ε#4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǤϡѸɸಽˤĤ2ܤͤǺܤƤ롥1Ĥϻ߷Ļرءˤˤ7ϡѸɸಽν --- 20ʹߤ濴ˡפǡ⤦1ĤΡ6ϡѸˤˤɸಽ١פǤ롥
⤽ɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲȤŪˤĤƤϻ⤤ͤ³Ƥޤˤ褯ʬäƤʤʲεʤɤϡǺߤפȤ⤤롥
#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1])
#3499. "Standard English" "General English" ([2018-11-25-1])
#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])
#3232. ۲줿ŪѼȤƤɸ ([2018-03-03-1])
#4277. ɸȤͥ줿ΤȤǤϤʤҲŪʼΤȤǤ ([2021-01-11-1])
#1275. ɸѸȯȼҲкѡ ([2012-10-23-1])
#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])
衤ɸѸȤϡֳ̤Ѹפۤɤ̣Ѹ줫ϤޤäȻפ뤬ˤβǤĤΤޤˤҿ (prestige) ɤҲŪʼ깤ΤĤ֤餤ѸפȤϰ̤ˤؤäƤޤäΤ褦˻פ롥ɸפΰ̣ΩŪʤΤդΤΤƤƤޤäΤǤϤʤ餯Ƥ濴ϡѸ鸽ѸˤƤ
ƤHorobin (73--74) Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Henry Cecil Wyld (1870--1945) ؤήΤʤ˸ƼäƤ롥
The application of the adjective standard to refer to language is first recorded in the eighteenth century, a development of its earlier use to refer to classical literature. A desire to associate English literature with the Classics prompted a wish to see the English language achieve a standard form. This ambition was most clearly articulated by Jonathan Swift: 'But the English Tongue is not arrived to such a degree of Perfection, as to make us apprehend any Thoughts of its Decay; and if it were once refined to a certain Standard, perhaps there might be Ways found out to fix it forever' (A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue, 1712). By the nineteenth century, the term Standard English referred specifically to a prestige variety, spoken only by the upper classes, yet viewed as a benchmark against which the majority of native English speakers were measured and accused of using their language incorrectly.
The identification of Standard English with the elite classes was overtly drawn by H. C. Wyld, one of the most influential academic linguists of the first half of the twentieth century. Despite embarking on his philological career as a neutral observer, for whom one variety was just as valuable as another, Wyld's later work clearly identified Standard English as the sole acceptable form of usage: 'It may be called Good English, Well-bred English, Upper-class English.' These applications of the phrase Standard English reveal a telling shift from the sense of standard signalling 'in general use' (as in the phrase 'standard issue') to the sense of a level of quality (as in the phrase 'to a high standard').
From this we may discern that Standard English is a relatively recent phenomenon, which grew out of an eighteenth-century anxiety about the status of English, and which prompted a concern for the codification and 'ascertaining', or fixing, of English. Before the eighteenth century, dialect variation was the norm, both in speech and in writing.
Horobin ¾ͤˤƤ⤽ʤΤWyld ȽĴǻդˤ⤷ʤȻפ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Dz The Favorite ˮؽŲΤ١ˤѤ˹Ԥäƥ奢ȲīǸη祢 (Queen Anne (1665--1714); ߰ 1702--14) εȤϤ븢ŽѿʪǤ롥å礦2ͤν Sarah Jennings Churchill Abigail Masham Υɥɥޤվ⤷Ф餯ݤ³ۤɤä餸 Olivia Colman ϡ91ǥߡޤǼͥޤƤ롥
λˤϡ˾礭ʽ2Ĥä1Ĥϡ1701ǯ˻ϤޤäڥѾƿ̱ϤǤϡ֥פȸƤФˤǤ롥ǥޡХ㡼Ψ륤ꥹᡤ1713ǯΥȥҥȹ¾Ǥϡ˥塼եɥɡΥϥɥեå褷˥֥륿ȥߥΥ륫Ȥ泤פ˻ä (cf. #2920. Gibraltar English ([2017-04-25-1])) ˡꥹϡĹ18פ̤ƥ衼åѶؤζˤΤ夬äƤȤˤʤäʥ쳤ߤ泤˱ѸμȤȤˡαѸΤʤƻäȤäƤ褤
Τ⤦1Ĥνפʽϡ1707ǯϢˡ (The Act of Union) Ǥ롥ˤꡤǤ1ƱϢȤʤäƤɲȥåȥɲϢ礷쥤ȡ֥ƥȤΩ
