̾١ˤĤƤϡޤ occupational_term εǼ夲ƤFransson (27--28) ŪʬͿƤΤǡǤƤ
1. dignitaries and officers
1. Sheriff, mayor, judge, clerk, etc.
2. Military officers
3. Ecclesiastical officers
2. occupations belonging to the country
1. Agricultural occupations
2. Pastoral occupations
3. Forestal and venary occupations
3. those who manufacture or sell different articles
1ĤΡֹ̡פο̾ϡΤޤƾΡº address_term Ȥʤ礬¿Ȥդפ롥2Ĥȡܡ̳Ĥ˴ؤļˡפοȤǤ롥3Ĥ褽ԻԤȾȤοȤǤꡤ̾١ȤƤޤǼ夲ƤΤۤܤ٤Ƥ°롥
̾ʥ١ˤܳŪʸΤˤϡ3Τоݤ˴ޤɬפ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ƾ (address_term) ιतϲûʤ䤹ȤƤߤФΤ褦˻פ롥Bybee (42) ûʤۤɤȻפä
Terms of address also tend to undergo special reduction. Spanish usted 2nd person singular developed out of the longer and more elegant phrase vuestra merced 'your grace'. Old English hlafweard which contains the roots hlaf 'loaf' and weard 'keeper' is reduced to hlaford and eventually lord. Both Mrs. [mɪsɨz] or [mɪzɨz] and Miss [mɪs] are reduced forms of mistress.
ƾΤû䤹Τϡ1ĤˤŪˤ褯ȯɽ͡θˤˤΤܤ뤫餳˼岽ṳ̂䤹Ȥ̤˱Ѹο;̾ʰθƾΤȤäƤ褤ˤˤϼȶ뤬٤餳ûˤ餵䤹櫓üû롤Ĥޤꥼˤʤ뤳Ȥäƶɬפˤ⤵餵Τ (cf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])
⤦1Ĥϡä Lord Mrs. Τ褦˾ιȤѤ졤˿̾³ˤϡĿͤꤹϤĿ̾ʬˤ֤Τǡ֤ι椬Ū˼夯ȯ䤹Ȥ𤬤ΤǤϤʤ
Ȥǡ嵭 lord ʸűѸθϡ֥ѥˡסˤΤߤʤ餺lady űѸθ֥ѥͤפä褦ˡ¤ʣäѸζŪʴʣ˸ʤᡤΤ褦ʸʣ (disguised_compound) ȸƤǤ (cf. #23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1])#260. ([2010-01-12-1])ˡѸˤǤϤ⤷츻ȤƤ褯ΤƤ뤬ʤ2줬ޤûΤȤͳͤȤϤʤäBybee λŦ˥ϥäȤ补ƾΤû䤹Τ
ȴϢơ#895. Miss ϲξά ([2011-10-09-1])#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1])#1951. ѸΰΡ ([2014-08-30-1])#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1])#4404. ܸͳηɾ san ([2021-05-18-1]) ʤɤ⻲ȡ
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.
