#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤܡ ([2026-05-06-1]) ˤƥåȥɻˤƳؽǤ롥åĸγ̻ˤˤƤ礫ʤȤơ她åȥɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦Ÿ Encyclopaedia Britannica Ǥ롥
Malcolm II βˤĤƤǯޤԳΤʤȤ¿Ūʰ˴ŤƤ뤳Ȥդ줿
| 843--858 | Kenneth I MacAlpin | |
| 858--862 | Donald I | |
| 862--877 | Constantine I | |
| 877--878 | Aed (Aodh) | |
| 878--889 | Eochaid (Eocha) and Giric (Ciric) | * Eochaid ̤ǯǡGiric 師ͤäǽ |
| 889--900 | Donald II | |
| 900--943 | Constantine II | |
| 943--954 | Malcolm I | |
| 954--962 | Indulf | |
| 962--966 | Dub | |
| 966--971 | Culen | |
| 971--995 | Kenneth II | |
| 995--997 | Constantine III | |
| 997--1005 | Kenneth III | |
| 1005--34 | Malcolm II | |
| 1034--40 | Duncan I | |
| 1040--57 | Macbeth | |
| 1057--58 | Lulach | |
| 1058--93 | Malcolm III Canmore | |
| 1093--94 | Donald Bane (Donalbane) | |
| 1093--94 | Duncan II | |
| 1094--97 | Donald Bane (restored) | |
| 1097--1107 | Edgar | |
| 1107--24 | Alexander I | |
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| 1214--49 | Alexander II | |
| 1249--86 | Alexander III | |
| 1286--90 | Margaret, Maid of Norway | |
| 1290--92 | Interregnum | |
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| 1296--1306 | Interregnum | |
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| House of Stewart (Stuart) | * 16 <w> 礯եαƶǥڥѤä | |
| 1371--90 | Robert II | |
| 1390--1406 | Robert III | |
| 1406--37 | James I | |
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| 1460--88 | James III | |
| 1488--1513 | James IV | |
| 1513--42 | James V | |
| 1542--67 | Mary, Queen of Scots | |
| 1567--1625 | James VI | * = James I of Englandʸ塤England Ʊ |
Ϣơʲ⻲ȡ
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])
#3394. 奤ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1])
#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1])
#6206. Scots λʬ ([2026-04-24-1])
Poutsma (878) ˡ1;ʣ̤̾ˡȤ royal_we ꤬夲Ƥ롥ѸȤƤ "Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity" ѤƤ롥
As in Dutch, the plural of the first person is sometimes used by sovereigns, especially in public utterances, when speaking of themselves.
About this Plural of Majesty or Plural of Dignity, as it is commonly called, Sweet (N. E. Gr., §2095) observes: "We see the beginnings of this usage in Old-English laws, where the king speaks of himself as iċ, and then goes on to say wē bebēodath .. 'we command ..', the wē being meant to include the witan or councillors." Compare also Kellner, Hist. Outl. of Eng. Synt., §276; Onions, Advanced Eng. Synt., §221.
We were not born to sue, but to command. Rich. II, ii, 1, 196.
Fair and noble hostess, | We are your guest to-night. Macb., I, 6, 24.
Should our host murder us on this spot --- us, his king and his kinsman, ...our fate will be little lightened, but, on the contrary greatly aggravatated, by your stirring, Scott, Quent. Durw., Ch. XXVII, 354.
The Queen said ...: "We are this day fortunate --- we enjoy the company of our amiable hostess at an unusual hour. Id., Abbot, Ch. XXI, 225.
Note. This practice seems to have become unusual or extinct in the personal utterances of sovereigns to their audiences, having been preserved only in public instruments.
Thus King George V in his reply to the address of the Corporation of Bombay uses I, etc.:
You have rightly said that I am no stranger among you [etc.]. Times, No. 1823, 974b.
Similarly in his Address on the occasion of the opening of the Coronation Durbar:
It is with genuine feelings of thankfulness and satisfaction that I stand here to-day among you [etc.]. Id., No. 1824, 1001d.
But in the instrument announcing the fact that the seat of the Government of India will be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi, we find we, etc.: We are pleased to announce to Our People [etc.]. Ib.
20ƬޤǤ royal we ϻ¾äƤȤǧǤ롥Ȥ뤳Ȥˤ衤ŪˡΧʸˤŪˡȤƤǤꡤ쥸ϤƸꤵƤȤ狼롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1B. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1916.
ε#5697. royal we ϡַ weפǤϤʤּҲŪʿʣס ([2024-12-01-1]) ˰³ַ we (royal_we) ܤ롥ѸȤƤ "plural of majesty", "plural of inequality" ʤɤѤƤ뤬1;ʣ̾ƱˡؤƤ롥
Mustanoja (124) ϡ"plural of majesty" ȤѸȤʤ顤ƥɤꥷˤޤǤΤܤεƤ롥ξǡѸˤˤŤŵȤơѸ֥إ3פǤ˸ڤƤ뤳Ȥܤ
PLURAL OF MAJESTY. --- Another variety of the sociative plural (pluralis societatis) exists as the plural of majesty (pluralis majestatis), likewise characterised by the use of the pronoun of the first person plural for the first person singular. The plural of majesty originates in a living sovereign's habit of thinking of himself as an embodiment of the whole community. As the use of the plural becomes a mere convention, the original significance of this plurality tends to disappear. The plural of majesty is found in the imperial decrees of the later Roman Empire and in the letters of the early Roman bishops, but it can be traced to even earlier times, to Greek syntactical usage (cf. H. Zilliacus, Selbstgefühl und Servilität: Studien zum unregelmâssigen Numerusgebrauch im Griechischen, SSF-GHL XVIII, 3, Helsinki 1953). The plural of majesty is extensively used in medieval Latin. In OE it does not seem to be attested. OE royal charters, for example, have the singular (ic Offa þurh Cristes gyfe Myrcena kining; ic Æþelbald cincg, etc.). The plural of majesty begins to be used in ME. A typical ME example is the following quotation from the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258), a characteristic beginning of a royal charter: --- Henry, thurȝ Gode fultume king of Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloande, Duk on Normandi, on Aquitaine, and Eorl on Anjow, send igretinge to alle hise holde, ilærde ond ileawede, on Huntendoneschire: thæt witen ȝe alle þæt we willen and unnen þæt . . ..
"the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258)" ʡ֥إ3סˤǤˤĤơʥۥɤȻפϤ롥#5696. royal we θűѸ줫㡩 ([2024-11-30-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡǤμ¤ royal we ˡɤϲΤǤ롥θʸˤĤƤϡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ַ֡ we (royal_we) դˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Jespersen äƤߤȡַ weפʤּ̡ҲŪʿʣ ("the plural of social inequality") ȤѸ줬Ƥ2;̾ˤ롤 "T/V distinction" (t/v_distinction) ȴϢŤ we ݤˤϡΤѸ줫⤷ʤ
4.13. Third, we have what might be called the plural of social inequality, by which one person either speaks of himself or addresses another person in the plural. We thus have in the first person the 'plural of majesty', by which kings and similarly exalted persons say we instead of I. The verbal form used with this we is the plural, but in the 'emphatic' pronoun with self a distinction is made between the normal plural ourselves and the half-singular ourself. Thus frequently in Sh, e.g. Hml I. 2.122 Be as our selfe in Denmarke | Mcb III. 1.46 We will keepe our selfe till supper time alone. (In R2 III. 2.127, where modern editions have ourselves, the folio has our selfe; but in R2 I. 1,16, F1 has our selues). Outside the plural of majesty, Sh has twice our selfe (Meas. II. 2.126, LL IV. 3.314) 'in general maxims' (Sh-lex.).
. . . .
In the second person the plural of social inequality becomes a plural of politeness or deference: ye, you instead of thou, thee; this has now become universal without regard to social position . . . .
The use of us instead of me in Scotland and Ireland (Murray D 188, Joyce Ir 81) and also in familiar speech elsewhere may have some connexion with the plural of social inequality, though its origin is not clear to me.
٥ȤѸǤϤʤ⤷ʤҲŪʿˤ־פؤΤˡַʣ ("polite plural") ʤɤνѸϤ뤤ϡǤϤ魯뤫⤷ʤΤǡäȿȤʤ־ʣפʤɡ䡤ꤷơäȤȤʤѸȤơַʣפǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬㤫ɤȽǤȤ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ
§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.
Ǥ royal we 餷űѸ㤬ĤƤ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
ַ we (royal_we) ȾΤŪˡ롥1ͤΤȤؤ I ǤϤʤ we ѤȤ̤ʰ;̾λȤǤ롥ˡˤĤƤϡ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) OED ȤĤľ夲
üˡˤĤơQuirk et al. §6.18 Note [a] ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥
[a] The virtually obsolete 'royal we' (= I) is traditionally used by a monarch, as in the following examples, both famous dicta by Queen Victoria:
We are not interested in the possibilities of defeat. We are not amused.
Quirk et al. §6.23 ˤϡбƵ̾ ourself ؤθڤ⤢롥
There is also . . . a very rare 'royal we' singular reflexive pronoun ourself . . . .
Fowler θˡŵĴ٤Ƥߤ we ιܤˡroyal we ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä (835)
4 The royal we. The OED gives examples from the OE period onward in which we is used by a single sovereign or ruler to refer to himself or herself. The custom seems to be dying out: in her formal speeches Queen Elizabeth II rarely if ever uses it now. (On royal tours when accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh we is often used by the Queen to refer to them both; alternatively My husband and I.)
History of the term. The OED record begins with Lytton (1835): Noticed you the we---the style royal? Later examples: The writer uses 'we' throughout---rather unfortunately, as one is sometimes in doubt whether it is a sort of 'royal' plural, indicating only himself, or denotes himself and companions---N&Q 1931; 'In the absence of the accused we will continue with the trial.' He used the royal 'we', but spoke for us all---J. Rae, 1960. (The last two examples clearly overlap with those given in para 3.) It will be observed that the term 'the royal we' has come to be used in a weakened, transferred, or jocular manner. The best-known example came when Margaret Thatcher informed the world in 1989 that her daughter-in-law had given birth to a son: We have become a grandmother, the Prime Minister said. A less well-known American example: interviewed on a television programme in 1990 Vice-President Quayle, in reply to the interviewer's expression of hope that Quayle would join him again some time, replied We will.