äŪˤСDzǤե㡼Ƥ褦ˡλ˥ȡȥۥåˤǤ߽Ф뤳ȤˤʤäȤפǤ롥ȤϥȡٻƤΤˤϻ¾Ϳ³ϥΡīˤȯŸƤϤʤ餷Ȥ롥
(474) ˤȡοϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
ľܴͿȤƵޤޤϡ켷ǯȬǾзΤᡤȥ¤ǻͶФΰꡤƥ奢ȲȤĤФDz̤˽ȤΤ˲äԤưפǤʤ״ǤϡôػҤ˺¤äޤޤǤäҶͿͤ⼡ȼäᤷߤˤޤ碌Ȥᤫ٤Ǿݤ뤳ȤͽۤƤȤǤä
ʻˤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤ2Ƥ1ĤϡҤΤȤꡤꥹؤƻ߽ФŪ˱ѸƤäȤȡ
2Ĥϡξ»ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩβǽ٤ȤǤ롥 Swift ˤ1712ǯαѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˹ŪäΤλȤȤ˴ܺä뱿̿Ȥʤäʡ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ȡˡҶ¡ᤷߤʶ餹˽˽ˤࡥΤ褦ʥο餺Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩˤȴؤäƤΤǤ롥
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
ѸˤϡʹߤϢʤ³ "the complaint tradition" ʿˤꡤ"the complaint literature" ʿʸˤѤƤ㤨С#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ǼतΡ֤ʱѸϼʤפȤӤΤȤǤ롥ŵŪ˿ʹʤɤ˴Ƥ
ϡɸѸ줬ۤܳΩǡϼŪĬ褦ˤʤäƤŤλ̤롥̾ͤǤСJohn Dryden (1631--1700) 䡤 Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) κǽôȤcf. #3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1])#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1])ˡ
Milroy and Milroy ˤСˤ2ĤΥפȤξԤϽŤʤ⤢뤬ŪۤʤäƤꡤŪˤʪȹͤɬפ롥ޤ Type 1 顥
Type 1 complaints, which are implicitly legalistic and which are concerned with correctness, attack 'mis-use' of specific parts of the phonology, grammar, vocabulary of English (and in the case of written English 'errors' of spelling, punctuation, etc.). . . . The correctness tradition (Type 1) is wholly dedicated to the maintenance of the norms of Standard English in preference to other varieties: sometimes writers in this tradition attempt to justify the usages they favour and condemn those they dislike by appeals to logic, etymology and so forth. Very often, however, they make no attempt whatever to explain why one usage is correct and another incorrect: they simply take it for granted that the proscribed form is obviously unacceptable and illegitimate; in short, they believe in a transcendental norm of correct English. / . . . . Type 1 complaints (on correctness) may be directed against 'errors' in either spoken or written language, and they frequently do not make a very clear distinction between the two. (30--31)
Type 1 ϡǤŵŪʥפǤꡤȤñƤʿǤ롥ָȽפȤäƤ褤ΥפɸѸݻ (maintenance) 뵡ǽôäƤȤŦ⤪⤷
˵ Type 2 Type 1 ۤΤƤʤϤ Swift ˤޤ̤롥
Type 2 complaints, which we may call 'moralistic', recommend clarity in writing and attack what appear to be abuses of language that may mislead and confuse the public. . . . / Type 2 complaints do not devote themselves to stigmatising specific errors in grammar, phonology, and so on. They accept the fact of standardisation in the written channel, and they are concerned with clarity, effectiveness, morality and honesty in the public use of the standard language. Sometimes elements of Type 1 can enter into Type 2 complaints, in that the writers may sometimes condemn non-standard usage in the belief that it is careless or in some way reprehensible; yet the two types of complaints can in general be sharply distinguished. The most important modern author in this second tradition is George Orwell . . . (30)
Type 1 "the correctness tradition" ȸƤ֤ʤСType 2 "the moralistic tradition" ȸƤǤ褤Ѥˤ褦ˡGeorge Orwell (1903--50) Ǥ̾ʼ羧ԤǤ롥Type 2 ɽǯưȤƤϡ1979ǯ˻Ϥ줿 "Plain English Campaign" 롥ŪʾˤïˤǤʬʸո٤ȼĥȿǤꡤʱѸǽ줿ʸ "Crystal Mark" դưԤʤäƤۤǯʱѸФƾޤ£äƤ롥
Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.
