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monarch - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-05-08 Fri

#6220. 她åȥɷǯΰ [timeline][history][monarch][scotland][scots][scots_engish]

#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤܡ ([2026-05-06-1]) ˤƥåȥɻˤƳؽǤ롥åĸγ̻ˤˤƤ礫ʤȤơ她åȥɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦Ÿ Encyclopaedia Britannica Ǥ롥
Malcolm II βˤĤƤǯޤԳΤʤȤ¿Ūʰ˴ŤƤ뤳Ȥդ줿

843--858Kenneth I MacAlpin 
858--862Donald I 
862--877Constantine I 
877--878Aed (Aodh) 
878--889Eochaid (Eocha) and Giric (Ciric)* Eochaid ̤ǯǡGiric 師ͤäǽ
889--900Donald II 
900--943Constantine II 
943--954Malcolm I 
954--962Indulf 
962--966Dub 
966--971Culen 
971--995Kenneth II 
995--997Constantine III 
997--1005Kenneth III 
1005--34Malcolm II 
1034--40Duncan I 
1040--57Macbeth 
1057--58Lulach 
1058--93Malcolm III Canmore 
1093--94Donald Bane (Donalbane) 
1093--94Duncan II 
1094--97Donald Bane (restored) 
1097--1107Edgar 
1107--24Alexander I 
1124--53David I 
1153--65Malcolm IV 
1165--1214William I the Lion 
1214--49Alexander II 
1249--86Alexander III 
1286--90Margaret, Maid of Norway 
1290--92Interregnum 
1292--96John de Balliol 
1296--1306Interregnum 
1306--29Robert I the Bruce 
1329--71David II 
 House of Stewart (Stuart)* 16 <w> 礯ե󥹸αƶǥڥ󥰤Ѥä
1371--90Robert II 
1390--1406Robert III 
1406--37James I 
1437--60James II 
1460--88James III 
1488--1513James IV 
1513--42James V 
1542--67Mary, Queen of Scots 
1567--1625James VI* = James I of Englandʸ塤England Ʊ


Ϣơʲ⻲ȡ

#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])
#3394. 奤󥰥ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1])
#2620. 󥰥īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1])
#6206. Scots λʬ ([2026-04-24-1])

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2024-12-03 Tue

#5699. 20ƬˤϾääƤ royal we [register][royal_we][monarch][lmode][dutch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][register]

Poutsma (878) ˡ1;ʣ̤̾ˡȤ royal_we ꤬夲Ƥ롥ѸȤƤ "Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity" ѤƤ롥

As in Dutch, the plural of the first person is sometimes used by sovereigns, especially in public utterances, when speaking of themselves.
About this Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity, as it is commonly called, Sweet (N. E. Gr., §2095) observes: "We see the beginnings of this usage in Old-English laws, where the king speaks of himself as , and then goes on to say wē bebēodath .. 'we command ..', the being meant to include the witan or councillors." Compare also Kellner, Hist. Outl. of Eng. Synt., §276; Onions, Advanced Eng. Synt., §221.


We were not born to sue, but to command. Rich. II, ii, 1, 196.
Fair and noble hostess, | We are your guest to-night. Macb., I, 6, 24.
Should our host murder us on this spot --- us, his king and his kinsman, ...our fate will be little lightened, but, on the contrary greatly aggravatated, by your stirring, Scott, Quent. Durw., Ch. XXVII, 354.
The Queen said ...: "We are this day fortunate --- we enjoy the company of our amiable hostess at an unusual hour. Id., Abbot, Ch. XXI, 225.


Note. This practice seems to have become unusual or extinct in the personal utterances of sovereigns to their audiences, having been preserved only in public instruments.
Thus King George V in his reply to the address of the Corporation of Bombay uses I, etc.:


You have rightly said that I am no stranger among you [etc.]. Times, No. 1823, 974b.


Similarly in his Address on the occasion of the opening of the Coronation Durbar:


It is with genuine feelings of thankfulness and satisfaction that I stand here to-day among you [etc.]. Id., No. 1824, 1001d.


But in the instrument announcing the fact that the seat of the Government of India will be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi, we find we, etc.: We are pleased to announce to Our People [etc.]. Ib.


20ƬޤǤ royal we ϻ¾äƤȤǧǤ롥Ȥ뤳Ȥˤ衤ŪˡΧʸˤŪˡȤƤǤꡤ쥸ϤƸꤵƤȤ狼롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1B. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1916.

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2024-12-02 Mon

#5698. royal we εȸűѸ졦Ѹ [greek][latin][royal_we][monarch][sociolinguistics][oe][me]

ε#5697. royal we ϡַ weפǤϤʤּҲŪʿʣס ([2024-12-01-1]) ˰³ַ we (royal_we) ܤ롥ѸȤƤ "plural of majesty", "plural of inequality" ʤɤѤƤ뤬1;ʣ̾ƱˡؤƤ롥
Mustanoja (124) ϡ"plural of majesty" ȤѸȤʤ顤ƥɤꥷˤޤǤΤܤε򼨺Ƥ롥ξǡѸˤˤŤŵȤơѸ֥إ꡼3פǤ˸ڤƤ뤳Ȥܤ

PLURAL OF MAJESTY. --- Another variety of the sociative plural (pluralis societatis) exists as the plural of majesty (pluralis majestatis), likewise characterised by the use of the pronoun of the first person plural for the first person singular. The plural of majesty originates in a living sovereign's habit of thinking of himself as an embodiment of the whole community. As the use of the plural becomes a mere convention, the original significance of this plurality tends to disappear. The plural of majesty is found in the imperial decrees of the later Roman Empire and in the letters of the early Roman bishops, but it can be traced to even earlier times, to Greek syntactical usage (cf. H. Zilliacus, Selbstgefühl und Servilität: Studien zum unregelmâssigen Numerusgebrauch im Griechischen, SSF-GHL XVIII, 3, Helsinki 1953). The plural of majesty is extensively used in medieval Latin. In OE it does not seem to be attested. OE royal charters, for example, have the singular (ic Offa þurh Cristes gyfe Myrcena kining; ic Æþelbald cincg, etc.). The plural of majesty begins to be used in ME. A typical ME example is the following quotation from the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258), a characteristic beginning of a royal charter: --- Henry, thurȝ Gode fultume king of Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloande, Duk on Normandi, on Aquitaine, and Eorl on Anjow, send igretinge to alle hise holde, ilærde ond ileawede, on Huntendoneschire: thæt witen ȝe alle þæt we willen and unnen þæt . . ..


"the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258)" ʡ֥إ꡼3סˤǤˤĤơʥۥɤȻפϤ롥#5696. royal we θűѸ줫㡩 ([2024-11-30-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡǤμ¤ royal we ˡɤϲΤǤ롥θʸˤĤƤϡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2024-12-01 Sun

#5697. royal we ϡַ weפǤϤʤּҲŪʿʣס [terminology][oe][me][royal_we][monarch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][sociolinguistics][politeness][t/v_distinction][honorific][number][shakespeare]

ַ֡ we (royal_we) դˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Jespersen äƤߤȡַ weפʤּ̡ҲŪʿʣ ("the plural of social inequality") ȤѸ줬󤲤Ƥ2;̾ˤ롤 "T/V distinction" (t/v_distinction) ȴϢŤ we ݤˤϡΤѸ줫⤷ʤ

   4.13. Third, we have what might be called the plural of social inequality, by which one person either speaks of himself or addresses another person in the plural. We thus have in the first person the 'plural of majesty', by which kings and similarly exalted persons say we instead of I. The verbal form used with this we is the plural, but in the 'emphatic' pronoun with self a distinction is made between the normal plural ourselves and the half-singular ourself. Thus frequently in Sh, e.g. Hml I. 2.122 Be as our selfe in Denmarke | Mcb III. 1.46 We will keepe our selfe till supper time alone. (In R2 III. 2.127, where modern editions have ourselves, the folio has our selfe; but in R2 I. 1,16, F1 has our selues). Outside the plural of majesty, Sh has twice our selfe (Meas. II. 2.126, LL IV. 3.314) 'in general maxims' (Sh-lex.).
   . . . .
   In the second person the plural of social inequality becomes a plural of politeness or deference: ye, you instead of thou, thee; this has now become universal without regard to social position . . . .
   The use of us instead of me in Scotland and Ireland (Murray D 188, Joyce Ir 81) and also in familiar speech elsewhere may have some connexion with the plural of social inequality, though its origin is not clear to me.


٥ȤѸǤϤʤ⤷ʤҲŪʿˤ־פؤΤˡַʣ ("polite plural") ʤɤνѸϤ뤤ϡǤϤ魯뤫⤷ʤΤǡäȿȤ⳸ʤ־ʣפʤɡ䡤ꤷơäȤȤ⳸ʤѸȤơַʣפǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-02-1]

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2024-11-30 Sat

#5696. royal we θűѸ줫㡩 [oe][me][royal_we][monarch][personal_pronoun][pronoun][beowulf][aelfric][philology][historical_pragmatics][number]

ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬⿿㤫ɤȽǤ񤷤Ȥ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ

§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.


Ǥ royal we 餷򤻤űѸ㤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-02-1]

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2024-11-26 Tue

#5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ [personal_pronoun][pronoun][royal_we][monarch][terminology][indefinite_pronoun][reflexive_pronoun][number]

ַ we (royal_we) ȾΤŪˡ롥1ͤΤȤؤ I ǤϤʤ we ѤȤ̤ʰ;̾λȤǤ롥ˡˤĤƤϡ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) OED 򻲾ȤĤľ夲
üˡˤĤơQuirk et al. §6.18 Note [a] ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥

[a] The virtually obsolete 'royal we' (= I) is traditionally used by a monarch, as in the following examples, both famous dicta by Queen Victoria:
   We are not interested in the possibilities of defeat. We are not amused.