ʤΰѤ˸ڤΤ"para 3" Ǥϡindefinite we Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Fisher et al. (6--7) ˡ1419ǯΤȤȯԤ줿 Henry V ζ̼ʤʤΥƥץ졼ȤΤ˷ǤƤ (Letter no. 60) Robert Shiryngton Ȥͤν̾äƤʤƸƤߤ褦
1. Author By þe king
2. Salutation Worshipful fader yn god oure right trusty and welbeloued
3. Greeting We grete yow wel /
4. Exposition And for asmuche as we haue ordeined oure trusty and welbeloued knyght Iohn of Radclif. to be oure Conestable of Bourdeux And also to be Captaine of our Castel of fronsac for þe grete trust þat we haue to his trewthe and discrecion.
5. Disposition we wol and charge yow þat by þauis of our broþer of Bedford and oþer of oure conseil þere in Englande. ye trete and accorde wiþ þe said Ihon for his abidyng þere. And so þat he may do vs good seruice. as hit semeþ best to youre discrecions for oure auantage and proffit of þe cuntree And þat ye spede him in al þe haste þat ye may. And se þat he tarye not þere: as oure trust is to yow
6. Valediction And god haue yow in his keping
7. Attestation Yeuen vnder oure signet in oure Castel of Rouen þe [xvi day of May]
8. Signature of the clerk Shiryngton
ޤʤ礬Ǥ뤳Ȥ (1) ˿˸ڤĤİʤ (2, 3) ³ƼطʤҤ٤ (4) ξǰƤ餫ˤ (5) Ǹˡɮΰ (6) ʸμ (7) ͤΥ³
̼ʤϴνΰ̳Ǥ뤫顤Τ褦ʥƥץ졼ȤɬפȤ뤷ƱͤˡΤ褦ʸͤˤȤäƤϡɸŪֻޤäƤСŻ⤽Ψ褯ʤȤǤֻɸಽεȤΤϡƼʤȤǤ롥
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
ɸˤĤƤϡǤľܡܤ˴ط뵭Ƥ
#3225. īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard ([2018-02-24-1])
#3241. 1422ǯɥ¤ȹαѸ첽 ([2018-03-12-1])
#3242. īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard (2) ([2018-03-13-1])
Fisher et al. (xv--xvi) ꡤ⤦1ĤδϢҲ𤷤
The earliest group of official documents in English in uniform style and language are the English Signet letters of Henry V. Until his second invasion of France in August 1417, Henry's correspondence had been in French, but from August 1417 until his death in August 1422 nearly all of it is in English. The reasons for the change can only be inferred. No document has come to light expressing his views or prescribing the use of English, but there is evidence of his sensitivity to linguistic nationalism. One of the first acts of his reign was an assent, in English, to a petition by the Commons that statutes be made without altering the words of the petitions on which they were based. In treating with the French and Burgundians, his ambassadors insisted on using Latin rather than French. At the Council of Constance, Henry's ambassadors demanded to know "whether nation be understood as a people marked off from others by blood relationships and habit of unity or by peculiarities of language (the most sure and positive sign and essence of a nation in divine and human law)." Hence, it may be inferred that upon his invasion of France in 1417, he found it expedient to adopt English to secure popular support for his military expedition.
ȤŪʴޤߤäˤ衤Henry V Ȥ뤤̱²ȤϷˤäƤǤϤʤˤäƷӤĤĤǤȤͤФȤƤȤܤͤ롥ɤˤŪʹȴѤ̱²ѤȤ٤
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
ʸˡǤϡñ they (singular_they) ˾뤳Ȥ¿ñ weפˤĤƤʹȤŪʱʸˡ "royal we", "authorial we", "editorial we" ʤɤȤΤƤˡǤ롥
OED, we, pron., n., adj. I.2 ˴ط2ĤθʸƤ롥űѸ줫ǧʤȵ˸ŤˡǤ롥ǽοȤȤ˰Ѥ롥
I.2. Used by a single person to denote himself or herself.
I.2.a. Used by a sovereign or ruler. Frequently defined by the name or title added.
The apparent Old English instances of this use are uncertain, and may rather show an inclusive plural use of the pronoun; see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §252.
OE Witodlice we beorgað þinre ylde, gehyrsuma urum bebodum & geoffra þam undeadlicum godum. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxix. 420)
OE Beowulf maþelode..: 'We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, feohtan fremedon.' (Beowulf (2008) 958)
1258 We hoaten all vre treowe in þe treowþe þet heo vs oȝen þet heo stedefesteliche healden and swerien. (Proclam. Henry III (Bodleian MS.) in Transactions of Philological Society 1880-1 (1883) *173 (Middle English Dictionary))
. . . .
I.2.b. Used by a speaker or writer, in order to secure an impersonal style and tone, or to avoid the obtrusive repetition of 'I'.
N.E.D. (1926) states: 'Regularly so used in editorial and unsigned articles in newspapers and other periodicals, where the writer is understood to be supported in his opinions and statements by the editorial staff collectively.' This practice has become less usual during the 20th cent. and is limited to self-conscious and humorous contexts.
eOE Nu hæbbe we scortlice gesæd ymbe Asia londgemæro. (translation of Orosius, History (British Library MS. Add.) (1980) i. i. 12)
OE We mihton þas halgan rædinge menigfealdlicor trahtnian. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxxvi. 495)
?a1160 Nu we willen sægen sum del wat belamp on Stephnes kinges time. (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Laud MS.) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137)
we λؼоݤϲ뤤ϴްоݤϲȤˤʤäƤǤϺε#5283. we ŪˡϸűѸ줫 ([2023-10-14-1]) Ǽ夲 we ˡ˴ؤˤĤʤäƤ롥
夲 we ñˡˤĤƤϡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1]) Ǥ⾯ƤΤǻͤޤǡ
8˥ꥶ٥ (Elizabeth II) ˴ʤꡤ19˥ȥߥˤƹĤޤͽȤΤȤǤ֤ϥꥹ˾Ĺ70ǯޤ1ĤˤǤơ㡼륺 (Charles III) ¨̤ޤ
ޤ Queen's English ȸƤФƤ륤ꥹɸѸϡ King's English ȤƾΤ˲뤳ȤˤʤȻפޤε King's English Queen's English ȤƤˤĤƾĴ١ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#476. King's English Queen's EnglishꤷƤ٤äƤߤޤ
ǿ줿 OED ˤξɽνФˤĤơʲäƤޤޤKing's English ˤĤƤϡking, n. βǡΤ褦㤬ͿƤޤ
King's English n. [apparently after king's coin n.] (chiefly with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the King of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually taken as that written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. Queen's English n. at queen n. Compounds 3b.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 86 These fine Englishe clerkes, will saie thei speake in their mother tongue, if a man should charge them for counterfeityng the kynges English.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 5 Abusing of Gods patience, and the Kings English.
1787 Eng. Rev. May 284 That fervent zeal which now displays itself among all ranks of persons,..to circulate the purity of the king's English among them.
1836 E. Howard Rattlin xxxv. 144 They..put the king's English to death so charmingly.
1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South i. i. 28 Smelly old fellows with baggy pants and a capacity for butchering the king's English.
2003 E. Stuart Entropy & Alchemy vi. 71 The British, custodians of the King's English and supposedly so careful and conscientious with words.
king's coin ʹŲߤ˹ޤƤξˤǤϤʤȤȤǤɤʤΤǤ礦ʤߤ˽Ф1553ǯȤΤϡEdward VI Mary I Ȥ¨̤ǯǤ⤢ꡤ̣ߥǤϤޤƤ T(homas) Wilson ˤĤƤϡ#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ ([2020-07-11-1]) ʤɤȡ
Queen's English ߤƤߤޤ礦queen, n. βǡΤ褦˵ҤƤޤФ1592ǯ Elizabeth I Ǥ
Queen's English n. (usually with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the Queen of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually as written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. King's English n. at king n. Compounds 5b.
1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. B1v He must be running on the letter, and abusing the Queenes English without pittie or mercie.
a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. iii. 81 He was pretty far overcome by the Champaign, for he clipped the Queen's English.
1848 Southern Literary Messenger 14 636/2 'On' yesterday, (another Southern emendation of the Queen's English, which is funny enough,) I was so unfortunate [etc.].
1867 F. S. Cozzens Sayings 82 In fact, that arbitrary style of speaking which is commonly known as the Queen's English.
1885 Punch 4 July 5/2 (heading) The Premier's Primer; or Queen's English as she is wrote.
1902 F. Hume Fever of Life 146 I! Oh, how can you? I speak the Queen's English.
1991 K. Waterhouse English our English p. xvii The more slipshod English in circulation, the wider the assumption that it doesn't matter any more, that the Queen's English is by now the quaint preserve of pedants.
2006 PC Gamer Apr. 79/1 This doesn't mean that the cast of characters suddenly speak the Queen's English with cut-glass accents and quote Shakespeare.