#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ǡSwift ΥǥߡΩƤ˰յ John Oldmixon ˤĤƿ줿ǤϡOldmixon Swift ؤͣȿмԤǤȤ Baugh and Cable μĥѤºݤˤ Swift αѸλ˶ᤤѸѤԲƱͤ¾ˤΤˤSwift ϡѸñʤɤŦĤġѸ¯ȷڤƤ16ӤѤǤؤϡΤ褦 Swift αѸѤФȿȯ夬äƤɽԤ1ͤ John Oldmixon (1673--1742) ä⤦1ܤ٤ԡԡȤ Elizabeth Elstob (1683--1756) ̾ʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
Swift αѸλκϡˤҤ٤褦ˡñȤ褦ɽŪħˤäʡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) ȡˡ餫иǤꡤSwift ΤʤǤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ޥ̤ؤλȥޥξȤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤ¸ߤƤפˡФи̵äΤǤ롥ؼԤФƤǽǶ١פȤŪɾͿƤꡤؼԤܤ㤦Ȥʤä
Elstob ϡܤ륢ؼԤ1ͤäͽۤ褦ˡΥԤȤΤϵǤ롥ƱαѸɤ߽ǤнʬȤˡűѸʸɤߤʤФ꤫ԽǤƤޤۤɤǤ뤫顤κ͵ȯ֤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥1715ǯˤϸűѸܳŪʸˡ The Rudiments of Grammar for the English Saxon Tongue Ǥνʸؤڻ뤹 Swift ؤȿȤκۤȤäƤΤǤ롥
Elstob ϡνʸǡSwift θĿ̾ƤʤֶܤͤפȤɽǰŤ Swift ؤ̵椵ȽñˤĤƤϡƥñ¿ñǤ֤ĤĤ⡤ñϤषǤȿElstob ϡSwift äƥسλפۤȤ⤤롥
Elstob ȽŪȤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ΥǥߡΩƤϡElstob θűѸʸˡνǻޤǤˤϡ¾塤θߤäƤ1714ǯˡƤԤǤä Anne ˴ʤäƤǤ롥Elstob Oldmixon Τ褦ʡŨפʤСSwift ϽĴˤȤʤ뤳ȤǤȤǽϤ롥ޤ˱Ѹ˱Ѹ륢ǥߡɤⰭ¸ߤʤΤϡ18Ƭ Elstob Τ褦ʥؼԤ̣ʤƻʸ³ƤȤ餫ؤäƤΤ⤷ʤ
ʾ塤13ϡֹ衧ե vs. 륹ȥå֡פȤƼɮ
졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ
Ѹ˾塤18 "doctrine of correctness" ħŤ줿ϼλǤɾƤΤˤˤϡȾ50ۤɤΡȾˤ200ĶʸˡǤ졤ϱʸˡȤäƤǤϤʤ
Beal ϡ5 "Grammars and Grammarians" ˤơ18Ϳ줿ŪɾˤĤƺƹͤ¥Beal (90) ϡ18ˤϵϼĬΤϴְ㤤ʤäΤΡȤΩϡŪ䥤ǥ˱͡ʣǤꡤñ˵ŪȤäɾǤԽʬǤƤ롥
[E]ighteenth-century grammarians had a range of motives for writing their grammars, and . . . these and later grammars, far from being uniformly 'prescriptive', would be better described as occupying different points on a prescriptive-descriptive continuum.
Ѹ˴ؤΤȤϡơŪѸˤĤȯƤ㤨СSwift Ann ȷȤݼʪư⤷Ƥޤ1707ǯ֥ƥϢ粦ΩơɸŪʱѸѸᡤåȥɿͤʤɤˤ餹ɬⴶƤϼطʤˤϡŪǤäΤǤ (Beal 97)
Whilst it is perfectly valid to see eighteenth- and nineteenth-century grammars both as the necessary agents of codification and as self-help guides for the aspiring middle classes, it cannot be denied that many of the authors of these works were politically and/or ideologically motivated.
Beal (111) ϡФΩ Lowth Priestley ˤڤξԤΰ㤤ΰ㤤ʴްդȤŪΰ㤤ˤǤȤƤ롥
These two grammarians [= Lowth and Priestley] were writing within a year of each other, so any norms of usage to which they refer must have been the same. Although both used a classical system of parts of speech, neither is influenced by Latin here: they both describe preposition-stranding as a naturally occurring feature of English, more suited to informal usage. The difference between Lowth and Priestley is one of emphasis only, far from the prescriptive-descriptive polarization which we have been led to expect.