Quirk et al. §6.23 ˤϡбƵ̾ ourself ؤθڤ⤢롥

There is also . . . a very rare 'royal we' singular reflexive pronoun ourself . . . .


Fowler θˡŵĴ٤Ƥߤ we ιܤˡroyal we ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä (835)

   4 The royal we. The OED gives examples from the OE period onward in which we is used by a single sovereign or ruler to refer to himself or herself. The custom seems to be dying out: in her formal speeches Queen Elizabeth II rarely if ever uses it now. (On royal tours when accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh we is often used by the Queen to refer to them both; alternatively My husband and I.)
   History of the term. The OED record begins with Lytton (1835): Noticed you the we---the style royal? Later examples: The writer uses 'we' throughout---rather unfortunately, as one is sometimes in doubt whether it is a sort of 'royal' plural, indicating only himself, or denotes himself and companions---N&Q 1931; 'In the absence of the accused we will continue with the trial.' He used the royal 'we', but spoke for us all---J. Rae, 1960. (The last two examples clearly overlap with those given in para 3.) It will be observed that the term 'the royal we' has come to be used in a weakened, transferred, or jocular manner. The best-known example came when Margaret Thatcher informed the world in 1989 that her daughter-in-law had given birth to a son: We have become a grandmother, the Prime Minister said. A less well-known American example: interviewed on a television programme in 1990 Vice-President Quayle, in reply to the interviewer's expression of hope that Quayle would join him again some time, replied We will.


ʤΰѤ˸ڤΤ"para 3" Ǥϡindefinite we Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-11-30-1]

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2024-06-21 Fri

#5534. Henry V ζ̼ʥƥץ졼 [signet][standardisation][monarch][lancastrian][chancery_standard]

Fisher et al. (6--7) ˡ1419ǯΤȤȯԤ줿 Henry V ζ̼ʤʤΥƥץ졼ȤΤ˷ǤƤ (Letter no. 60) Robert Shiryngton Ȥͤν̾äƤʤƸƤߤ褦

  1. Author By þe king
  2. Salutation Worshipful fader yn god oure right trusty and welbeloued
  3. Greeting We grete yow wel /
  4. Exposition And for asmuche as we haue ordeined oure trusty and welbeloued knyght Iohn of Radclif. to be oure Conestable of Bourdeux And also to be Captaine of our Castel of fronsac for þe grete trust þat we haue to his trewthe and discrecion.
  5. Disposition we wol and charge yow þat by þauis of our broþer of Bedford and oþer of oure conseil þere in Englande. ye trete and accorde wiþ þe said Ihon for his abidyng þere. And so þat he may do vs good seruice. as hit semeþ best to youre discrecions for oure auantage and proffit of þe cuntree And þat ye spede him in al þe haste þat ye may. And se þat he tarye not þere: as oure trust is to yow
  6. Valediction And god haue yow in his keping
  7. Attestation Yeuen vnder oure signet in oure Castel of Rouen þe [xvi day of May]
  8. Signature of the clerk Shiryngton


ޤʤ礬Ǥ뤳Ȥ (1) ˿˸ڤĤİʤ (2, 3) ³ƼطʤҤ٤ (4) ξǰƤ餫ˤ (5) Ǹˡɮΰ (6) ʸμ (7) ͤΥ³
̼ʤϴνΰ̳Ǥ뤫顤Τ褦ʥƥץ졼ȤɬפȤ뤷ƱͤˡΤ褦ʸͤˤȤäƤϡɸŪֻޤäƤСŻ⤽Ψ褯ʤȤǤֻɸಽεȤΤϡƼʤȤǤ롥

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.

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2024-06-20 Thu

#5533. 1417ǯ̼ɤ Henry V νʤѸȯԤϤ᤿ط [signet][reestablishment_of_english][standardisation][lancastrian][monarch][politics][chancery_standard][hundred_years_war]

ɸˤĤƤϡǤľܡܤ˴ط뵭񤤤Ƥ

#3225. 󥫥īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard ([2018-02-24-1])
#3241. 1422ǯɥ¤ȹαѸ첽 ([2018-03-12-1])
#3242. 󥫥īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard (2) ([2018-03-13-1])

Fisher et al. (xv--xvi) ꡤ⤦1ĤδϢҲ𤷤

The earliest group of official documents in English in uniform style and language are the English Signet letters of Henry V. Until his second invasion of France in August 1417, Henry's correspondence had been in French, but from August 1417 until his death in August 1422 nearly all of it is in English. The reasons for the change can only be inferred. No document has come to light expressing his views or prescribing the use of English, but there is evidence of his sensitivity to linguistic nationalism. One of the first acts of his reign was an assent, in English, to a petition by the Commons that statutes be made without altering the words of the petitions on which they were based. In treating with the French and Burgundians, his ambassadors insisted on using Latin rather than French. At the Council of Constance, Henry's ambassadors demanded to know "whether nation be understood as a people marked off from others by blood relationships and habit of unity or by peculiarities of language (the most sure and positive sign and essence of a nation in divine and human law)." Hence, it may be inferred that upon his invasion of France in 1417, he found it expedient to adopt English to secure popular support for his military expedition.


ȤŪʴޤߤäˤ衤Henry V Ȥ뤤̱²ȤϷˤäƤǤϤʤˤäƷӤĤĤǤȤͤ򲡤ФȤƤȤܤͤ롥󥰥ɤˤŪʹȴѤ̱²ѤȤ٤

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.

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2023-10-15 Sun

#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we [personal_pronoun][pronoun][singular_they][royal_we][monarch][number]

򺣡ʸˡǤϡñ they (singular_they) ˾뤳Ȥ¿ñ weפˤĤƤʹȤŪʱʸˡ "royal we", "authorial we", "editorial we" ʤɤȤΤƤˡǤ롥
OED, we, pron., n., adj. I.2 ˴ط2ĤθʸƤ롥űѸ줫ǧʤȵ˸ŤˡǤ롥ǽοȤȤ˰Ѥ롥

I.2. Used by a single person to denote himself or herself.

I.2.a. Used by a sovereign or ruler. Frequently defined by the name or title added.
The apparent Old English instances of this use are uncertain, and may rather show an inclusive plural use of the pronoun; see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §252.

OE Witodlice we beorgað þinre ylde, gehyrsuma urum bebodum & geoffra þam undeadlicum godum. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxix. 420)
OE Beowulf maþelode..: 'We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, feohtan fremedon.' (Beowulf (2008) 958)
1258 We hoaten all vre treowe in þe treowþe þet heo vs oȝen þet heo stedefesteliche healden and swerien. (Proclam. Henry III (Bodleian MS.) in Transactions of Philological Society 1880-1 (1883) *173 (Middle English Dictionary))
. . . .

I.2.b. Used by a speaker or writer, in order to secure an impersonal style and tone, or to avoid the obtrusive repetition of 'I'.
N.E.D. (1926) states: 'Regularly so used in editorial and unsigned articles in newspapers and other periodicals, where the writer is understood to be supported in his opinions and statements by the editorial staff collectively.' This practice has become less usual during the 20th cent. and is limited to self-conscious and humorous contexts.

eOE Nu hæbbe we scortlice gesæd ymbe Asia londgemæro. (translation of Orosius, History (British Library MS. Add.) (1980) i. i. 12)
OE We mihton þas halgan rædinge menigfealdlicor trahtnian. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxxvi. 495)
?a1160 Nu we willen sægen sum del wat belamp on Stephnes kinges time. (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Laud MS.) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137)


we λؼоݤϲ뤤ϴްоݤϲȤˤʤäƤǤϺε#5283. we ŪˡϸűѸ줫 ([2023-10-14-1]) Ǽ夲 we ˡ˴ؤˤĤʤäƤ롥
we ñˡˤĤƤϡ#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1]) Ǥ⾯ƤΤǻͤޤǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-30-1] [2024-11-26-1]

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2022-09-19 Mon

#4893. King's English Queen's English νǯ [emode][monarch][oed][inkhorn_term][voicy][heldio]

8˥ꥶ٥ (Elizabeth II) ˴ʤꡤ19˥ȥߥ󥹥ˤƹ򤬱ĤޤͽȤΤȤǤ֤ϥꥹ˾Ĺ70ǯޤ1ĤˤǤơ㡼륺 (Charles III) ¨̤ޤ
ޤ Queen's English ȸƤФƤ륤ꥹɸѸϡ King's English ȤƾΤ˲󵢤뤳ȤˤʤȻפޤε King's English Queen's English ȤƤˤĤƾĴ١ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#476. King's English Queen's EnglishꤷƤ٤äƤߤޤ



ǿ줿 OED ˤξɽνФˤĤơʲäƤޤޤKing's English ˤĤƤϡking, n. βǡΤ褦㤬ͿƤޤ

 King's English n. [apparently after king's coin n.] (chiefly with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the King of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually taken as that written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. Queen's English n. at queen n. Compounds 3b.

   1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 86 These fine Englishe clerkes, will saie thei speake in their mother tongue, if a man should charge them for counterfeityng the kynges English.
   a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 5 Abusing of Gods patience, and the Kings English.
   1787 Eng. Rev. May 284 That fervent zeal which now displays itself among all ranks of persons,..to circulate the purity of the king's English among them.
   1836 E. Howard Rattlin xxxv. 144 They..put the king's English to death so charmingly.
   1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South i. i. 28 Smelly old fellows with baggy pants and a capacity for butchering the king's English.
   2003 E. Stuart Entropy & Alchemy vi. 71 The British, custodians of the King's English and supposedly so careful and conscientious with words.


king's coin ʹŲߤ˹ޤƤ񲦤ξˤǤϤʤȤȤǤɤʤΤǤ礦ʤߤ˽Ф1553ǯȤΤϡEdward VI Mary I Ȥ¨̤ǯǤ⤢ꡤ̣ߥ󥰤ǤϤޤ󶡤Ƥ T(homas) Wilson ˤĤƤϡ#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ󥹴 ([2020-07-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
Queen's English ߤƤߤޤ礦queen, n. βǡΤ褦˵ҤƤޤФ1592ǯ Elizabeth I Ǥ

 Queen's English n. (usually with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the Queen of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually as written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. King's English n. at king n. Compounds 5b.

