 8--13˥󥸥ʥӥȥɤѤ줿Υǥå롼 (the Nordic runic script) ̤롥ޥ󡦥롼24ʤꡤǽ6 <f>, <u>, <þ>, <a>, <r>, <k> Ȥä "fuþark" ȾΤ롥ʰʲ롼ʸοޤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ꡥ

The Early Germanic Runic Script (24 letters)

֥ƥƳƲɤ줿󥰥󡦥롼ϡűѸβηϤȿǤʸɲäSalzburg Codex 140 ˵ϿƤ褦28ηϤءƸűѸˤϤ˳礷33ʤηϤؤƤƤäޤǤ4 <a> <o> ء6 <k> <c> ֤Ƥꡤ󥰥ǥ롼ʸ "fuþorc" ȤƤФ롥

The Anglo-Saxon Runic Script (33 letters)

Τ褦ˡɸʸǤ¤ꡤѲѰۤȿǤơ¿ʤȤѲȤΤϼΤȤΤ褦˻פ롥롼ʸˤ24 fuþark 33 fuþorc ϡεǼ夲褦ˡ̾ˤ48֤Ĥλפ47֤ϲΡפȤ롥
ɸʸˤäƤ顤ʸδطɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤȡѲʸηϤɤĤƹԤʤȤޤˤƿ¤Ǥ롥롼ʸξǤСΥǥå롼ɽ路Ƥ̲ϡűѸˤޤ˭٤ʲäƤषʸȤƤϸäƤꡤǽŪˤ16ˤޤǽ̾ͳϺäǤʸδطŪʤΤǤϤʤޤǴˤΤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤̾Ρ֤פȡ֤ס֤ϡפȡ֤ס֤פȡ֤ءפδطѸ spelling_pronunciation_gap ̵⡤ξԤδطδˤƤ롥Ϣơ[2009-06-28-2]ε#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τפ [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפε򻲾ȡ

ʸ嵭2013/03/18(Mon)ʲϡǥޡΩѴǹϤꥹ󤷤24ʸ롼
futhark

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

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2012-01-01 Sun

#979. Ѹֻ <e> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][ame_bre][orthography][final_e]

ޤƤǤȤޤ2012ǯʿ23ǯäǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯν󵭻ϡֻ <e> ˤĤơ<e> ȤƤ褯ΤƤΤϡ"magic <e>" ȸƤФΤǤ롥name bite ʤɤθ e ϡ켫ȤȯʤΤΡԤ첻Ĺ첻뤤2첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥ʤΤ褦 magic <e> εǽΤɤΤ褦ʲ <e> εǽΤˤĤƤϤ夲 <e> ΤäƤ͡ˤĤƹͤƤߤCrystal (259) (112) 礷10ܤդäվ񤭤򵭤

(1) ΤȤû첻 /ɛ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /iː/ ɽ魯ȤŪɽǽäƤ (ex. set, me)
(2) ѸΥե٥åȤξEnglish, certain, ballet, serious ʤɤˤƤϡ<e> (1) Ȥ̤첻ɽ路Ƥ롥
(3) ¾첻Ȥ߹蘆äơ͡첻ɽ魯 (ex. great, wear, ear; meet, beer; rein, believe; leopard, people; Europe; bureau)
(4) 嵭 magic <e> Ԥ첻פϡľܤԤ (ex. die, doe) ҲƤ (ex. take, mete, side, rose, cube) 롥
(5) <e> ̵ͭˤäԤҲβꤵ (ex. bathe vs bath, breathe vs breath, teethe vs teeth [2011-03-30-1], [2009-05-15-1]; singe vs sing; vice vs Vic)
(6) ä˶Ūʵǽ򼨤ñˤĤƤȯ򼨺Ȥ礬 (ex. give, have, love, some)
(7) ä˱ơѼ֤Ρֻζ (ex. judg(e)ment, ag(e)ing [2009-12-27-1], ax(e)) 䡤ȯζ (ex. clerk with AmE /ɛr/ or BrE /ɑː/ [2009-10-30-1]) ɽ魯
(8) ޸ǤʤȤ򼨤 (ex. lapse vs laps, please vs pleas)
(9) Ʊְ۵ (homograph) 򤱤 (ex. singeing vs singing, dyeing vs dying)
(10) ¿θ̤ (ex. borne vs born [2011-12-19-1]; blonde vs blond [2010-09-13-1])

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ174ǡ

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2011-10-08 Sat

#894. shortening ʬ (2) [word_formation][graphemics][punctuation][spelling_pronunciation][shortening]

ε#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ˰³ƤꡥHeller and Macris ϡûȽ񵭾ûߴطˤĤƤ롥㤨Сabsent without official leave AWOL /ˈeɪwɑl/ ؤûˤϡ񵭤δ鼡4ʳǧ롥