ؤǤϡֿͤƤ֡פȤ٤ϡءҲء̾ؤʤ͡ʴܤƤܥ֥δؿΰǤѸˤʬǤ⡤̾ (anthroponym)ƾ (address_term)2;̾ t/v_distinction ʤɡֿͤƤ֡פȤ˴ؤͻ¿ʤƤȶŪʹ٤Ǥ뤫顤ï⤬̣פȤäƤ褤
⤽ֿͤƤ֡פȤϤɤȤʤΤ챺 (78--79) ꡤ٤Ѥ롥
ƻˤʤ뤬ȿͤƤ֡ɤȤκŪʰ̣ǧƤʸŪ˸СͤƤ֤ȤˡȿɤȤǤꡤŪʥ֡¦̤ġΤᡤ¿θʸˤơƤ֤Ȥζػߡ뤤Ϥ˵ŪƾΤȯãܸ⤳Υ֡αƶŪƾΤϡȤС͡ʡᤷ١ˡס֤ʤʡˡסָʡʪΡɤξˡס֡¡ʡʪ̾ˡסŲʡᳬʤβˡǤ뤳ȤǤ롥夲ʬޤΡȿ͡ɤƤƤ֤ϡƤ֤ȤǼʬ꤬ƤޤΤ뤿ˡȤʤ٤ƤФʤ褦ˤƸƤ֡ɤȤưŤˤʤäƤֲŪƾΤǤ롥
ȤȤ˿Ƥطˤˤϡ֡ŪưŤȿžषΡȿ͡ɤ˸Ƥӡ̤Ƨ߹Ǥ椯褦ʸƾΤȤʤ롥ϡΰƧ߹Ǥʹִط»ʤʤΤ餤2ͤδ֤ˤϳ֤ƤʤȤޤߤΡŪƾΤǤ롥ͭ̾ʤȤθƤӼΤƤ䲼̾ǸƤ֤ȡˤˤƾΡ¤줿ͤΤʤΤˤƾΤŵ̾ˤƾΤ⤽ηġ
ͤƤ֤ΤϰΥ֡ (taboo) ǤȤȡϤФˤ٤֡ǤꡤΤθƾΤ¿쾯ʤ쥪ץˤƤȤȤפǤ롥ͤƤǤϤʤƤФʤȤ̷Τʤǡ䤿Ϥ̷ˤǾ¤ޤ褦Ȥʤ顤٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
#3527. ƾΤΥݥ饤ȥ̻ͥѲ̾ϥͥƥء̾ϥݥƥء ([2018-12-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸθƾΤѤݥ饤ȥͥάϡʤʤʣʤΤä褦̾ (66--67) ϡƾΤ̻ŪĴ٤Ƥߤϼ岽ñ㲽ǧȤμҲŪطʤˤĤƥȤƤս꤬ΤǡѤ褦
̻Ū˸ȡѤạ̈Ѳ (modification) θˤ address terms ι¤ñ㲽ʤɡĤѲ롥ȤƤϡΨθ塦٤ץ饤ХºšҲŪع¤ήưƤ롥ñ˸ȡˤƼΨ夹Ʊˡ٤뤳ˤꡤή˸¤Ƥ̱ˤꡤ¿οͤˤäˤ˽褦ˤʤäȤǤ롥⤦ˤϡ͡γήưޤꡤ͡ηɾΤʣȤ롥ҲŪʸŪʽˤ address terms ñ㲽ƤäΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ͡γư¿ˤϡ뤳ȤΤʤȤ negative politeness ٹ礤ι⤤ address terms Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤäȤȤǤ롥
ְȤơϡ2;ñ̾ thou/you ΩѸ˥ͥƥݥ饤ȥͥɽ魯Ԥ you زä줿ΤʤΤˤ⡤Фа礤˽Ф (cf. #1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1])ˡμҲطʤäǺˬƤߤǤ롥
̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ
̾ (65--72) ϡ1640--1760ǯޤǤ gentry comedy ޤॳѥǡƾ (address_term) ɽĴ
ƾΤϡ礭 negative politeness ظ "deferential type" positive politeness ظ "familiar type" ˶ʬ롥ϡ2;̾Ǥ you thou ζ̤̾ʶˤǤСȤ Lord dear ζ̤ (cf. #2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ ([2015-02-26-1])) Ūʻ¤ȤƤ⤷Τϡ̾̾ʶˤθƾΤѲ˴ؤơĴ줿Ѹ顤θθѸӸѸˤơۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 negative politeness Ż뤵줿Τ褦 thou ǤϤʤ you ̲Ȥ̾ʶˤǤϡष dear ̾ (first name) ǤθƤӤΤ褦 positive politeness Ż뤵ơߤ˻äƤ롥̾ (69) λŦȤꡤnominal address terms Ѳ pronominal address terms ѲȵդȤȡפǤ롥
2;̾˴ؤơʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ǰ̲ΤˤĤƤϡ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1])#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1]) ˤƤ˿ää褦˻פ롥Ĥޤꡤʤ̾ʶˤθƤӤɽǤϡष̩ (familiarity) ķ (solidarity) 줿Τ϶뤤ŪʥХȤȤ
̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ
ɸϡ#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ롥ѸΥȥԥåʤΤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ĴΤˤդ路ȻפEarly English Books Online corpus ΥեѤƸƤߤ
ˤ "your|his|her majesty|majestie|highness|grace" Ϥ̤ȤƽϤ줿ǡˤĤơͭ̾μֻϰ勞˰ĤġGRACE ϡHighness ϡMajesty Ϥ3ĤǤмºݤλؼоݤ礫ݤ饤ǧɬפΤϤޤǷΤ뤿ƤĴʤΤǡ餺
| 1470s | 1480s | 1490s | 1500s | 1510s | 1520s | 1530s | 1540s | 1550s | 1560s | 1570s | 1580s | 1590s | 1600s | 1610s | 1620s | 1630s | 1640s | 1650s | 1660s | 1670s | 1680s | 1690s | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRACE | 65 | 133 | 145 | 92 | 69 | 130 | 319 | 622 | 544 | 773 | 1169 | 2124 | 1174 | 1682 | 1664 | 1483 | 1790 | 2088 | 3222 | 2296 | 3200 | 4092 | 3216 | 32092 |
| HIGHNESS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 31 | 0 | 38 | 1922 | 1252 | 1328 | 2727 | 1360 | 8671 |
| MAJESTY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 21 | 88 | 142 | 592 | 1856 | 7919 | 7753 | 6102 | 5463 | 12735 | 9012 | 51701 |
| Total | 65 | 133 | 145 | 92 | 69 | 130 | 319 | 622 | 544 | 773 | 1175 | 2142 | 1195 | 1770 | 1813 | 2106 | 3646 | 10045 | 12897 | 9650 | 9991 | 19554 | 13588 | 92464 |
ꥹƾΡؼΤˡMajesty Ȥι椬Ѥ롥̾ͭʤȼYour Majesty, Her Majesty, His Majesty, Their Majesties, the Queen's Majesty, the King's Majesty ʤɤȻȤ롥Your Majesty 2;̾Ǽ뤬ưФƤ3;ñǰפȤüˡ
Ѹˤ Your Majesty ʤɤΡֽͭ + MajestyפȤɾΤηϡƥбɽˤʤäѸѤƤʿԤ Your Grace Your Highness ʤɤƱѤƤа (87) ˤСYour Majesty λѤΩΤϡ塼īγ Henry VII μ (1485--1509) ˤƤäȤ
塼īγĥإϡȤΤĤѤ꿷ߤꤷΤʤ˲ºΤ롥ޤǤϡºΤ Your Grace ä Your Majesty ˲ᡤȹ֤Ȥä衤ˤ Your Majesty ȸƤӤΤ롼ˤʤäƤ롥
ºݤˤϥ塼īθ³η礿⡤Ӥ Your Majesty ȸƤФƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褫 Your Grace, Your Highness ѤƤ˥奢īǤ⡤ James I Ф Your Majesty ¤ Your Highness ̵̤ѤƤOED majesty, n. θ2ˤСYour Majesty 17ΤȤäȤJames I μθȾˤϳΩ褦
It was not until the 17th cent. that Your Majesty entirely superseded the other customary forms of address to the sovereign in English. Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I were often addressed as 'Your Grace' and 'Your Highness', and the latter alternates with 'Your Majesty' in the dedication of the Bible of 1611 to James I.