ɤޤʸФƤꡤ OED ȴޤξɽȤǯ夬16ȤΤޤ⤷ȤǤѹͥοˤäƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵФƴ줬ޤäƤޤΰǥʥ顼ǤѸؤμ⾯ĿޤäƤƤޤιμ٤ִפȤơΥȥåפǤ뷯礬Ф줿ȤϼʤȤǤߤޤ400ǯʾ³ƤȤΤϡϤ©ĹȤȻפޤ
Ѹ3ñθ -th -s ؤȿܤƤäѲϡѸˤǤ褯椵Ƥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ꥶ٥1 (1533--1603) λ -th -s ؤοܤΤޤäʤˤꡤȤξʻѤƤ뤬ΤʻȤʬδबä櫓ǤϤʤϡǤäդǤ -s ̤Ѥ졤ʸʽաˤǤ -th ޤȤʳˤϤäǤϡŪʥ쥸Ȥ⤤뻶ʸʽաˤǤϤɤäΤȤȡʣLass (163) ˰ѤƤ롤ꥶ٥1 Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy 1Ƥߤ褦 (Book 0, Prose IX)
He that seekith riches by shunning penury, nothing carith for powre, he chosith rather to be meane & base, and withdrawes him from many naturall delytes. . . But that waye, he hath not ynogh, who leues to haue, & greues in woe, whom neerenes ouerthrowes & obscurenes hydes. He that only desyres to be able, he throwes away riches, despisith pleasures, nought esteems honour nor glory that powre wantith.
Lass (163) ˤȡƱΥץĴȤ-th -s Ϥ褽 1:2 äȤǤ -s äƤ褦ޤܤΤޤäʤäȸäƤ褤
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
#4254. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ8֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פΤ ([2020-12-19-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡ1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻8ϲȥޥʥ륿ꤷäޤä³Ƥ륷ǤüԤγǮʼ䥳Ȥʤ顤ڤʤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϱѸˤȤƤ⥤ɻˤȤƤ̣13ܤƤߤޤ奤ɲΤʤǺǤԿ͵ʥȡݤޤ줿ޥʥ륿ˡ³إ3ޤǤλطʤѤǡαѸ֤ŤƤߤ褦ȻߤޤƺǸˤϡƱνȸɽѸθʸǽޤäǤ礦ɤäǤ礦伫Ȥ⡤ʤ顤̣13⸫ѤƤߤбѸŪˤ⤷Ȥʤ뤳ȤǧǤޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸Ƥޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻8 ֥ϲȥޥʥ륿
2. 8ϲȥޥʥ륿
3. ܼ
4. 1. ϲ
5. Ϣάǯɽ
6. 2. ޥʥ륿
7. ޥʥ륿Ӹɾ
8. Carta or Charter
9. Magna or Great
10. إ3
11. 3. ȤȸŤ13
12. 4. 13αѸ
13. The Owl and the Nightingale ȥʥ٤Ƭ12
14. "The Proclamation of Henry III" ֥إ3
15. ޤȤ
16. ʸ
Υ92021ǯ320ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤷƤޤϡԱˤ⥿ȤʤäƤޤäɴǯȹ¡פǤ¤ˤƸα̿Ѥ뤫äƤȻפޤܺ٤ɤ
轵1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻8ϲȥޥʥ륿ꤹֱԤʤޤؿΤߤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
1204ǯĤϥΥޥǥӼ1215ǯˤϡ²ˤ겦¤ޥʥ륿ݤޤޤѸŪˤߤСλ (1) Ѹ줬ե줫Ωꡤ(2) եüԤǤ벦²θϤѸüԤǤ̱Ω夲ȤǽפǤθ2ۤɤƱѸϥեΤӤæƤޤֺܹ¤ǤϡαѸ̤ޤ
ɤ巯ΤʤǤǤ͵ΤʤեԤꥢθϤȤ⤤Υޥǥ1204ǯ˼äƤޤޤˡ1215ǯˤϡ˱ѹηˡΤȤƿ뤵뤳Ȥˤʤޥʥ륿ǧʤʤޤ13ŪϡѸιԤˤ礭ʱƶڤܤޤθ塤ѸϤäȤǤϤޤ¤ˡפƤȤˤʤޤ
ϢαѸѸˤθʸҲ𤷤ʤ顤椫αñθ츻̣äƤͽǤ
#4170. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ7֥ΥޥȥΥޥīפΤ ([2020-09-26-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡ103ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻7ΥޥȥΥޥīꤹֱԤʤޤפΥƳǤʤγȤϼλ֤ĤȤǤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Υޥ (norman_conquest) ˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤽αѸ˾ΰյˤĤơ#2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) Ƥޤιֺ¤ǤϡΥޥȤΤߤʤ餺Υޥī (1066--1154) Ȥ88ǯ֤λäȤβԥɤ˾ơѸˤͤľȤȤƤߤޤäǤ礦ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸Ƥޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻7 ֥ΥޥȥΥޥī
2. 7ΥޥȥΥޥī
3. ܼ
4. 1. Υޥten sixty-six
5. ΥޥͤȥΥޥǥε
6. ޡ֥ΥޥС
7. 1066ǯ
9. ΥޥȤ㤤Ȥθؤαƶ
10. ꥢ2ִ鲦סʺ߰1087--1100
11. إ1ٳزסʺ߰1100--1135
12. ޥޥƥǯ1102--1167
13. ƥʺ߰1135--1154
14. إ2ʺ߰1154--1181
15. 3. ѸؤμҲŪƶ
16. Υޥͤήȥɤθ
17. 4. ѸؤθŪƶ
18. äؤαƶ
19. ֻؤαƶ
20. Υޥեե
21. Υޥʤä顤Ѹϡ
22. ޤȤ
23. : ֥ꥢʸ (Williams writ)
24. ʸ
1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤷƤޤϡΥΥޥī³ץͥåȲīܤ֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פˤĤƤǤˤƱѸ줬եΡ֤ӤפƤȤˤʤ뤫ͤޤܺ٤ɤ
եå粦 (King Alfred) ϡꥹ巯Τʤͣ粦 (the Great) ƸƤФ̾Ǥ롥ꥹ˾Ǥɾ⤤ȤϤ褯ʬ뤬ΡֱѸ˾ΰյפȤ顤Mengden (26) β⤫3ۤȴФƤߤ褦
(1) οߤȤˤꡤɤιȤƤαѸϰ̤ݤä
ˤ if ǤϤ뤬⤷եå粦餱Ƥ顤ɤιȤƤαѸ줬졤ɬŪ˶ʹߤαѸŸ⤢ʤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬˾äȤȤ⡤ʤȤҿŪʸȤƤϰ̤ݤ³뤳Ȥäեå粦ξϡDZѸ˾夭ƽʰյġ
(2) פοʤˤꡤ¿αѸʸ߽Ф˻Ĥ
ϡΤˤХեå粦αѸ˸ΰյȤ٤⤷ʤ϶פʤ뤳Ȥˤꡤܤ̤͢Ȥ櫓༫Ȥ¿쾯ʤؤäȤűѸؤΤפǤex. Gregory the Great's Cura Pastoralis and Dialogi, Augustine of Hippo's Soliloquia, Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae, Paulus Orosius's Historiae adversus paganos, Bed's Historia ecclesiastica) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Martyrology ΤȤϤޤäȤ롥
(3) 2η̤ȤơűѸˤơѸ˾̤αѸ컶ʸ߽Ф졤դɸಽʹԤ
³̤αѸ컶ʸλФϡϤѸ˸ΰյ礭Ȥ٤Ǥ롥ޤդɸಽˤĤƤϡθѸæɸಽ˶ѸκɸಽʤɤŪĬήͤȤѸ˾ΰյ뤳Ȥؤʤ
Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.