18ʵڤӤʹߡˤθŪϼˤĤơɤäƤȤ¤ܤ٤ȤˤǼ줿Beal κɾɤǡɾ礭ۤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦˻פ줿Ǥϡ18ϵϼλǤȤ¤Фơ礭ʽϲäƤʤBeal Ǥ "prescriptive-descriptive continuum" ȤɽʤƤ뤬ϡִܤ prescriptive Ǥꡤ prescription Ȥ reason-usage continuum äפȹͤ뤳Ȥϡ³ǤǤ롥λä "descriptive" ȤƻѤ뤳Ȥϡޤ᤹ΤǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1])#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) ([2016-12-22-1]) ȡ
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) ϡѸΥǥߡ (academy) Ω˸ƺǤᤤȤޤߤäǤ17ȾˤϱѸ쥢ǥߡϾ夬äƤꡤ18Ƭ Swift Ƥˤƥԡޤˤ衤θ18⥢ǥߡΩϤñˤϾǤʤäˤ֤äƤߤСSwift Ƥ̤ʤäȤˤꡤǥߡΩƤʱ٤뤳ȤˤʤäȤϸäƤ褤Ǥϡʤ Swift Ƥή줿Τ
ˤϡĿŪŪ Anne λȤ𤬤äBaugh and Cable (262) ˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Apparently the only dissenting voice was that of John Oldmixon, who, in the same year that Swift's Proposal appeared, published Reflections on Dr. Swift's Letter to the Earl of Oxford, about the English Tongue. It was a violent Whig attack inspired by purely political motives. He says, "I do here in the Name of all the Whigs, protest against all and everything done or to be done in it, by him or in his Name." Much in the thirty-five pages is a personal attack on Swift, in which he quotes passages from the Tale of a Tub as examples of vulgar English, to show that Swift was no fit person to suggest standards for the language. And he ridicules the idea that anything can be done to prevent languages from changing. "I should rejoice with him, if a way could be found out to fix our Language for ever, that like the Spanish cloak, it might always be in Fashion." But such a thing is impossible.
Oldmixon's attack was not directed against the idea of an academy. He approves of the design, "which must be own'd to be very good in itself." Yet nothing came of Swift's Proposal. The explanation of its failure in the Dublin edition is probably correct; at least it represented contemporary opinion. "It is well known," it says, "that if the Queen had lived a year or two longer, this proposal would, in all probability, have taken effect. For the Lord Treasurer had already nominated several persons without distinction of quality or party, who were to compose a society for the purposes mentioned by the author; and resolved to use his credit with her majesty, that a fund should be applied to support the expense of a large room, where the society should meet, and for other incidents. But this scheme fell to the ground, partly by the dissensions among the great men at court; but chiefly by the lamented death of that glorious princess."
ĤޤꡤSwift ƤƤ켫ΤäȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ǥߡΩ¿ο͡δꤤǤ⤢ä塹ȿʤǤŪˤ Swift ȿФʪ˶ӡոפޤ줿ȤȡƲ⡤ǥߡΩ˸ưФƤ Anne 1714ǯ˴ʤäȤSwift αοԤä
־夫פαѸ쥢ǥߡĤ˺ʤäȤˤꡤ18ϡֲפθ쵬Ϥκ꤬ʤǤȤˤʤ (see #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]), #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]), #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])) ꥹϡǥߡջ֤ʤä櫓ǤϤʤȾˤζǺ˻ʤäɾΤŬڤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Ѹ˾ͭ̾ Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾3Ĥΰۤʤư correct, improve, ascertain ѤƤ롥ѸפֲפֳꤹפȤäΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ֱѸθոäפȤǤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ưδ֤ˤϤɤΤ褦ʴްդκΤcorrect ˤϡָŦΤľפȤްդꡤimprove ˤϡ֤ɤס ascertain ˤϸŤȤơֳꤵפۤɤΰ̣롥
3ĤưȤԤäŤʤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ϼλˡֱѸθոäפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ褯Ѥ줿⤦1·3ư줬롥ascertain, refine, fix 3ĤBaugh and Cable (251) ˤС줾ϼΤ褦ʰ̣Ѥ롥
ascertain: "to reduce the language to rule and set up a standard of correct usage"
refine: "to refine it--- that is, to remove supposed defects and introduce certain improvements"
fix: "to fix it permanently in the desired form"