塼ī饹奢īˤơߤ˽ʣʤ⡤褽 Your Grace Your Highness Your Majesty ȰܤѤäƤȤˤʤ롥ꤷвߤ졤θҤ褤ޤäƤǤ롥1ĤŤˤʤäƤƤ褦Ƕ̣
а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ
ƾθ (address term) ϡɸȤƥݥ饤ȥͥ٤Ĵ뵡ǽʹִطεΥĴ뵡ǽäƤ롥ƾθϡ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) εǤ줿褦ˡ̻ (face) ºŤά1ĤǤ⤢롥
ƾθˤ͡ʤΤ뤬礭ʬ negative face ؤλظַɾη (derefential type) positive face ؤλظζְη (familiar type) ŪʡΩ (neutral type) 3郎롥ݥ饤ȥͥɸ¤٤ȡRaumolin-Brunberg Ȥ̾ (80) ˤȤꡤΤ褦˿Ǥ롥

鱦ؤߤƤȡɾηˤ Sir Τ褦ʷɾ (honorific) Mr. Smith Τ褦ʸ̾ʤɤ롥Ωˤ woman ʤɤ (generic) captain ʤɤο̾ (occupational) 롥ηˤ Smith Τ褦̾ (surname) John Τ褦̾ (first name)friend Τ褦ͧ (familiariser)uncle ʤɤο² (kinship term)dear ʤɤΰ (endearment) 롥
ФбѸˤϷɸ줬ʤȤ뤬ܸηɸηϤбΤʤǤꡤ#1034. ѸˤɰդŪʡ ([2012-02-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦˱ѸʤԶɽ˭٤¸ߤ롥嵭αѸθƾθ⡤ɸϢ³ΤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼Ȥꡤ̯ʷɰդʹִطȤǽˤƤ롥ѸǤܸʾ˸ƾθäˤ˿뤬ϱѸ줬ܸȤϰۤʤάˤäƥݥ饤ȥͥƤȤȤˤۤʤʤ
ǯ˸Ω줫顤Ѹθƾθʬ̻ۤŪܤʤɤ椵ƤƤ롥̻ŪӸ䶦ŪоȸʤɡΤơޤǤ롥Ϣ뵭ȤƤϡaddress_term title ȡ
̾ ҡֽѸˡħס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ77--104ǡ
ɸܸɽȱѸɽϡ줾ŷĤȹؼƾΤǤηɰդɽ魯ɽˤ politeness euphemism άʣޤƤꡤ褯ޤǹפȻפ碌ȤʤäƤ롥
Ųפϸ¤˾볬ʤβؤˤϼ輡ζäꡤζäͳơãबŷĤξʹã뤳ȤˤʤäƤϾɽ魯ˤꤽˤ輡Ū˻ؼˤμ輡ؼ뤳ȤˤˤŷĤŪ˻ؼΤ顤2Ťδ (metonymy) Ǥꡤݥ饤ȥͥռնɽǤ⤢롥ַɤƱפζפޤֲפȿո־פݱʤ۵ŷĤλżǡ˽ˡ (litotes) θ̤ʻġɽȤƤŷҤηɾΤȤѤƤΤܤˤäΤǤꡤŤŷĤˤϤष²פξι椬դ줿ʹߡļŵϤεˤꡤŷĤȻˤϡŲסʳι²ˤϡ²פȻȤʬ졤˻äƤ롥
Ѹ Your Majesty ⡤ݥ饤ȥͥάϡŲפ餱Ƥʤޤ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡYour ΤΤɰդޤǤ (cf. t/v_distinction) ˡMajesty Ϥ켫Ȥΰ̣Ȥƻɽ路Ƥ롥äơλȤŪˤäơŪʲŪ˻ؼƤ롥ˤϡȤˤն롥ʤŪˤäƶŪʿͤʪؤϡShe is our last hope., His latest novel is a complete failure., Our daughter is a great pride and joy to us. Τ褦ɽˤ⸫뤳ȤǤȤȤưŪʤΤǤ (cf. Stern 319--20)
ʤMajesty ΤˡνФϡOED ˤȡ14ȾǤ롥
a1387. J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 9 (MED), Whanne Alisaundre..wente toward his owne contray, þe messangers..of Affrica, of Spayne, and of Italy come in to Babilon to ȝilde hem to his lordschipe and mageste [L. ejus ditioni].