Dz The Favorite ˮؽŲΤ١ˤѤ˹Ԥäƥ奢ȲīǸη祢 (Queen Anne (1665--1714); ߰ 1702--14) εȤϤ븢ŽѿʪǤ롥å礦2ͤν Sarah Jennings Churchill Abigail Masham Υɥɥޤվ⤷Ф餯ݤ³ۤɤä餸 Olivia Colman ϡ91ǥߡޤǼͥޤƤ롥
λˤϡ˾礭ʽ2Ĥä1Ĥϡ1701ǯ˻ϤޤäڥѾƿ̱ϤǤϡ֥פȸƤФˤǤ롥ǥޡХ㡼Ψ륤ꥹᡤ1713ǯΥȥҥȹ¾Ǥϡ˥塼եɥɡΥϥɥեå褷˥֥륿ȥߥΥ륫Ȥ泤פ˻ä (cf. #2920. Gibraltar English ([2017-04-25-1])) ˡꥹϡĹ18פ̤ƥ衼åѶؤζˤΤ夬äƤȤˤʤäʥ쳤ߤ泤˱ѸμȤȤˡαѸΤʤƻäȤäƤ褤
Τ⤦1Ĥνפʽϡ1707ǯϢˡ (The Act of Union) Ǥ롥ˤꡤǤ1ƱϢȤʤäƤɲȥåȥɲϢ礷쥤ȡ֥ƥȤΩ
äŪˤСDzǤե㡼Ƥ褦ˡλ˥ȡȥۥåˤǤ߽Ф뤳ȤˤʤäȤפǤ롥ȤϥȡٻƤΤˤϻ¾Ϳ³ϥΡīˤȯŸƤϤʤ餷Ȥ롥
(474) ˤȡοϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
ľܴͿȤƵޤޤϡ켷ǯȬǾзΤᡤȥ¤ǻͶФΰꡤƥ奢ȲȤĤФDz̤˽ȤΤ˲äԤưפǤʤ״ǤϡôػҤ˺¤äޤޤǤäҶͿͤ⼡ȼäᤷߤˤޤ碌Ȥᤫ٤Ǿݤ뤳ȤͽۤƤȤǤä
ʻˤαѸ˾ΰյˤĤ2Ƥ1ĤϡҤΤȤꡤꥹؤƻ߽ФŪ˱ѸƤäȤȡ
2Ĥϡξ»ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩβǽ٤ȤǤ롥 Swift ˤ1712ǯαѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤ˹ŪäΤλȤȤ˴ܺä뱿̿Ȥʤäʡ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) ȡˡҶ¡ᤷߤʶ餹˽˽ˤࡥΤ褦ʥο餺Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩˤȴؤäƤΤǤ롥
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
ο֤Τˡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1]) ʤɥꥹǯɽĤǤƤĤǤˤ⤦1Ķƣɧˡإꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ褦ʰʲpp. 2, 18, 42, 72, 114, 148, 176, 200, 248, 284 ˡΥꥹ˳ϡкѤʸˤܻۤˤȤδؤˤդʧäƤɤ߱롥ǯɽ [I] ϥɡ[S] ϥåȥɡ[A] ̥ꥫؤ
| 10000ǯʵ8000 | Τޤɹ֥ƥϥ衼åΦ礭Ⱦ |
| 6000 | ΤޤǤ˳̤徺֥ƥ礬и |
| 3000 | 顦֥쥤ʤɥΰ |
| 2300 | ȡإδ |
| 1000 | ȷϽ² |
| 55 | Υ֥˥ (--54) |
| 43 | 饦ǥΥ֥˥ |
| 122 | ϥɥꥢ̥ɷϤޤ롨Τ֥ѥޡʡ |
| 212 | ͳ̱˻̱ |
| 4 | ޥ²ΰܽ--5 |
| 461 | [I] ѥȥå۶ |
| 563 | [I, S] Сʤ˽ƻ |
| 570 | إ֥˥ǤˤĤơ |
| 597 | ƥ̥٥˶ |
| 731 | ١إꥹͤζˡ١űѸ˸ڡΤ륯ե |
| 793 | ν⡤Ϥޤ |
| 871 | եå粦 (--899) |
| 959 | ɥ (--975) |
| 1016 | ̡Ȳ (--35) ޤȺƺ |
| 1042 | ɥɾ (--66) |
| 1066 | 1. ϥɲ10. إƥ襤ǥ衼ʥꥢ˾ꥢ1 (--87)ΥޥۡѸλϤޤ |
| 1069 | [S] ޥ륫3ޡåȤȷ뺧 |
| 1135 | ̤ (--54) |
| 1154 | إ2 (-89)ˡȹɱ |
| 1189 | 㡼1ҿ (--99)3 |
| 1199 | ϲ (--1216) |
| 1215 | ޥʡ륿 |
| 1216 | إ3 (--72)̳ܤΩ |
| 1264 | ɡեȿ (--65) |
| 1272 | ɥ1Ĺ (--1307) ˡ֥ȵΤʪ |
| 1276 | 륺 (--83) |
| 1296 | åȥΩ (--1357) |
| 1327 | ɥ3 (--77) |
| 1337 | եɴǯ (--1453) |
| 1348 | Ҥդ뤦 (--50) |
| 1381 | Ƭǡ̱ʥȡ |
| 1400 | 硼إ٥ʪ |
| 1422 | إ6 (--61, 70--71) |
| 1455 | Х (--87) Τեƥإɤ١Τꥢͥ |
| 1476 | 㥯ȥɥdzǰϡѸλϤޤ |
| 1485 | إ7 (--1509)ƥ塼īϤޤ |
| 1497 | ܥåȡ˥塼եɥɤ |
| 1509 | إ8 (--47) |
| 1517 | 륿νϤޤ |
| 1519 | 5 (--56) |
| 1533 | ʶػˡˤƼ縢 |
| 1534 | ˡˤƹΩ |
| 1536 | 륺Ʊˡ (43ˤ |
| 1538 | Ͽˡ |
| 1541 | ɲˡ |
| 1542 | [S] ᥢꡦƥ奢 (--67) |
| 1547 | ɥ6 (--53) ޤʤ̵ˡ |
| 1533 | ᥢ1 (--58) ַޤߤᥢסޤʤեåؽԤν |
| 1558 | ꥶ٥1 (--1603) κƳΩ[S] ΤΥåν |
| 1568 | ͡ǥȡʥˤΩϤޤ |
| 1567 | [S] ॺ6 (--1625) |
| 1580 | ɥ쥤 |
| 1588 | ޥƥ٥α |
| 1594 | [I] 륹ȿ (--1603) |
| 1600 | ꥢࡦॺ彣ɺ塤ȹ˱ڸ쥤ɲΩԥإϥåȡ |
| 1601 | ̱кˡƥѱˡ |
| 1603 | ॺ1 (--25)ƥ奢īϤޤ |
| 1607 | [I, A] ץƥȤΥ륹̱˥̱ |
| 1611 | ضٴζ |
| 1613 | 쥤ɲҤΥꥹᤷ벦οƽȹ˱۸ |
| 1618 | ǯ (--48) |
| 1623 | ܥʻʸ졦ǰפϥ |
| 1625 | 㡼륺1 (--49) |
| 1638 | [S] ̱[I] ȥġֺ |
| 1639 | 綵ǯ2綵 |
| 1640 | 4. ûIJ11. ĹIJ (--60) ֥ԥ塼̿׳ |
| 1641 | 5. ȥʥȥե˽跺10--. ɡԻפ |
| 1642 | 1. Υǥ8. Ϥޤ |
| 1643 | [S] ͤƱ |
| 1645 | ˥塼ǥ뷳 |
| 1647 | ѥȥƤʷδȿʿɤε |
| 1649 | 1. ˡǥ㡼륺1ͭᡤ跺5. ɶ¹8. [I] ०롤ɽ |
| 1651 | [S] ǥХˤĹϷɡ㡼륺2״Τۥå֥إ |
| 1652 | Х (74ޤǷ³ |
| 1653 | ŵˤꥯ०ϸ֥ƥñζ¹ |
| 1660 | šʹ3ˡ㡼륺2 (--85) |
| 1661 | եǥ륤14ο (--1715) |
| 1665 | ɥǥڥήԡ롦ƥسؽѵסϴ |
| 1666 | ɥ |
| 1679 | ΤIJǥȡꡦۥΩ |
| 1685 | ॺ2 (--88) ǯ륤14ʥȲѤ楰̱ |
| 1688 | ǯƱ衤եķѾ衤--97ˡ6. ̾̿פϤޤ롥11. ˥Φ12. ॺ2˴̿ |
| 1689 | 2. ꥢ3 (--1702) & ᥢ2 (--94) ˡ12. ξŵå١[S] ǥХˤƸᡥ̾̿쥸λϤޤꡥɴǯγ (1815ޤǷ³ |
| 1690 | [I] ॺ2ȥꥢ3β |
| 1692 | [S] λ٤ǽιȯ |
| 1694 | ɶ |
| 1701 | ̷ѾˡڥѾ (--13) 饳 |
| 1703 | 奨 |
| 1707 | ɤȥåȥɤιƱʥ졼ȥ֥ƥΩ |
| 1713 | ȥҥȾΤ¿ǰפĹ |
| 1714 | 硼1 (--27)ϥΡīϤޤ롥ơ |
| 1715 | ˡϷѨȥ㥳ХȤȿ |
| 1720 | ҤΥХ֥ |
| 1721 | ݡ (--42) Τǥեեȡޥɥ롤ʹҡϥ趷褷̱Ū |
| 1740 | ȥꥢѾ (--48) |
| 1745 | Ѩȥ㥳ХȤȿǯ˻ |
| 1754 | ݿ |
| 1755 | رѸ켭ŵ١Ѹγ |
| 1756 | ǯ (--63) [A] ǯեᥤǥ |
| 1757 | ɤǥץå |
| 1759 | ֥ƥ塦ߥ塼೫ۡߥإ봶 |
| 1760 | 硼3 (--1820) |
| 1763 | ѥ̥ꥫڤˡɥǥ륯 (--74) |