1. 񵭾û A.W.O.L; ȯ absent without official leave Τޤޡ
2. ûʥե٥åɤߤ /ˈeɪ ˈdʌbljuː ˈoʊ ˈɛl/
3. 񵭾ûʥԥꥪɤAWOL ء
4. ûʸȤ /ˈeɪwɑl/

Ƚ񵭤ϤΤ褦˽۴Ū˺ѤûʤǹԤΤȹͤ롥4ʳβɬĴ˿ܤȤϸ¤ʤߤûȿǤʤäꡤǻߤޤȤȤ⤢롥Heller and Macris ϡshortening βȽ񵭤˴ؤ뤳θʤ顤Ҳ𤷤෿˲äơ⤦1̼෿󼨤Ƥ (208) û񵭾ˤɤΤ褦ȿǤƤ뤫ʤȤǤ롥

A. No mark: he is (for /hiz/)
B. Abbreviation points (for orthographical shortenings only): C.O.D. (when still read cash on delivery)
C. Apostrophes (usually the orthographical marks reflecting the earlier phonological shortenings): o'clock

Ⱥεdz⤷Ƥ褦ʾܺ٤̩ shortening ʬϡȤ⤹ʬΤʬȼ㤨붲줬뤬ŪʷʬϤΤߤʤ餺̻ŪʱѸθˤȤäƤפǤ롥ŦƤ

(1) ŪʬϡʬϤΤʴͿѻ򸦤ޤƤƱ˸ȤɤǤġ
(2) Ūʴ§СŪѰ̻ۤŪѲΥפˤäưۤʤäƤΤ̤ηΤΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(3) Ѹʤɤθ̸˸ꤷƤ⡤ˤäơshortening μ̤̻ŪˤɤѲƤΤ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѲϲѲѲȤɤΤ褦ϢưƤΤ뤤ϢưƤʤΤȤˤ뤳ȤǤ롥

Heller, L. G. and James Macris. "A Typology of Shortening Devices." American Speech 43 (1968): 201--08.

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2011-02-20 Sun

#664. littera, figura, potestas [spelling_pronunciation_gap][grammatology][graphemics]

ε[2011-02-19-1]ȴϢơѸֻȯδطˤĤơLAEME ԽԤȤμդǤϡ4Υޤʸˡ Aelius Donatus ˤѸ littera, figura, potestas Ūʰ̣դ줿νѸȤƤФѤƤLass and Laing, p. 9 ˰ѤƤ븶ʸӱǤ褦

Littera est pars minima vocis articulatae ... littera est vox, quae scribi potest individua ... accidunt cuique littera tria, nomen figura potestas, quaeritur enim, quid vocatur littera, qua figura sit, qua possit.

Littera is the smallest unit of articulated sound ... littera is (a) sound which is capable of being written alone ... littera has three properties: name, shape, power [= sound value]. For one must ask what the littera is called, what its shape is, and what its power is.


littera ( grapheme ) figura ϻʡŪʸθˡpotestas ϲˤ줾ȹͤʽǤˤĤƤ[2010-12-02-1]ε򻲾ȡˡ㤨С`e' Ȥ littera <e> Ȥ figura Ȥƽ񤫤졤 potestas [e] Ǥפʤɤɽ뤳ȤǤ롥
ơѸǤ littera potestas бŪ11ǤʤäϸѸǤƱʤΤǶäˤʤѸǤ11ɤ¿¿б֤Ǥꡤܥ֥Ǥ spelling_pronunciation_gap γƵǼ夲ƤǤ롥嵭Ѹγǰ Litteral Substitution Set (LSS) Potestatic Substitution Set (PSS) ȸƤФ뵭ˡѤȡ˼褦˸ѸֻˤڤǤ褦ˤʤ롥
[2010-11-13-1]εǿ줿 [ɪ] бֻפ夲褦him, hymn, English, busy, spinach, been, sieve, build Ȥäˤꡤ[ɪ] LSS ϰʲΤ褦ˤʤ¾ˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤˡ

LSS of [ɪ]: { `i', `y', `e', `u', `a', `ee', `ie', `ui' }


դǡ`a' бȯפƤߤȡapple, age, sofa, image, mirage, any ʤɤθ㤫顤`a' PSS ϰʲΤ褦ˤʤ¾ˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤˡ

PSS of `a': { [æ], [eɪ], [ə], [ɪ], [ɑː], [ɛ] }


˼ LSS PSS ɸ฽Ѹˤ뵬ŪֻRPʤɤν൬ŪȯȤбˤʤȤդƼŪɸѼθаۤʤä LSS PSS ޤƤѸä˽ˤ̤СϤԺߤǤ뤫ƥ ( scribal text ) Ȥ˸̤νηϤȹͤʤФʤʤѸνηϤʾʣǤꡤ餳 Lass and Laing ƤƤ褦פɬפΤ

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction.'' Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap2.pdf .