   1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. B1v He must be running on the letter, and abusing the Queenes English without pittie or mercie.
   a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. iii. 81 He was pretty far overcome by the Champaign, for he clipped the Queen's English.
   1848 Southern Literary Messenger 14 636/2 'On' yesterday, (another Southern emendation of the Queen's English, which is funny enough,) I was so unfortunate [etc.].
   1867 F. S. Cozzens Sayings 82 In fact, that arbitrary style of speaking which is commonly known as the Queen's English.
   1885 Punch 4 July 5/2 (heading) The Premier's Primer; or Queen's English as she is wrote.
   1902 F. Hume Fever of Life 146 I! Oh, how can you? I speak the Queen's English.
   1991 K. Waterhouse English our English p. xvii The more slipshod English in circulation, the wider the assumption that it doesn't matter any more, that the Queen's English is by now the quaint preserve of pedants.
   2006 PC Gamer Apr. 79/1 This doesn't mean that the cast of characters suddenly speak the Queen's English with cut-glass accents and quote Shakespeare.


ɤޤʸФƤꡤ OED ȴޤξɽȤǯ夬16ȤΤޤ⤷ȤǤѹͥ󥹤οˤäƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵФƴ줬ޤäƤޤΰǥʥ顼ǤѸؤμ⾯ĿޤäƤƤޤιμ٤ִפȤơΥȥåפǤ뷯礬Ф줿ȤϼʤȤǤߤޤ400ǯʾ³ƤȤΤϡϤ©ĹȤȻפޤ

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2022-03-06 Sun

#4696. ꥶ٥1ˤ3ñ -th -s 줿ʸ [3sp][emode][monarch][speed_of_change][language_change]

Ѹ3ñθ -th -s ؤȿܤƤäѲϡѸˤǤ褯椵Ƥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ꥶ٥1 (1533--1603) λ -th -s ؤοܤΤޤäʤˤꡤȤξʻѤƤ뤬ΤʻȤʬδबä櫓ǤϤʤϡǤäդǤ -s ̤Ѥ졤ʸʽ񤭸աˤǤ -th ޤȤʳˤϤäǤϡŪʥ쥸Ȥ⤤뻶ʸʽ񤭸աˤǤϤɤäΤȤȡʣLass (163) ˰ѤƤ롤ꥶ٥1 Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy 1Ƥߤ褦 (Book 0, Prose IX)

He that seekith riches by shunning penury, nothing carith for powre, he chosith rather to be meane & base, and withdrawes him from many naturall delytes. . . But that waye, he hath not ynogh, who leues to haue, & greues in woe, whom neerenes ouerthrowes & obscurenes hydes. He that only desyres to be able, he throwes away riches, despisith pleasures, nought esteems honour nor glory that powre wantith.


Lass (163) ˤȡƱΥץĴȤ-th -s Ϥ褽 1:2 äȤǤ -s äƤ褦ޤܤΤޤäʤäȸäƤ褤

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2020-12-31 Thu

#4266. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ8֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פ򽪤ޤ [asacul][notice][monarch][french][history][reestablishment_of_english][magna_carta][link][slide]

#4254. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ8֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פΤ ([2020-12-19-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡ1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻8ϲȥޥʥ륿ꤷäޤä³Ƥ륷꡼Ǥ󡤻üԤγ󤫤Ǯʼ䥳Ȥ򤤤ʤ顤ڤʤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϱѸˤȤƤ⥤󥰥ɻˤȤƤ̣13ܤƤߤޤ奤󥰥ɲΤʤǺǤԿ͵ʥ󲦤ȡ󤬽ݤޤ줿ޥʥ륿򼴤ˡ³إ꡼3ޤǤλطʤ򳵴ѤǡαѸ֤ŤƤߤ褦ȻߤޤƺǸˤϡƱνȸɽѸθʸǽޤ񤷤äǤ礦ɤäǤ礦伫Ȥ⡤ʤ顤̣13⸫ѤƤߤбѸŪˤ⤷Ȥʤ뤳ȤǧǤޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸Ƥޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻8 ֥ϲȥޥʥ륿
2. 8󡡥ϲȥޥʥ륿
3. ܼ
4. 1. ϲ
5. Ϣάǯɽ
6. 2. ޥʥ륿
7. ޥʥ륿Ӹɾ
8. Carta or Charter
9. Magna or Great
10. إ꡼3
11. 3. ȤȸŤ13
12. 4. 13αѸ
13. The Owl and the Nightingale ȥʥ󥲡٤Ƭ12
14. "The Proclamation of Henry III" ֥إ꡼3
15. ޤȤ
16. ʸ

Υ꡼92021ǯ320ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤷƤޤϡԱˤ⥿꡼ȤʤäƤޤäɴǯȹ¡פǤ¤ˤƸα̿Ѥ뤫äƤȻפޤܺ٤ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-12-19 Sat

#4254. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ8֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פΤ [asacul][notice][monarch][french][history][reestablishment_of_english][magna_carta]

轵1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻8ϲȥޥʥ륿ꤹֱԤʤޤؿΤ󤪿ߤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1204ǯ󲦤ĤϥΥޥǥӼ1215ǯˤϡ²ˤ겦¤ޥʥ륿ݤޤޤѸŪˤߤСλ (1) Ѹ줬ե󥹸줫Ωꡤ(2) եüԤǤ벦²θϤ򤽤ѸüԤǤ̱Ω夲ȤǽפǤθ2ۤɤ򤫤ƱѸϥե󥹸ΤӤæƤޤֺܹ¤ǤϡαѸ̤ޤ


󥰥ɤ巯ΤʤǤǤ͵Τʤ󲦡ե󥹤ԤꥢθϤȤ⤤Υޥǥ1204ǯ˼äƤޤޤˡ1215ǯˤϡ˱ѹηˡΤȤƿ뤵뤳Ȥˤʤޥʥ륿ǧʤʤޤ13ŪϡѸιԤˤ礭ʱƶڤܤޤθ塤ѸϤäȤǤϤޤ¤ˡפƤȤˤʤޤ
ϢαѸѸˤθʸҲ𤷤ʤ顤椫αñθ츻̣äƤͽǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-12-31-1]

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2020-10-06 Tue

#4180. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ7֥ΥޥȥΥޥīפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][notice][norman_conquest][monarch][french][history][link][slide]

#4170. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ7֥ΥޥȥΥޥīפΤ ([2020-09-26-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡ103ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻7ΥޥȥΥޥīꤹֱԤʤޤפΥ꡼ƳǤʤγȤϼλ֤ĤȤǤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Υޥ (norman_conquest) ˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤽αѸ˾ΰյˤĤơ#2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) Ƥޤιֺ¤ǤϡΥޥȤΤߤʤ餺Υޥī󥰥 (1066--1154) Ȥ88ǯ֤λäȤβԥɤ˾ơѸˤͤľȤȤƤߤޤäǤ礦ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸Ƥޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻7 ֥ΥޥȥΥޥī
2. 7󡡥ΥޥȥΥޥī
3. ܼ
4. 1. Υޥten sixty-six
5. ΥޥͤȥΥޥǥε
6. ޡ֥ΥޥС
7. 1066ǯ
9. Υޥ󲦲Ȥ㤤Ȥθؤαƶ
10. ꥢ2ִ鲦סʺ߰1087--1100
11. إ꡼1ٳزסʺ߰1100--1135
12. ޥޥƥǯ1102--1167
13. ƥʺ߰1135--1154
14. إ꡼2ʺ߰1154--1181
15. 3. ѸؤμҲŪƶ
16. Υޥͤήȥ󥰥ɤθ
17. 4. ѸؤθŪƶ
18. äؤαƶ
19. ֻؤαƶ
20. Υޥ󡦥ե󥹸ե󥹸
21. Υޥʤä顤Ѹϡ
22. ޤȤ
23. : ֥ꥢʸ (Williams writ)
24. ʸ

1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤷƤޤϡΥΥޥī³ץ󥿥ͥåȲīܤ֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פˤĤƤǤˤƱѸ줬ե󥹸Ρ֤ӤפƤȤˤʤ뤫ͤޤܺ٤ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-12-1]

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2020-04-21 Tue

#4012. եå粦αѸ˾ΰյ [history][oe][anglo-saxon][alfred][monarch][standardisation]

եå粦 (King Alfred) ϡꥹ巯Τʤͣ粦 (the Great) 򴧤ƸƤФ̾Ǥ롥ꥹ˾Ǥɾ⤤ȤϤ褯ʬ뤬ΡֱѸ˾ΰյפȤ顤Mengden (26) β⤫3ۤȴФƤߤ褦

(1) 󥰤οߤ᤿Ȥˤꡤ󥰥ɤιȤƤαѸϰ̤ݤä

ˤ if ǤϤ뤬⤷եå粦󥰤餱Ƥ顤󥰥ɤιȤƤαѸ줬졤ɬŪ˶ʹߤαѸŸ⤢ʤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬˾äȤȤ⡤ʤȤҿŪʸȤƤϰ̤ݤ³뤳Ȥ񤷤äեå粦ξϡDZѸ˾夭ƽʰյġ

(2) פοʤˤꡤ¿αѸʸ߽Ф˻Ĥ

ϡΤˤХեå粦αѸ˸ΰյȤ٤⤷ʤ϶פʤ뤳Ȥˤꡤܤ̤͢Ȥ櫓༫Ȥ¿쾯ʤؤäȤűѸؤΤפǤex. Gregory the Great's Cura Pastoralis and Dialogi, Augustine of Hippo's Soliloquia, Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae, Paulus Orosius's Historiae adversus paganos, Bed's Historia ecclesiastica) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Martyrology ΤȤϤޤäȤ롥