| 1765 | [A] ǰ |
| 1771 | 饤Ȥοӹ |
| 1773 | [A] ܥȥ쥤ɲҵˡ |
| 1775 | [A] 13̱ϤΩ (--83) |
| 1776 | ߥؽ̱١١ܥإ˴ˡ١ڥإ |
| 1778 | ֥륯ǥŴζ |
| 1780 | ΤGDPǯĹΨ1%ʻȳ̿λư |
| 1782 | [I] 饿IJ |
| 1783 | ѥʹ罰Ωξǧˡԥåȼ (--1801, 04--06) |
| 1784 | åȡʣưžؤõ |
| 1786 | ʩ̾ʥǥ |
| 1789 | ޥ˾ӹ졥ե̿ (-99) 亮ȥ |
| 1791 | [I] ʥƥåɡå |
| 1793 | ХեƱˤ1815ޤ³ |
| 1799 | ͥ㥤ɡޥ˵サ1804˥ɥء |
| 1800 | ɹƱˡˤꡤǯϢ粦Ω |
| 1802/03 | ʤꥹ͢ʤ1̤ |
| 1808 | Ĺǥեȥ13ܤϡܹ饵פ͢ |
| 1814 | (--15) ǥʥݥ쥪ɴǯ轪 |
| 1825 | ιŴƻ̡ǯ˺ǽζܤǡְ۹ʧ |
| 1826 | ɥ (UCL) Ω |
| 1828 | ˡˡѻ |
| 1829 | ȥåˡ |
| 1830 | 9. ס롦ޥŴƻ̡11. 쥤 (--34) |
| 1832 | ˡ |
| 1834 | ̱кˡʿˡˡ12. ԡ (--35, 41--46) |
| 1837 | ȥꥢ (--1901) |
| 1838 | 8. ̱ϡ㡼ƥȱư9. ʪˡȿжǯʪˡȿƱ |
| 1840 | إ (--42) åɥȥȿб |
| 1845 | ǥ졼إӥ롽ޤ2Ĥι̱ |
| 1846 | ʪˡűѡȡʬ |
| 1851 | ʺǽˡ̿ΩĴ |
| 1854 | ߥ˻ (--56) |
| 1857 | ȿ (--58) ľܻۤ |
| 1860 | ʩ̾ʥ֥ǥˡʥƥδǸع |
| 1862 | ʸפθʡ͡Ȥԡˤϱ |
| 1863 | åǯ˥ꥱåȵ |
| 1867 | 2ˡХåȡإɤι١ʥϢˮ |
| 1868 | 2. ǥ졼ݼ (--68, 74--80) 12. åɥȥͳ (--74, 80--85, 86, 92--94) |
| 1869 | ϳ |
| 1870 | ˡ80˽ص̳ˡȸ̳ѻϤޤ |
| 1871 | ϫƯȹˡ |
| 1872 | һġʵˮԡˤϱ |
| 1876 | ɹΤ |
| 1884 | 3ˡեӥĥȻϤޤ |
| 1885 | ɹ̱ķ |
| 1886 | ɼˡơХͳޤʬ |
| 1887 | 1̱ϲġ֥㡼åۡॺϤޤ |
| 1889 | ץ East is East . . . |
| 1892 | ӥȥꥹݥåɥˡ֤ȷ뺧 |
| 1899 | եꥫ (--1902) |
| 1900 | Сϱ (--02) 㡼 |
| 1901 | ȥꥢϢˮɥ7 (--10) եȽ |
| 1902 | Ʊ (--23) |
| 1903 | ıԻԡפηϤޤ |
| 1906 | ϫƯޡ29̾ |
| 1907 | ˥塼ɼ |
| 1908 | (--16) Ϸǯˡ |
| 1910 | ɡ硼̳ο̱ͽեꥫϢˮ |
| 1912 | ˥å桤ҳ |
| 1914 | 켡 (--18) ɼˡΩê夲 |
| 1916 | ˪ħʼˡɡ硼 (--22) |
| 1917 | ̿Хե |
| 1918 | 30аʾν |
| 1919 | ѥ²ġ륵ȥԻˡ |
| 1921 | ֥졼ȥ֥ƥӥϢ粦פ֥ɼͳΩ |
| 1922 | (--23) BBC饸Ϥޤ |
| 1924 | ϫƯޥɥʥɼ (--24, 29--35) եإɤؤƻ |
| 1928 | ˽ʿ |
| 1929 | ?????????? |
| 1936 | ̷Ѿ硼6 (--52) ذ١ڥ֥å |
| 1939 | Хɥ۹ (--45) |
| 1940 | 㡼 (--45, 51--55) |
| 1942 | ֥٥åפμҲݾ㹽ۡޤê夲 |
| 1945 | ϫƯްǯҲݾ㡤ͭʤɼ¸ |
| 1947 | ɡѥʬΩ |
| 1948 | ֹˡפ̱륹̱ƳǧեꥫǥѥȥإϤޤ |
| 1949 | ɶ¹륹Υæ |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2--ˡ¸ |
| 1956 | Ƚܤƿ꤫١ȯȳ |
| 1957 | E. H. Ρޥλࡥޥߥ (--63) 乥ĴȯΩ³եꥫΩ |
| 1960 | ӡȥ륺 (--70) |
| 1961 | EEC ˲63˥եݸȯư |
| 1964 | 륹 (--70, 74--76) |
| 1965 | ȥʥ (--73) ȿﱿưޤ |
| 1968 | ̥ʶ (--94) ѥοͼﺹȯ³ |
| 1971 | ȥˡ̲ɴˡڤؤˡ¤Ϥޤ |
| 1973 | Ϣ粦ɶ¹ȤȤ˥衼åѶƱ (EC) ˲ |
| 1978 | ֤餬ߡ (--79) |
| 1979 | å (--90) ΥȤ襤 |
| 1981 | 4. ֥ꥯȥ7. 㡼륺ҷ뺧 |
| 1982 | ե |
| 1986 | ͻͳʥӥåХˡɥԾγ |
| 1989 | ٥ |
| 1990 | 桼ȥͥ볫̡եꥫǥѥȥإűѡᥤ (--97) |
| 1991 | Ϣˮ |
| 1993 | ޡȥҥȾڤ EU ˲ΤɤϹǡ֥Ȥθספɾ |
| 1994 | IRA ƥưޥǥ顤եꥫΤ |
| 1997 | ϫƯް֥쥢 (--2007) °Ѿʤ |
| 2001 | 9.11 ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ |
| 2003 | ꥹ饯ؿʷ |
| 2010 | ݼޡͳ̱ޤϢΩ |
ꥹǯɽȤơľδˡʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤δǯɽǤʾ崬 pp. 216--20 pp. 245--52 ˡɤߤ䤹̻ˤϡŪˤϥɲīˤӵIJˤεҤȤäƤ褤ʤ顤̸ˤطŪμȤˡҲˡкѻˤʤɤθ˽פǤ롥
| B.C. 6 | ȷϤ²ߤΥ졼ȡ֥ƥ꽻 |
| B.C. 55--54 | Υ֥˥ |
| A.D. 122 | ֥ϥɥꥢ̥ĹϤޤ (--132) |
| 5--7 | ²Υ֥˥ |
| 757 | ޡǥե¨ (--796) |
| 871 | åǥեå粦¨ (--899) |
| 924 | 륹ɲȤƥѡ״ |
| 973 | ɥɲȤƥС״ |
| 1066 | ꥢ1¨̡10ˡΥޥī (--1154) |
| 1067 | ꥢ1ˤϰ褬֥Υޥ (--1071) |
| 1085 | إɥॺǥ֥åĢˡ٤κ (--1086) |
| 1087 | ꥢ2¨̡9ˡ١ȤιϤޤ |
| 1107 | ꥢ2˻λࡥإ1¨̡8 |
| 1106 | إ1١ȤιΥޥǥѾ |
| 1135 | ƥ¨̡12ˡ (1135--53) |
| 1154 | إ2¨̡10ˡץͥåȲī (--1399)֥塼פη |
| 1173 | إ㲦餬إ2ʶλλϤޤ |
| 1189 | 㡼1¨̡7ˡ3˻ (--1194) |
| 1192 | 㡼ɤ٤κ (--1194) |
| 1199 | ¨̡4 |
| 1204 | Υޥǥ塼եˤ꼺 (--1205) |
| 1205 | ȥĥΥƥ3ȤϽǤƮ (--1213) |
| 1215 | ˡ֥ޥʡ륿ϡˡС6 |
| 1216 | إ3¨̡10ˡȤ⽪© (--1217) |
| 1258 | Ĥ֥åեɾפ6 |
| 1259 | ѥǥإ3եͭڤ12ˡ֥塼פξ |
| 1265 | ɡեεIJ1 |
| 1267 | ˤꡤסե֥륺פȤƥإ3ǧġ9 |
| 1272 | ɥ1¨̡11 |
| 1283 | ɥ1륺סեष륺̤ (--1283) |
| 1284 | ɥ1ҥɥɤ륺Ǥ̿ʽǤ1301ǯ2ˡʹߡɡʥꥹˤβ̷Ѿ1̤˻Ҥ֥륺פӤӤ뤳Ȥ |
| 1290 | åȥɽޡåȤष̷Ѿ꤬ |
| 1293 | ɥ1κˤꡤ٥ꥪ뤬åȥɹ¨ (--1296) |
| 1295 | ɥ1¯ԻɽԲĤʤϵIJפ11ˡåȥɤȥեָŤƱ̾״ط (--1560) |
| 1296 | ɡåȥ补֥Сפɷˤ1996ǯ˥åȥɤִԡˡ |
| 1297 | ꥢࡦ쥹åȥɤȿ𡥥襤ǥɷ˾ |
| 1299 | ɥ1륤ǥեȹ¡ҥɥɤȥե٥κΩ |
| 1306 | Сȡ֥롼åȥɲ̷Ѿɥ1åȥɱӾ» (1307ǯ7 |
| 1307 | ɥ2¨̡7 |
| 1314 | ХΥåС襤ǥ֥롼ɷˤС1Ȥƥåȥɹ¨̡1328ǯ˥ɤ⾵ǧ |
| 1327 | ɥ2IJѰ̡Ҥɥ3¨̡1ˡɥ2̩˽跺9 |
| 1330 | ɥ3ϡ10ˡκIJֵ²פȡֽ̱פ˰ܹ |