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2011-02-19 Sat

#663. Ѹؤˤֻȯδط [lalme][laeme][me_dialect][spelling_pronunciation_gap][grammatology][graphemics][x]

ѸϿ LAEME εǽ夷ƤڤǤ⤢ߤοƤǤ⤢ѸϿ LALME ϡֻȯδطͻǽפθ⤿餷ƤѸˤֻŪʬۤȯŪʬۤƱͤŪʲͤäƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤޤǤϡֻȯ˽°ŪηϤǤꡤֻŪʬܼۤŪ˽פʲͤäƤȤϤߤʤƤʤäLALME ֻΩƴѻ٤ηϤȤư֤ŤΤǤ롥ֻȯȤǤ
Ѹؤϡ1986ǯ LALME оˤäưɽͤʤ顤ʳ뤳Ȥˤʤä˰βʤ̳äȤϳΤǤ롥ʸǤĤƤʤѸθŪ֡Ȥȯμ֤ɤ餻ȻפСֻ˹Ԥ夤ƤޤֻɤΤ餤¤ȯɽ路ƤΤϡޤ˳ַڤǤ롥㤨С̾⤤Τ˸Ѹ shall бѸ East Anglia ֻ xul, xal ʤθ¾δֻ̯ MED 򻲾ȡˡ <x> ʸɽ蘆벻 [ks] ʤΤ [ʃ] ʤΤ뤤̤βʤΤΤ褦䤬ΩϤʤǡֻȯڤΥƹͤƤߤ褦ֻ¦ǤΩƹͻƤߤ褦Ȥ褬Ϳ뤳ȤȤʤä
ȯμβϱʵפ³櫓ǤϤʤLALME νǸ塤ʻȤƤϤŤˤ³ԤȤ LAEME ΥץȤϤޤäץȤθȾܳŪ˻ä˷ֲ Lass ϡֻȯδطƹͤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The statement in LALME (vol. 1, 6) that the maps constitute 'a dialect atlas of written Middle English', and that texts are 'treated as examples of a system of written language in its own right' is often misinterpreted. The emphasis on the independent value of written evidence was particularly apposite two decades ago, given the post-Bloomfieldian view that was current then (and to a large extent still is) that writing is of no independent linguistic interest, but merely 'parasitic on' speech. But this must not be misunderstood and taken to imply that phonological interpretation is per se unnecessary. The LALME editors take no such line. They were fully aware of the potential phonological implications of their data. LALME is rich in phonological commentary, while the series of Dot Maps (vol. 1) crucially depends on acknowledging the relationship between sound and symbol. (Lass and Laing 11--12)


ϡ20ǯۤɤβθ xul βϲȤ̴Τ褦Ω֤ʤФʤʤȤʸǤʤƤ Lass and Laing ʸιͻϡѸֻˤȤɤޤ餺ѸֻȯδطˤͿΤǤꡤɤ߱롥

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap2.pdf .
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-25-1] [2011-02-20-1]

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2010-12-02 Thu

#584. long <s> graphemics [alphabet][graphemics][swift]

ε[2010-12-01-1]ǡSwift A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) ˿줿ʢå Google Books ʸǽˡʸįƤơ̾ʸѤ¾ˤ˵ŤΤϡʸ long <s> λѤ<f> λ˻Ƥ뤬¦ˤޤǤϤߤƤʤlong <s> ϸƬ˻Ȥ줿ΤФơ̾ <s> ϸ˻Ȥ줿ܤˤɤߤˤǤ18νޤǡ񤭤Ǥ1850ǯޤǻȤƤ顤ۤΤäǤϤʤ (Walker 7)
ʤƱʸʤΤʣλäΤȤ֤פʤǤʤʸȾʸ֥åΤɮΡ<a> <g> νθĿͺʤɤͤȡʸˤ variation ĤΤǤ롥ĤƤϡۤȤɥ˸򴹲ǽä <þ> "thorn" <ð> "eth" 2ʸä<r> ɽ魯ˤ⸽ <r> ȿ <2> ˶ᤤΤΤä<u> <v> [2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]εǸ褦ˡΤʬΤ17ʹߤǤ롥ǰȤƤ1ĤʸʣλбƤϡ1Ĥβ ( phoneme ) ʣΰ۲ ( allophone ) бƤӤ롥鲻 ( phonology ) ʿԤ ( graphemics ) Ȥʬͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϡǤбΤ ( grapheme ) ȸƤӡ۲бΤ֤ ( allograph ) ȸƤ֡ѸǤС long <s> ϡ <s> ζŪʸǤ֤1ĤȤߤʤȤǤ롥

Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 262

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