(3) 2η̤ȤơűѸˤơѸ˾̤αѸ컶ʸ߽Ф졤񤭸դɸಽʹԤ

³̤αѸ컶ʸλФϡϤѸ˸ΰյ礭Ȥ٤Ǥ롥ޤ񤭸դɸಽˤĤƤϡθѸæɸಽ˶ѸκɸಽʤɤŪĬήͤȤѸ˾ΰյ뤳Ȥؤʤ

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-23-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-08 Fri

#3602. ȱѸ [monarch][academy][swift][history]

Dz The Favorite ˮؽŲΤ١ˤѤ˹Ԥäƥ奢ȲīǸη祢 (Queen Anne (1665--1714); ߰ 1702--14) εȤϤ븢ŽѿʪǤ롥å礦2ͤν Sarah Jennings Churchill Abigail Masham Υɥɥޤվ޸⤷Ф餯ݤ³ۤɤä餸 Olivia Colman ϡ91󥢥ǥߡޤǼͥޤƤ롥
λˤϡ˾礭ʽ2Ĥä1Ĥϡ1701ǯ˻ϤޤäڥѾƿ̱ϤǤϡ֥פȸƤФˤǤ롥ǥޡХ󡦥㡼Ψ륤ꥹᡤ1713ǯΥȥҥȹ¾Ǥϡ˥塼եɥɡΥϥɥե󥹤å褷˥֥륿ȥߥΥ륫Ȥ泤׾פ˻ä (cf. #2920. Gibraltar English ([2017-04-25-1])) ˡꥹϡĹ18פ̤ƥ衼åѶؤζˤΤ夬äƤȤˤʤäʥ쳤ߤ泤˱Ѹμ򼬤ȤȤˡαѸΤʤƻ򳫤äȤäƤ褤
Τ⤦1Ĥνפʽϡ1707ǯϢˡ (The Act of Union) Ǥ롥ˤꡤǤ1ƱϢȤʤäƤ󥰥ɲȥåȥɲϢ礷쥤ȡ֥ƥȤΩ
äŪˤСDzǤե㡼Ƥ褦ˡλ˥ȡȥۥåˤǤ߽Ф뤳ȤˤʤäȤפǤ롥󼫿ȤϥȡٻƤΤˤϻ¾Ϳ³ϥΡīˤȯŸƤϤʤ餷򤷤Ȥ롥
(474) ˤȡοϼΤ褦󤵤Ƥ롥

ľܴͿ򰦤ȤƵޤޤϡ켷ǯȬǾзΤᡤ󥸥ȥ¤ǻͶФΰ򽪤ꡤƥ奢ȲȤĤФDz̤˽ȤΤ˲äԤưפǤʤ״ǤϡôػҤ˺¤äޤޤǤäҶͿͤ⼡ȼäᤷߤ򡤼ˤޤ碌Ȥᤫ٤Ǿݤ뤳ȤͽۤƤȤǤä


ʻˤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤ2Ƥ1ĤϡҤΤȤꡤꥹؤƻ߽ФŪ˱ѸƤ­äȤȡ
2Ĥϡξ»ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩβǽ٤ȤǤ롥 Swift ˤ1712ǯαѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˹ŪäΤλȤȤ˴ܺä뱿̿Ȥʤäʡ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡҶ¡ᤷߤʶ餹˽˽ˤࡥΤ褦ʥο餺Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩˤȴؤäƤΤǤ롥

رѹ񲦼á16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-23 Fri

#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ [timeline][history][monarch]

ο֤Τˡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1]) ʤɥꥹǯɽ򤤤ĤǤƤĤǤˤ⤦1Ķƣɧˡإꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ󼨤褦ʰʲpp. 2, 18, 42, 72, 114, 148, 176, 200, 248, 284 ˡΥꥹ˳ϡкѤʸˤۤ򤷡ܻˤȤδؤˤդʧäƤɤ߱롥ǯɽ [I] ϥɡ[S] ϥåȥɡ[A] ̥ꥫؤ