| 1337 | ҥɥɡʹҡˤߤ˽ʥɤǺǽθ̡߰ˡեեå6ɥ3κʩΤʩɴǯγ (--1453) |
| 1356 | ݥƥ襤ǹҤ9 |
| 1360 | ץƥˡᥫ졼롧ɥ3եβḢˡơͭǧ10 |
| 1376 | ɥ3ɵIJפš4--7ˡҵ6 |
| 1377 | 㡼2¨̡6 |
| 1381 | ƬǤȿФåȡ顼5--6 |
| 1382 | 㡼2ϡ˵IJȿȯ |
| 1399 | 㡼2Ѱ̡ߥإ꤬إ4¨̡9ˡīΩ (--1471) |
| 1413 | إ5¨̡3 |
| 1415 | إ5եȤ襤羡10 |
| 1420 | ȥ5ˡإΥե̷Ѿǧ졤إȥեȥ̤η뺧ޤ롥ͤδ֤˹ҥإ꤬1421ǯ12 |
| 1422 | إ6¨̡8ˡե6λˤꡤ2Ȥƥե̤Ѿ10 |
| 1429 | 7̡륯Ƴ졤Ʋ״7 |
| 1431 | ̡륯ʲ5ˡ2ʥإ6ˤѥΥΡȥƲ״12 |
| 1453 | ܥɡ10ˡɤʩΤȾʱʩɴǯνˡإ6˴٤8 |
| 1454 | 衼ߥ㡼ɤ˽Ǥ3 |
| 1455 | ɤȥ衼ɤιϤޤ롧Х (--1485) |
| 1460 | 衼ߥ㡼ɤ12ˡĹ˥ɥɤѾ |
| 1461 | 衼ɤɥإ6Ѥɥ4ס3ˡ켡ν롥衼ī (--1485) |
| 1470 | ɥ4ͥɤˤäव졤֥르˥Τ˴̿إ6̡10 |
| 1471 | ɥ4ͥɤˡν롥إ6跺5ˡɥ4 (--1483) |
| 1478 | 說ߥ硼ɥ4Ȥ¤ǽ跺2 |
| 1483 | ɥ5¨̡4ˡΥߥ㡼ɤ˽Ǥɥ5Ѱ̡㡼3¨̡6ˡХåߤ跺11 |
| 1485 | ܥ襤ǥåߥإ꤬㡼3˾㡼3ࡥإ7¨̡8ˡƥ塼ī (--1603) |
| 1486 | إ7ȥ衼ȤΥꥶ٥뺧1 |
| 1491 | ѡ٥å (--1499) |
| 1494 | ݥ˥ˡꡧɵIJθ½̾ |
| 1501 | ҥȥڥ㥵뺧11ˡ5˥षĹإȥ㥵Ȥη뺧ģ龵ǧ |
| 1509 | إ8¨̡4ˡ㥵ȷ뺧6 |
| 1517 | ޥƥ륿νϤޤ10ˡإ8ϥ륿ɤɥ1518ǯ10 |
| 1527 | إ8㥵ȤΥģ˿5ˡ륫5ʥ㥵αˤˤ˻ |
| 1529 | إ8IJ (--1536) |
| 1533 | إ8֡ȶ뺧1ˡʶػˡ3ˡ㥵ȤΥΩ4ˡȤδ֤˥ꥶ٥9 |
| 1534 | ˡ11ˡɹΩ |
| 1536 | 跺5ˡإ8⥢ȷ뺧ƻβǥȥå̤餬ʡֲνס10 |
| 1537 | إ8ȥȤδ֤˥ɥ10 |
| 1539 | 罤ƻ |
| 1541 | إ8֥ɹפξιӤ |
| 1544 | إ8åȥɿʱϼԤء |
| 1547 | ɥ6¨̡1ˡΥޥåȸߤ˽Ǥåȥɤ˿ԥ襤Ǿ9 |
| 1549 | եåȥϢ̡6ˡޥåȸӡ10ˡåߡ1551ǯΡХɸߡˤ¸ |
| 1553 | ɥ6ΡХɸߤˤꥸ쥤פ뤬̡9֤νˡᥢ1¨̡7 |
| 1554 | ᥢ1ڥҥեڤȷ뺧7ˡɹѤȥå |
| 1556 | եڤڥե2ˡڥե褬ȯᥢ1ʩ۹1557ǯ6 |
| 1558 | 졼ӼΦϤ˼1ˡᥢ1ꥶ٥1¨̡11 |
| 1559 | ˡˡIJ̲4ˡɹ |
| 1561 | åȥɽᥢʥƥ奢ȡˤե굢 |
| 1567 | åȥɽᥢ꤬²ȾͤѰ̡7ˡॺ6¨ (--1625) ᥢ68ǯɤ˴̿ |
| 1569 | ȥå²ˤϡ10ˡ70ǯ2ð졤ľ˥ꥶ٥1϶ģˤ |
| 1587 | ᥢꡦƥ奢Ƚ跺2ˡեɥ쥤ǥ4 |
| 1588 | ڥ̵Ũ⤬7ޥ襤ˡɷ |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲΩ |
| 1601 | ˡ |
| 1603 | ꥶ٥13ˡƥ塼ī䡥åȥɹॺ6ɹॺ1¨̡ƱϢˡ3ˡƥ奢Ȳī (--1714) |
| 1605 | ϥץȥȲġ1ˡɹȥåȥɶ줾μήɤȤ˾ǧʥȥåؤް³ |
| 1605 | Ż11 |
| 1610 | פIJξǧ˼ԡ11 |
| 1625 | 㡼륺1¨̡3ˡեꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧5 |
| 1628 | ָ۲ġ3ˡ¦Хå߰Ż8 |
| 1629 | 㡼륺1IJ3ˡɡᥦȥ (--1640) |
| 1638 | ᤰꥹåȥɤȯ (--1640) |
| 1640 | 㡼륺1IJ4--5ûIJˡåȥɤȤ褬9ˡ㡼륺1ٵIJ11ĹIJ |
| 1642 | İ1ˡȵIJ̳̿ȯ (--1649) |
| 1645 | ०ˤIJ¦˥塼ǥ뷳2ˡ͡ӡ襤ǵIJ6 |
| 1648 | ̡8ˡ֥ץ饤ɤʥѡˡס12 |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1跺1ˡȵ²ѻߡ3ˡ०뷳ɱ8?1650ǯ9 |
| 1650 | ०뷳åȥɱ8--1651ǯ9 |
| 1651 | ˤǰפؤҳˡ10 |
| 1652 | 켡ɡ (--1654) |
| 1653 | ०뤬ĹIJ4ˡŵפ졤०뤬˽Ǥ12ˡγ (--1659) |
| 1657 | IJָʤȴפФ०˲̤3ˡ०Ϲ¨̤Ǽ5ˡܤθǤԡ6 |
| 1658 | ०9ˡ㡼ɡ०뤬Ѿ |
| 1659 | 㡼ɡ०뤬Ǥ5 |
| 1660 | ĹIJ褷㡼륺1ΰˤ뷯ٻ֥IJ4ˡ㡼륺2¨̡5ˡ |
| 1661 | 㡼륺2״4ˡεIJ5 |
| 1665 | ɡ (--1667) ɥǥڥή |
| 1666 | ɥС9 |
| 1670 | ɡ̩5Хʤɤᤰʩ֤̩ |
| 1672 | 㡼륺2ֿļͳۡ軰ɡ (--1674) |
| 1673 | ˡ3ˡ衼ߥॺᴱǤ |
| 1677 | 衼ߤĹᥢȥĥब뺧11 |
| 1679 | ̷ѾӽˡƤοĤϡ5ˡˤ1680ǯȾ顤IJ˥ȡȥۥåȤĤɤо |
| 1685 | ॺ2¨̡2ˡޥ6 |
| 1687--88 | ॺ2٤ˤ錄ֿļͳۡˡ˰ȿ״ȥå̤ǸǤϤ |
| 1688 | ҥॺ6ˡɼȤȤĥबɤ˾Φ11ˡॺ2˴̿ |
| 1689 | IJˤָפФ졤ꥢ3ᥢ2ζƱ2ˡָŵפ12ˡ̾̿δ֤ˡꥢ3μƳˤꡤɤ⥪¦ˤĤʩ۹5ǯؤλ |
| 1690 | ܥ襤ǥꥢ3ɤΥȥå̱Ի7ˡॺ2ɾΦǰ |
| 1694 | ɶΩ7ˡᥢ212 |
| 1697 | 쥤ǥ륤14ꥢ3β̾ǧ9 |
| 1701 | ̷Ѿˡ6ˡȥå̤ˤ벦̷Ѿ²Υȥå̤Ȥη뺧ػߤ (--2013) ꥢ3ˤꡤϡƱ9ˡڥ̷Ѿؤλ |
| 1702 | ¨̡3ˡХեϷ³ |
| 1704 | ֥ϥ襤ǥɷե羡8 |
| 1713 | ȥҥȾ4ˡꥹ֥륿롤ߥΥ륫ʤͭ |
| 1714 | ƥ奢Ȳī롥ϥΡե륯硼1¨̡8ˡϥΡī (--1901) |
| 1715 | 켡㥳ХȤ9 |
| 1716 | ǯIJˡ5 |
| 1720 | ˢ |
| 1721 | Сȡݡ뤬¢˽Ǥ4ˡˢߤ˽硼1鿮Ǥ |
| 1727 | 硼2¨̡6 |
| 1739 | ֥μȯ10ˡǯΥȥꥢ̷Ѿ1740--48ǯˤ˵礵졤衼å |
| 1742 | ݡء2ˡ¢ּפȤǤʵıˤꥹ |
| 1745 | 㥳ХȤ (--1746) մ (--1746) |
| 1754 | ꥫǥեɡǥȯ (--1763) |
| 1756 | ꥹץ֤ǥȥߥ롧ǯ1756--63ǯˤȯŸ |
| 1759 | ִפǯסʥꥹΦϤ羡 |
| 1760 | 硼3¨̡10 |
| 1761--62 | ȼ׳νʥ˥塼ߡԥåȡ˴֤Ω㲽 |
| 1764--65 | ̥ꥫ̱ϤФơֺǡסְǡפǡܹȿ̱ϴ֤ΩﲽܥȥԻ1770ǯˡܥȥ1773ǯˤʤɤȯŸ |
| 1775 | Ƴ4ˡꥫΩ (--1783) |
| 1776 | 13̱ϤΩפɽ7ˡθ塤եڥꥫ¦ˤĤꥹϤ |
| 1783 | ѥǥꥫ罰Ω9ˡԥåȤ˽Ǥ12 |
| 1788 | 硼3ȯ¡10ˡԥåɤȥեåɤδ֤ǡפˡ--1789ǯ2 |
| 1793 | ԥåȤ֤켡ʩƱ2ˡꥹե̿ (--1799) ˻ |
| 1799 | ʩƱ6ˡեǥʥݥ쥪ܥʥѥȤ11 |
| 1800 | ɹˮ3ˡʥݥ쥪賫 (--1815) |
| 1804 | ԥåȤʥݥ쥪1¨̡5 |
| 1805 | 軰ʩƱ8ˡȥե륬10ˡƥåĤ襤12 |
| 1806 | ԥåȵ1ˡեå9ˡꥹ¤ |
| 1807 | ꥹǰפζػߤ |
| 1810 | 硼3ȯ¡10ˡҥ硼ȤˡƤķ1811ǯ2ˡ (--1820) |
| 1812 | ѡ꤬̱ӡǰŻ5ˡסɤĹ (--1827) ʥݥ쥪Υԡ6--12 |
| 1814 | ʥݥ쥪褬ä4ˡɥϢ˲š6ˡij11--1815ǯ6 |
| 1815 | ʥݥ쥪Ρɴŷס3--6ˡƥ襤ǽ©6ˡʪˡ3 |
| 1819 | ֥ԡ롼εԻ8ˡϻˡ11 |
| 1820 | 硼4¨̡1ˡ饤ޤȤΥư (--1821) |