ηɾΤȤ夷Τ17ΤȤǤꡤˤ Henry III Queen Elizabeth I Your Grace Your Highness ȸƤФʤɡؤJames I 줿 The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ǤϡYour Highness Your Majesty ȤѤƤ롥
ŲסYour MajestyƴϢ뤤Ĥɽϡ줾ۤʤݥ饤ȥͥȥƥˤäƤǤϤ뤬ǹ٤ηɰդɽ魯˺Ф줿ۤɹߤ¤Ǥ롥顪
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
(gender) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ gender gender_difference εǹͻƤΤʤˤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) Ȥ (category) ΰ (agreement) ;̾ (personal_pronoun) λؼоݤʤɡŪŪ⤢С˴ؤ political_correctnessMiss/Mrs./Ms. ʤɤξι (title) ä˽θѲؤδͿʤɡʸŪҲŪ⤢롥ˤϤΤ褦˹ΰʤäƤ롥
Τ褦˹Ƹ̤ʤʬȤݤäƤΤHellinger and Bussmann Gender across Languages νϤɤǡƬꥢˤʤäΩ (1) įǤ⡤ΰʤϰϤ褽Ǥ褦ʡ줿ȤʤäƤ롥
1. Aims and scope of "Gender across languages"
2. Gender classes as a special case of noun classes
2.1 Classifier languages
2.2 Noun class languages
3. Categories of gender
3.1 Grammatical gender
3.2 Lexical gender
3.3 Referential gender
3.4 "False generics": Generic masculines and male generics
3.5 Social gender
4. Gender-related structures
4.1 Word-formation
4.2 Agreement
4.3 Pronominalization
4.4 Coordination
5. Gender-related messages
5.1 Address terms
5.2 Idiomatic expressions and proverbs
5.3 Female and male discourse
6. Language change and language reform
7. Conclusion
"Gender across languages" ꤹ븦ץȤΰĤȤƽǤ줿ΤΥץȤμ礿ؿ5ˤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Hellinger and Bussmann 2)
(1) ܤʸˡäƤ뤫äƤʤСס̡̾첽ʤɤˤηŪħϲ
(2) ʸˡʤʤСꡤꡤ뤤οʪؼΤˤɤΤ褦ˡ뤫
(3) ΩŪʸ̮ǿͤؤȤǥեȤǤ褦ɽѤʤɤо뤫
(4) ˴ؤҲʸŪʳؤ䥹ƥ쥪פɽ魯Ѷ硤ȡȤ虜ʤɤ뤫
(5) ȸѰۡѲϤɤΤ褦˴ؤäƤ뤫פˤĤƤϤɤ
ԼԤϡˤϡؾˤȤɤޤ餺ҲŪʴްդΤǤ뤳ȤĥƤ롥礭ʻͿƤɽɤ
Hellinger, Marlis and Hadumod Bussmann, eds. Gender across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.
221դ Le Monde ε ˤȡFillion ϡƱդǡʸˤ̤ηɾ mademoiselle ά Mlle ˤǤ뤫Ѥʤ褦ģ伫ΤãηɾΤԻѤˤĤƤϡǯ9˳ưΤ Osez le féminisme ! les Chiennes de garde ܤ˿Ƥꡤ줬¸ˤʤ롥ϡ衤ŵŪ˴դƤɾΤǤ madame ΤѤηɾΤȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǤϡMrs. Miss ˺ݤ Ms. ʤ뿷ɾΤѤ褦ˤʤäѸȤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥
Ѹ Ms. ˤĤƤϡ[2011-10-09-1]ε#895. Miss ϲξάפƬ˾줿̤ꡤǯǤϸʸǤΤ褦˸褦ˤʤäοɾΤȯȼƤάˤаʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥Ms. ϡ1960--70ǯΥꥫǤνưκݤǮ˿侩줿Ѹ˽Ƹ줿Τϡ¤ΤȤưΩ1950ǯνǤ롥ӥͥʸʤɤǡͤνδ̤äդ٤ΤˡŪ¤줵졤Ѥ줿Τ餷줬˱ưȤˤäô夲줿줿ϼҲŪФŨդäƸ줿ܵؤǼҤ˽ʿˤǤФƤ椯˽äơ˼Ƥä