10000ǯʵ8000Τޤɹ֥ƥϥ衼åΦ礭Ⱦ
6000ΤޤǤ˳̤徺֥ƥ礬и
3000顦֥쥤ʤɥΰ׷
2300ȡإ󥸤δ
1000ȷϽ²
55Υ֥꥿˥ (--54)
43饦ǥΥ֥꥿˥
122ϥɥꥢ̥ɷ߻Ϥޤ롨Τ֥ѥޡʡ
212ͳ̱˻̱
4ޥ²ΰܽ--5
461[I] ѥȥå۶
563[I, S] Сʤ˽ƻ
570إ֥꥿˥ǤˤĤơ
597ƥ̥󥿥٥˶
731١إꥹͤζˡ١űѸ˸ڡΤ륯󡤥ե󥯲
793󥰤ν⡤Ϥޤ
871եå粦 (--899)
959ɥ (--975)
1016̡Ȳ (--35) ޤȺƺ
1042ɥɾ (--66)
10661. ϥɲ10. إƥ󥰥襤ǥ衼ʥꥢ˾ꥢ1 (--87)ΥޥۡѸλϤޤ
1069[S] ޥ륫3ޡåȤȷ뺧
1135̤ (--54)
1154إ2 (-89)ˡȹɱ
1189㡼1ҿ (--99)3󽽻
1199ϲ (--1216)
1215ޥʡ륿
1216إ3 (--72)̳ܤΩ
1264󡦥ɡեȿ (--65)
1272ɥ1Ĺ (--1307) ˡ֥ȵΤʪ׼
1276륺 (--83)
1296åȥΩ (--1357)
1327ɥ3 (--77)
1337ե󥹤ɴǯ (--1453)
1348԰Ҥդ뤦 (--50)
1381Ƭǡ̱ʥȡ
1400硼إ󥿥٥ʪ
1422إ6 (--61, 70--71)
1455Х (--87) Τեƥإ󥰥ɤ١Τꥢͥ󥹺
1476㥯ȥ󡤥ɥdzǰ򳫻ϡѸλϤޤ
1485إ7 (--1509)ƥ塼īϤޤ
1497ܥåȡ˥塼եɥɤ
1509إ8 (--47)
1517륿ν׻Ϥޤ
15195޹ (--56)
1533ʶػˡˤƼ縢
1534񲦻ˡˤƹ񶵲Ω
1536륺Ʊˡ (43ˤ
1538Ͽˡ
1541ɲˡ
1542[S] ᥢꡦƥ奢 (--67)
1547ɥ6 (--53) ޤʤ̵񡤿ˡ
1533ᥢ1 (--58) ַޤߤᥢסޤʤեåؽ޶Ԥν
1558ꥶ٥1 (--1603) 񶵲κƳΩ[S] ΤΥåν
1568͡ǥȡʥˤΩϤޤ
1567[S] ॺ6 (--1625)
1580ɥ쥤
1588ޥƥ٥α
1594[I] 륹ȿ (--1603)
1600ꥢࡦॺ彣ɺ塤ȹ˱ڸ쥤ɲΩԥإϥåȡ
1601̱кˡƥѱˡ
1603ॺ1 (--25)ƥ奢īϤޤ
1607[I, A] ץƥȤΥ륹̱˥̱
1611ضٴζ
1613쥤ɲҤΥꥹᤷ벦οƽ򤿤ȹ˱۸
1618ǯ (--48)
1623ܥʻʸ졦ǰפϥ
1625㡼륺1 (--49)
1638[S] ̱[I] ȥġֺ
1639綵ǯ2綵
16404. ûIJ11. ĹIJ (--60) ֥ԥ塼꥿̿׳
16415. ȥʥȥե˽跺10--. ɡԻפ
16421. Υǥ8. Ϥޤ
1643[S] ͤƱ
1645˥塼ǥ뷳
1647ѥȥƤʷδȿʿɤε
16491. ˡǥ㡼륺1ͭᡤ跺5. 󥰥ɶ¹8. [I] ०롤ɽ
1651[S] ǥХˤĹϷɡ㡼륺2״Τۥå֥إ
1652Х (74ޤǷ³
1653ŵˤꥯ०ϸ񶪡֥ƥñζ¹
1660šʹ񶵲3ˡ㡼륺2 (--85)
1661ե󥹤ǥ륤14ο (--1715)
1665ɥǥڥήԡ롦ƥسؽѵסϴ
1666ɥ
1679ΤIJǥȡꡦۥΩ
1685ॺ2 (--88) ǯ륤14ʥȲѤ楰̱
1688ǯƱ衤եķѾ衤--97ˡ6. ̾̿פϤޤ롥11. ˥Φ12. ॺ2˴̿
16892. ꥢ3 (--1702) & ᥢ2 (--94) ˡ12. ξŵå١[S] ǥХˤƸ׵ᡥ̾̿쥸λϤޤꡥɴǯγ (1815ޤǷ³
1690[I] ॺ2ȥꥢ3β
1692[S] 󥳡λ٤ǽιȯ
1694󥰥ɶ
1701̷ѾˡڥѾ (--13) 饳
1703᥷奨
1707󥰥ɤȥåȥɤιƱʥ졼ȥ֥ƥ󲦹Ω
1713ȥҥȾ󡥤Τ¿ǰפĹ
1714硼1 (--27)ϥΡīϤޤ롥ơ
1715ˡϷѨȥ㥳ХȤȿ
1720ҤΥХ֥
1721ݡ (--42) Τǥեեȡޥɥ롤ʹҡϥ趷褷̱Ū
1740ȥꥢѾ (--48)
1745Ѩȥ㥳ХȤȿǯ˻
1754ݿ
1755󥽥رѸ켭ŵ١Ѹγ
1756ǯ (--63) [A] ǯեᥤǥ
1757ɤǥץå
1759֥ƥ塦ߥ塼೫ۡߥإ봶
1760硼3 (--1820)
1763ѥ̥ꥫڤˡɥǥ륯 (--74)
1765[A] ǰ
1771饤Ȥοӹ
1773[A] ܥȥ쥤ɲҵˡ
1775[A] 13̱ϤΩ (--83)
1776ߥؽ̱١١ܥإ˴ˡ١ڥإ󥻥󥹡
1778֥륯ǥŴζ
1780ΤGDPǯĹΨ1%򤳤ʻȳ̿λư
1782[I] 饿IJ
1783ѥʹ罰Ωξǧˡԥåȼ (--1801, 04--06)
1784åȡʣưžؤõ
1786ʩ̾ʥǥ
1789ޥ˾ӹ졥ե󥹳̿ (-99) 亮ȥ
1791[I] ʥƥåɡå
1793ХեƱˤ1815ޤ³
1799ͥ󡦥㥤ɡޥ˵サ1804˥ɥء
1800ɹƱˡˤꡤǯϢ粦Ω
1802/03ʤꥹ͢ʤ1̤
1808Ĺǥեȥ13ܤϡܹ񥵥饵פ͢
1814 (--15) ǥʥݥ쥪ɴǯ轪
1825ιŴƻ̡ǯ˺ǽζܤǡְ۹ʧ
1826ɥ (UCL) Ω
1828ˡˡѻ
1829ȥåˡ
18309. ס롦ޥŴƻ̡11. 쥤 (--34)
1832ˡ
1834̱кˡʿˡˡ12. ԡ (--35, 41--46)
1837ȥꥢ (--1901)
18388. ̱ϡ㡼ƥȱư9. ʪˡȿжǯʪˡȿƱ
1840إ (--42) åɥȥȿб
1845ǥ졼إӥ롽ޤ2Ĥι̱
1846ʪˡűѡȡʬ
1851ʺǽˡ̿Ω񿮶Ĵ
1854ߥ˻ (--56)
1857ȿ (--58) ľܻۤ
1860ʩ̾ʥ֥ǥˡʥƥ󥲡δǸع
1862ʸפθʡ͡Ȥԡˤϱ
1863åǯ˥ꥱåȵ
18672ˡХåȡإ󥰥ɤι١ʥϢˮ
18682. ǥ졼ݼ޼ (--68, 74--80) 12. åɥȥͳ޼ (--74, 80--85, 86, 92--94)
1869ϳ
1870ˡ80˽ص̳ˡȸ̳ѻϤޤ
1871ϫƯȹˡ
1872һġʵˮԡˤϱ
1876ɹΤ
18843ˡեӥ󶨲񡥥ĥȻϤޤ
1885ɹ̱ķ
1886ɼˡơХ󤬼ͳޤʬ
18871̱ϲġ֥㡼åۡॺ׻Ϥޤ
1889ץ East is East . . .
1892ӥȥꥹݥåɥˡ֤ȷ뺧
1899եꥫ (--1902)
1900Сϱ (--02) 㡼
1901ȥꥢϢˮɥ7 (--10) եȽ
1902Ʊ (--23)
1903ıԻԡפη߻Ϥޤ
1906ϫƯޡ29̾
1907˥塼ɼ
1908 (--16) Ϸǯˡ
1910ɡ᥸硼̳ο̱ͽեꥫϢˮ
1912˥å桤ҳ
1914켡 (--18) ɼˡΩê夲
1916˪ħʼˡɡ᥸硼 (--22)
1917̿Хե
191830аʾν
1919ѥ²ġ륵󡥥ȥԻˡ
1921֥졼ȥ֥ƥ󤪤ӥϢ粦פ֥ɼͳΩ
1922 (--23) BBC饸Ϥޤ
1924ϫƯޥɥʥɼ (--24, 29--35) եإɤؤƻ
1928˽ʿ
1929??????????
1936̷Ѿ硼6 (--52) 󥺡ذ١ڥ󥮥󡦥֥å
1939Хɥ۹ (--45)
1940㡼 (--45, 51--55)
1942֥٥åפμҲݾ㹽ۡޤê夲
1945ϫƯްǯҲݾ㡤ͭʤɼ¸
1947ɡѥʬΩ
1948ֹˡפ̱󥦥륹̱񸢤ƳǧեꥫǥѥȥإϤޤ
1949ɶ¹񡤥󥦥륹Υæ
1952ꥶ٥2--ˡ¸
1956Ƚܤ򤳤ƿ꤫١ȯȳ
1957E. H. Ρޥλࡥޥߥ (--63) 乥ĴȯΩ³եꥫΩ
1960ӡȥ륺 (--70)
1961EEC ˲63˥ե󥹤ݸȯư
1964륹 (--70, 74--76)
1965ȥʥ (--73) ȿﱿưޤ
1968̥ʶ (--94) ѥοͼﺹȯ³
1971᡼ȥˡ̲ɴˡڤؤˡ¤Ϥޤ
1973Ϣ粦񡤥ɶ¹ȤȤ˥衼åѶƱ (EC) ˲
1978֤餬ߡ (--79)
1979å (--90) Υ󥻥󥵥Ȥ襤
19814. ֥ꥯȥ7. 㡼륺ҷ뺧
1982ե
1986ͻͳʥӥåХˡɥԾγ
1989٥
1990桼ȥͥ볫̡եꥫǥѥȥإűѡᥤ (--97)
1991Ϣˮ
1993ޡȥҥȾڤ EU ˲ΤɤϹǡ֥Ȥθספɾ
1994IRA ƥưޥǥ顤եꥫΤ
1997ϫƯް֥쥢 (--2007) °Ѿʤ
20019.11 ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ
2003ꥹ饯ؿʷ
2010ݼޡͳ̱ޤϢΩ


ƣ ɧإꥹ10֡١ȽŹҴȿӡ2013ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-13 Tue

#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ [timeline][history][monarch]

ꥹǯɽ꡼Ȥơľδˡʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤δǯɽǤʾ崬 pp. 216--20 pp. 245--52 ˡɤߤ䤹̻ˤϡŪˤϥ󥰥ɲīˤӵIJˤεҤȤäƤ褤ʤ顤̸ˤطŪμȤˡҲˡкѻˤʤɤθ˽פǤ롥