| 1822 | 硼˥ꡤСȡԡʤɲɤѤ졤ּͳȡפλ夬Ϥޤ |
| 1828--29 | ȥݼˤꡤˡˡѻߡȥå̲Ƥꡧȡʬʤ |
| 1830 | ꥢ4¨̡6˥ޥȥס֤Ŵƻ̡9ˡ쥤ߤɤȤۥå쥫˥ɡĶȡϢΩΩ11ˡ٥륮ΩĴ䤹ɥĤѡޥȥĹ˿ʤ (--1832) |
| 1832 | 켡ˡΩʲ滺θͼ |
| 1833 | ˡꡥꥹˤ٤ѻ |
| 1834 | ˡꡥꥢ4ˤС꤬ų11ˡԡˤ֥Ρפȯɽ졤ȡ꤬ݼޡפȲ̾12 |
| 1837 | ȥꥢ¨̡6 |
| 1838 | ֿ̱ϡפȯɽ롧㡼ƥȱưι |
| 1839 | ɥȿʪˡƱ |
| 1840 | ȥꥹ쥤ɲҤδ֤ǥإȯ (--1842) ȥꥢСȸȷ뺧2ˡ45˷äޤ |
| 1842 | ԡݼˤꡤǺƳƼѻߡ |
| 1845 | ɤǥ㥬ȯ8 |
| 1846 | ԡݼˤʪˡѻߡ6ˡݼʬ |
| 1849 | ҳˡѻߡ6ˡͳǰפβ |
| 1851 | ɥš5--10 |
| 1854 | ʩȥ륳¦ˤĤƥߥ˻3--1856ǯ3 |
| 1856 | Ȥδ֤˥إȯ (--1860) |
| 1857 | ȯ5ˡ쥤ɲҤϲꥹˤ륤ľۤϡ1858ǯ8 |
| 1859 | ۥåԡɡɤˤּͳޡ6 |
| 1867 | ӡݼˤˡΩԻԤϫƯԳθͼˡʥꥹǽμΤˡ7 |
| 1868 | Ǽͳޤꥢࡦåɥȥη̤ľŪˤĤʤäǽλ㡧12 |
| 1869 | ɹѻ |
| 1870 | ˡꡥˡʾعε̳鲽 |
| 1871 | ؿˡꡥϫƯȹˡꡥΦ䴱ѻ |
| 1872 | ̩ɼ٤Ƴ7 |
| 1875 | ǥ졼ݼˤꥹϲҳ11 |
| 1876 | ιˡˤȥꥢ֥ɹפ¨̤ |
| 1877 | Ω (--1947) |
| 1878 | ȥ륳Ĵ䤹٥Ĥǥץλ۸ |
| 1879 | åɥȥˤߥɥڡ11--12 |
| 1882 | ꥹˤ륨ץȿάʥץȤ¾ݸ |
| 1883 | ԵڤӰˡɻˡ8ˡȿμޤ궯 |
| 1884 | 軰ˡΩϫƯԳθͼ |
| 1885 | ʺʬˡꡧܳŪƳ |
| 1886 | åɥȥͳˤꥢɼˡƤФ뤬̡ͳޤʬ6 |
| 1887 | ȥꥢκ߰50ǯǰŵ1̱ϲĤⳫš |
| 1889 | ˡʥեȥꤷɸء |
| 1893 | ܤΥɼˡƤ̱̲᤹²ݷ9ˡϡǥΩϫƯ |
| 1897 | ȥꥢκ߰60ǯǰŵ2̱ϲĤⳫš |
| 1899 | ܡեꥫȯ (--1902) |
| 1901 | ɥ7¨̡1ˡåСī (--1917) |
| 1902 | Ʊ1 |
| 1903 | ɥ7ѥˬ5ˡ˱ʩط̩ |
| 1904 | ʩ4ˡϪȯ (--1905) |
| 1906 | ȷ϶η㲽 (--1912) ϫƯޡ1 |
| 1907 | Ϫ8 |
| 1909 | ͳˤֿ̱ͽФ뤬²ݷ11 |
| 1910 | 硼5¨̡5ˡ˾ǯ٤»ܡ112ˡֿ̱ͽΩ |
| 1911 | ²ݼޡˤȽ̱ʼͳޡˤη㤷θ˵IJˡ8ˡ²θ¤̾ء硼5ɹ״ǥǵԡ12 |
| 1912 | ܤΥɼˡƤС1914ǯΩء |
| 1914 | 켡ȯ7ˡꥹλ8 |
| 1915 | Ω5 |
| 1916 | ħʼ٤Ƴ1ˡưܳʲ꼭Ǥǥåɡɡ硼Ѿ12 |
| 1917 | ī˲̾7ˡ̿ˤ¾Υæ3ˡꥫʩ¦ˤĤƻ4 |
| 1918 | ͼˡΩ˻30аʾν¸ˡ켡ν11 |
| 1919 | ѥ²ġˡꤵ⡤Ȥǥưڤdzء1920ǯ-- |
| 1921 | ɼͳΩ12ˡ亮ȥ̲ġƱǤء11--1922ǯ2 |
| 1922 | ȥ֤ݼİɡ硼ȤϢΩäꡧɡ硼꼭Ǥ10 |
| 1924 | ॼޥʥɤɤȤϫƯñΩ1 |
| 1925 | 衼åѤˤݾꤷξ12 |
| 1926 | Ūʥͥ롦ȥ饤5ˡĤˤ꼫Τܹϰʿǧ11 |
| 1928 | ˡΩʽ¸ |
| 1929 | ƹΡפȯ10 |
| 1930 | ɥ̲ġ1--4 |
| 1931 | ĴˤޥɥʥɤɤȤΩ8 |
| 1932 | 硼5ˤ̱Ρ֥ꥹޥåפ BBC ʱѹˤΥ饸̤Ƴϡ12 |
| 1936 | ɥ8¨̡1ˡꥹץȤΡֲҤפˤ̡硼6¨̡12 |
| 1937 | ͥ롦Х˽Ǥ5ˡͨܳʲ |
| 1938 | ߥإ̤ǥɥĤ˥ǡƥʥ˳9 |
| 1939 | ȯ9ˡȥ㡼뤬 |
| 1940 | ִ̯1939ǯ9--40ǯ3ˡפФơɥķ衼åѳƹ˿4--5ˡХ㡼뤬꽢Ǥ5ˡեɥĤ˹6ˡ֥֥ƥ襤׳ϡ7 |
| 1941 | ȥγϡ6ˡ㡼 F. D. Ȥξ̡7ˡƳ |
| 1942 | ݡ뤬ܷˤ2ˡȾϢƱѥ¦˷ž̥եꥫʿΡϢǡ |
| 1943 | ̡Ʊ桧11ˡƥإġƱѥ11--12 |
| 1944 | ΥޥǥΦ6ˡѥ8 |
| 1945 | 륿̡Ʊѥ2ˡɥĹ5ˡݥĥ̡Ʊѥ7--8ˡ10ǯ֤ϫƯޤ羡㡼뤬ǤȡȥϫƯñΩ7ˡܹ8ˡν9 |
| 1946 | ɶԤͭ㡼ΡŴΥƥױ3ˡ̱ݸˡ8ˡ̱ݸˡ11 |
| 1947 | úſùͭ1ˡɤѥΩ8 |
| 1948 | ŴƻϹͭ1--4ˡ㡼ΡֻĤءױ10 |
| 1951 | ݼޤ㡼ݼΩ10 |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨̡2ˡ״53ǯ6˵ |
| 1955 | 㡼ࡥˡǥǤˡ4 |
| 1956 | 10--11 |
| 1957 | ϥɡޥߥݼμ˽Ǥ1 |
| 1958 | 嵮²ˡ4 |
| 1960 | ֥եꥫǯסեꥫ衼åѳƹΩ |
| 1963 | ꥹ EEC ʲкѶƱΡ˲˼ԡ1ˡ²ˡΩ7ˡޥߥ꼭Ǥҥ塼ˡ10 |
| 1964 | ϫƯޤϥɡ륽ˡ10 |
| 1967 | ݥڤ겼EC ʲƱΡ˲˼ԡ11 |
| 1968 | 륽꤬줫αѷűɽ1 |
| 1973 | ɥɡҡݼˤꡤꥹ EC 1ˡ10 |
| 1975 | 륽ϫƯβ EC α˴ؤ̱ɼ6 |
| 1977 | ꥹܤ IMF ʹ̲ߴˤڴء1 |
| 1979 | ݼޤޡåȡå㡼Ω5 |
| 1982 | ե4--6ˡꥹ |
| 1984 | ˾úۥȥ饤3--1985ǯ3ˡϫƯȹ7ˡIRA ʥɶ¹ˤˤ륵å㡼Ż̤10 |
| 1984--87 | ſáư֡ҶʤɹͭȤ̱IJ |
| 1985--89 | Ϣ˥ХսĹо줷å㡼ƥǾ̤¸衼åѤˤƥ郎 |
| 1988 | å㡼Υ֥롼9ˡEC ʤ |
| 1990 | ǡʿƬǡƳ4ˡݼ¤ȿꡤå㡼ءᥤ㡼ˡ11 |
| 1991 | Ѵ1--3ˡꥹ⻲ |
| 1992 | ݥɤʡְŹοסˤERM ʰᥫ˥١ˤ饤ꥹΥæ9ˡҤΥ̵кҤǥꥶ٥2ֺǯϤҤɤǯפȱ12 |
| 1993 | EC ˸ƤΥޡȥҥȾڡ7ˡꥹ̲ҲϤŬѽƻäءEU ʲϢȯ11 |
| 1997 | ϫƯޤ羡ȥˡ֥쥢Ω5ˡʸޤѥǻλ8ˡåȥɡ륺IJ֤̱ɼǷ9 |
| 1998 | ꥹɴ֤̥˴ؤιաΩ4 |
| 1999 | åȥɡ륺ǵIJ5ˡ²²ε︺10ˡ̥ɵIJߡ11 |
| 2001 | ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ9ˡե10--11ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ |
| 2002 | ꥶ٥2߰50ǯǰŵ6 |
| 2003 | 饯3--5ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ |
| 2005 | ɥƱ¿ȯƥ7 |
| 2007 | ֥쥢ءɥ֥饦 |
| 2008 | ƹζͻʥޥå9 |
| 2010 | ݼޤͳ̱ޤȤϢΩˤǥåɡΩ5 |
| 2012 | ꥶ٥2߰60ǯǰŵ6ˡɥǥԥåȥѥԥåš7--8 |
| 2014 | åȥɤǡΩפ̱ɼԤ졤Ϣ粦˻α̤ˡ9 |
ε#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1]) ³ơꥹòꥹǯɽǤ롥ԤδؿȿǤΡ۶ԡפˤ̤δؿʧƤǯɽǤ롥#3394. 奤ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1050 | ꥢ1ޥƥ֡Ρȷ뺧 |
| 1066 | ɥ |
| 1066 | ϥ1¨̡ΥޥǥꥢΥꥹꥢ1¨̡ΥޥīϤޤ |
| 1085 | ɥॺǥ֥å |
| 1087 | ꥢ2¨ |
| 1100 | إ1¨̡ޥƥ֡åȥɤȷ뺧 |
| 1118 | ޥƥס1121ǯإ1ǥ饤֡롼Ⱥƺ |
| 1135 | ƥ¨̡1115ǯޥƥ֥֡˥ȷ뺧 |
| 1139 | ƥȥޥƥʥإ1̼ˤ襤Ϥޤ |
| 1154 | إ2¨̡1152ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ơ̤ȷ뺧ˡץͥåīϤޤ |