ֱѸθոäǶ̤Ƥ褦˸뤬ܤƤ¦̤ϰۤʤ롥ascertain ϤŪɸκäΤǡJohnson ascertainment "a settled rule; an established standard" ŤƤ롥ŪˤСǤȤʤ뼭ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥؤ
ˡrefine ϤФոܻؤΤǤ롥μͤδ֤ˤ Chaucer λ䥨ꥶ٥īαѸ줳ͥǸҤѸǤȤΥ른åʱѸѤꡤαѸϿʬƤޤäȤФäΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1]) ޤޤ
Ǹˡfix ϰٳꤷոʱ뤷褦ȤΡȤȤ館ƤФ褤Swift ϤȤ18ȾνꤿϡνʸϤʱ뤵뤳ȤܵǴäƤΤǤ롥ͤСޤạ̈ΤʤꤤǤϤ (cf. #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]))
18εϼԤδ֤ˤϡɤ¦̤֤ƻŸƤΤˤĤư㤤ΤǡưȤΰ̣϶̤Ƥɬפ롥
Ƕܸפ˶ФƤ뤬ܸˤĤ ascertain, refine, fix Τ¦̤бΤʤΤ뤤ϡ3ĤΤǤʤ¾¦̤ʤΤ褯ʬʤȤǤϤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
εǤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) ˤĤƸSwift ƱͤǤ Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ⡤ˤۤƱ깭Ƥ롥
Joseph Addison launched an attack on monosyllables in the Spectator (135, 4 August 1711):
The English Language . . . abound[s] in monosyllables, which gives an Opportunity of delivering our Thoughts in few Sounds. This indeed takes off from the Elegance of our Tongue, but at the same time expresses our Ideas in the readiest manner.
He observes that some past-tense forms --- e.g. drown'd, walk'd, arriv'd --- in which the -ed had formerly been pronounced as a separate syllable (as we still do in the adjectives blessed and aged) had become monosyllables. A similar situation is found in the case of drowns, walks, arrives, 'which in the Pronunciation of our Forefathers were drowneth, walketh, arriveth'. He objects to the genitive 's, which he incorrectly assumes to be a reduction of his and her, and for which he in any case gives no examples. He asserts that the contractions mayn't, can't, sha'n't, wo'n't have 'much untuned our Language, and clogged it with Consonants'. He dismisses abbreviations such as mob., rep., pos., incog. as ridiculous, and complains about the use of short nicknames such as Nick and Jack.
ư -ed ˲ä -es Ჽͭʤ 'sܼ n't ̤˵äƤ롥 Nick Jack ˤޤ̷褬ڤǤ뤫顤ϤϤθȤΤȤˤʤäƤ롥
Addison ˤȤäƤԹʤȤˡƤܤ¿ϸɸѸdzΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Addison ˤ Swift ˤڳñ첽ɤޤܵǷäƤΤϤ狼ʤषˤϤӤֱѸפɤ٤ǥߡΩ뤿θ¤Ȥơ̤˵Τñ첽䤽¾κ٤ʹܤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ⤷ȤȡǤϤΤΡܼŪưŪäȤȤˤʤϼŪʸϡƤȤޤǤDzȤ餽þ뱿̿Ǥ롥ϡͤŤƤ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ礭ŪΤμʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦˻פ (cf. #468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]))
ʤͭʤ 's his ξάǤȤ Addison λŦˤĤƤϡѸˤΩ줫϶̣˴ؤơ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ε#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1]) ʤ顤ѸˤˤƸû shorteningȤ櫓ڳ (clipping) äʸ۵1712ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤۤɤޤǤ˸Ǥʸ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ롥#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) Ǿ줿̤ꡤSwift ϡλôȤαѸΡפͫθѸ "refine" "fix" 褦ȴޤΤä
Swift ͫθƤܤϤĤ뤬Ȥ櫓ñΤķڤʤä褦Ū˥ޥ°ֶޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1]) Ǽ褦ñΡָ캬פϤ餺ĤˤäѸˤȤäơSwift ñؤηϡޤ˼ȿ뤳ȤäǤ⡤Swift ñ뤤ϤΤˤñ첽Swift θ˴ؤϡBaugh and Cable (259) "Taking his writings as a whole, one may surmise that he would have preferred that the seventeenth century, at least after 1640, with its political, commercial, and scientific revolutions had never happened." ɾƤۤɤݼŪä
դˤСΤȤϡñ첽ˤ˵äƤڵǤ⤢롥Swift ̤˵Τϡrep (< reputation) mob (< mobile) ʤɤڳǤ롥Baugh and Cable (259) ꡤѤ褦
The things that specifically troubled the gloomy dean in his reflections on the current speech were chiefly innovations that he says had been growing up in the last twenty years. One of these was the tendency to clip and shorten words that should have retained their full polysyllabic dignity. He would have objected to taxi, phone, bus, ad, and the like, as he did to rep, mob, penult, and others. The practice seems to have been a temporary fad, although not unknown to any period of the language.