B.C. 6ȷϤ²ߤΥ졼ȡ֥ƥ꽻
B.C. 55--54Υ֥꥿˥
A.D. 122֥ϥɥꥢ̥Ĺ׷߻Ϥޤ (--132)
5--7󥰥²Υ֥꥿˥
757ޡǥե¨ (--796)
871åǥեå粦¨ (--899)
924륹󥰥ɲȤƥѡ״
973ɥ󥰥ɲȤƥС״
1066ꥢ1¨̡10ˡΥޥī (--1154)
1067ꥢ1ˤϰ褬֥Υޥ (--1071)
1085إɥॺǥ֥åĢˡ٤κ (--1086)
1087ꥢ2¨̡9ˡ١ȤιϤޤ
1107ꥢ2˻λࡥإ1¨̡8
1106إ1١ȤιΥޥǥѾ
1135ƥ󤬹񲦤¨̡12ˡ (1135--53)
1154إ2¨̡10ˡץ󥿥ͥåȲī (--1399)֥󥸥塼פη
1173إ㲦餬إ2ʶλλϤޤ
1189㡼1¨̡7ˡ3󽽻˻ (--1194)
1192㡼ɤ٤κ (--1194)
1199󤬹񲦤¨̡4
1204Υޥǥ󥸥塼ե󥹹񲦤ˤ꼺 (--1205)
1205ȥ޶ĥΥƥ3ȤϽǤƮ (--1213)
1215ˡ֥ޥʡ륿ϡˡС6
1216إ3¨̡10ˡȤ⽪© (--1217)
1258Ĥ֥åեɾ򴾡פ6
1259ѥǥإ3ե󥹤ͭڤ12ˡ֥󥸥塼פξ
1265󡦥ɡեεIJ1
1267󥴥꡼ˤꡤ󡦥סե֥륺פȤƥإ3ǧġ9
1272ɥ1¨̡11
1283ɥ1륺󡦥סեष륺̤ (--1283)
1284ɥ1ҥɥɤ򥦥륺Ǥ̿ʽǤ1301ǯ2ˡʹߡ󥰥ɡʥꥹˤβ̷Ѿ1̤˻Ҥ֥륺פӤӤ뤳Ȥ
1290åȥɽޡåȤ޻ष̷Ѿ꤬
1293ɥ1κˤꡤ󡦥٥ꥪ뤬åȥɹ񲦤¨ (--1296)
1295ɥ1¯ԻɽԲĤʤϵIJפ򾤽11ˡåȥɤȥե󥹤ָŤƱ̾״ط (--1560)
1296󥰥ɡåȥ补֥Сפ󥰥ɷˤ1996ǯ˥åȥɤִԡˡ
1297ꥢࡦ쥹åȥɤȿ𡥥󥰤襤ǥ󥰥ɷ˾
1299ɥ1륤ǥե󥹹񲦤ȹ¡ҥɥɤȥե󥹲٥κΩ
1306Сȡ֥롼åȥɲ̷Ѿɥ1åȥɱӾ» (1307ǯ7
1307ɥ2¨̡7
1314ХΥåС襤ǥ֥롼󥰥ɷˤС1Ȥƥåȥɹ񲦤¨̡1328ǯ˥󥰥ɤ⾵ǧ
1327ɥ2IJѰ̡Ҥɥ3¨̡1ˡɥ2̩˽跺9
1330ɥ3ϡ10ˡκIJ񤬡ֵ²פȡֽ̱פ˰ܹ
1337ҥɥɡʹҡˤ󥦥ߤ˽ʥ󥰥ɤǺǽθ̡߰ˡե󥹹񲦥եå6ɥ3κʩΤ׼ʩɴǯγ (--1453)
1356ݥƥ襤ǹҤ9
1360ץƥˡᥫ졼롧ɥ3ե󥹤βḢˡơͭǧ10
1376ɥ3ɵIJפ򳫺š4--7ˡҵ޻6
1377㡼2¨̡6
1381ƬǤȿФåȡ顼5--6
1382㡼2ϡ˵IJȿȯ
1399㡼2Ѱ̡󥫥ߥإ꤬إ4¨̡9ˡ󥫥īΩ (--1471)
1413إ5¨̡3
1415إ5ե󥹱󥳡Ȥ襤羡10
1420ȥ5ˡإΥե󥹲̷Ѿǧ졤إȥե󥹲ȥ꡼̤η뺧ޤ롥ͤδ֤˹ҥإ꤬1421ǯ12
1422إ6¨̡8ˡե󥹹񲦥6λˤꡤ2Ȥƥե󥹲̤Ѿ10
14297̡륯Ƴ졤Ʋ״7
1431̡륯ʲ5ˡ2ʥإ6ˤѥΥΡȥƲ״12
1453ܥɡ10ˡ󥰥ɤʩΤȾ򼺤ʱʩɴǯνˡإ6˴٤8
1454衼ߥ㡼ɤ񶪤˽Ǥ3
1455󥫥ɤȥ衼ɤιϤޤ롧Х (--1485)
1460衼ߥ㡼ɤ12ˡĹ˥ɥɤѾ
1461衼ɤɥإ6Ѥɥ4ס3ˡ켡ν롥衼ī (--1485)
1470ɥ4ͥɤˤäव졤֥르˥Τ˴̿إ6̡10
1471ɥ4񤷡󥫥ͥɤˡν롥إ6跺5ˡɥ4 (--1483)
1478說󥹸ߥ硼ɥ4Ȥ¤ǽ跺2
1483ɥ5¨̡4ˡΥߥ㡼ɤ񶪤˽Ǥɥ5Ѱ̡㡼3¨̡6ˡХå󥬥ߤ򵯤跺11
1485ܥ襤ǥåߥإ꤬㡼3˾㡼3ࡥإ7񲦤¨̡8ˡƥ塼ī (--1603)
1486إ7ȥ衼ȤΥꥶ٥뺧1
1491ѡ󡦥٥å (--1499)
1494ݥ˥󥰥ˡꡧɵIJθ½̾
1501ҥȥڥ󲦽㥵뺧11ˡ5˥޻षĹإȥ㥵Ȥη뺧ģ龵ǧ
1509إ8¨̡4ˡ㥵ȷ뺧6
1517ޥƥ󡦥륿ν׻Ϥޤ10ˡإ8ϥ륿ɤɥ򲦸1518ǯ10
1527إ8㥵ȤΥ򶵹ģ˿5ˡ޹륫5ʥ㥵αˤˤ˻
1529إ8׵IJ򳫺 (--1536)
1533إ8󡦥֡ȶ뺧1ˡʶػˡ3ˡ㥵ȤΥΩ4ˡȤδ֤˥ꥶ٥9
1534񲦻ˡ11ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲Ω
1536跺5ˡإ8󡦥⥢ȷ뺧ƻβ򻶡ǥȥå̤餬ʡֲνס10
1537إ8ȥȤδ֤˥ɥ10
1539罤ƻ
1541إ8֥ɹ񲦡פξι򤪤Ӥ
1544إ8åȥɿʱϼԤء
1547ɥ6¨̡1ˡΥޥåȸߤ񶪤˽Ǥåȥɤ˿ԥ󥭡襤Ǿ9
1549ե󥹡᥹åȥϢ̡6ˡޥåȸ߼ӡ10ˡåߡ1551ǯΡХɸߡˤ¸
1553ɥ6ΡХɸߤˤꥸ󡦥쥤פ뤬̡9֤νˡᥢ1¨̡7
1554ᥢ1ڥҥե꡼ڤȷ뺧7ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲Ѥȥå
1556ե꡼ڤڥ񲦥ե꡼2ˡڥե褬ȯᥢ1ʩ۹1557ǯ6
1558졼ӼΦϤ˼1ˡᥢ1ꥶ٥1¨̡11
1559񲦻ˡˡIJ̲4ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲
1561åȥɽᥢʥƥ奢ȡˤե󥹤굢
1567åȥɽᥢ꤬²ȾͤѰ̡7ˡॺ6¨ (--1625) ᥢ68ǯ󥰥ɤ˴̿
1569ȥå²ˤ𳫻ϡ10ˡ70ǯ2ð졤ľ˥ꥶ٥1϶ģˤ
1587ᥢꡦƥ奢Ƚ跺2ˡե󥷥ɥ쥤ǥ򽱷4
1588ڥ̵Ũ⤬7ޥ襤ˡ󥰥ɷ
1600󥰥쥤ɲΩ
1601ˡ
1603ꥶ٥13ˡƥ塼ī䡥åȥɹ񲦥ॺ6󥰥ɹ񲦥ॺ1¨̡ƱϢˡ3ˡƥ奢Ȳī (--1714)
1605ϥץȥ󡦥Ȳġ1ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲ȥåȥɶ񤬤줾μήɤȤ˾ǧʥȥåؤް³
1605Ż11
1610פIJξǧ˼ԡ11
1625㡼륺1¨̡3ˡե󥹲ꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧5
1628ָ׺۲ġ3ˡ񲦤¦Хå󥬥߰Ż8
1629㡼륺1IJ򻶡3ˡɡᥦȥ (--1640)
1638ᤰꥹåȥɤȯ (--1640)
1640㡼륺1IJ񾤽4--5ûIJˡåȥɤȤ褬9ˡ㡼륺1ٵIJ򾤽11ĹIJ
1642޵İ1ˡ񲦷ȵIJ񷳤̳̿ȯ (--1649)
1645०ˤIJ¦˥塼ǥ뷳2ˡ͡ӡ襤ǵIJ񷳤6
1648񲦷̡8ˡ֥ץ饤ɤʥѡˡס12
1649㡼륺1跺1ˡȵ²ѻߡ3ˡ०뷳ɱ8?1650ǯ9
1650०뷳åȥɱ8--1651ǯ9
1651ˤǰפؤҳˡ10
1652켡󥰥ɡ (--1654)
1653०뤬ĹIJ򻶡4ˡŵפ򤵤졤०뤬񶪤˽Ǥ12ˡγ (--1659)
1657IJ񤬡ָʤȴפФ०˲̤󼨡3ˡ०Ϲ¨̤Ǽ5ˡܤθ񶪽Ǥԡ6
1658०9ˡ㡼ɡ०뤬Ѿ
1659㡼ɡ०뤬񶪼Ǥ5
1660ĹIJ褷㡼륺1ΰˤ뷯ٻ֥IJ񾤽4ˡ㡼륺2¨̡5ˡ
1661㡼륺2״4ˡεIJ񳫲5
1665󼡥󥰥ɡ (--1667) ɥǥڥή
1666ɥС9
1670ɡ̩5Хʤɤᤰʩ֤̩
1672㡼륺2ֿļͳ׸ۡ軰󥰥ɡ (--1674)
1673ˡ3ˡ衼ߥॺᴱǤ
1677衼ߤĹᥢȥĥब뺧11
1679̷ѾӽˡƤοĤϡ5ˡˤ1680ǯȾ顤IJ˥ȡȥۥåȤĤɤо
1685ॺ2¨̡2ˡޥ6
1687--88ॺ2٤ˤ錄ֿļͳ׸ۡˡ˰ȿ״򥫥ȥå̤ǸǤϤ
1688ҥॺ6ˡ󥰥ɼȤȤĥब󥰥ɤ˾Φ11ˡॺ2˴̿
1689IJˤָפФ졤ꥢ3ᥢ2ζƱ2ˡָŵפ12ˡ̾̿δ֤ˡꥢ3μƳˤꡤ󥰥ɤ⥪¦ˤĤʩ۹5ǯؤλ
1690ܥ襤ǥꥢ3ɤΥȥå̱Ի7ˡॺ2ɾΦǰ
1694󥰥ɶΩ7ˡᥢ212
1697쥤ǥ륤14ꥢ3β̾ǧ9
1701̷Ѿˡ6ˡȥå̤ˤ벦̷Ѿ²Υȥå̤Ȥη뺧ػߤ (--2013) ꥢ3ˤꡤϡƱ9ˡڥ󲦰̷Ѿؤλ
1702¨̡3ˡХեϷ³
1704֥ϥ襤ǥ󥰥ɷե󥹷羡8
1713ȥҥȾ4ˡꥹ֥륿롤ߥΥ륫ʤͭ