| 1170 | ٥롼ʶ٥åȰŻ |
| 1189 | 㡼ɻҿ¨ |
| 1191 | 㡼ɻҿ٥ꥢ֡ʥȷ뺧㡼ɻҿåΡӤ˥ȥꥢκȤʤ |
| 1199 | ¨̡1189ǯ٥顦֡ȷ뺧 |
| 1200 | ٥顦֡졼Ⱥƺ |
| 1204 | եαӼ |
| 1215 | ֥ޥʡ륿פ˽̾ |
| 1216 | إ3¨ |
| 1236 | 쥢Ρ롦֡ץȷ뺧 |
| 1265 | ɡե롤IJΩʲε |
| 1272 | ɥ1¨̡1254ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ƥȷ뺧 |
| 1277?95 | 륺Ϥޤ |
| 1290 | åȥɤȤϤޤ |
| 1295 | ɥ1ϵIJ |
| 1299 | ɥ1ޡåȡ֡եȺƺ |
| 1307 | ɥ2¨ |
| 1308 | ɥ2٥顦֡եȷ뺧 |
| 1327 | ɥ3¨̡ե̷Ѿĥ |
| 1328 | ɥ3եåѡ֡Ρȷ뺧 |
| 1337?1453 | ʩɴǯ |
| 1346 | 쥷襤Ǿ |
| 1347 | 졼 |
| 1356 | ݥƥ襤ʹҤγ |
| 1377 | 㡼2¨ |
| 1381 | åȡ顼 |
| 1382 | 㡼2֡ۥإߥȷ뺧 |
| 1384 | إ4ᥢɡ֡ȷ뺧 |
| 1394 | 㡼2٥顦֡Ⱥƺ |
| 1399 | إ4¨̡īϤޤ |
| 1402 | إ4祢֡ʥȺƺ |
| 1413 | إ5¨ |
| 1415 | 襤ǥե˾ |
| 1420 | إ5㥵֡ȷ뺧ȥ롥եβ̷Ѿ |
| 1422 | إ6¨ |
| 1429 | 쥢襤ǥե |
| 1444 | إ6ޡåȡ֡塼ȷ뺧 |
| 1453 | ɴǯ轪 |
| 1455?85 | |
| 1461 | ɥ4¨ |
| 1464 | ɥ4ꥶ٥֡åɥȷ뺧 |
| 1483 | 㡼3¨̡1473ǯ֡åȷ뺧 |
| 1485 | ܥ襤㡼3ˤ졤轪롨إ7¨̡塼īϤޤ |
| 1486 | إ7ꥶ٥֡衼ȷ뺧 |
| 1509 | إ8¨̡㥵֡饴ȷ뺧 |
| 1533 | إ8֡ȷ뺧 |
| 1534 | ĹȯۡѹΩ |
| 1535 | ȥޥ⥢跺 |
| 1547 | ɥ6¨ |
| 1553 | ᥢ1¨ |
| 1554 | 磻åȤ𡨥쥤跺 |
| 1554 | ᥢ1ڥΥեڲҤȷ뺧 |
| 1557 | ڥ̷Ѿ˻ |
| 1558 | ڥХե˻졼å |
| 1558 | ꥶ٥1¨ |
| 1588 | ڥ̵Ũˤ |
| 1593 | ̤ȶư |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲΩ |
| 1603 | åȥɲॺ6ꥹॺ1Ȥ¨̡1589ǯ֡ǥޡȷ뺧ˡ奢ȲīϤޤ |
| 1605 | ֲŻȯ |
| 1607 | ƥ˥˱ѿ̱Ϸ |
| 1608 | 100͡ॹƥ˰ܽ |
| 1610 | ॺ1IJȾ |
| 1616 | ԥ |
| 1620 | 102͡ᥤեǥꥫ˰ܽ |
| 125 | 㡼륺1¨̡إꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧 |
| 1628 | 㡼륺1IJ |
| 1642 | ȵIJȯ |
| 1645 | ͥӡ襤ǹԤ |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1跺 |
| 1649?60 | ०ƻҤˤ붦 |
| 1652 | 1 |
| 1660 | 㡼륺2¨ |
| 1662 | 㡼륺2㥵֥֡饬ȷ뺧 |
| 1665 | 2 |
| 1666 | ɥ |
| 1673 | ॺ2ᥢ֡ǥʤȷ뺧 |
| 1685 | ॺ2¨ |
| 1688 | ̾̿Ϥޤ |
| 1689 | ָξŵꡨꥢ3ᥢ2¨ |
| 1690 | åΡؿʹָ |
| 1694 | ɶΩ |
| 1702 | ¨̡1683ǯǥޡҥ硼ȷ뺧ˡڥ̷Ѿ˻1701?14ǯ |
| 1713 | ȥҥڥ̷Ѿ轪롥 |
| 1714 | 硼1¨̡1688ǯեɥƥȷ뺧ˡϥΡīϤޤ |
| 1720 | ˢ |
| 1727 | 硼2¨̡1705ǯ饤֡Хåȷ뺧 |
| 1753 | ʪΩ |
| 1756 | 7ǯȯʥꥹץƱХȥꥢե |
| 1760 | 硼3¨ |
| 1761 | 硼3㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥåĤȷ뺧ȳ̿Ϥޤ |
| 1780 | 衼åѽΩƱȤȯ |
| 1805 | ͥ륽ġȥե륬ǥʥݥ쥪ˤ |
| 1820 | 硼4¨̡1795ǯ饤֥֡饦åȷ뺧 |
| 1830 | ꥢ4¨̡1818ǯǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥ȷ뺧 |
| 1837 | ȥꥢ¨ |
| 1839 | ȥꥢСҥСȤȷ뺧 |
| 1840 | ˥塼ɤͭ |
| 1840?42 | إ |
| 1851 | ɥŤ |
| 1897 | ȥꥢ߰60ǯǰŵ |
| 1901 | ɥ7¨̡1863ǯǥޡ쥰ɥȷ뺧ˡСīϤޤ |
| 1902 | Ʊ |
| 1904 | ʩ |
| 1910 | 硼5¨̡1893ǯᥢ֡ƥåȷ뺧 |
| 1926 | Υͥȵ |
| 1935 | ˡ |
| 1936 | ɥ8¨̡ɥ8̡ǯꥹץȷ뺧硼6¨̡1923ǯꥶ٥Х饤ȷ뺧ˡīȲ̾ |
| 1938 | ߥإ |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨̡1947ǯեåסޥȥХåƥȷ뺧 |
| 1956 | ư |
| 1968 | ̥ʶȯ |
| 1982 | եʶ |
| 1981 | 㡼륺Ҥȥʷ뺧 |
| 1996 | 㡼륺ҤȥΥ |
| 1997 | ̻λ |
ɸϡ#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ롥ѸΥȥԥåʤΤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ĴΤˤդ路ȻפEarly English Books Online corpus ΥեѤƸƤߤ
ˤ "your|his|her majesty|majestie|highness|grace" Ϥ̤ȤƽϤ줿ǡˤĤơͭ̾μֻϰ勞˰ĤġGRACE ϡHighness ϡMajesty Ϥ3ĤǤмºݤλؼоݤ礫ݤ饤ǧɬפΤϤޤǷΤ뤿ƤĴʤΤǡ餺
| 1470s | 1480s | 1490s | 1500s | 1510s | 1520s | 1530s | 1540s | 1550s | 1560s | 1570s | 1580s | 1590s | 1600s | 1610s | 1620s | 1630s | 1640s | 1650s | 1660s | 1670s | 1680s | 1690s | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRACE | 65 | 133 | 145 | 92 | 69 | 130 | 319 | 622 | 544 | 773 | 1169 | 2124 | 1174 | 1682 | 1664 | 1483 | 1790 | 2088 | 3222 | 2296 | 3200 | 4092 | 3216 | 32092 |
| HIGHNESS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 31 | 0 | 38 | 1922 | 1252 | 1328 | 2727 | 1360 | 8671 |
| MAJESTY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 21 | 88 | 142 | 592 | 1856 | 7919 | 7753 | 6102 | 5463 | 12735 | 9012 | 51701 |
| Total | 65 | 133 | 145 | 92 | 69 | 130 | 319 | 622 | 544 | 773 | 1175 | 2142 | 1195 | 1770 | 1813 | 2106 | 3646 | 10045 | 12897 | 9650 | 9991 | 19554 | 13588 | 92464 |
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