εƤȹ碌ƹͤȡSwift Ϥڳظ˴롤罰 "desire for emotive effects" ɡʤʤäΤ⤷ʤˤäޤ٤Ȥ̤Ф Swift ٤ݼŪʸؤȯŸƤäΤȻפ롥
Swift ڳؤηϡ٤ϼؤѤ줿Ƥ Baugh and Cable (259--60) Ѥ롥
Thus George Campbell in his Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776) says: "I shall just mention another set of barbarisms, which also comes under this class, and arises from the abbreviation of polysyllables, by lopping off all the syllables except the first, or the first and second. Instances of this are hyp for hypochondriac, rep for reputation, ult for ultimate, penult for penultimate, incog for incognito, hyper for hypercritic, extra for extraordinary.
Τ̤˵줿ڳϤ褽ˤϻĤʤäΤǡSwift Campbell Ƥ顤ȤƤȤmob 㳰ǡߤޤĤäƤ롥
ϢơSwift deudg'd, disturb'd, rebuk'd, fledg'd Τ褦ʲʬ -ed Ჽ⡤ñᲽǤꡤƱͤ˴٤άȹͤƤϾ嵭¿ڳȤϰۤʤꡤˤܴۤɸѸˤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#776. ʬƻ -ed Ჽ ([2011-06-12-1]) Ȥ줿
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1]) ˤ褦ˡAddison, Dryden, Swift ʤɤγ17--18ˤϡ̾θƬʸϤäνμݤϥɤȤʤ̾ʸ뤳Ȥä̾ǤвǤʸȤHorobin (157) ˤСδظˤϿβäȤ
The convention seems to have been for a writer to leave the business of spelling to the compositors who were responsible for setting the type for printed texts. This practice led to the introduction of a distinctive feature of punctuation found in this period: the capitalization of nouns. This practice has its origins in an author's wish to stress certain important nouns within a piece of writing. Because ultimate authority for spelling and punctuation lay with compositors, who were often unable to distinguish capital letters from regular ones in current handwriting, they adopted a policy of capitalization of nouns by default.
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εǻȤ (45--46) ϡȼԤˤƤƥȤνǽ˱ƶڤܤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥
줿ƥȤǤϡǽΥǤʬŪˡǽΥǤϤۤȤɤäѤ黺ȵФƽɬϤ⤿ʤ¤Ϥ椨ˡʬܤ줿ΤɤȤϡʬǽΤȤ̤ܤˤƤ봶ΤǤ롥줿ΤФƤ븢Ҥγˤ롥