ꥫȯ줿 Ms. λѤϡϢǤ1973ǯѤ줿ꥹǤϽ٤줿Romaine (53--54) ˤȡ1998ǯλǡThe New York Times Mrs Miss λѤƤThe London Times Ǥä˻𤬤ʤФޤѤ³ƤޤThe Linguistic Society of America ϥɥ饤Committee on the Status of Women in Linguistics ΩʤɤThe Linguistic Association of Great Britain ˽ʿˡؤβƤݤ˴ؤPCɽ˴ؤ뤫ꡤŪˡƤϳŪǤꡤꥹ䤽¾αѸϰ٤ƤꡤݼŪȤޤŪˡԽˤѹϤޤǽȤФξ˱ƶڤܤˤMs. PCɽäȤФؤοƩ٤
Ѹ (Miss) ɥĸ (Fräulein) ̤ηɾΤԻѤȤʤ뷹ꡤϢ¾θŪؤ⤽ˤٻƤȤŪʾ餹Сե mademoiselle ԻѤϤ1960--70ǯ˥ꥫ Ms. ȿȯȤȤϡ㤦
Ms. ˤĤ The American Heritage Dictionary Usage Note ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ"Some women prefer Miss or Mrs., however, and courtesy requires that their wishes be respected." Ȥոˤ⼪ɬפϤȹͤ롥ԶɽˤߤС衼åѽǤܸǤ⡤зɸ줫зɸء뤤 power Ż뤫 solidarity ŻؤήƤ롥ν̤ȤơΤΤ㤷ɾΤ˸ǼɬפϤʤνɤƤФ줿Ƥ¦ɤƤӤȤξԤ negotiation ˷ޤäƤɾΤʤСMs. Ǥ Mrs. Ǥ Miss Ǥ⤫ޤʤȻפޤˤҤ٤ȤФäդȤΤΰ㤤 formality ΰ㤤ˤäƤ⡤ѡԻѤ٤ΰۤʤΤ¤Τ褦
Ϣơ[2009-10-16-1]ε#172. ƤӤȤƤ Mr, *Mrs, Missפȡ
Romaine, Suzan. "Introduction." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
ȿȽ̾Ѥ Miss ȤɾΤ롥ǯǤ Ms. 뤤 Ms Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤʹϢǤ1973ǯѡˡĤƤ֤㤯ʤäƤ롥ʷɾΤˤĤƤϡ[2009-10-16-1]ε#172. ƤӤȤƤ Mr, *Mrs, Missפȡ
Mrs Mr ˤϼƼ Mrs. Mr. ȥԥꥪɤĤ뤬Miss ˤĤƤϱƤȤ˥ԥꥪɤԲĤǤ롥ͳϡMiss άǤϤʤȤƤ뤬ȤǤʤäȤάǤ롥 etymon mistress Ǥꡤ̣Ȥˤθ Mrs etymon Ǥ⤢롥mistress ȤƱ줬̤Ƿֻ֤ʬMrs Miss ߽ФΤǤ롥
17Ⱦmistress ûФ <Mrs> ֤褦ˤʤäθ֤̾ǤȤʤʤä˼嶯֤褦ˤʤꡤȯȤƤ19ƬޤǤ /ˈmɪsɪs/ 뤤 /ˈmɪsɪz/ ؤṳ̂줿ơߤֻȯбꤷ
Ȥ̤ηϩǡ17ޤǤˡȯڤ /mɪs/ ߽Ф줿褦λֻ <Mis> 뤤 <Mis.> ȯƤ褦˻פ뤬ºݤˤϤνֻϽûˤʤäǽ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤषû <Mis> <Miss> ˹碌뤫Τ褦 /mɪs/ ȯޤ줿ȹͤʤʤξ硤spelling pronunciation Ȥˤʤ롥
Heller and Macris (206) ϸԤβǽŦƤ롥εǼ夲 AWOL κǽ2ʳˤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褦mistress <Miss> /mɪs/ ѲȤˤʤ롥ûûͶȤ
Τˤ衤<Miss> <s> ֤ƤȤʤ롥/mɪs/ ȯŬ礹褦˽ŻҲΤ뤤 Heller and Macris (206) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ<Mis(tres)s> ⤷ <Mi(stre)ss> "acrouronym" ([2011-10-07-1]) ʤΤ뤤ϤξԤߺѤη̤ʤΤ
⤦1ĻĤ줿ϡ˼夲 Miss ˥ԥꥪɤĤʤΤϤʤȤMiss ϡ嵭Τ褦ˤĤιͤϤΤΡMr. Mrs. ȤϰۤʤꡤȯֻŪ˰פΤȤˤäơMiss άǤȤǧ줿ΤǤϤʤäȤ1ñǤȤǧԥꥪɤĤʤȤħȿǤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ƚν۴ŪѤϡ뤳ȤΤǤʤѲΰװʤΤ⤷ʤ
Heller, L. G. and James Macris. "A Typology of Shortening Devices." American Speech 43 (1968): 201--08.