1714ƥ奢Ȳī롥ϥΡե륯硼1¨̡8ˡϥΡī (--1901)
1715켡㥳ХȤ9
1716ǯIJˡ5
1720ˢ
1721Сȡݡ뤬¢˽Ǥ4ˡˢ򹪤ߤ˽硼1鿮Ǥ
1727硼2¨̡6
1739֥󥭥󥺤μȯ10ˡǯΥȥꥢ̷Ѿ1740--48ǯˤ˵礵졤衼å
1742ݡء2ˡ¢ּפȤǤʵıˤꥹ
1745󼡥㥳ХȤ (--1746) մ (--1746)
1754ꥫǥեɡǥȯ (--1763)
1756ꥹץ֤ǥȥߥ󥹥롧ǯ1756--63ǯˤȯŸ
1759ִפǯסʥꥹΦϤ羡
1760硼3¨̡10
1761--62񲦤ȼ׳νʥ˥塼ߡԥåȡ˴֤Ω㲽
1764--65̥ꥫ̱ϤФơֺǡסְǡפǡܹȿ̱ϴ֤ΩﲽܥȥԻ1770ǯˡܥȥ1773ǯˤʤɤȯŸ
1775Ƴ4ˡꥫΩ (--1783)
177613̱ϤΩפɽ7ˡθ塤ե󥹡ڥ󡤥ꥫ¦ˤĤꥹϤ
1783ѥǥꥫ罰Ω9ˡԥåȤ˽Ǥ12
1788硼3ȯ¡10ˡԥåɤȥեåɤδ֤ǡפˡ--1789ǯ2
1793ԥåȤ󾧤󶯴֤켡ʩƱ2ˡꥹե󥹳̿ (--1799) ˻
1799ʩƱ6ˡե󥹤ǥʥݥ쥪󡦥ܥʥѥȤ11
1800ɹˮ3ˡʥݥ쥪賫 (--1815)
1804ԥåȤʥݥ쥪1¨̡5
1805軰ʩƱ8ˡȥե륬10ˡƥåĤ襤12
1806ԥåȵ޻1ˡեå޻9ˡꥹ¤
1807ꥹǰפζػߤ
1810硼3ȯ¡10ˡҥ硼ȤˡƤķ1811ǯ2ˡ (--1820)
1812ѡ꤬̱ӡǰŻ5ˡס߼ɤĹ (--1827) ʥݥ쥪Υԡ6--12
1814ʥݥ쥪褬ä󽪷4ˡɥϢ˲񳫺š6ˡij11--1815ǯ6
1815ʥݥ쥪Ρɴŷס3--6ˡƥ襤ǽ©6ˡʪˡ3
1819֥ԡ롼εԻ׻8ˡϻˡ11
1820硼4¨̡1ˡ饤ޤȤΥư (--1821)
1822硼˥󥰳ꡤСȡԡʤɲɤѤ졤ּͳȡפλ夬Ϥޤ
1828--29ȥݼˤꡤˡˡѻߡȥå̲Ƥꡧȡʬʤ
1830ꥢ4¨̡6˥ޥȥס֤Ŵƻ̡9ˡ쥤ߤɤȤۥå쥫˥ɡĶȡϢΩΩ11ˡ٥륮ΩĴ䤹ɥĤѡޥȥĹ˿ʤ (--1832)
1832켡ˡΩʲ滺θͼ󸢳
1833ˡꡥꥹˤ٤ѻ
1834ˡꡥꥢ4ˤС꤬ų11ˡԡˤ֥Ρפȯɽ졤ȡ꤬ݼޡפȲ̾12
1837ȥꥢ¨̡6
1838ֿ̱ϡפȯɽ롧㡼ƥȱưι
1839ɥȿʪˡƱ
1840ȥꥹ쥤ɲҤδ֤ǥإȯ (--1842) ȥꥢСȸȷ뺧2ˡ45˷äޤ
1842ԡݼˤꡤǺƳƼѻߡ
1845ɤǥ㥬⵲ȯ8
1846ԡݼˤʪˡѻߡ6ˡݼʬ
1849ҳˡѻߡ6ˡͳǰפβ
1851ɥ񳫺š5--10
1854ʩȥ륳¦ˤĤƥߥ˻3--1856ǯ3
1856Ȥδ֤˥󼡥إȯ (--1860)
1857ȯ5ˡ쥤ɲҤϲ򻶤ꥹˤ륤ľۤϡ1858ǯ8
1859ۥåԡɡ޿ɤˤּͳޡ׷6
1867ӡݼˤˡΩԻԤϫƯԳθͼ󸢳ˡʥꥹǽμΤˡ7
1868Ǽͳޤꥢࡦåɥȥη̤ľŪˤĤʤäǽλ㡧12
1869ɹ񶵲ѻ
1870ˡꡥˡʾعε̳鲽
1871ؿˡꡥϫƯȹˡꡥΦ䴱ѻ
1872̩ɼ٤Ƴ7
1875ǥ졼ݼˤꥹϲҳ11
1876ιˡˤȥꥢ֥ɹפ¨̤
1877Ω (--1947)
1878ȥ륳Ĵ䤹٥Ĥǥץλ۸
1879åɥȥˤߥɥ󡦥ڡ11--12
1882ꥹˤ륨ץȿάʥץȤ¾ݸ񲽡
1883ԵڤӰˡ԰ɻˡ8ˡȿμޤ궯
1884軰ˡΩϫƯԳθͼ󸢳
1885ʺʬˡꡧܳŪƳ
1886åɥȥͳˤꥢɼˡƤФ뤬̡ͳޤʬ6
1887ȥꥢκ߰50ǯǰŵ1̱ϲĤⳫš
1889ˡʥե󥹤ȥꤷɸء
1893ܤΥɼˡƤ̱̲᤹⵮²ݷ9ˡϡǥΩϫƯ޷
1897ȥꥢκ߰60ǯǰŵ2̱ϲĤⳫš
1899󼡥ܡեꥫȯ (--1902)
1901ɥ7¨̡1ˡåСī (--1917)
1902Ʊ1
1903ɥ7ѥˬ5ˡ˱ʩط̩
1904ʩ4ˡϪȯ (--1905)
1906ȷ϶η㲽 (--1912) ϫƯޡ׷1
1907Ϫ8
1909ͳˤֿ̱ͽФ뤬²ݷ11
1910硼5¨̡5ˡ˾ǯ٤»ܡ112ˡֿ̱ͽΩ
1911²ݼޡˤȽ̱ʼͳޡˤη㤷θ˵IJˡ8ˡ²θ¤̾ء硼5ɹ״ǥ꡼ǵԡ12
1912ܤΥɼˡƤС1914ǯΩء
1914켡ȯ7ˡꥹλ8
1915Ω5
1916ħʼ٤Ƴ1ˡưܳʲ꼭Ǥǥåɡɡ᥸硼Ѿ12
1917󥶡ī˲̾7ˡ̿ˤ¾Υæ3ˡꥫʩ¦ˤĤƻ4
1918ͼˡΩ˻30аʾν󸢼¸ˡ켡ν11
1919ѥ²ġˡꤵ⡤Ȥǥưڤdzء1920ǯ--
1921ɼͳΩ12ˡ亮ȥ󳤷̲ġƱǤء11--1922ǯ2
1922ȥ󡦥֤ݼ޵İɡ᥸硼ȤϢΩäꡧɡ᥸硼꼭Ǥ10
1924ॼޥʥɤɤȤϫƯñΩ1
1925衼åѤˤݾꤷξ12
1926Ūʥͥ롦ȥ饤5ˡĤˤ꼫Τܹϰʿǧ11
1928޼ˡΩʽ󸢤¸
1929ƹΡפȯ10
1930ɥ󳤷̲ġ1--4
1931񲦤ĴˤޥɥʥɤɤȤΩ8
1932硼5ˤ̱Ρ֥ꥹޥåפ BBC ʱѹˤΥ饸̤Ƴϡ12
1936ɥ8¨̡1ˡꥹץȤΡֲҤפˤ̡硼6¨̡12
1937ͥ롦Х󤬼˽Ǥ5ˡͨܳʲ
1938ߥإ̤ǥɥĤ˥ǡƥʥ˳9
1939ȯ9ˡ󥹥ȥ󡦥㡼뤬
1940ִ̯1939ǯ9--40ǯ3ˡפФơɥķ衼åѳƹ˿4--5ˡХ㡼뤬꽢Ǥ5ˡե󥹤ɥĤ˹6ˡ֥֥ƥ襤׳ϡ7
1941ȥγϡ6ˡ㡼 F. D. Ȥξ̡7ˡƳ
1942󥬥ݡ뤬ܷˤ2ˡȾϢƱѥ¦˷ž̥եꥫʿΡϢǡ
1943̡Ʊ桧11ˡƥإġƱѥ11--12
1944ΥޥǥΦ6ˡѥ8
1945륿̡Ʊѥ2ˡɥĹ5ˡݥĥ̡Ʊѥ7--8ˡ10ǯ֤ϫƯޤ羡㡼뤬Ǥȡȥ꡼ϫƯñΩ7ˡܹ8ˡν9
1946󥰥ɶԤͭ㡼ΡŴΥƥױ3ˡ̱ݸˡ8ˡ̱ݸˡ11
1947úſùͭ1ˡɤѥΩ8
1948ŴƻϹͭ1--4ˡ㡼ΡֻĤءױ10
1951ݼޤ㡼ݼΩ10
1952ꥶ٥2¨̡2ˡ״53ǯ6˵
1955㡼ࡥ󥽥ˡǥ󤬸Ǥˡ4
195610--11
1957ϥɡޥߥݼμ˽Ǥ1
1958嵮²ˡ4
1960֥եꥫǯסեꥫ񤬥衼åѳƹ񤫤Ω
1963ꥹ EEC ʲкѶƱΡ˲˼ԡ1ˡ²ˡΩ7ˡޥߥ꼭Ǥҥ塼ˡ10
1964ϫƯޤϥɡ륽󤬼ˡ10
1967ݥڤ겼EC ʲƱΡ˲˼ԡ11
1968륽꤬줫αѷűɽ1
1973ɥɡҡݼˤꡤꥹ EC 1ˡ10
1975륽ϫƯβ EC α˴ؤ̱ɼ6
1977ꥹܤ IMF ʹ̲ߴˤڴء1
1979ݼޤޡåȡå㡼Ω5
1982ե4--6ˡꥹ
1984˾úۥȥ饤3--1985ǯ3ˡϫƯȹ7ˡIRA ʥɶ¹񷳡ˤˤ륵å㡼Ż̤10
1984--87ſáư֡ҶʤɹͭȤ̱IJ
1985--89Ϣ˥ХսĹо줷å㡼ƥǾ̤¸衼åѤˤƥ郎
1988å㡼Υ֥롼9ˡEC ʤ
1990ǡʿƬǡƳ4ˡݼ¤ȿꡤå㡼ء󡦥ᥤ㡼ˡ11
1991Ѵ1--3ˡꥹ⻲
1992ݥɤʡְŹοסˤERM ʰᥫ˥١ˤ饤ꥹΥæ9ˡҤΥ̵󥶡кҤǥꥶ٥2ֺǯϤҤɤǯפȱ12
1993EC ˸ƤΥޡȥҥȾڡ7ˡꥹ̲ҲϤŬѽƻäءEU ʲϢȯ­11
1997ϫƯޤ羡ȥˡ֥쥢Ω5ˡʸޤѥǻλ8ˡåȥɡ륺IJ֤̱ɼǷ9
1998ꥹɴ֤̥˴ؤιաΩ4
1999åȥɡ륺ǵIJ5ˡ²²ε︺10ˡ̥ɵIJߡ11
2001ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ9ˡե10--11ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ
2002ꥶ٥2߰50ǯǰŵ6
2003饯3--5ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ
2005ɥƱ¿ȯƥ7
2007֥쥢ءɥ󡦥֥饦󤬼
2008ƹζͻʥ꡼ޥ󡦥å9
2010ݼޤͳ̱ޤȤϢΩˤǥåɡΩ5
2012ꥶ٥2߰60ǯǰŵ6ˡɥǥԥåȥѥԥåš7--8
2014åȥɤǡΩפ򤫤̱ɼԤ졤Ϣ粦˻α̤ˡ9


ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-05 Mon

#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ [timeline][history][monarch]

ε#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1]) ³ơꥹòꥹǯɽǤ롥ԤδؿȿǤΡ۶ԡפˤ̤δؿʧƤǯɽǤ롥#3394. 奤󥰥ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

1050ꥢ1ޥƥ֡Ρȷ뺧
1066ɥ
1066ϥ1¨̡ΥޥǥꥢΥꥹꥢ1¨̡ΥޥīϤޤ
1085ɥॺǥ֥å
1087ꥢ2¨
1100إ꡼1¨̡ޥƥ֡åȥɤȷ뺧
1118ޥƥס1121ǯإ꡼1ǥ饤֡롼Ⱥƺ
1135ƥ¨̡1115ǯޥƥ֥֡˥ȷ뺧
1139ƥ󲦤ȥޥƥʥإ꡼1̼ˤ襤Ϥޤ
1154إ꡼2¨̡1152ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ơ̤ȷ뺧ˡץ󥿥ͥåīϤޤ
1170󥿥٥롼ʶ٥åȰŻ
1189㡼ɻҿ¨
1191㡼ɻҿ٥󥬥ꥢ֡ʥȷ뺧㡼ɻҿåΡӤ˥ȥꥢκȤʤ
1199¨̡1189ǯ٥顦֡ȷ뺧
1200󲦡٥顦֡󥰥졼Ⱥƺ
1204󲦡ե󥹹αӼ
1215󲦡֥ޥʡ륿פ˽̾
1216إ꡼3¨
1236쥢Ρ롦֡ץ󥹤ȷ뺧
1265󡦥ɡե롤IJΩʲε
1272ɥ1¨̡1254ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ƥȷ뺧
1277?95륺Ϥޤ
1290åȥɤȤϤޤ
1295ɥ1ϵIJ񾤽
1299ɥ1ޡåȡ֡ե󥹤Ⱥƺ
1307ɥ2¨
1308ɥ2٥顦֡ե󥹤ȷ뺧
1327ɥ3¨̡ե󥹲̷Ѿĥ
1328ɥ3եåѡ֡Ρȷ뺧
1337?1453ʩɴǯ
1346쥷襤Ǿ
1347
1356ݥƥ襤ʹҤγ
1377㡼2¨
1381åȡ顼
1382㡼2󡦥֡ۥإߥȷ뺧
1384إ꡼4ᥢ꡼ɡ֡ȷ뺧
1394㡼2٥顦֡Ⱥƺ
1399إ꡼4¨̡󥫥īϤޤ
1402إ꡼4祢󡦥֡ʥȺƺ
1413إ꡼5¨
1415󥯡襤ǥե󥹤˾
1420إ꡼5㥵󡦥֡ȷ뺧ȥ롥ե󥹤β̷Ѿ
1422إ꡼6¨
1429쥢襤ǥե󥹤
1444إ꡼6ޡåȡ֡󥸥塼ȷ뺧
1453ɴǯ轪
1455?85
1461ɥ4¨
1464ɥ4ꥶ٥֡åɥȷ뺧
1483㡼3¨̡1473ǯ󡦥֡åȷ뺧
1485ܥ襤㡼3ˤ졤轪롨إ꡼7¨̡塼īϤޤ
1486إ꡼7ꥶ٥֡衼ȷ뺧
1509إ꡼8¨̡㥵󡦥֡饴ȷ뺧
1533إ꡼8󡦥֡ȷ뺧
1534Ĺȯۡѹ񶵲Ω
1535ȥޥ⥢跺
1547ɥ6¨
1553ᥢ꡼1¨
1554磻åȤ𡨥󡦥쥤跺
1554ᥢ꡼1ڥΥեڲҤȷ뺧
1557ڥ󲦰̷Ѿ˻
1558ڥХե˻졼å
1558ꥶ٥1¨
1588ڥ̵Ũˤ
1593̤ȶư
1600쥤ɲΩ
1603åȥɲॺ6ꥹॺ1Ȥ¨̡1589ǯ󡦥֡ǥޡȷ뺧ˡ奢ȲīϤޤ
1605ֲŻȯ
1607ƥ˥˱ѿ̱Ϸ
1608100͡ॹƥ˰ܽ
1610ॺ1򾧤IJȾ
1616ԥ
1620102͡ᥤեǥꥫ˰ܽ
125㡼륺1¨̡إꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧
1628㡼륺1IJ
1642񲦷ȵIJ񷳤ȯ
1645ͥӡ襤ǹ񲦷Ԥ
1649㡼륺1跺
1649?60०ƻҤˤ붦
16521
1660㡼륺2¨
1662㡼륺2㥵󡦥֥֡饬󥶤ȷ뺧
16652
1666ɥ
1673ॺ2ᥢ꡼֡ǥʤȷ뺧
1685ॺ2¨
1688̾̿Ϥޤ
1689ָξŵꡨꥢ3ᥢ꡼2¨
1690󡦥åΡؿʹָ
1694󥰥ɶΩ
1702¨̡1683ǯǥޡҥ硼ȷ뺧ˡڥ󲦰̷Ѿ˻1701?14ǯ
1713ȥҥ󡥥ڥ󲦰̷Ѿ轪롥
1714硼1¨̡1688ǯեɥƥȷ뺧ˡϥΡīϤޤ
1720ˢ
1727硼2¨̡1705ǯ饤󡦥֡󥺥Хåȷ뺧
1753ʪΩ
17567ǯȯʥꥹץƱХȥꥢե󥹡
1760硼3¨
1761硼3㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥåĤȷ뺧ȳ̿Ϥޤ
1780衼åѽΩƱȤȯ
1805ͥ륽ġȥե륬ǥʥݥ쥪ˤ
1820硼4¨̡1795ǯ饤󡦥֥֡饦󥷥åȷ뺧
1830ꥢ4¨̡1818ǯǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥󥲥ȷ뺧
1837ȥꥢ¨
1839ȥꥢСҥСȤȷ뺧
1840˥塼ɤͭ
1840?42إ
1851ɥ񤬳Ť
1897ȥꥢ߰60ǯǰŵ
1901ɥ7¨̡1863ǯǥޡ쥰ɥȷ뺧ˡСīϤޤ
1902Ʊ
1904ʩ
1910硼5¨̡1893ǯᥢ꡼֡ƥåȷ뺧
1926Υͥȵ
1935ˡ
1936ɥ8¨̡ɥ8̡ǯꥹץȷ뺧硼6¨̡1923ǯꥶ٥Х饤ȷ뺧ˡ󥶡īȲ̾
1938ߥإ
1952ꥶ٥2¨̡1947ǯեåסޥȥХåƥȷ뺧
1956ư
1968̥ʶȯ
1982եʶ
1981㡼륺Ҥȥʷ뺧
1996㡼륺ҤȥΥ
1997޸̻λ


а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-10-16 Tue

#3459. 16--17ηξι Grace Highness Majesty [eebo][corpus][title][address_term][honorific][monarch]

ɸϡ#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ롥ѸΥȥԥåʤΤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ĴΤˤդ路ȻפEarly English Books Online corpus Υ󥿡եѤƸƤߤ
ˤ "your|his|her majesty|majestie|highness|grace" Ϥ̤ȤƽϤ줿ǡˤĤơͭ̾μֻϰ勞˰ĤġGRACE ϡHighness ϡMajesty Ϥ3ĤǤмºݤλؼоݤ礫ݤ򥳥󥳡󥹥饤ǧɬפΤϤޤǷΤ뤿ƤĴʤΤǡ餺

 1470s1480s1490s1500s1510s1520s1530s1540s1550s1560s1570s1580s1590s1600s1610s1620s1630s1640s1650s1660s1670s1680s1690sTotal
GRACE651331459269130319622544773116921241174168216641483179020883222229632004092321632092
HIGHNESS00000000006000731038192212521328272713608671
MAJESTY000000000001821881425921856791977536102546312735901251701
Total6513314592691303196225447731175214211951770181321063646100451289796509991195541358892464


ΤǤ롥16 GRACE ۤͣξι17 MAJESTY ®Ū1630ǯˤ GRACE ɤȴMAJESTY James I μ (1603--25) θȾ˳ΩȤƤη̤ۤܤ˹פƤ롥HIGHNESS 17ȾФǡȤƤϤ뤬¾2ĤͥˤʤäȤϤʤ

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