θ塤̾θƬϤ٤ʸȤˡδĹ³Ĥɸಽ뤳ȤϤʤäդɸಽˤ뿢ȤŪˤդƤɬפʤǶθǤϰȼԤνɸಽؤδͿ⾮˸Ѥ뷹ǧ뤬δͿΤΤǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤβϴְ㤤ʤäϢơcat:printing standardisation ΤĤεȤ줿
ѸǤǤڤˤʤä̾ʸδϥɥĸǤɸಽƤ롥ϥɥĸˤˤϰŤǯ8 Oslo ؤdz줿 ICHL 21 (International Conference on Historical Linguistics) ˻äޤˡɥĸˤ뤳ζˡȯŸˤĤƤθȯɽꡤ̣İ긵˻ĤäƤˤȡɥĸǤ16--17ˤδȯŸǽ餫餹٤Ƥ̾줬ʸ줿櫓ǤϤʤ[+animal] ΰ̣̾줫Ϥޤꡤ[+agentive], [+material] ʤɤνǿʹԤȤŪˤ⡤ȤƤΤۤŪȤƤ̾ʸᤫäȤֻѲóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ˽ΤȴؿΤФƤ롥
ˤʸȾʸζ̤ȯˤĤƤϡ#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
١롦 衡ʸȥߥ˥١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
ε[2010-12-01-1]ǡSwift A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) ˿줿ʢå Google Books ʸǽˡʸįƤơ̾ʸѤ¾ˤ˵ŤΤϡʸ long <s> λѤ<f> λ˻Ƥ뤬¦ˤޤǤϤߤƤʤlong <s> ϸƬ˻Ȥ줿ΤФơ̾ <s> ϸ˻Ȥ줿ܤˤɤߤˤǤ18νޤǡǤ1850ǯޤǻȤƤ顤ۤΤäǤϤʤ (Walker 7)
ʤƱʸʤΤʣλäΤȤ֤פʤǤʤʸȾʸ֥åΤɮΡ<a> <g> νθĿͺʤɤͤȡʸˤ variation ĤΤǤ롥ĤƤϡۤȤɥ˸ǽä <þ> "thorn" <ð> "eth" 2ʸä<r> ɽ魯ˤ⸽ <r> ȿ <2> ˶ᤤΤΤä<u> <v> [2010-05-05-1], [2010-05-06-1]εǸ褦ˡΤʬΤ17ʹߤǤ롥ǰȤƤ1ĤʸʣλбƤϡ1Ĥβ ( phoneme ) ʣΰ۲ ( allophone ) бƤӤ롥鲻 ( phonology ) ʿԤ ( graphemics ) Ȥʬͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ǤϡǤбΤ ( grapheme ) ȸƤӡ۲бΤ֤ ( allograph ) ȸƤ֡ѸǤС long <s> ϡ <s> ζŪʸǤ֤1ĤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 262
ɥĸǤʸƬͭ̾Τߤʤ餺̤̾ʸǻϤ뽬롥Ѹ˴ƤȥɥĸʸѤ뤵졤ɥĸ˴ƤȱѸξʸѤˤʤäƤ롥ɤΤ褦ʾʸ뤤ϾʸѤ뤫ȤϹ̣ punctuation ˴ؤȤäƤ褤̾ʸ ( capitalisation ) 1718ˤϱѸǤԤʤƤǽ˴Τ16ʸˡ John Hart Ǥ롥Walker (21) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The use of a capital letter at the beginning of important nouns, as recommended by John Hart in 1569, increased during the seventeenth century, but gradually decreased during the eighteenth century, though Murray's Grammar was still using this in describing the 'Colon' and 'Semicolon' in 1834.
16?18˱ѸǤδȯãطʤˤϡΦθǤƱͤδäǡ18˽˿षƤäΤϡʸѤδ˰ΤʤȤʸˡȤäǤȤȤΤϡδ٤Ƥ̾ʸˤΤǤϤʤֽפʡװ̾ʸˤȤ롼ʴäǤ롥18Ρλ ( the Age of Reason ) ʸˡȤˤϼ줬äΤ