Ѹ;ñ̾줬ƾΤ thou ȷɾΤ you ǸŪ˻ȤʬƤȤˤĤơϢ٤äƤ ([2009-10-11-1], [2009-10-29-1], [2010-02-12-1], [2010-03-26-1]) ζ̤1660ǯ餤ޤǤˤܾۤüyou ̲ߡĤƤοƾ thou ѤɽϡʸΤǤΤ߸벽ŪɽȹͤƤ褤ǤϡĤƤηɾ you βŪɽϲ餫ηǸѸ˻ĤäƤ
ŪǤϤʤ⤷ʤ̤οͤؤθƤӤ you ˡʲΤ褦ɽʹ롥ʸǻϤ졤ưϻ;ñǸƱ롥̾ you ȤƼ뤳Ȥ⤢Сhe she ȤƼ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤӤƤʤ
Your Majesty Ųסʷ
Your Excellency ֳղסȡλġʶʶʤɡ
Your Grace ֳղɲסʸߡʶʤɡ
Your Highness ²סʹ²
Your Lordship ֳղסʸߤΤ²綵Ƚʤɡ
Your Honour ֳղסȽʤɡ
Your Worship ֳղסʼȽĹʤɡ
Your ϤĤƤηɾΤ you νͭʤǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ ( Svartvik and Leech, p. 211) Your Majesty εϥƥ vestra maiestas ̤ꡤޥ䥲ޥ˹äѸǤ15鸫뤬夷Τ17Ǥ롥
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
ѸǤϡä̾ΤʤդȤ̾̾˴ Miss ʤɤηɾΤΩ˻ȤȤ롥ơεƲǽǫϤޤޤǤ롥
Miss ǫMr ϤषŪǤꡤMrs Ϥ⤽ƤӤˤϻȤʤŪ Ms ƤӤˤѤʤϤäɤȤ
ϡġʤ뤤ϻͤġˤƱ¤ӤǹͤƤǤϲ褻줾ظθɬפ롥ޤ˸ƤӤǫɽȤƤ Sir 롥Sir ϥե쵯Ф1300ǯȸŤؤǫʸƾΤȤƤƤΤǡȯ Mr ϡǫפϰ̤줺ǫפϰ̤˴Ť뤷ʤä
ˡMrs ˤ Madam Ȥظ줬¸ߤǫǤʤƤ֤ΤϾŬڤȤȤ餫ΡǫСǫפȤäΩϤʤˤ Madam Ѥ롥äơMrs ƤӤȤѤ;ϤϤĤʤä
Ǹ Miss ˤϡƤӤȤƤɽʤäơMiss ϼͳˡǫפθƤӤɽȤѤ뤳ȤǤ롥
̣ΰ褬ˤˤäƤȡȯθϤĤФƤޤ --- θ lexical blocking ȸƤФ([2009-05-27-1])ǶǤϰ̣ʤɤǤ褯Ƥ褦Ǥ롥
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 143.
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