ʸѤκ1700ǯäλɽΤ Gulliver's Travels ԤˤơѸ륢ǥߡΩʤ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ ( see [2009-09-08-1], [2009-09-15-1] ) Swift ʸϤǤ̾ʸδ˼Ƥ롥㤨СSwift ͭ̾ʥǥߡΩò A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾Ϥ٤ʸǽƤ롥
Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 67
[2009-08-29-1][2009-09-08-1]εǡ18εʸˡνиˤꥹǤϡѸ꽡פȼƬˤꡤƥä vernacular ŪסʡѸˤѤ褦ˤʤäռޤȡ͡ϼ⤯ɾ褦ˤʤ뤬Ʊ˼ˤҴˤʤäƤ롥
դȽԤϡ餫εϤ¸ߤȤƤΤǤ롥դΡ֤٤ѡפפθˡϤæƤȤǡȽä롥դϸߤǤ¿θ춦ƱΤǼ夲ݥԥ顼⤽դˤĤơ֤٤ѡפȤϲï⤬ǼǤֵϡפ¸ߤΤȤä꤬롥ꥹǤϡ18äǮ줿
ֵϡפεϲͤϡ礭Ĥʬ롥Ĥϡ( reason ) Ǥ롥18 the Age of Reason λפȤƤФ褦ˡؤοȷݤäեλŪ Port-Royal ʸˡ˳ؤ Jonathan Swift ( 1667--1745 ) ʤɤΥǥߡԤäΤϤΡפǤ롥ߤεϱʸˡ礭ʱƶͿ Robert Lowth ԤǤ롥
ǡSamuel Johnson ( 1709--84 ) ʤɤǥߡԤϡִѡ( usage ) ˤϡʰ̤Τ벦²ʸϵҤ˻Ȥ³Ƥդ٤ϤǤȹͤLowth ʸˡνǶ餱˲ä Joseph Priestley ( 1733--1804 ) ⴷѤŻ뤷⤷ȤˡΡִѼפϡꥹΥǥߡԤ礤˱ƶ٥եΥǥߡ ( l'Academie française ) μäƤΩʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤꥹΥǥߡԤϡǥߡΩλۤ l'Academie française ؤǥߡĤˤִѼפˤȿФƤȤˤʤ롥
ˤͳäեǤϡʰ̤Τ벦²ʸϵҤθդä뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ͤΤäȥǥߡΩԤϹͤƤȤꥹǤϤɤ1066ǯΥΥޥͤ衤եϤβī³˥륺Ϥ Tudor īåȥɷϤ Stuart īȡгī³1688ǯ̾̿塤̤ˤĤΤϥ William I ɥĿ George I Ǥ롥18ȾޤǡϤȤ٤ʰ̤θդä͡ΥȥåפΩĤϤιˤäƤϱѸäʤͤä櫓ǡμͤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤΤ̵̤ȤäΤ褦ʾǡˤȤäƼ٤ΩϰġפФʤä
ִѡפˤԤǴ궯ˤäο͡˥ԡ³18ȾξرĤνǹȤʤäζ椫ޤƤΤȴѤƤä
ߡѸȤäҲˤƤϡΡֵϡפʸˡ伭˵ƤȤֵϤ꤭פȤͤŪǤ롥θŪʵϴѤϡ˽Ҥ٤褦ĹǮ깭줿߽Ф줿ΤǤäơǽ餫鵬Ϥä櫓ǤϤʤǤϤʤʸˡΤĤ⤷Թϡ18ĹǾ줿֤ޤߡפȤ
졡ֱѸ쥢ǥߡ18סرѸǯ1578桤1971ǯ13--14ǡ
ȤƤαѸȤܤʤɤɤǤȡѸ̱ŪʸȤȤ館ѸѤ˽Ф魯Ȥ롥ιͤκˤϡ̱黿ȤƤαѸ黿ȤŪΩ줬褦˻פ뤬˴ؤϤƤɤΤ褦ʺä̱ŪȸƤФΤѸˤΩ줫ͤƤߤ
ޤˡŪʸá ( cosmopolitan vocabulary ) Ȥ롥ϡBaugh and Cable ʤɤˤäƱѸκħΰĤȤƿƤħǤ롥ѸϤˤˤƾ¾ܿƤƤꡤ̤Ȥ˭٤ʸ˻ääƤŪŸꥫ罰ƸˤѸϤޤޤä礵³ƤФ꤫¿ؤθäˤʤääμѤˤ˾ħο伫ͳѸȤ̱ŪʤʪäƤ롥
ˡѸϡѸȾ˥եΤӤΤȤDẕθȤơӤפȤ;ʤ줿ѸθȾˤϰθؤ褷Ѹˤƹݸϰ̤˻ä˵ԤƤسθ줬˻̱Ƥ椯Ѹ̱ƳˤʪäƤ롥ʤäȤ⡤Ѹϡ5ˤüԤ֥ƥ轻̱ȤüȯΤǤꡤް¦äȤ˺ƤϤʤʤͤȡ̱ŪȤϸˤʤ롥
軰ϡ̱ŪʱѸȤѸѤȤδϢǤϤޤƤʤäȻפ뤬Ѹ˥ե䥤ꥢΩ줿褦ʡŪؤȤƤΥǥߡĤߤʤäȤǤ롥ָפޤ뤪夬¸ߤʤˡ̱δ֤ǴѤŤΩ줿ۤΤϡܤΰΤ͡ǤϤʤȥޥŪʸ͡μ ( literati ) äϡѤŻ뤹뼫θѤ䤤͵뤳ȤˤäƤ夵褦ȤƤαѸ֤ʸˡδѤϡǤϤΤޤΤǤꡤǥߡˤ벡Ĥ̤ǤϤʤʤȤϤäƤ⡤ʸ Jonathan Swift Ǯʱưǡǥߡ̤ؤΩޤǤäȤ¤Ǥ롥⤷ΩƤ顤αѸοʤϤɤ줯餤ƶƤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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